[中学联盟]重庆市江津第六中学高中英语选修六Unit 1Protecting Our Environment 导学案（共4份）

Part3 语法---导学案 一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点: 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。 构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 二、过去完成时的判断依据: 1. 由时间状语来判定：一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： (1) by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. (2) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： [来源:学.科.网Z.X.X.K] We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. (3) before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. [来源:学科网ZXXK] 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定：过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。这种用法常出现在：[来源:学_科_网Z_X_X_K] (1) 宾语从句中: 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： 1. She said that she had seen the film before. 2. He thought he had passed the exam. 3. He asked who had broken the window. (2) 状语从句中: 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中。 1. When I got to the station, the train had already left. 2. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. (3) 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" 1.We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 2.We had intended to attend your wedding, but my daughter was ill. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。 1. I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he came to Beijing. 2. I was very sad at his death. We had been good friends since our childhood. 4.．用于一些固定的句型中 Hardly…when… No sooner…than…刚(一)…就 1. Hardly had he begun to speak when the others interrupted him. 2. No sooner had they got to the factory than they started to work. 三．.过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： 1. I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 2. I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。[来源:学科网ZXXK] 3. — I'm sorry to keep you waiting. — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在 4. — John returned home yesterday. — Where