内容正文:
宾语从句
(一)宾语从句的概念和结构
在复合句中作主句宾语的句子叫宾语从句。即当宾语是由一个句子在充当时,这个句子就叫宾语从句。
结构:主句 + 连接词(引导词)+ 宾语从句
如: I love what you gave me.
(
主句
) (
连接词
) (
从句
)
(二)宾语从句的引导词
1. that引导的宾语从句
陈述句(肯定或否定)作宾语从句,由连词that引导。因为that在从句中不作任何成分,也没有任何具体意思,因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。
例:I think (that) this answer is correct.
I know nothing about him except (that) he lives the next door.
I’m sure (that) Mary will come here on time.
2.if或whether引导的宾语从句
一般疑问句作宾语从句,由连词whether或if引导,因为if/whether在句中翻译成“是否”,具有一定的意义,所以不能省略,且宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
例:I want to know whether/if you will come soon.
I wonder whether/if you’d like to read the novel.
后接if/whether的常见词有:want to know/wonder/doubt/I’m not sure。
if和whether的区别:
能用whether不能用if的几种情况:
(1) 宾语从句中有or not时(意思为“或不是”,“或没有”),则用whether…or not;
例:I am not sure whether it will be fine or not tomorrow.
(2) 在介词后;
例:It depends on whether it is going to rain.
(3)whether 后可接动词不定式。
例:She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait.
能用if不能用whether的情况:
if除了表示“是否”引导宾语从句外,还可表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,此时从句遵守“主将从现”原则。
例:You will achieve great success, if you have a dream and believe in it.
3. wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句
特殊疑问句作宾语从句由疑问代词who, whom, whose, what, which等或疑问副词when, where, how, why等引导。
例:Do you know when the meeting will begin?
Could you tell me who teaches us English?
I wonder how much these shoes cost.
(三)宾语从句的时态
1. 如果主句是现在时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时),从句的时态根据实际情况而定。
例:She knows (that) her parents will arrive in Nanjing tomorrow.
I know (that) he lived here five years ago.
We have heard (that) she practises dancing every day.
I am looking for where my purse is.
2. 如果主句是过去时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时),那么从句要用相应的过去的具体状态。时态变化的规律如下表:
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时(不变)
一般将来时
过去将来时
例:I didn’t know (that) he would come.
Miss Li told us (that) she had seen the film.
I saw (that) she was talking with her mother.
注:如果主句中出现could you/would you, 要提醒学生这些不是过去时,而只是表示委婉语气,用法视为一般现在时,所以从句依具体时态而定。
3. 从句是客观真理、定义、公理或定理
当从句是客观真理、定义、公理或定理时,不论主句是何种时态,从句都用一般现在时