内容正文:
第4讲 定语从句
◆[考点一] 关系代词
关系代词
先行词
句法功能
who
人
主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whom
人
宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose(=of whom/of which)
人或物
定语
that
人或物
主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
which
物
主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
as
人或物
主语、宾语
1.关系代词that与which的用法
(1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况:
①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时,关系代词通常只用that。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?
你有什么要为自己说的吗?
②先行词被序数词,形容词最高级,the only,the very,the last等修饰时,关系代词通常只用that,不用which。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
③先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词只用that,不用which。
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
④定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时用that。
Which is the bike that you lost?
哪辆是你丢的自行车?
⑤有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用that。
They secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pollution.
他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。
⑥当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
(2)只用which不用that的情况:
①引导非限制性定语从句。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.
海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多,这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。
②关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前。
This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。
③引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。
The result was not the same as they had expected,which was rather disappointing.
结果与当初预料的不一样,这让人觉得很失望。
2.which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which
as
位置上
只能放在主句的后面
位置灵活,可放在主句前也可放在主句后,有时还可插入主句中
搭配上
无动词的限制
谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词,如see,hear,know,expect,remember等
意思上
意为“这一点”
意为“正如……,正像……的那样”
She married again,which was unexpected.
她再婚了,这是始料不及的。
She married again,as we expected.
正如我们预料的那样,她再婚了。
as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式:such+名词+as(像……一样的,像……之类的);such(pron.)+as(像……一样的,像……之类的);the same+名词+as(和……同样的)。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。
I have the same book as he has.
我和他有同样的书。
单句语法填空
1.(2022·全国甲卷,62)On the 1,100kilomet