专题一 第5讲 怎样准解题(3)-主旨大意题(高屋建瓴明意旨)(Word教师用书)-【创新方案】2023高考英语二轮复习专题辅导与测试（老教材）

第五讲　怎样准解题(3)——主旨大意题(高屋建瓴明意旨) 　　主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的认知。主旨大意题虽然比重不高，但难度较大，也是学生容易失分的题型，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中抽取、提炼一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。所以，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完、读通文章后再做判定。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。 正确选项特征 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩 干扰选项特征 过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出全文或全段所述内容 以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点 移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案 无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系 一、概括主旨大意的3条途径 途径一　寻找主题句 1.主题句在第一段 新闻报道、说明文、议论文等文章的主题句通常在开头。主题句出现在文章的开头，起着开宗明义、点明主题的作用，它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容及主旨。而支撑句则是通过使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题。在文中找到主题句后，考生可以很容易地概括出文章的主旨大意。 [典例1]　(2022·全国乙卷阅读C节选) Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high­tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on­time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones