内容正文:
语法精讲
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— 省略
Ellipsis
翻译下列句子。
1.I think you’ll win the race; indeed we all think so.
我认为你一定会赢得这场比赛,事实上我们都这样想。
2.If necessary, we can give you another chance.
如果必要的话,我们可以再给你一次机会。
3.She will go to Beijing, but I don’t know how.
她将去北京但我不知道她怎么去。
4.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.
所有的测试都需要一个潜在的对象,从而可以将DNA与其比较。
5.He gave the same answer as before.
他给出的答案和以前一样。
省 略
定义
为了避免重复,突出关键词语,并使上下文紧密连接,在句子中有时就省去了一个或几个句子成分。这种语法手段就称为省略。省略是重要的修辞原则,因此,只要不损害语法结构,不产生歧义,能省略的就应省略。
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简单句中的省略
1.省略主语
祈使句中主语通常省略;其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。
(1) (I) Thank you for your help.
(2) (It) Doesn’t matter.
2.省略主谓或主谓语的一部分
What/How (do you think) about a cup of tea ?
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3.在对话或并列句中,如果主语、谓语不同,而宾语相同,则常省去相同的宾语部分。
Tom enjoys dancing, but Peter hates (dancing).
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4.省略作宾语的不定式短语,只保留to,但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态,则须在之后加上be或have。
—Are you going there?
—Yes, I’d like to (go there).
注意:在下列词后常省略不定式但要保留to: want, wish, like, hate, hope, intend, plan, love, refuse, expect,但当want 和like用于从句中时,to常常省略。
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5.结构省略
可以根据通常的语法结构加以判断,比如省略表语或同时省略几个成分。但在否定句中不能省略。
We have lived here (for) ten years.
I haven’t seen you for three months.
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并列句中的省略
1.在后一并列分句中凡是与上下文相同的成分通常都要省略。
My office was on the tenth floor, and his (office was) on the twelfth (floor).
并列句的省略有时还可出现在前面的分句中,这时被省略的词语便出现在下文。
George will (take the course) and Bob might take the course.
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2.省略动词 + 宾语或补语
I will buy a house. He will (buy a house) too.
3.省略主语 + 谓语动词
We still have shortcomings, and (we have) very big ones, too.
注意:出现在并列句中的be, have, do,如果在一个分句中作助动词,而在另一个分句中作行为动词,不可省略。
4.省略主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
They tried to prevent the pollution, but (they did) not (prevent the pollution) very successfully at the beginning.
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复合句中的省略
1.复合句中的省略现象常见于从句中,主句中的省略通常出现在句首。
Hope you will have a good journey.
2.有时整个主句都可省略, 这种省略通常出现在简短答语中。
—Are you going to buy the house?
—Unless my wife objects.
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3.复合句中的省略现象多出现在状语从句中,在某些状语从句中,从句的主语与主句的主语一致时或主语是it时,可省去“主语+be”部分。
Although hard-working, he couldn’t earn enough even to support him.
4.引导宾语从句的从属连词只要从句不长,that通常都可省略。但如果从句较长或从句的语境较复