专题02 必修第三册Units 3～4（期末复习讲义）高一英语下学期沪外版

专题02 Units3~4（期末复习讲义） 内 容 导 航 考情透视·目标导航 透析期末考向，锚定备考重心 知识梳理·方法技巧 梳理核心脉络，扫除知识盲区 考场练兵·分层实战 阶梯实战演练，验收复习成效 复习目标 复习重点： 1. 词汇层面：熟练掌握单元核心实词（动词、名词、形容词）、衍生词，辨析易混形容词的含义 与用法；牢记单词固定搭配、介词搭配，区分一词多义。 2. 句型层面：理解并灵活运用单元重点句型、特殊连词用法、定语从句、强调句等句式，掌握同 义句型转换规则。 3. 语法层面：掌握非谓语动词（动名词、不定式）的固定用法、词性转换规则、名词单复数变 化。 复习难点： 1. 在完形填空、阅读理解、书面表达中，结合上下文灵活运用单元高级词汇、固定短语与句式， 做到学以致用。 2. 易混考点辨析：区分形近词、义近词（如 effect/affect、basis/base、symptom/symbol、 confirm/conform）；掌握特殊动词后接非谓语的固定规则；辨析易混淆动词短语（如 in charge of /in the charge of、suffer /suffer from）。 考情规律 词汇考查侧重语境选词、词性变形、搭配辨析三大方向，是语法填空、完形、选词填空、的主要出题点. 知识点1 charge [tʃɑːdʒ] n. 主管；掌管；收费 v. 负责；收费；指控 1. in charge of （人）负责、掌管 She is in charge of the daily management of the fitness club. 2. in the charge of （事物）由……看管/负责（被动含义） The training room is in the charge of a professional coach. 3. take charge of 接管；接手 He will take charge of the work after the manager retires. 4. free of charge 免费 Drinking water in the gym is provided free of charge. 5. charge sb. for sth. 向某人收取某物费用 They won’t charge you for extra towels and drinks. 6. charge sb. with sth. 指控某人做某事 He was charged with breaking public rules. 易混辨析：in charge of（主动，主语是人）≠ in the charge of（被动，主语是物），是高考完形、语法填空高频陷阱；charge 表“收费/指控”为及物动词，介词搭配不可混用。 语法填空 知识点2 basis [ˈbeɪsɪs] n. 基准；依据；缘由 1. on a regular basis 定期地 We take physical exercise on a regular basis to keep fit. 2. on the basis of 以……为依据；基于 We draw conclusions on the basis of facts and data. 3. lay the basis for 为……打下基础 Daily practice lays a solid basis for your progress. 1. 复数变形不规则：basis → bases，语法填空常考单复数；2. 形近辨析：basis（抽象：依据、基准）≠ base（实物：基地、底座），不可混用。 basic adj. 基本的 These are the basic rules of outdoor sports. basically adv. 基本上；大体上 Basically, all students accept this new rule. 1.语法填空 ①We make decisions on the ______ (base) of practical needs. ②Many students do sports ______ a regular basis after school. 2.句子翻译（使用短语 lay the basis for） 坚持锻炼能为我们的身体健康打下良好基础。 知识点3 challenge [ˈtʃælɪndʒ] v. & n. 挑战 1. challenge sb. to do sth. 挑战某人做某事 My friend challenged me to finish the longdistance run. 2. face a challenge 面临挑战 Young people will face various challenges in life. 3. meet a challenge 迎接挑战 We should be brave to meet every new challenge. 4. overcome a challenge 克服挑战 With teamwork, we finally overcame the big challenge. 5. pose a challenge to 对……构成挑战 Extreme weather poses a challenge to outdoor activities. 1. 动词用法：challenge 后只能接 to do，不能接 doing； 2. 形容词辨析：challenging（事物）有挑战性的 ≠ challenged（人）感到为难的、身心受限的。 challenging adj. 有挑战性的 This set of workout is quite challenging for beginners. challenger n. 挑战者 Every challenger showed great courage in the competition. 1. 语法填空 He challenged me ______ (join) in the sports competition. 2.句子翻译（使用短语 overcome a challenge） 只要坚持努力，我们就能克服生活中的挑战。 知识点4 motivate [ˈməʊtɪveɪt] v. 激发；激励 1. motivate sb. to do sth. 激励某人做某事 Warm encouragement motivates us to keep moving forward. 2. be motivated by 受……激励/驱使 She is motivated by a strong desire to improve herself. 3. motivate oneself 自我激励 Learning to motivate oneself is an important life skill. 过去分词 motivated 可作形容词，修饰人，表示“积极上进的”；不可直接使用动词原形 motivate 作定语。 motivation n. 动力；积极性 Lack of motivation will make you feel tired easily. motivated adj. 积极的；有动力的 A motivated student always makes steady progress. 1. 语法填空 Our teacher always motivates us ______ (take) more exercise. 2. 翻译句子 规律的锻炼对身心健康大有裨益。 知识点6 suffer [ˈsʌfə] v. 遭受；蒙受；患病 1. suffer from 患有（疾病）；饱受（长期痛苦、不适） He often suffers from fatigue after long work. 2. suffer losses 遭受损失 The team suffered great losses in the match. 3. suffer pain/hardship 承受痛苦/苦难 Many people suffered hardship in the old days. 4. suffer a setback 遭遇挫折 Everyone may suffer a setback during growth. 1. suffer + 灾难、损失、挫折（直接接宾语，不加 from）； 2. suffer from + 疾病、身体不适、情绪困扰（必须加 from）。 suffering n. 痛苦；苦难 adj. 受苦的 We should help those people in suffering. 1. 语法填空 ① She ______ (suffer) from poor sleep these days. ②Many old people suffer ______ joint pain in cold weather. 2. 句子翻译（使用短语 suffer a setback） 就算遭遇挫折，我们也不要轻易放弃。 知识点7 confirm [kənˈfɜːm] v. 证实，确认 1. confirm a fact/rumor 证实事实/谣言 The report confirmed the fact that pressure causes fatigue. 2. confirm an appointment 确认预约 Please call me to confirm the appointment tomorrow. 3. confirm details 核实细节 You need to confirm all details before signing the form. 4. confirm one's belief 坚定信念 His success confirmed my belief in hard work. 形近词拼写陷阱： confirm (确认、证实) ≠ conform (遵守)，后者搭配 conform to rules（遵守规则），语法填空、改错高频考点。 confirmation n. 确认；证实 We are waiting for the final confirmation. 1. 语法填空 The latest news ______ (confirm) his idea is correct. 2. 句子翻译（使用短语 confirm details） 出发前请核实所有行程细节。 知识点8 interpersonal [ˌɪntəˈpɜːsənəl] adj. 人际的；人际关系的 1. interpersonal skills 人际交往能力 Good interpersonal skills help us make more friends. 2. interpersonal relationship 人际关系 A harmonious interpersonal relationship brings happiness. 3. interpersonal communication 人际沟通 Interpersonal communication is important for teenagers. 4. interpersonal conflict 人际矛盾 We should learn to solve interpersonal conflict properly. 1. 构词固定：前缀 inter（相互）不可漏写； 2. 该词仅作形容词，无动词原形，不可单独变形为动词。 interact v. 互动；交流 We should learn to interact with different people. 1. 语法填空 Improving ______ (interperson) skills is necessary for students. 2. 句子翻译（使用短语 interpersonal communication） 良好的人际沟通能够减少人际矛盾。 知识点9 circulation [ˌsɜːkjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 循环；流通 1. blood circulation 血液循环 Massage can improve blood circulation in the body. 2. improve blood circulation 促进血液循环 Rubbing hands helps improve blood circulation. 3. in circulation 在流通中；在使用中 This old magazine is no longer in circulation. 4. out of circulation 停止流通 The old rules have been out of circulation for years. 形近辨析：circulation（循环） ≠ circle（圆圈、社交圈子），词义、拼写易混淆，改错高频考点。 circulate v. （使）循环；传播 Hot air circulates around the room all day. 1. 语法填空 Exercise is good for blood ______ (circulate). 2.句子翻译（使用短语 improve blood circulation） 坚持运动可以有效促进血液循环。 知识点10 overall [ˌəʊvərˈɔːl] adj. 全面的；总体的 adv. 总的来说 1. overall score 总分 His overall score ranked top three in the test. 2. overall situation 总体形势 The overall situation of our class is positive. 3. overall quality 综合素质 ：Schools pay attention to students’ overall quality. 4. overall development 全面发展 Sports promote the overall development of teenagers. 1. 拼写：overall 为单个单词，不可拆分为 over all； 2. 词性用法：作副词放句首，表“总的来说”，是书面表达加分用法。 句子翻译（使用短语 overall quality） 课外活动有助于提升学生的综合素质。 知识点11 symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] n. 症状；征兆 1. physical symptoms 身体症状 Fatigue and bad mood are physical symptoms of stress. 2. a symptom of … ……的征兆/症状 Irritability is a symptom of lack of sleep. 3. obvious symptoms 明显症状 These are the obvious symptoms of longterm tiredness. 4. show symptoms 出现症状 He began to show symptoms of fatigue after working all day. 1. 形近辨析：symptom（症状） ≠ symbol（象征），拼写、词义极易混淆； 2. 可数名词：复数形式 symptoms，one of 后必考复数。 symptomatic adj. 有症状的；作为征兆的 His tiredness is symptomatic of overwork. 1. 语法填空 Headache is one of the common ______ (symptom) of stress. Bad temper is a symptom ______ great pressure. 2.句子翻译（使用短语 obvious symptoms） 疲惫和易怒是压力过大的明显症状。 知识点12 expectancy [ɪkˈspektənsi] n. 预料；预期 1. life expectancy 预期寿命 People’s life expectancy has increased greatly. 2. raise life expectancy 提高预期寿命 Better medical care helps raise life expectancy. 3. beyond expectancy 超出预期 His progress in study was beyond expectancy. 词义辨析： expectancy：侧重客观层面的预期、预估（如寿命、数据）； expectation：侧重人主观的期待、愿望，不可混用。 expect v. 期待；预料 expectation n. （主观）期待 1. 语法填空 With better living conditions, people’s life ______ (expect) is rising. 2. 句子翻译（使用短语 life expectancy） 生活水平的提高延长了人们的预期寿命。 知识点13 immediately [ɪˈmiːdiətli] adv. 立即；马上 conj. 一……就…… 1. immediately (adv.) 立刻，马上（作状语） Please stop talking and begin your task immediately. 2. immediately (conj.) 一……就……（高考语法填空核心考点，等同于 as soon as） I will call you immediately I arrive at the station. 3. immediately after 紧接着；在……之后立刻 He went out immediately after finishing his homework. 1. 词性双重用法：副词修饰动词；连词引导时间状语从句，是高考语法填空高频考点，切勿误判词性。 2. 形近词区分：immediately（副词/连词） ↔ immediate（形容词，意为“立刻的；直接的”），词形转换常考。 3. 不可写作 immediatly，注意拼写：双e。 immediate adj. 立刻的；直接的 We need to take immediate action to solve the problem. immediacy n. 即时性（阅读拓展词汇） 1. 语法填空 I turned off the lights ______ (immediate) I left the classroom. 2. 句子翻译（使用 immediately 作连词） 我一收到消息就立刻出发了。 知识点14 flexible [ˈfleksɪbl] adj. 可弯曲的；有弹性的；灵活的 1. be flexible in sth. 在某方面灵活变通 A good teacher should be flexible in teaching methods. 2. flexible schedule/time 弹性时间；灵活的日程 This job offers a flexible working schedule for workers. 3. be flexible to change 适应变化、处事灵活 Young people are usually flexible to new changes. 1. 词形陷阱：形容词 flexible → 名词 flexibility（灵活性）、副词 flexibly（灵活地），语法填空变形高频。 2. 词义区分：形容事物有弹性、人/规则/方法灵活，不用于形容人的性格“随和”。 flexibility n. 灵活性；弹性 Flexibility is an important quality in teamwork. flexibly adv. 灵活地 We should deal with problems flexibly. 1. 语法填空 We need more ______ (flexible) to deal with different situations. 2. 句子翻译（使用 flexible schedule） 这份兼职工作拥有灵活的工作时间。 知识点15 enthusiastic [ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk] adj. 热情的；热心的 1. be enthusiastic about/over sth. 对某事充满热情（高考必考搭配） Most students are enthusiastic about outdoor sports. 2. be enthusiastic to do sth. 热心于做某事 She is always enthusiastic to help others in trouble. 3. with enthusiasm 满怀热情地（副词短语，写作加分） They took part in the activity with great enthusiasm. 1. 搭配介词固定用 about/over，不可替换为 for；高考单句改错高频陷阱。 2. 同根词辨析：enthusiastic（形容词，修饰人）↔ enthusiasm（名词，热情），词形转换必考。 enthusiasm n. 热情；热忱 His enthusiasm for study influences all his classmates. enthusiastically adv. 热情地 The crowd cheered enthusiastically for the players. 1. 语法填空 Everyone showed great ______ (enthusiastic) for the coming trip. 2. 介词填空 My sister is enthusiastic ______ painting and music. 3. 句子翻译（使用 be enthusiastic about） 他对科技创新抱有极大的热情。 知识点16 apply [əˈplaɪ] v. 申请；应用；适用 1. apply for sth. 申请（职位、证件、奖学金等） Many graduates want to apply for this job. 2. apply to sb./sth. 适用于；向……提出申请 This rule applies to all students in our school. 3. apply A to B 把A应用到B上 We should apply what we learn to daily life. 4. apply oneself to (doing) sth. 专心于；致力于（to 为介词，后接动名词，高考改错头号考点） He applies himself to improving his English. 1. 重中之重：apply oneself to 中 to 是介词，后面必须接 doing，不能接 to do。 2. 形近词辨析：apply（申请/应用）↔ appoint（任命；委派），拼写易混淆。 3. 词义区分：apply for（动作：申请）；apply to（对象：适用于）。 application n. 申请；应用 Please fill in this application form carefully. applicant n. 申请人 There are hundreds of applicants for the position. 1. 语法填空 She applies herself to ______ (learn) advanced skills every day. 2. 介词填空 I plan to apply ______ a parttime job during the holiday. 3. 句子翻译（使用 apply...to...） 我们要把学到的知识运用到实践中。 知识点17 effect [ɪˈfekt] n. 影响；效应；结果 1. have an effect on/upon sb./sth. 对……产生影响（高考写作/完形万能搭配） Stress has a bad effect on people's mental health. 2. take effect 生效；起作用 The new rules will take effect next month. 3. come into effect 开始实施；生效 The new traffic rules came into effect last week. 4. side effect 副作用 This kind of medicine has no bad side effects. 1. 高考最高频形近辨析： effect (n. 影响) ↔ affect (v. 影响) The bad weather affected our travel. = The bad weather had an effect on our travel. 2. 搭配介词固定用 on/upon，不可混用。 affect v. 影响；使改变 Lack of sleep will affect your study efficiency. effective adj. 有效的 This is an effective way to relieve pressure. 1. 语法填空 The long holiday has a great ______ (affect) on children's living habits. 2. 介词填空 Music has a positive effect ______ our mood. 3. 句子翻译（使用 take effect） 这项新的锻炼计划下周开始生效。 知识点18 delay [dɪˈleɪ] n. & v. 延迟；推迟；延误 1. delay doing sth. 推迟做某事（动词用法：后接动名词，不接不定式） We have to delay holding the sports meeting. 2. without delay 立即；毫不拖延（写作高分短语） Please deal with the problem without delay. 3. a delay in sth. 在某事上出现延误 There was a long delay in the flight because of bad weather. 4. put off a delay 拖延；延误 Try your best to avoid any delay in your work. 1. 动词用法：delay 后只能接动名词 doing，绝对不能接 to do，单句改错高频考点。 2. 词性两用：既可作名词也可作动词，语法填空常考查词性判断。 delayed adj. 延误的；推迟的 1. 语法填空 They decided to delay ______ (start) the outdoor activity. 2. 句子翻译（使用 without delay） 请立刻按照指示完成任务。 知识点19 . instruct [ɪnˈstrʌkt] v. 指示；命令；指导 1. instruct sb. to do sth. 指示/命令某人做某事（必考搭配） The coach instructed us to warm up before exercise. 2. instruct sb. in sth. 指导某人学习/掌握某事 She instructs students in basic sewing skills. 3. follow the instructions 遵守说明；按照说明书操作 You must follow the instructions when using the machine. 1. 名词变形：instruction 表“指导”为不可数；表“说明书、操作指南”必须用复数 instructions，高考高频考点。 2. 形近词区分：instruct (指导) ↔ construct (建造；构建)，拼写易混淆。 instruction n. 指导；说明（复数 instructions：说明书） Read the instructions carefully before use. instructor n. 讲师；指导员 Our fitness instructor is very professional. 1. 语法填空 The teacher instructed us ______ (hand) in our homework on time. 2.句子翻译（使用 follow the instructions） 使用设备前请仔细阅读并遵守说明书。 知识点20 threaten [ˈθretn] v. 威胁；恐吓；预示危险 1. threaten to do sth. 威胁要做某事；预示将要发生某事 The heavy rain threatened to stop our outdoor activity. 2. threaten sb. with sth. 用某物威胁某人 No one has the right to threaten others with violence. 3. be threatened by sth. 受到某物的威胁 Many wild animals are threatened by human activities. 1. 词形转换：名词 threat (威胁) → 动词 threaten，语法填空常考词性互换。 2. 语义区分：既可指“人威胁他人”，也可指“自然/环境预示危险”，阅读常考熟词生义。 threat n. 威胁；隐患 Pollution is a big threat to our living environment. threatening adj. 吓人的；有威胁的 We saw threatening dark clouds in the sky. 1. 语法填空 The storm threatened ______ (ruin) our travel plan. 2.句子翻译（使用 threaten to do） 持续的疲惫有可能影响我们的健康。 知识点21 upset [ʌpˈset] v. 使心烦；使生气 adj. 心烦的；沮丧的 1. be upset about/at/over sth. 因某事感到心烦、难过（高频形容词搭配） She is upset about failing the physical test. 2. upset sb. 使某人心烦/生气（动词用法） Don't say words that will upset your parents. 3. get upset 变得沮丧、生气 He easily gets upset when facing difficulties. 1. 变形特殊（高考必考）：upset 原形、过去式、过去分词同形：upset → upset → upset，发音不同，时态考查高频。 2. 介词固定搭配：表“因……难过”用 about/at/over，不可随意替换介词。 3. 形容词辨析：upset（情绪低落、心烦）≠ frustrated（懊恼、挫败）。 upsetting adj. 令人心烦的（修饰事物） It is an upsetting thing to miss the chance. 1. 语法填空 What he said ______ (upset) all of us yesterday. 2.句子翻译（使用 be upset over） 他因为巨大的压力而感到心烦沮丧。 知识点22 mature [məˈtʃʊə] adj. 成熟的；发育完全的 v. （使）成熟 1. become mature 变得成熟（成长类作文高频） We gradually become mature as we grow up. 2. be mature for one's age 少年老成；比同龄人成熟 He is very mature for his young age. 3. mature into 成长为；发展成 The young boy mature into a responsible man. 4. mature mind/character 成熟的心智/性格 A mature mind helps us face challenges bravely. 1. 词形转换：形容词 mature → 名词 maturity（成熟），语法填空变形考点。 2. 近义词辨析：mature（侧重人、心智、性格成熟）；ripe（侧重果实、谷物成熟），不可混用。 maturity n. 成熟；老成 Maturity comes from life experience. 1. 语法填空 As time goes by, we gain ______ (mature) and courage. 2.句子翻译（使用 mature mind） 拥有成熟的心智能够帮助我们缓解负面情绪。 基础通关练（测试时间：10分钟） 1．（2024-2025年上海市七宝中学期末）俗话说得好：“勤能补拙”。Lack 2．（2024-2025年上海市进才中学期末）大学毕业后，这个对野生动物保护充满热情的女孩不走寻常路，选 择加入生物多样性观察项目。(enthusiasm) 3．为确保他们的本土文化保持完好无损，长辈们建议年轻一代遵循传统仪式的固定模式。(sound) 4．如今，传统的民族服装与首饰在得到不停的完善后，已经走出国门、享誉海外。(perfect) 5．（2024-2025年上海市浦东新区期末）老师劝说小明利用空缺年去找到生活的意义。(employ) 6．（2024-2025年上海市浦东新区期末）办公室堆满了应征该职的求职信。(flood) 7．（2024-2025年上海市同济大学第一附属中学期末）数十年前，我的叔叔被迫背井离乡去往大城市发展， 对世界有了更深刻的了解，现在年迈的他不求飞黄腾达，但求落叶归根。(where) 8．（2024-2025年上海市同济大学第一附属中学期末）如果你矢志不渝且严于律己，你的努力最终一定会获 得回报。(pay) 9．（2024-2025年上海市同济大学第一附属中学期末）这个老烟枪每天雷打不动地要抽两包烟。（it） 10．作为南非首任黑人总统，曼德拉毕生致力于推动南非的改革事业以及通过教育赋能弱势群体。他因其在 促进社会和经济改革方面的非凡努力而被授予诺贝尔和平奖。（further; award；empower） 11．深色食物富含人体必需营养物质，是保持身材和维持长期健康的理想选择。(source, option） 12．（2024-2025年上海市同济大学第一附属中学期末）多亏了太空中的卫星，救援队伍能够定位受困人员 (thanks to) 13．随着网络的应用，持续了解全校师生发展的最新动态变得越来越便利。（track） 重难突破练（测试时间：20分钟） 1.（2025-2026上海市复旦大学附属中学） A Rejected Early Piece Everyone thinks they know Vincent van Gogh until they see “The Potato Eaters”. Painted in 1885, it is as far in tone as could be imagined from the blazing sunflowers of his later work. Five members of a farming household huddle round the table, sharing a meal of potatoes and coffee. The mood is crowded, the colors mostly muted green and browns. Outside the circle of lamplight the dark presses in. It was one of the few group scenes he painted, and nearly everyone who saw it in his lifetime hated it. Van Gogh told his sister that it was the best thing he’d ever done. This autumn the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam has made it the focus of an exhibition, under the title “Mistake or Masterpiece?” The painting is spoiled by errors: funny torsos, gazes that fail to meet. Some may be intentional, but Van Gogh acknowledged others were silly mistakes. Still, he thought his critics missed the point. With “The Potato Eaters” he was reaching for a new authenticity, an appreciation of misshapen beauty that refused to romanticize its subjects. It started with a deadline. Van Gogh’s brother Theo, an art dealer in Paris, wrote to ask whether he had anything for that year’s salon. Vincent was living in Brabant, in the southern Netherlands, drawing the local farmers. He had nothing suitable, but threw himself into the project as he was obsessed with the farmers. He wanted to capture their rough bodies and their honest relationship to the earth. The Dutch have a genius for this sort of thing: celebrating the ordinary, often with a nose-thumbing defiance. You can look back from Van Gogh to the Old Masters, with their minute attention to cheese, pets and drinking games at the expense of gods and saints. This is what Pieter Bruegel displays in his “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus”: the farmer going about his ploughing, not disturbed by the tragedy. You can also look ahead from Van Gogh to the simple, repetitive forms of Piet Mondrian. The painting wound up hanging over the fireplace of Van Gogh’s brother. Anton van Rappard, a fellow painter, criticized its formal deficiencies so harshly that Van Gogh’s friendship with him never recovered. The next year he moved to France and discovered the Impressionists, and his palette exploded into the kaleidoscope familiar from his later work. Though Van Gogh may not have intended it, that contrast makes “The Potato Eaters” feel like a judgment on the moralism of Dutch society. The refreshing Dutch embrace of the ordinary goes along with a sometimes oppressive conformism. The country’s unofficial slogan is doe normaal: don’t be egotistical, act normally. Yet its greatest geniuses, including Van Gogh, have been those who couldn’t. 1．What can we learn about the painting “The Potato Eaters”? A．It’s the best group scene Van Gogh painted. B．Almost everyone who has seen the painting hates it. C．It boasts a similar tone with the artist’s later works. D．The painting was criticized for its silly mistakes. 2．The Dutch embrace of the ordinary can be seen in ________. A．Van Gogh’s reluctance to accept the criticism on his work B．the development of styles from Van Gogh to Mondrian C．Old Masters’ focus on everyday scenes in their paintings D．Pieter Bruegel’s vivid depiction of the tragic fall of Icarus 3．The reason why Van Gogh valued “The Potato Eaters” so much might be that ________. A．the painting marked an important transition in the tone of his paintings B．he intended viewers to identify with those who valued their fruit of labor C．it mirrored his genuine appreciation of those farmers, raw yet beautiful D．he wanted to defend it against the criticism that clearly missed the point 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．The Impressionists are greatly influenced by Van Gogh’s bold use of colors. B．Vincent van Gogh’s later work goes against Dutch society’s moral values. C．The Dutch painters’ celebrating the ordinary is a rebellion against conformism. D．Only those who don’t act normally can succeed in an oppressive country. 2.（2025-2026上海市闵行中学） The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised questions about its future impact. Should we automate every job, even those requiring human intuition and creativity? Should non-human minds eventually replace humans, or does this signal a potential loss of control over our civilization? Such questions drew attention when the Future of Life Institute issued a call for a six-month pause on the development of the most advanced AI technologies. Signed by celebrities like Elon Musk, this letter highlights the 5 surrounding the rapid pace of AI advancements. Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have shown unexpected 6 beyond the expectations of their creators. These emergent abilities range from solving logical puzzles to generating human-like written content, making AI more 7 than ever. AI’s potential is vast, ranging from breakthroughs in drug discovery and new material design to address complex challenges in the energy sector (领域). However, the technology also brings significant risks, as AI’s growing cognitive (认知的) abilities raise fears of 8 that once seemed limited to science fiction. Public 9 of AI’s potential and its challenges is on the rise, leading to calls for regulation that goes beyond merely slowing down its progress. To manage AI responsibly, it’s essential to establish frameworks that 10 society while enabling innovation. Balancing regulation with innovation is key. Some advocate for a “light-touch” approach that encourages 11 while setting necessary boundaries. This model allows AI to develop within a structured framework, like Europe’s regulatory framework, which classifies AI systems by their risk levels and sets requirements grounded in those 12 . Others argue for 13 control, proposing that AI be regulated like the pharmaceutical or aviation industries (制药和航空业), requiring thorough testing and approval before public release. This could include devoted monitoring bodies and international agreements to ensure AI safety, particularly as some countries explore methods for 14 AI governance. Too much hesitation, however, could limit the many 15 AI can provide. Experts recommend a flexible approach that reduces risks without restricting innovation. This strategy aims to limit potential 16 of AI while promoting developments that could lead to societal progress. Striking this balance is crucial, as AI’s potential benefits and risks are deeply 17 . As AI technology advances, 18 approaches must keep pace. Governments and institutions worldwide face the challenge of crafting adaptable policies that allow AI to contribute to society in a safe manner. Establishing these foundations now is essential to 19 the dynamic and transformative future that AI promises. 5．A．anticipation B．anxiety C．disappointment D．commitment 6．A．risks B．purposes C．talents D．practices 7．A．capable B．accessible C．reliable D．reasonable 8．A．contributions B．possibilities C．varieties D．emotions 9．A．awareness B．control C．regulation D．ignorance 10．A．safeguard B．construct C．reflect D．confuse 11．A．competition B．movement C．discussion D．creativity 12．A．evaluations B．realities C．applications D．circumstances 13．A．looser B．more social C．more formal D．stricter 14．A．uniform B．outdated C．responsible D．separate 15．A．predictions B．control C．certainty D．benefits 16．A．development B．misuse C．application D．transformation 17．A．discriminated B．misunderstood C．underappreciated D．interconnected 18．A．theoretical B．regulatory C．behavioral D．contextual 19．A．protect against B．decide on C．prepare for D．learn from 3.（2025-2026上海市闵行中学） Directions: Complete the following sentences by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．bouncing  B．characteristics  C． complete  D．developed  E. displayed F. groundbreaking  G. imperfections  H. pieces  I. remembered  J. statistically  K. typically Pioneer of Modern Sculpture Modern sculpture has its origins in the work of Frenchman Auguste Rodin. Born into a modest family in 1840, Rodin began his creative journey in the 1860s, a journey that would lead to him being 20 as the “bridge” between traditional and modern sculpture. Before Rodin, sculpture told stories about the past: religion, history, myth and literature. Sculptures 21 left little to the imagination. Figures tended to be idealised in some way to avoid any 22 of the model. Rodin can be considered a realist in that he refused to improve on what he saw in front of him. He considered all of nature beautiful and if a model was old and wrinkled, he would be 23 as such. Moreover, like much of the art that he helped inspire for later generations, his work spoke to the emotions and imagination: both his and his viewers’. The stories he told were internal and conceptual and there was no right or wrong way to interpret them. Rodin was inspired by the fragments (碎片) of Greek and Roman sculpture that were being discovered during his time. He was one of the first sculptors to treat fragments or parts of figures as 24 works of art. One of his most famous works is Large hand of a pianist. In this piece he demonstrated one of the 25 of Modern Art — to make visible things that are not, such as energy, sound and rhythm. This concept, 26 for its time, has been taken forward by sculptors right up to the present day. Rodin worked mainly in bronze (青铜) and was fascinated by the effect of light on irregular surfaces. In particular, he realized that light 27 off textured bronze surfaces could create the illusion (幻觉) of movement. He pioneered two new techniques: marcottage and assemblage. Marcottage means creating a new work by putting together 28 from different existing works. Assemblage, which was further 29 later by artists like Picasso, began with Rodin’s technique of repeatedly casting the same figure and using multiple casts to create a new piece. 综合拓展练（测试时间：10分钟） （2025 年上海卷） In the scientific field, just as important as raising our voices is how we come together. Progress doesn’t happen 1 ; it’s fueled by cooperation. Like a music band where every instrument plays its part, scientists from different backgrounds harmonize their expertise (专门技术) to create something greater than the 2 of its parts. I’ve witnessed that cooperative power firsthand through an initiative called Native Plant Hub. This initiative brings together local governments, tribal communities, academic institutions, and private landowners. Their 3 mission? Addressing critical shortages in native plant materials to support fire reduction, foreign species control, and habitat restoration across the western United States. It couldn’t have succeeded without the combined expertise of these 4 groups. Each contributes something essential, proving that large-scale conservation efforts don’t happen 5 ; they require long-term investment, cooperation, and commitment. It’s a model for how we should 6 solutions that encourage innovation and transform the world. That’s why I’m so passionate about the CES network — it’s right there in the name: Cooperative Ecosystem Studies. Exchanging knowledge and expertise is the foundation of scientific progress. Through partnerships, improvements emerge that might 7 remain difficult to achieve. For example, a project highlight I’m currently writing looks at the cooperation between University of Oregon researchers and the Park Service to study the cultural landscape of Carlsbad Caverns. When the Service suggested bringing in a cave microbiologist, the university team 8 hadn’t considered the role of microscopic life in preservation. But once involved, the microbiologist’s advice proved 9 . One key moment came when the team faced the 10 of a worsening historic wooden staircase, which had become a habitat for microorganisms. Without precautions(预防措施,), disturbing the structure could have 11 the cave’s delicate ecosystem. Before removing it, the microbiologist proposed covering the staircase to 12 unintended harm. After the successful relocation, the team proposed using projected images to illustrate its former 13 , enabling visitors to appreciate its historical significance. This cooperation — combining scientific expertise with cultural preservation — safeguarded both the cave’s ecological 14 and historical significance. The result is an approach that 15 environmental conservation and cultural preservation, ensuring the long-term protection of our national parks. Too often, scientific research operates separately. But real progress doesn’t come from opposition; it comes from cooperation. 1．A．in time B．under discussion C．for good D．in isolation 2．A．difference B．change C．sum D．management 3．A．respective B．deserted C．transitional D．shared 4．A．diverse B．educational C．foreign D．regional 5．A．slowly B．alongside C．overnight D．properly 6．A．unlock B．skip C．interpret D．classify 7．A．similarly B．otherwise C．altogether D．eventually 8．A．consequently B．regretfully C．fortunately D．initially 9．A．unrealistic B．invaluable C．misleading D．conventional 10．A．establishment B．decoration C．removal D．coverage 11．A．sustained B．replaced C．reformed D．ruined 12．A．cause B．mask C．prevent D．suffer 13．A．presence B．expression C．pollution D．strategy 14．A．supervision B．integrity C．guidance D．occupation 15．A．accesses B．balances C．evaluates D．traces 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 Units3~4（期末复习讲义） 内 容 导 航 考情透视·目标导航 透析期末考向，锚定备考重心 知识梳理·方法技巧 梳理核心脉络，扫除知识盲区 考场练兵·分层实战 阶梯实战演练，验收复习成效 复习目标 复习重点： 1. 词汇层面：熟练掌握单元核心实词（动词、名词、形容词）、衍生词，辨析易混形容词的含义 与用法；牢记单词固定搭配、介词搭配，区分一词多义。 2. 句型层面：理解并灵活运用单元重点句型、特殊连词用法、定语从句、强调句等句式，掌握同 义句型转换规则。 3. 语法层面：掌握非谓语动词（动名词、不定式）的固定用法、词性转换规则、名词单复数变 化。 复习难点： 1. 在完形填空、阅读理解、书面表达中，结合上下文灵活运用单元高级词汇、固定短语与句式， 做到学以致用。 2. 易混考点辨析：区分形近词、义近词（如 effect/affect、basis/base、symptom/symbol、 confirm/conform）；掌握特殊动词后接非谓语的固定规则；辨析易混淆动词短语（如 in charge of /in the charge of、suffer /suffer from）。 考情规律 词汇考查侧重语境选词、词性变形、搭配辨析三大方向，是语法填空、完形、选词填空、的主要出题点. 知识点1 charge [tʃɑːdʒ] n. 主管；掌管；收费 v. 负责；收费；指控 1. in charge of （人）负责、掌管 She is in charge of the daily management of the fitness club. 2. in the charge of （事物）由……看管/负责（被动含义） The training room is in the charge of a professional coach. 3. take charge of 接管；接手 He will take charge of the work after the manager retires. 4. free of charge 免费 Drinking water in the gym is provided free of charge. 5. charge sb. for sth. 向某人收取某物费用 They won’t charge you for extra towels and drinks. 6. charge sb. with sth. 指控某人做某事 He was charged with breaking public rules. 易混辨析：in charge of（主动，主语是人）≠ in the charge of（被动，主语是物），是高考完形、语法填空高频陷阱；charge 表“收费/指控”为及物动词，介词搭配不可混用。 语法填空 1. The person ______ (charge) of the project is an experienced teacher. 2. All the sports equipment is ______ the charge of three volunteers. 【答案】1. in charge 2. in 知识点2 basis [ˈbeɪsɪs] n. 基准；依据；缘由 1. on a regular basis 定期地 We take physical exercise on a regular basis to keep fit. 2. on the basis of 以……为依据；基于 We draw conclusions on the basis of facts and data. 3. lay the basis for 为……打下基础 Daily practice lays a solid basis for your progress. 1. 复数变形不规则：basis → bases，语法填空常考单复数；2. 形近辨析：basis（抽象：依据、基准）≠ base（实物：基地、底座），不可混用。 basic adj. 基本的 These are the basic rules of outdoor sports. basically adv. 基本上；大体上 Basically, all students accept this new rule. 1.语法填空 ①We make decisions on the ______ (base) of practical needs. ②Many students do sports ______ a regular basis after school. 2.句子翻译（使用短语 lay the basis for） 坚持锻炼能为我们的身体健康打下良好基础。 【答案】1. basis 2. on 3. Keeping working out can lay a good basis for our physical health. 知识点3 challenge [ˈtʃælɪndʒ] v. & n. 挑战 1. challenge sb. to do sth. 挑战某人做某事 My friend challenged me to finish the longdistance run. 2. face a challenge 面临挑战 Young people will face various challenges in life. 3. meet a challenge 迎接挑战 We should be brave to meet every new challenge. 4. overcome a challenge 克服挑战 With teamwork, we finally overcame the big challenge. 5. pose a challenge to 对……构成挑战 Extreme weather poses a challenge to outdoor activities. 1. 动词用法：challenge 后只能接 to do，不能接 doing； 2. 形容词辨析：challenging（事物）有挑战性的 ≠ challenged（人）感到为难的、身心受限的。 challenging adj. 有挑战性的 This set of workout is quite challenging for beginners. challenger n. 挑战者 Every challenger showed great courage in the competition. 1. 语法填空 He challenged me ______ (join) in the sports competition. 2.句子翻译（使用短语 overcome a challenge） 只要坚持努力，我们就能克服生活中的挑战。 【答案】1. to join 2.As long as we keep working hard, we can overcome challenges in life. 知识点4 motivate [ˈməʊtɪveɪt] v. 激发；激励 1. motivate sb. to do sth. 激励某人做某事 Warm encouragement motivates us to keep moving forward. 2. be motivated by 受……激励/驱使 She is motivated by a strong desire to improve herself. 3. motivate oneself 自我激励 Learning to motivate oneself is an important life skill. 过去分词 motivated 可作形容词，修饰人，表示“积极上进的”；不可直接使用动词原形 motivate 作定语。 motivation n. 动力；积极性 Lack of motivation will make you feel tired easily. motivated adj. 积极的；有动力的 A motivated student always makes steady progress. 1. 语法填空 Our teacher always motivates us ______ (take) more exercise. 2. 翻译句子 规律的锻炼对身心健康大有裨益。 【答案】1. beneficial 2.Regular exercise is highly beneficial to physical and mental health. 知识点6 suffer [ˈsʌfə] v. 遭受；蒙受；患病 1. suffer from 患有（疾病）；饱受（长期痛苦、不适） He often suffers from fatigue after long work. 2. suffer losses 遭受损失 The team suffered great losses in the match. 3. suffer pain/hardship 承受痛苦/苦难 Many people suffered hardship in the old days. 4. suffer a setback 遭遇挫折 Everyone may suffer a setback during growth. 1. suffer + 灾难、损失、挫折（直接接宾语，不加 from）； 2. suffer from + 疾病、身体不适、情绪困扰（必须加 from）。 suffering n. 痛苦；苦难 adj. 受苦的 We should help those people in suffering. 1. 语法填空 ① She ______ (suffer) from poor sleep these days. ②Many old people suffer ______ joint pain in cold weather. 2. 句子翻译（使用短语 suffer a setback） 就算遭遇挫折，我们也不要轻易放弃。 【答案】1. is suffering / suffers 2. from 3. Even if we suffer a setback, we should not give up easily. 知识点7 confirm [kənˈfɜːm] v. 证实，确认 1. confirm a fact/rumor 证实事实/谣言 The report confirmed the fact that pressure causes fatigue. 2. confirm an appointment 确认预约 Please call me to confirm the appointment tomorrow. 3. confirm details 核实细节 You need to confirm all details before signing the form. 4. confirm one's belief 坚定信念 His success confirmed my belief in hard work. 形近词拼写陷阱： confirm (确认、证实) ≠ conform (遵守)，后者搭配 conform to rules（遵守规则），语法填空、改错高频考点。 confirmation n. 确认；证实 We are waiting for the final confirmation. 1. 语法填空 The latest news ______ (confirm) his idea is correct. 2. 句子翻译（使用短语 confirm details） 出发前请核实所有行程细节。 【答案】1. confirms / confirmed 2.Please confirm all travel details before setting off. 知识点8 interpersonal [ˌɪntəˈpɜːsənəl] adj. 人际的；人际关系的 1. interpersonal skills 人际交往能力 Good interpersonal skills help us make more friends. 2. interpersonal relationship 人际关系 A harmonious interpersonal relationship brings happiness. 3. interpersonal communication 人际沟通 Interpersonal communication is important for teenagers. 4. interpersonal conflict 人际矛盾 We should learn to solve interpersonal conflict properly. 1. 构词固定：前缀 inter（相互）不可漏写； 2. 该词仅作形容词，无动词原形，不可单独变形为动词。 interact v. 互动；交流 We should learn to interact with different people. 1. 语法填空 Improving ______ (interperson) skills is necessary for students. 2. 句子翻译（使用短语 interpersonal communication） 良好的人际沟通能够减少人际矛盾。 【答案】1. interpersonal 2.Good interpersonal communication can reduce interpersonal conflict. 知识点9 circulation [ˌsɜːkjʊˈleɪʃən] n. 循环；流通 1. blood circulation 血液循环 Massage can improve blood circulation in the body. 2. improve blood circulation 促进血液循环 Rubbing hands helps improve blood circulation. 3. in circulation 在流通中；在使用中 This old magazine is no longer in circulation. 4. out of circulation 停止流通 The old rules have been out of circulation for years. 形近辨析：circulation（循环） ≠ circle（圆圈、社交圈子），词义、拼写易混淆，改错高频考点。 circulate v. （使）循环；传播 Hot air circulates around the room all day. 1. 语法填空 Exercise is good for blood ______ (circulate). 2.句子翻译（使用短语 improve blood circulation） 坚持运动可以有效促进血液循环。 【答案】1. circulation 2.Keeping exercising can effectively improve blood circulation. 知识点10 overall [ˌəʊvərˈɔːl] adj. 全面的；总体的 adv. 总的来说 1. overall score 总分 His overall score ranked top three in the test. 2. overall situation 总体形势 The overall situation of our class is positive. 3. overall quality 综合素质 ：Schools pay attention to students’ overall quality. 4. overall development 全面发展 Sports promote the overall development of teenagers. 1. 拼写：overall 为单个单词，不可拆分为 over all； 2. 词性用法：作副词放句首，表“总的来说”，是书面表达加分用法。 句子翻译（使用短语 overall quality） 课外活动有助于提升学生的综合素质。 【答案】1.Afterschool activities help improve students’ overall quality. 知识点11 symptom [ˈsɪmptəm] n. 症状；征兆 1. physical symptoms 身体症状 Fatigue and bad mood are physical symptoms of stress. 2. a symptom of … ……的征兆/症状 Irritability is a symptom of lack of sleep. 3. obvious symptoms 明显症状 These are the obvious symptoms of longterm tiredness. 4. show symptoms 出现症状 He began to show symptoms of fatigue after working all day. 1. 形近辨析：symptom（症状） ≠ symbol（象征），拼写、词义极易混淆； 2. 可数名词：复数形式 symptoms，one of 后必考复数。 symptomatic adj. 有症状的；作为征兆的 His tiredness is symptomatic of overwork. 1. 语法填空 Headache is one of the common ______ (symptom) of stress. Bad temper is a symptom ______ great pressure. 2.句子翻译（使用短语 obvious symptoms） 疲惫和易怒是压力过大的明显症状。 【答案】1. symptoms 2. of 3. Fatigue and irritability are obvious symptoms of too much pressure. 知识点12 expectancy [ɪkˈspektənsi] n. 预料；预期 1. life expectancy 预期寿命 People’s life expectancy has increased greatly. 2. raise life expectancy 提高预期寿命 Better medical care helps raise life expectancy. 3. beyond expectancy 超出预期 His progress in study was beyond expectancy. 词义辨析： expectancy：侧重客观层面的预期、预估（如寿命、数据）； expectation：侧重人主观的期待、愿望，不可混用。 expect v. 期待；预料 expectation n. （主观）期待 1. 语法填空 With better living conditions, people’s life ______ (expect) is rising. 2. 句子翻译（使用短语 life expectancy） 生活水平的提高延长了人们的预期寿命。 【答案】1. expectancy 2. The improvement of living standards has increased people’s life expectancy. 知识点13 immediately [ɪˈmiːdiətli] adv. 立即；马上 conj. 一……就…… 1. immediately (adv.) 立刻，马上（作状语） Please stop talking and begin your task immediately. 2. immediately (conj.) 一……就……（高考语法填空核心考点，等同于 as soon as） I will call you immediately I arrive at the station. 3. immediately after 紧接着；在……之后立刻 He went out immediately after finishing his homework. 1. 词性双重用法：副词修饰动词；连词引导时间状语从句，是高考语法填空高频考点，切勿误判词性。 2. 形近词区分：immediately（副词/连词） ↔ immediate（形容词，意为“立刻的；直接的”），词形转换常考。 3. 不可写作 immediatly，注意拼写：双e。 immediate adj. 立刻的；直接的 We need to take immediate action to solve the problem. immediacy n. 即时性（阅读拓展词汇） 1. 语法填空 I turned off the lights ______ (immediate) I left the classroom. 2. 句子翻译（使用 immediately 作连词） 我一收到消息就立刻出发了。 【答案】 1. immediately 2. I set off immediately I received the message. 知识点14 flexible [ˈfleksɪbl] adj. 可弯曲的；有弹性的；灵活的 1. be flexible in sth. 在某方面灵活变通 A good teacher should be flexible in teaching methods. 2. flexible schedule/time 弹性时间；灵活的日程 This job offers a flexible working schedule for workers. 3. be flexible to change 适应变化、处事灵活 Young people are usually flexible to new changes. 1. 词形陷阱：形容词 flexible → 名词 flexibility（灵活性）、副词 flexibly（灵活地），语法填空变形高频。 2. 词义区分：形容事物有弹性、人/规则/方法灵活，不用于形容人的性格“随和”。 flexibility n. 灵活性；弹性 Flexibility is an important quality in teamwork. flexibly adv. 灵活地 We should deal with problems flexibly. 1. 语法填空 We need more ______ (flexible) to deal with different situations. 2. 句子翻译（使用 flexible schedule） 这份兼职工作拥有灵活的工作时间。 【答案】1. flexibility 2.This parttime job has a flexible working schedule. 知识点15 enthusiastic [ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk] adj. 热情的；热心的 1. be enthusiastic about/over sth. 对某事充满热情（高考必考搭配） Most students are enthusiastic about outdoor sports. 2. be enthusiastic to do sth. 热心于做某事 She is always enthusiastic to help others in trouble. 3. with enthusiasm 满怀热情地（副词短语，写作加分） They took part in the activity with great enthusiasm. 1. 搭配介词固定用 about/over，不可替换为 for；高考单句改错高频陷阱。 2. 同根词辨析：enthusiastic（形容词，修饰人）↔ enthusiasm（名词，热情），词形转换必考。 enthusiasm n. 热情；热忱 His enthusiasm for study influences all his classmates. enthusiastically adv. 热情地 The crowd cheered enthusiastically for the players. 1. 语法填空 Everyone showed great ______ (enthusiastic) for the coming trip. 2. 介词填空 My sister is enthusiastic ______ painting and music. 3. 句子翻译（使用 be enthusiastic about） 他对科技创新抱有极大的热情。 【答案】1. enthusiasm 2. about/over 3.He is highly enthusiastic about technological innovation. 知识点16 apply [əˈplaɪ] v. 申请；应用；适用 1. apply for sth. 申请（职位、证件、奖学金等） Many graduates want to apply for this job. 2. apply to sb./sth. 适用于；向……提出申请 This rule applies to all students in our school. 3. apply A to B 把A应用到B上 We should apply what we learn to daily life. 4. apply oneself to (doing) sth. 专心于；致力于（to 为介词，后接动名词，高考改错头号考点） He applies himself to improving his English. 1. 重中之重：apply oneself to 中 to 是介词，后面必须接 doing，不能接 to do。 2. 形近词辨析：apply（申请/应用）↔ appoint（任命；委派），拼写易混淆。 3. 词义区分：apply for（动作：申请）；apply to（对象：适用于）。 application n. 申请；应用 Please fill in this application form carefully. applicant n. 申请人 There are hundreds of applicants for the position. 1. 语法填空 She applies herself to ______ (learn) advanced skills every day. 2. 介词填空 I plan to apply ______ a parttime job during the holiday. 3. 句子翻译（使用 apply...to...） 我们要把学到的知识运用到实践中。 【答案】1. learning 2. for 3. We should apply the knowledge we have learned to practice. 知识点17 effect [ɪˈfekt] n. 影响；效应；结果 1. have an effect on/upon sb./sth. 对……产生影响（高考写作/完形万能搭配） Stress has a bad effect on people's mental health. 2. take effect 生效；起作用 The new rules will take effect next month. 3. come into effect 开始实施；生效 The new traffic rules came into effect last week. 4. side effect 副作用 This kind of medicine has no bad side effects. 1. 高考最高频形近辨析： effect (n. 影响) ↔ affect (v. 影响) The bad weather affected our travel. = The bad weather had an effect on our travel. 2. 搭配介词固定用 on/upon，不可混用。 affect v. 影响；使改变 Lack of sleep will affect your study efficiency. effective adj. 有效的 This is an effective way to relieve pressure. 1. 语法填空 The long holiday has a great ______ (affect) on children's living habits. 2. 介词填空 Music has a positive effect ______ our mood. 3. 句子翻译（使用 take effect） 这项新的锻炼计划下周开始生效。 【答案】1. effect 2. on/upon 3.This new workout plan will take effect next week. 知识点18 delay [dɪˈleɪ] n. & v. 延迟；推迟；延误 1. delay doing sth. 推迟做某事（动词用法：后接动名词，不接不定式） We have to delay holding the sports meeting. 2. without delay 立即；毫不拖延（写作高分短语） Please deal with the problem without delay. 3. a delay in sth. 在某事上出现延误 There was a long delay in the flight because of bad weather. 4. put off a delay 拖延；延误 Try your best to avoid any delay in your work. 1. 动词用法：delay 后只能接动名词 doing，绝对不能接 to do，单句改错高频考点。 2. 词性两用：既可作名词也可作动词，语法填空常考查词性判断。 delayed adj. 延误的；推迟的 1. 语法填空 They decided to delay ______ (start) the outdoor activity. 2. 句子翻译（使用 without delay） 请立刻按照指示完成任务。 【答案】1. starting 2.Please finish the task according to the instructions without delay. 知识点19 . instruct [ɪnˈstrʌkt] v. 指示；命令；指导 1. instruct sb. to do sth. 指示/命令某人做某事（必考搭配） The coach instructed us to warm up before exercise. 2. instruct sb. in sth. 指导某人学习/掌握某事 She instructs students in basic sewing skills. 3. follow the instructions 遵守说明；按照说明书操作 You must follow the instructions when using the machine. 1. 名词变形：instruction 表“指导”为不可数；表“说明书、操作指南”必须用复数 instructions，高考高频考点。 2. 形近词区分：instruct (指导) ↔ construct (建造；构建)，拼写易混淆。 instruction n. 指导；说明（复数 instructions：说明书） Read the instructions carefully before use. instructor n. 讲师；指导员 Our fitness instructor is very professional. 1. 语法填空 The teacher instructed us ______ (hand) in our homework on time. 2.句子翻译（使用 follow the instructions） 使用设备前请仔细阅读并遵守说明书。 【答案】1. to hand 2.Please read and follow the instructions carefully before using the equipment. 知识点20 threaten [ˈθretn] v. 威胁；恐吓；预示危险 1. threaten to do sth. 威胁要做某事；预示将要发生某事 The heavy rain threatened to stop our outdoor activity. 2. threaten sb. with sth. 用某物威胁某人 No one has the right to threaten others with violence. 3. be threatened by sth. 受到某物的威胁 Many wild animals are threatened by human activities. 1. 词形转换：名词 threat (威胁) → 动词 threaten，语法填空常考词性互换。 2. 语义区分：既可指“人威胁他人”，也可指“自然/环境预示危险”，阅读常考熟词生义。 threat n. 威胁；隐患 Pollution is a big threat to our living environment. threatening adj. 吓人的；有威胁的 We saw threatening dark clouds in the sky. 1. 语法填空 The storm threatened ______ (ruin) our travel plan. 2.句子翻译（使用 threaten to do） 持续的疲惫有可能影响我们的健康。 【答案】1. to ruin 2.Longterm tiredness threatens to affect our health. 知识点21 upset [ʌpˈset] v. 使心烦；使生气 adj. 心烦的；沮丧的 1. be upset about/at/over sth. 因某事感到心烦、难过（高频形容词搭配） She is upset about failing the physical test. 2. upset sb. 使某人心烦/生气（动词用法） Don't say words that will upset your parents. 3. get upset 变得沮丧、生气 He easily gets upset when facing difficulties. 1. 变形特殊（高考必考）：upset 原形、过去式、过去分词同形：upset → upset → upset，发音不同，时态考查高频。 2. 介词固定搭配：表“因……难过”用 about/at/over，不可随意替换介词。 3. 形容词辨析：upset（情绪低落、心烦）≠ frustrated（懊恼、挫败）。 upsetting adj. 令人心烦的（修饰事物） It is an upsetting thing to miss the chance. 1. 语法填空 What he said ______ (upset) all of us yesterday. 2.句子翻译（使用 be upset over） 他因为巨大的压力而感到心烦沮丧。 【答案】1. upset 2.He felt upset over great pressure. 知识点22 mature [məˈtʃʊə] adj. 成熟的；发育完全的 v. （使）成熟 1. become mature 变得成熟（成长类作文高频） We gradually become mature as we grow up. 2. be mature for one's age 少年老成；比同龄人成熟 He is very mature for his young age. 3. mature into 成长为；发展成 The young boy mature into a responsible man. 4. mature mind/character 成熟的心智/性格 A mature mind helps us face challenges bravely. 1. 词形转换：形容词 mature → 名词 maturity（成熟），语法填空变形考点。 2. 近义词辨析：mature（侧重人、心智、性格成熟）；ripe（侧重果实、谷物成熟），不可混用。 maturity n. 成熟；老成 Maturity comes from life experience. 1. 语法填空 As time goes by, we gain ______ (mature) and courage. 2.句子翻译（使用 mature mind） 拥有成熟的心智能够帮助我们缓解负面情绪。 【答案】1. maturity 2.Having a mature mind can help us relieve negative feelings. 基础通关练（测试时间：10分钟） 1．（2024-2025年上海市七宝中学期末）俗话说得好：“勤能补拙”。Lack 2．（2024-2025年上海市进才中学期末）大学毕业后，这个对野生动物保护充满热情的女孩不走寻常路，选 择加入生物多样性观察项目。(enthusiasm) 3．为确保他们的本土文化保持完好无损，长辈们建议年轻一代遵循传统仪式的固定模式。(sound) 4．如今，传统的民族服装与首饰在得到不停的完善后，已经走出国门、享誉海外。(perfect) 5．（2024-2025年上海市浦东新区期末）老师劝说小明利用空缺年去找到生活的意义。(employ) 6．（2024-2025年上海市浦东新区期末）办公室堆满了应征该职的求职信。(flood) 7．（2024-2025年上海市同济大学第一附属中学期末）数十年前，我的叔叔被迫背井离乡去往大城市发展， 对世界有了更深刻的了解，现在年迈的他不求飞黄腾达，但求落叶归根。(where) 8．（2024-2025年上海市同济大学第一附属中学期末）如果你矢志不渝且严于律己，你的努力最终一定会获 得回报。(pay) 9．（2024-2025年上海市同济大学第一附属中学期末）这个老烟枪每天雷打不动地要抽两包烟。（it） 10．作为南非首任黑人总统，曼德拉毕生致力于推动南非的改革事业以及通过教育赋能弱势群体。他因其在 促进社会和经济改革方面的非凡努力而被授予诺贝尔和平奖。（further; award；empower） 11．深色食物富含人体必需营养物质，是保持身材和维持长期健康的理想选择。(source, option） 12．（2024-2025年上海市同济大学第一附属中学期末）多亏了太空中的卫星，救援队伍能够定位受困人员 (thanks to) 13．随着网络的应用，持续了解全校师生发展的最新动态变得越来越便利。（track） 【答案】1．As the old saying goes, “Diligence can make up for (a/the) lack of intelligence. There is an old saying that goes 2．After graduating from university, the girl with enthusiasm for wildlife protection chose to take an unusual path and joined the biodiversity observation project. 3．To ensure their indigenous culture remains sound, the elders advise the younger generation to adhere to the established patterns of traditional rituals. 4．Nowadays, traditional ethnic clothing and jewelry have gone abroad and gained fame overseas after being constantly perfected. 5．The teacher persuaded Xiaoming to employ the gap year to find the meaning of life. 6．The office was flooded with applications for the job. 7．Decades ago, my uncle was forced to leave his hometown and go to a big city to seek development, where he gained a deeper understanding of the world. Now, in his old age, he doesn’t expect to make a brilliant career but just hopes to return to his hometown. 8．If you are unswerving in your pursuit and strict with yourself, your efforts will eventually pay off. 9．It is this heavy smoker who smokes two packs of cigarettes every day. 10．As the first black president of South Africa, Mandela dedicated his life to furthering the cause of transforming South Africa and empowering underprivileged people through education. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his extraordinary efforts to promote social and economic reforms. 11．Food in dark colors is a good source of essential nutrients, making them an ideal option for those who want to stay fit and maintain long-term health. 12．Thanks to the satellites in space, the rescue team was able to locate the trapped individuals. 13．With the application of the Internet, it is becoming more and more convenient to constantly/persistently/continuously keep track of/track the latest updates of all the teachers and students in the school. 重难突破练（测试时间：20分钟） 1.（2025-2026上海市复旦大学附属中学） A Rejected Early Piece Everyone thinks they know Vincent van Gogh until they see “The Potato Eaters”. Painted in 1885, it is as far in tone as could be imagined from the blazing sunflowers of his later work. Five members of a farming household huddle round the table, sharing a meal of potatoes and coffee. The mood is crowded, the colors mostly muted green and browns. Outside the circle of lamplight the dark presses in. It was one of the few group scenes he painted, and nearly everyone who saw it in his lifetime hated it. Van Gogh told his sister that it was the best thing he’d ever done. This autumn the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam has made it the focus of an exhibition, under the title “Mistake or Masterpiece?” The painting is spoiled by errors: funny torsos, gazes that fail to meet. Some may be intentional, but Van Gogh acknowledged others were silly mistakes. Still, he thought his critics missed the point. With “The Potato Eaters” he was reaching for a new authenticity, an appreciation of misshapen beauty that refused to romanticize its subjects. It started with a deadline. Van Gogh’s brother Theo, an art dealer in Paris, wrote to ask whether he had anything for that year’s salon. Vincent was living in Brabant, in the southern Netherlands, drawing the local farmers. He had nothing suitable, but threw himself into the project as he was obsessed with the farmers. He wanted to capture their rough bodies and their honest relationship to the earth. The Dutch have a genius for this sort of thing: celebrating the ordinary, often with a nose-thumbing defiance. You can look back from Van Gogh to the Old Masters, with their minute attention to cheese, pets and drinking games at the expense of gods and saints. This is what Pieter Bruegel displays in his “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus”: the farmer going about his ploughing, not disturbed by the tragedy. You can also look ahead from Van Gogh to the simple, repetitive forms of Piet Mondrian. The painting wound up hanging over the fireplace of Van Gogh’s brother. Anton van Rappard, a fellow painter, criticized its formal deficiencies so harshly that Van Gogh’s friendship with him never recovered. The next year he moved to France and discovered the Impressionists, and his palette exploded into the kaleidoscope familiar from his later work. Though Van Gogh may not have intended it, that contrast makes “The Potato Eaters” feel like a judgment on the moralism of Dutch society. The refreshing Dutch embrace of the ordinary goes along with a sometimes oppressive conformism. The country’s unofficial slogan is doe normaal: don’t be egotistical, act normally. Yet its greatest geniuses, including Van Gogh, have been those who couldn’t. 1．What can we learn about the painting “The Potato Eaters”? A．It’s the best group scene Van Gogh painted. B．Almost everyone who has seen the painting hates it. C．It boasts a similar tone with the artist’s later works. D．The painting was criticized for its silly mistakes. 2．The Dutch embrace of the ordinary can be seen in ________. A．Van Gogh’s reluctance to accept the criticism on his work B．the development of styles from Van Gogh to Mondrian C．Old Masters’ focus on everyday scenes in their paintings D．Pieter Bruegel’s vivid depiction of the tragic fall of Icarus 3．The reason why Van Gogh valued “The Potato Eaters” so much might be that ________. A．the painting marked an important transition in the tone of his paintings B．he intended viewers to identify with those who valued their fruit of labor C．it mirrored his genuine appreciation of those farmers, raw yet beautiful D．he wanted to defend it against the criticism that clearly missed the point 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．The Impressionists are greatly influenced by Van Gogh’s bold use of colors. B．Vincent van Gogh’s later work goes against Dutch society’s moral values. C．The Dutch painters’ celebrating the ordinary is a rebellion against conformism. D．Only those who don’t act normally can succeed in an oppressive country. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了梵高早期作品《吃土豆的人》的创作背景、艺术特点及其在荷兰艺术传统中的地位，并探讨了荷兰人对平凡事物的独特审美以及这种审美与社会道德规范之间的张力。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The painting is spoiled by errors: funny torsos, gazes that fail to meet. Some may be intentional, but Van Gogh acknowledged others were silly mistakes. (这幅画被错误所破坏：滑稽的躯干、无法交汇的目光。有些可能是有意为之，但梵高承认另一些是愚蠢的错误。)”可知，《吃土豆的人》因其中的愚蠢错误而受到批评。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The Dutch have a genius for this sort of thing: celebrating the ordinary, often with a nose-thumbing defiance. You can look back from Van Gogh to the Old Masters, with their minute attention to cheese, pets and drinking games at the expense of gods and saints. (荷兰人天生擅长这类创作：他们以一种近乎不屑的嘲讽态度，颂扬平凡的事物。从梵高的作品中，我们可以看到对古代大师们那种细致入微的关注——他们将奶酪、宠物和饮酒游戏置于神明与圣徒之上。)”可知，荷兰人对平凡事物的拥抱体现在古代大师对日常场景的关注上。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“He wanted to capture their rough bodies and their honest relationship to the earth. (他想捕捉他们粗糙的身体和他们与土地的诚实关系。)”以及第二段中“an appreciation of misshapen beauty that refused to romanticize its subjects (一种对不完美之美的欣赏，拒绝将其浪漫化)”可知，梵高珍视这幅画是因为它反映了他对那些农民真实的欣赏——粗粝却美丽。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Though Van Gogh may not have intended it, that contrast makes “The Potato Eaters” feel like a judgment on the moralism of Dutch society. The refreshing Dutch embrace of the ordinary goes along with a sometimes oppressive conformism. The country’s unofficial slogan is doe normaal: don’t be egotistical, act normally. Yet its greatest geniuses, including Van Gogh, have been those who couldn’t. (尽管梵高未必有意如此，但这种对比使《吃土豆的人》这幅画仿佛在评判荷兰社会的道德主义。荷兰人对平凡事物的接纳令人耳目一新，却也常常伴随着压抑的从众心态。这个国家的非官方口号是“做正常人”：不要自以为是，要表现得平常。然而，包括梵高在内的最伟大的天才们，恰恰正是那些无法做到这一点的人。)”可知，梵高后来在法国爆发出的绚烂色彩与荷兰社会的道德规范形成鲜明对比，可推断其后来的作品违背了荷兰社会的道德价值观。 2.（2025-2026上海市闵行中学） The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised questions about its future impact. Should we automate every job, even those requiring human intuition and creativity? Should non-human minds eventually replace humans, or does this signal a potential loss of control over our civilization? Such questions drew attention when the Future of Life Institute issued a call for a six-month pause on the development of the most advanced AI technologies. Signed by celebrities like Elon Musk, this letter highlights the 5 surrounding the rapid pace of AI advancements. Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have shown unexpected 6 beyond the expectations of their creators. These emergent abilities range from solving logical puzzles to generating human-like written content, making AI more 7 than ever. AI’s potential is vast, ranging from breakthroughs in drug discovery and new material design to address complex challenges in the energy sector (领域). However, the technology also brings significant risks, as AI’s growing cognitive (认知的) abilities raise fears of 8 that once seemed limited to science fiction. Public 9 of AI’s potential and its challenges is on the rise, leading to calls for regulation that goes beyond merely slowing down its progress. To manage AI responsibly, it’s essential to establish frameworks that 10 society while enabling innovation. Balancing regulation with innovation is key. Some advocate for a “light-touch” approach that encourages 11 while setting necessary boundaries. This model allows AI to develop within a structured framework, like Europe’s regulatory framework, which classifies AI systems by their risk levels and sets requirements grounded in those 12 . Others argue for 13 control, proposing that AI be regulated like the pharmaceutical or aviation industries (制药和航空业), requiring thorough testing and approval before public release. This could include devoted monitoring bodies and international agreements to ensure AI safety, particularly as some countries explore methods for 14 AI governance. Too much hesitation, however, could limit the many 15 AI can provide. Experts recommend a flexible approach that reduces risks without restricting innovation. This strategy aims to limit potential 16 of AI while promoting developments that could lead to societal progress. Striking this balance is crucial, as AI’s potential benefits and risks are deeply 17 . As AI technology advances, 18 approaches must keep pace. Governments and institutions worldwide face the challenge of crafting adaptable policies that allow AI to contribute to society in a safe manner. Establishing these foundations now is essential to 19 the dynamic and transformative future that AI promises. 5．A．anticipation B．anxiety C．disappointment D．commitment 6．A．risks B．purposes C．talents D．practices 7．A．capable B．accessible C．reliable D．reasonable 8．A．contributions B．possibilities C．varieties D．emotions 9．A．awareness B．control C．regulation D．ignorance 10．A．safeguard B．construct C．reflect D．confuse 11．A．competition B．movement C．discussion D．creativity 12．A．evaluations B．realities C．applications D．circumstances 13．A．looser B．more social C．more formal D．stricter 14．A．uniform B．outdated C．responsible D．separate 15．A．predictions B．control C．certainty D．benefits 16．A．development B．misuse C．application D．transformation 17．A．discriminated B．misunderstood C．underappreciated D．interconnected 18．A．theoretical B．regulatory C．behavioral D．contextual 19．A．protect against B．decide on C．prepare for D．learn from 【答案】5．B 6．C 7．A 8．B 9．A 10．A 11．D 12．A 13．D 14．A 15．D 16．B 17．D 18．B 19．C 【导语】文章主要讨论了人工智能快速发展带来的潜在影响和风险，以及如何在监管与创新之间取得平衡的问题。 【详解】5．考查名词。句意：这封由埃隆·马斯克等名人签署的信件突显了人们对人工智能快速发展步伐的担忧。A. anticipation预期；B. anxiety焦虑，担忧；C. disappointment失望；D. commitment承诺。根据上文“Should we automate every job, even those requiring human intuition and creativity? Should non-human minds eventually replace humans, or does this signal a potential loss of control over our civilization?”可知，这些问题都表达了对AI可能取代人类、导致文明失控的深层忧虑，因此这封信反映的正是公众对AI快速发展的焦虑情绪。 6．考查名词。句意：像ChatGPT这样的大型语言模型展现出了超出其创造者预期的意外能力。A. risks风险；B. purposes目的；C. talents才能，能力；D. practices实践。根据下文“These emergent abilities range from solving logical puzzles to generating human-like written content”可知，这些模型具备解决逻辑谜题、生成类人文本等多种能力，因此此处指它们展现出了超出预期的才能。 7．考查形容词。句意：这些新兴能力涵盖从解决逻辑谜题到生成类似人类的书面内容，使人工智能比以往任何时候都更有能力。A. capable有能力的；B. accessible可接近的；C. reliable可靠的；D. reasonable合理的。根据上文“These emergent abilities range from solving logical puzzles to generating human-like written content”可知，AI具备了多种新兴能力，因此其整体能力变得更强。 8．考查名词。句意：然而，这项技术也带来了重大风险，因为人工智能日益增长的认知能力引发了人们对曾经似乎仅限于科幻小说的可能性的担忧。A. contributions贡献；B. possibilities可能性；C. varieties多样性；D. emotions情感。根据下文“that once seemed limited to science fiction”可知，科幻小说中描绘的场景（如AI控制人类）原本只是虚构，但现在AI认知能力的提升使这些场景有了成为现实的可能，因此人们担忧的是这种可能性。 9．考查名词。句意：公众对人工智能潜力及其挑战的认识正在不断提高，这促使人们呼吁进行超越仅仅减缓其进展的监管。A. awareness认识；B. control控制；C. regulation监管；D. ignorance无知。根据下文“leading to calls for regulation”可知，正是因为公众对AI的潜力和风险有了更清醒的认识，才会产生呼吁监管的行动，因此此处指公众意识的觉醒。 10．考查动词。句意：为了负责任地管理人工智能，必须建立既能保护社会又能促进创新的框架。A. safeguard保护；B. construct建造；C. reflect反映；D. confuse使困惑。根据上文“To manage AI responsibly”以及下文“while enabling innovation”可知，负责任的管理需要在保护社会安全和鼓励创新之间取得平衡，因此框架的首要功能是保护社会。 11．考查名词。句意：一些人主张采取”轻触式”方法，在设定必要边界的同时鼓励创新。A. competition竞争；B. movement运动；C. discussion讨论；D. creativity创造力。根据上文“Balancing regulation with innovation is key.”以及“a ‘light-touch’ approach”可知，“轻触式”方法的特点是减少干预，其目的就是在有限监管下鼓励创新活动。 12．考查名词。句意：这种模式允许人工智能在结构化框架内发展，就像欧洲的监管框架一样，该框架根据风险级别对人工智能系统进行分类，并根据这些评估设定要求。A. evaluations评估；B. realities现实；C. applications应用；D. circumstances情况。根据上文“classifies AI systems by their risk levels”可知，分类本身就是一种评估行为，后续要求正是基于这种风险评估而制定的。 13．考查形容词。句意：另一些人主张更严格的控制，提议像监管制药或航空业一样监管人工智能，要求在公开发布前进行彻底测试和审批。A. looser更宽松的；B. more social更社会的；C. more formal更正式的；D. stricter更严格的。根据下文“proposing that AI be regulated like the pharmaceutical or aviation industries (制药和航空业), requiring thorough testing and approval before public release”可知，制药和航空业都是高风险行业，其监管以严格著称，因此这种主张强调的是比“轻触式”更严格的控制。 14．考查形容词。句意：这可能包括专门的监测机构和国际协议，以确保人工智能安全，特别是随着一些国家探索统一的人工智能治理方法。A. uniform统一的；B. outdated过时的；C. responsible负责的；D. separate分开的。根据上文“international agreements”可知，国际协议的核心目标就是协调各国标准，形成统一的治理方法，这样才能确保全球AI安全。 15．考查名词。句意：然而，过多的犹豫可能会限制人工智能所能提供的诸多好处。A. predictions预测；B. control控制；C. certainty确定性；D. benefits好处。根据上文“Too much hesitation”以及下文“Experts recommend a flexible approach that reduces risks without restricting innovation.”可知，专家主张灵活方法以避免限制创新，由此反推，犹豫过多会限制AI带来的积极效益。 16．考查名词。句意：这一策略旨在限制人工智能的潜在滥用，同时促进可能促使社会进步的发展。A. development发展；B. misuse滥用；C. application应用；D. transformation转变。根据上文“reduces risks without restricting innovation”可知，策略的核心是降低风险，而AI的主要风险之一就是被滥用（如用于有害目的），因此需要限制的是滥用行为。 17．考查形容词。句意：取得这种平衡至关重要，因为人工智能的潜在好处和风险是紧密相连的。A. discriminated受歧视的；B. misunderstood被误解的；C. underappreciated被低估的；D. interconnected相互关联的。根据上文“Striking this balance is crucial”可知，之所以需要平衡，正是因为好处与风险不可分割：过度监管会抑制好处，监管不足则会放大风险，二者相互影响。 18．考查形容词。句意：随着人工智能技术的进步，监管方法必须跟上步伐。A. theoretical理论的；B. regulatory监管的；C. behavioral行为的；D. contextual情境的。根据下文“Governments and institutions worldwide face the challenge of crafting adaptable policies”可知，政府和机构制定政策属于监管层面的行为，因此这里强调的是监管方法需要与时俱进。 19．考查动词短语。句意：现在建立这些基础对于为人工智能所承诺的动态和变革性未来做好准备至关重要。A. protect against保护免受；B. decide on决定；C. prepare for为……做准备；D. learn from向……学习。根据上文“Establishing these foundations now is essential”以及下文“the dynamic and transformative future that AI promises”可知，建立基础是当下的行动，其目的是应对未来的变化，因此是为未来做准备。 3.（2025-2026上海市闵行中学） Directions: Complete the following sentences by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．bouncing  B．characteristics  C． complete  D．developed  E. displayed F. groundbreaking  G. imperfections  H. pieces  I. remembered  J. statistically  K. typically Pioneer of Modern Sculpture Modern sculpture has its origins in the work of Frenchman Auguste Rodin. Born into a modest family in 1840, Rodin began his creative journey in the 1860s, a journey that would lead to him being 20 as the “bridge” between traditional and modern sculpture. Before Rodin, sculpture told stories about the past: religion, history, myth and literature. Sculptures 21 left little to the imagination. Figures tended to be idealised in some way to avoid any 22 of the model. Rodin can be considered a realist in that he refused to improve on what he saw in front of him. He considered all of nature beautiful and if a model was old and wrinkled, he would be 23 as such. Moreover, like much of the art that he helped inspire for later generations, his work spoke to the emotions and imagination: both his and his viewers’. The stories he told were internal and conceptual and there was no right or wrong way to interpret them. Rodin was inspired by the fragments (碎片) of Greek and Roman sculpture that were being discovered during his time. He was one of the first sculptors to treat fragments or parts of figures as 24 works of art. One of his most famous works is Large hand of a pianist. In this piece he demonstrated one of the 25 of Modern Art — to make visible things that are not, such as energy, sound and rhythm. This concept, 26 for its time, has been taken forward by sculptors right up to the present day. Rodin worked mainly in bronze (青铜) and was fascinated by the effect of light on irregular surfaces. In particular, he realized that light 27 off textured bronze surfaces could create the illusion (幻觉) of movement. He pioneered two new techniques: marcottage and assemblage. Marcottage means creating a new work by putting together 28 from different existing works. Assemblage, which was further 29 later by artists like Picasso, began with Rodin’s technique of repeatedly casting the same figure and using multiple casts to create a new piece. 【答案】 20．I 21．K 22．G 23．E 24．C 25．B 26．F 27．A 28．H 29．D 【导语】文章主要讲述了现代雕塑先驱罗丹的艺术特点、创新理念及对后世的影响。 【详解】20．考查非谓语动词。 句意：罗丹1840年出生于普通家庭，19世纪60年代开启创作生涯，这段经历让他被铭记为传统雕塑与现代雕塑之间的“桥梁”。根据as the “bridge” between traditional and modern sculpture可知，他被铭记为传统雕塑与现代雕塑之间的“桥梁”，固定搭配be remembered as意为“被铭记为”，本空用remembered。 21．考查副词。 句意：以前的雕塑通常很少给人想象的空间。此处修饰动词left，需用副词，typically“通常地”符合语境，说明传统雕塑的常见特征。 22．考查名词。 句意：以往的雕塑人物形象往往经过美化，刻意规避模特身上的一切瑕疵。此处需用名词作avoid的宾语，根据Figures tended to be idealised可知，用imperfections“瑕疵”。 23．考查过去分词。 句意：他认为自然界的一切都是美的，如果一个模特年老且有皱纹，他就会如实呈现。根据He considered all of nature beautiful可知，他会如实呈现模特的真实状态，此处需用过去分词displayed，与would be构成被动语态。 24．考查形容词。 句意：他是首批将雕塑局部残片视作完整艺术品的雕塑家之一。本空修饰名词works，需用形容词，根据One of his most famous works is Large hand of a pianist可知，他将雕塑局部残片视作完整艺术品，本空用形容词complete“完整的”。 25．考查名词。 句意：在这件作品中，他展示了现代艺术的特征之一——将无形的事物（如能量、声音和节奏）可视化。根据to make visible things that are not可知，这是现代艺术的特征，在one of后，此处需用名词复数形式characteristics“特征”。 26．考查形容词。 句意：这一概念在当时具有开创性，至今仍被雕塑家传承。本空修饰名词concept，强调该概念的创新性，作后置定语，用groundbreaking“开创性的”。 27．考查非谓语动词。 句意：他尤其发现，光线在带有纹理的青铜表面反射跳动，能够营造出运动的视觉错觉。光线在表面反射，bounce off“（光线）反射”，为固定搭配，与light为主动关系，用现在分词bouncing，作后置定语，修饰light。 28．考查形容词。 句意：拼接雕塑技法，指将不同现有雕塑作品的构件拼接组合，从而创作出全新的作品。本空作宾语，根据from different existing works可知，用复数形式pieces“碎片”。 29．考查非谓语动词。 句意：集合雕塑技法起源于罗丹反复铸造同一造型、利用多组铸件创作新作品的手法，后经毕加索等艺术家进一步改良发展。根据later by artists like Picasso可知，毕加索等艺术家进一步改良发展，此处需用过去分词developed“发展”，与was构成被动语态。 综合拓展练（测试时间：10分钟） （2025 年上海卷） In the scientific field, just as important as raising our voices is how we come together. Progress doesn’t happen 1 ; it’s fueled by cooperation. Like a music band where every instrument plays its part, scientists from different backgrounds harmonize their expertise (专门技术) to create something greater than the 2 of its parts. I’ve witnessed that cooperative power firsthand through an initiative called Native Plant Hub. This initiative brings together local governments, tribal communities, academic institutions, and private landowners. Their 3 mission? Addressing critical shortages in native plant materials to support fire reduction, foreign species control, and habitat restoration across the western United States. It couldn’t have succeeded without the combined expertise of these 4 groups. Each contributes something essential, proving that large-scale conservation efforts don’t happen 5 ; they require long-term investment, cooperation, and commitment. It’s a model for how we should 6 solutions that encourage innovation and transform the world. That’s why I’m so passionate about the CES network — it’s right there in the name: Cooperative Ecosystem Studies. Exchanging knowledge and expertise is the foundation of scientific progress. Through partnerships, improvements emerge that might 7 remain difficult to achieve. For example, a project highlight I’m currently writing looks at the cooperation between University of Oregon researchers and the Park Service to study the cultural landscape of Carlsbad Caverns. When the Service suggested bringing in a cave microbiologist, the university team 8 hadn’t considered the role of microscopic life in preservation. But once involved, the microbiologist’s advice proved 9 . One key moment came when the team faced the 10 of a worsening historic wooden staircase, which had become a habitat for microorganisms. Without precautions(预防措施,), disturbing the structure could have 11 the cave’s delicate ecosystem. Before removing it, the microbiologist proposed covering the staircase to 12 unintended harm. After the successful relocation, the team proposed using projected images to illustrate its former 13 , enabling visitors to appreciate its historical significance. This cooperation — combining scientific expertise with cultural preservation — safeguarded both the cave’s ecological 14 and historical significance. The result is an approach that 15 environmental conservation and cultural preservation, ensuring the long-term protection of our national parks. Too often, scientific research operates separately. But real progress doesn’t come from opposition; it comes from cooperation. 1．A．in time B．under discussion C．for good D．in isolation 2．A．difference B．change C．sum D．management 3．A．respective B．deserted C．transitional D．shared 4．A．diverse B．educational C．foreign D．regional 5．A．slowly B．alongside C．overnight D．properly 6．A．unlock B．skip C．interpret D．classify 7．A．similarly B．otherwise C．altogether D．eventually 8．A．consequently B．regretfully C．fortunately D．initially 9．A．unrealistic B．invaluable C．misleading D．conventional 10．A．establishment B．decoration C．removal D．coverage 11．A．sustained B．replaced C．reformed D．ruined 12．A．cause B．mask C．prevent D．suffer 13．A．presence B．expression C．pollution D．strategy 14．A．supervision B．integrity C．guidance D．occupation 15．A．accesses B．balances C．evaluates D．traces 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．C 6．A 7．B 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．D 12．C 13．A 14．B 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章强调科学进步依赖合作而非孤立，以本土植物中心和洞穴保护项目为例，说明跨领域协作能创造更大价值，实现生态与文化保护的平衡。 【详解】1．考查介词短语辨析。句意：进步并非孤立发生；它是合作推动的。A. in time及时；B. under discussion讨论中；C. for good永远；D. in isolation孤立地。根据“it’s fueled by cooperation”和下文“Like a music band where every instrument plays its part, scientists from different backgrounds harmonize their expertise (专门技术) to create something greater than the 　　 of its parts.(就像一支乐队，每种乐器各司其职，来自不同背景的科学家协调他们的专业知识，创造出比各部分总和更伟大的东西。)”可知，只有相互合作，才能取得进步，所以进步并非是孤立发生的。故选D。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：就像一支乐队，每种乐器各司其职，来自不同背景的科学家协调他们的专业知识，创造出比各部分总和更伟大的东西。A. difference不同；B. change变化；C. sum总和；D. management管理。根据第1小题可知，合作可以推动进步的产生，所以乐队通过各个乐器的合作配合演奏出的乐曲，要胜于单个乐器的简单相加；同样，来自不同背景的科学家协调融合他们的专业知识所创造出来的东西，也要比单个知识简单相加的总和更伟大。故选C。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们的共同使命？A. respective各自的、分别的；B. deserted荒废的；C. transitional过渡的；D. shared共同的。根据上文“This initiative brings together local governments, tribal communities, academic institutions, and private landowners.(这一倡议将地方政府、部落社区、学术机构以及私人土地所有者聚集在一起。)”可知，这里是问的这些聚集着共同的使命。故选D。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：没有这些不同群体的综合专业知识，它就不会成功。A. diverse不同的、各种各样的；B. educational教育的；C. foreign外国的；D. regional区域的。根据上文“This initiative brings together local governments, tribal communities, academic institutions, and private landowners.(这一倡议将地方政府、部落社区、学术机构以及私人土地所有者聚集在一起。)”可知，成功依赖于这些不同群体的综合的专业知识。故选A。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：每一个都贡献了一些必不可少的东西，证明了大规模的保护工作不是一夜之间就能完成的。A. slowly缓慢地；B. alongside在旁边；C. overnight一夜之间；D. properly适当地、正确地。根据下文“they require long-term investment, cooperation, and commitment.(它们需要长期的投资、合作以及承诺。)”可知，大规模的保护工作是一个长期的过程，所以不是一夜之间就能完成的。故选C。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是一个为我们提供应该如何解锁鼓励创新和改变世界的解决方案的范例。A. unlock解锁；B. skip跳过、略过；C. interpret解释；D. classify分类。根据上文“Each contributes something essential, proving that large-scale conservation efforts don’t happen 　　; they require long-term investment, cooperation, and commitment.(每一个都贡献了一些必不可少的东西，证明了大规模的保护工作不是一夜之间就能完成的；它们需要长期的投资、合作以及承诺。)”和本句中的“innovation and transform”可知，大规模的保护工作需要长期的投资、合作和承诺才能实现，这为如何能找到并实施——即解锁鼓励创新和改变世界的解决方法提供了范例。故选A。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：通过合作，可以产生进步，否则这些进步可能难以实现。A. similarly相似地；B. otherwise否则；C. altogether总共；D. eventually最终。根据上文“Exchanging knowledge and expertise is the foundation of scientific progress.(知识交流与专业互鉴是科学进步的基础。)”可知，相互合作是取得科学进步的基础，否则难以取得进步。故选B。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：当公园管理局建议引进洞穴微生物学家时，大学团队最初并没有考虑到微生物在保护中的作用。A. consequently因此、结果；B. regretfully遗憾地、懊悔地；C. fortunately幸运地；D. initially开始、最初。根据下文“But once involved, the microbiologist’s advice proved 　　.(但一旦参与其中，这位微生物学家的建议就被证明是非常宝贵的。)”可知，大学团队应该一开始并没有考虑到微生物在保护中的作用，直到参与其中才发现引进的微生物学家建议的宝贵。故选D。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但一旦参与其中，这位微生物学家的建议就被证明是非常宝贵的。A. unrealistic不切实际的；B. invaluable极宝贵的、无价的；C. misleading误导的；D. conventional惯例的。根据上文“When the Service suggested bringing in a cave microbiologist, the university team 　　 hadn’t considered the role of microscopic life in preservation.(当公园管理局建议引进洞穴微生物学家时，大学团队最初并没有考虑到微生物在保护中的作用。)”可知，两句之间为转折关系，说明公园管理局建议引进洞穴微生物学家时，大学团队一开始并没有考虑到微生物在保护中的作用，但是当微生物学家参与其中后，他所提出的建议应该被证明是非常有效、非常宝贵的。故选B。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个关键时刻到来了，团队面临着拆除一座日益恶化的历史木楼梯的问题，该楼梯已成为微生物的栖息地。A. establishment建立；B. decoration装饰；C. removal移走、清除；D. coverage覆盖、新闻报道。根据下文的“Before removing it,(在拆除它之前)”可知，团队面临的应该是要拆除一座历史木楼梯的问题。故选C。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果没有预防措施，扰乱结构可能会破坏洞穴脆弱的生态系统。A. sustained维持；B. replaced代替；C. reformed改革；D. ruined毁坏、破坏。根据上文的“which had become a habitat for microorganisms(该楼梯已成为微生物的栖息地)”和常识可知，如果没有预防措施，拆除一座日益恶化的、已成为微生物栖息地的历史木楼梯，扰乱了楼梯的结构，很可能会破坏洞穴脆弱的生态系统。故选D。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在拆除它之前，微生物学家建议覆盖楼梯以防止意外伤害。A. cause引起；B. mask掩饰、遮盖；C. prevent阻止、防止；D. suffer遭受。根据第11小题和常识可知，如果不采取预防措施，那么扰乱楼梯结构就很可能会破坏洞穴脆弱的生态系统，所以在拆除前覆盖楼梯，是为了防止意外的伤害。故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：成功搬迁后，团队建议用投影图像来展示其昔日的存在，让游客领略其历史意义。A. presence存在；B. expression表达；C. pollution污染；D. strategy策略。根据句中的“relocation”和“projected images”可知，历史木楼梯已经成功搬走，所以根据团队建议，游客们只能通过投影图像来看到它昔日存在时的全貌。故选A。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种合作将科学专业知识与文化遗产保护结合起来，保障了洞穴的生态完整性和历史意义。A. supervision监督、管理；B. integrity完整性；C. guidance指导；D. occupation职业、占用。根据第11、12小题和上文的“After the successful relocation”可知，历史木楼梯被成功搬迁，并未破坏洞穴的生态系统，所以保障了它的完整性。故选B。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：其结果是一种平衡环境保护和文化保护的方法，确保我们国家公园的长期保护。A. accesses接近、进入；B. balances平衡；C. evaluates评估；D. traces追踪。根据上文“This cooperation—combining scientific expertise with cultural preservation—safeguarded both the cave’s ecological 　　 and historical significance.(这种合作将科学专业知识与文化遗产保护结合起来，保障了洞穴的生态完整性和历史意义。)”可知，这种合作既保护了文化遗产，又保护了生态环境，是一种平衡环境保护和文化保护的方法。故选B。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $