内容正文:
衔接与连贯
段落是由句子组成的,但不是所有句子放在一起就是段落。首先,段落的句子需要围绕核心意思展开,通常要有一个主题句,其它句子为其提供证据或者细节。其次,句与句之间需要有一些关键词或者衔接词,表明语句的逻辑关系。下面来比较两个段落:
Spending too much time on the Internet can have a bad effect on children’s health. Children need a lot of physical exercise to stay healthy. Parents should encourage children to turn off the computer and play outside.
In my opinion, spending too much time on the Internet can have a bad effect on children’s health. Children need a lot of physical exercise to stay healthy. When they spend a lot of time online, however, they don’t get physical exercise. Parents should encourage their children to turn off the computer and spend time outside playing physically active games.
比较两个段落会发现,两者的基本内容相似,没有根本区别。但整体来说,第一段话较为平淡,第二段话中心更加明确,语意更加连贯流畅。其实,背后的原因主要是第二段话比第一段话多了一些使语意连贯,内容衔接更加紧密的元素。这里主要分析以下三点:
1. 重复关键词,即段落讨论的核心(spend time)在全段反复出现,这说明自始至终,段落的意思都是围绕这一点展开;
2. 使用代词,这样可以避免重复,同时达到串联前后语意的作用,如第一个they指前一句说的children,their指本句主语parents;
3. 使用短语和衔接词,使语意关系更加明确,如句首的in my opinion表明后面的句子要表达作者观点,而段中的however指出了该句与上一句之间的转折关系。
在写作中,掌握以上三种方式,能让你的段落更加连贯流畅。
1. 重复关键词
在段落写作中,核心内容往往需要反复提及,但需注意,关键词的重复最好进行适当替换。如何进行替换表达呢?
1)使用近义表达
近义表达有几种,包括近义词汇,如very good≈excellent,close≈near;还有特定的句式表达意义相近,如I know...≈I understand..., I realize...≈It occurs to me that...
想一想“他们教我开飞机”可以有哪些方式表达?
They taught me how to fly a plane.
They showed me how to fly a plane.
I know how to fly a plane because they taught me the tricks.
2)将宽泛用词具体化
宽泛词汇指的就是意思比较宽泛的一些词,比如good, bad等,没有说出具体的好或者坏的点。例如:The movie is good,单凭good这个词,“好”的比较宽泛,怎么样能更具体呢可以说:
The movie is exciting.(激动人心的)
The movie is well organized. (组织好的)
The movie expresses some deep thoughts.(表达了深刻的思想)
The movie resonates with many people.(引起很多人的共鸣)
再看一个句子:My new apartment is in a convenient location,convenient的描述比较宽泛,具体是怎么方便呢?可以用更具体的描述:
It is close to my job.(离工作近)
There are two small groceries nearby.(附近有两个杂货店)
The mall is just a short subway ride away.(离商场只有一小段地铁的距离)
There is a gym one block from my house.(一个街区远的地方有健身房)
2. 使用代词
适当使用代词也可以使语意更加连贯简洁,避免重复。
1) 人称或指