内容正文:
第二十三章 it的用法
在英语中,it的使用相当广泛,它既可以用作代词 (如人称代词、非人称代词),也可以用作引导词,还可以用在强调句型中。用它所构成的句型是历届各类考试中的热点。
一、it作人称代词
这时it指前面已经提到过的人或事物,it作真实主语或宾语。如:
He went upstairs and knocked at the door. The man opened it. 他上楼敲门,那人打开门。
He took off the first shoe and threw it on the floor.他脱下第一只鞋子,把它扔在在地板上。
I've lost my ruler. Have you seen it anywhere?我的尺子丢了。你在哪看见它了吗?
二、it作非人称代词
这时it作主语,表示天气、温度、时间、距离等。这时it的语法功能是明确的(作主语),而意义却是含糊的,所以有人把它称为"虚义it"。如:
It's going to be dry and sunny for the next two days.未来两天天气干燥晴朗。(表示天气)
It's February 24th today.今天是2月24号。(表示日期)
Is it very far from your home to the school? 你家离学校远吗?(表示距离)
How cold is it outside? 外面冷到多少度?(表示温度)
It was dull when Mary was away.玛丽不在,真没劲。(表示一般笼统情况)
三、it作形式主语
为了避免将句中作真实主语的不定式短语、-ing形式短语和主语从句置于句首造成头重脚轻,习惯上用it作形式主语来指代后面的真实主语。
(一)代替不定式短语
It's best to plant trees in spring because it's warmer.春天是植树的最佳时节,因为天气更暖和。
It is dangerous to swim in the river.在这条河里游泳是危险的。
It took me ten minutes to get to the station.到火车站我花了10分钟。
It was important to remove weeds before sowing seed in the soil.播种前清除地里的杂草是很重要的。
(二)代替-ing形式短语
It is no use going there so early.这么早去那里没用。
It is dangerous playing with fire.玩火是危险的。
It was nice talking to you.和你谈话真愉快。
(三)代替主语从句
It's a pity I didn't think of it earlier. 很可惜,我没有早一点想到这事。
It is not yet known where she has gone. 她到哪儿去了,还不知道。
It doesn't matter whether she will come or not. 她来或不来都无关紧要。
It is certain that we shall succeed. 我们一定会成功。
四、it作形式宾语
当复合宾语中是以不定式短语、-ing形式短语或从句作宾语时,常用it作形式宾语,而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
(一)代替不定式短语
He feels it his duty to help others. 他觉得帮助别人是他的责任。
He found it important to study the situation in Russia. 他觉得研究俄国形势很重要。
The new medicine makes it possible to treat this terrible disease.这种新药使治疗这种可怕疾病成为可能。
(二)代替-ing形式短语
We thought it no use doing that.我们认为做那事没有用。
Our teacher thinks it no good learning without practice.我们的老师认为学习而不实践是没有好处的。
Do you consider it necessary sending more people over?你觉得再派一些人去有必要吗?
(三)代替宾语从句
I think if very important that we should take part in the discussion.我认为我们参加这次讨论是很重要的。
Didn't I m