内容正文:
英语语法——英语八大句子成分趣解
无论是“理解”还是“表达”,均需建立在准确理解句子成分基础上。若没有没有理解句子成分,就会感到一个句子杂乱无章,不知所云。所以,学好语法,应从正确划分句子成分入手。
众所周知,句子有若干个组成部分,它们分别承担着不同的作用,组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种。
一、主语 习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台
在句子中,主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以“下台”位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。
例句
1. The route went from our school gate to the foot of the South Mountain. (名词作主语)
2. Taking part in a fruit picking activity on a farm is meaningful and rewarding. (动名词短语作主语)
3. To start with, what I intend to stress is that we are about to start our next lesson in Classroom 8 of the Teaching Building at 10 a.m. next Friday. (从句作主语)
4. The competition will begin at 2 p.m. and last for roughly 3 hours. (名词作主语)
5. To let China go to the world and let the world understand China is my first aim. (不定式短语作主语)
6. It seems to me that the traditional Chinese dress will make the occasion very Chinese-style and inviting to the British students. (代词it充当形式主语,that引导的主语从句作真正的主语。当从句作主语时,为避免头重脚轻,可用it作形式主语。)
二、谓语 坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征,常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词+实义动词”充当,有时态、语态和语气的变化,同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系,如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态,如果是被动关系就用被动语态。谓语构成如下:
1.简单谓语:由一个实义动词或动词短语构成
I am studying in London during the summer holiday.
Great changes have taken place in Tianjin in the last few years.
2.复合谓语
(1) 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
(2) 由系动词加表语构成
Through my introduction and efforts I can strengthen the friendship between China and Britain.
You’re an excellent player.
例句
1. I am writing to ask for your guidance on a short play. (实义动词作谓语)
2. I can give a brief introduction of these masterpieces from the perspective of a native speaker of China. (“情态动词+实义动词”作谓语)
3. I am good at English and familiar with Chinese paintings. (系表结构作谓语)
三、宾语 一直受到压制,有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”
宾语表示谓语动作的对象,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或宾语从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾