2023届高考英语一轮语法定语从句关系词的用法讲义

2023年高考英语语法精讲:定语从句关系词的用法 一、定语从句关系词的用法与选择 1、关系词的用法 关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等,其中who和whom 只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物,它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语;关系副词主要有when, where 和why,其中when表示时间,where表地点,why表原因,它们在定语从句中均用作状语: A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞行的机器。(that指物,在从句中用作主语) I have forgotten everything that I learn t at school. 我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。(that指物,在从句中句作宾语) The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人,在从句中作主语) The house whose windows are broken is empty. 破了窗户的那座房子是空的。(whose指物,在从句中作定语) There are some students whose questions I can’t answer. 有些学生提出的问题我回答不了。(whose指人,在从句中作定语) He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。(as指人,在从句作表语) 2、关系词的选择 选择关系词可考虑以下四点: (1) 一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等)。 (2) 二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when, where, why)。 (3) 三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。 (4) 四看文体,即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体。 二、“介词+关系代词”的用法 1、用法说明 介词+whom只能指人;介词+ which只能指物。如: Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour. 瞧,汤姆来啦,我等他等了一个小时。 Last Saturday evening, I went to Wu Dong’s birthday party, in which I met a foreigner named Jim. 上周星期六的晚上我去参加了吴东的生日聚会,在会上我会到了一个叫吉姆的外国人。 She came into the house, on whose wall there was a portrait of Einstein. 她进入了房间,房子的墙壁上有一张爱因斯坦的画像。 2、注意事项 (1) 有时,前面的介词可移到定语从句的中间或后面,此时whom可用who, that代替;which可以用that代替。而且who, whom, which, that都可省略。如: The man with whom you talked just now is our manager. —The man who you talked with just now is our manager. 你刚才与他谈话的那个人就是我们的经理。 He handed me a pen, with which I wrote down my address for him. —He handed me a pen, which I wrote down my address with for him. 他递给我一支钢笔,我就用那支钢笔给他写下了我的地址。 (2) 当先行词是时间、地点、原因从句时,介词+ which一般在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语,于是介词+ which可以分别用when, where, why代替。但若介词+ which不是作时间、地点、原因状语,则不能用when, where, why代替。如: Last week, I visited Shanghai, in which I have made several friends. —Last week, I visited Shanghai, where I have made seve