2 UNIT1 Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage（教师用书）-2022-2023学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第二册【金版新学案】同步导学（牛津译林版）

Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage 过去完成时 分析下列教材中的句子并体会它们的语法功能。 1．By this time，the fire had extended to the 15th floor. 2．There is concern that the construction company that built the tower block had not followed fire safety rules. 3．He regularly visited the library and studied English and law—by then he had learned very little English. [我的发现] (1)句1中时间状语by this time，指截止到过去的时间，谓语动词用过去完成时。 (2)句2中follow发生在build之前，build是发生在过去的动作，follow应用过去完成时。 (3)句3中有时间状语by then，谓语动词用过去完成时。 (4)过去完成时的构成为主语＋had_done。 一、构成 肯定句：主语＋had＋done 否定句：主语＋had not＋done... 一般疑问句：Had＋主语＋done...? 特殊疑问句：疑问词＋had＋(主语＋)done...? 二、用法 1．表示在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。 The captain had checked all the equipment before the ship set sail. 船长在船启航前检查了所有的设备。 2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一个时间的动作，常用的时间状语有by then，by the end of，by the time。 By the end of last term，we had learnt 2，000English words. 到上学期期末为止，我们已经学习了2 000个英语单词了。 We had learnt English for 8 years by the last year. 到去年为止，我们已经学了8年英语了。 3．表示愿望、打算等的动词，如hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，intend，plan等后接动词不定式时，一般用过去完成时表示本打算实现而未实现的愿望和计划。 I had intended to meet him at the airport，but I had an important meeting to attend. 我本打算去机场接他，但是我有个重要的会议要参加。 I had hoped to take a holiday this year but I was not able to get away.　 我本打算今年去度假，可是我走不开。 4．用于“This/It was the first/second...time that...”“It was＋一段时间＋since从句”，从句用过去完成时。 It was the first time that I had visited the Great Wall. 这是我第一次参观长城。 It was three years since he had joined the army. 他参军三年了。 5．在hardly/scarcely...when...和no sooner...than...等结构中，主句一般使用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当否定副词hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 Hardly had I finished the work when the light went out. 我刚做完工作，灯就灭了。 No sooner had she arrived than she devoted herself to her research. 她一到就致力于她的研究工作。 6．主句谓语为过去时，在表示过去动作先于主句动作发生的宾语从句中，用过去完成时。 He told me he had watched the sunrise at the top of Mount Tai. 他告诉我他在泰山顶上看过日出。 7．在条件状语从句中，表示与过去事实相反的假设时，从句要用过去完成时。 If you had helped me，I would have got a high score. 如果你帮助我，我就能得高分了。 accuse vt.谴责，控诉 (教材P6)His paper published arti