名词 学案 2023届高考英语一轮复习

专攻解题方法与技巧 名词 考点1 名词的数 1.可数名词的复数 (1)规则变化 情况 方法 例词 一般情况 加－s students，teachers， doctors，tables 以s，x，ch， sh结尾 加－es glasses，dishes，boxes，watches，但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs 以辅音字母 ＋y结尾 变y为i 再加－es families，babies， armies，bodies 以元音字母 ＋y结尾 加－s boys，toys 以f或fe 结尾 多变f或fe 为v，再加－es thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives 少数加－s beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs 以o结尾 通常加－s radios，videos，zoos， tobaccos 有的加－es heroes，potatoes，tomatoes 【名师指津】 ①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es：“黑人英雄爱吃土豆、西红柿”，即Negroes，heroes, potatoes，tomatoes。 ②以－f或－fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves：“为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半”，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。 (2)不规则变化 自身变化 的名词 child孩子→children，man男人→men，tooth牙→teeth, foot脚；英尺→ feet，mouse老鼠→mice，phenomenon现象→phenomena，medium传播媒介→media 单复数同 形名词 Chinese中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits 合成名词 son－in－law→sons－in－law，passer－by→passers－by, story－teller→story－tellers Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked.每一种可能的方式都已经被尝试了，但是没有起作用的。 　单句语法填空 ①Later，they learned to work with the seasons (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.(2020·浙江卷语法填空) ②Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause)．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空) ③Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese dishes(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.(2018·浙江卷语法填空) ④This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界)as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(全国卷Ⅰ语法填空) ⑤She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(全国卷Ⅲ语法填空) 2．不可数名词(物质名词和抽象名词) (1)只用作不可数名词