内容正文:
第二讲 句法类错误
从属关联词误用
[真题引领·明航向]
典例1
(2021·全国甲卷)In my opinion,where in trouble,we should seek help from those we trust most.
名师领航
句意:在我看来,当我们有麻烦时(无论什么时候我们有麻烦时),我们应该从我们最相信的人们那里寻求帮助。分析可知,本句为含有状语从句的复合句。主句为we should seek help...,从句表示的含义为无论什么时候我们有麻烦或者当我们有麻烦时,所以应用when/whenever引导。故 where改为when/whenever 。
命题考向
考查状语从句
典例2
(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.
名师领航
句意:谢谢你的来信,你的信真正让我开心。分析句子,逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词your letter,关系词在从句中作主语,指物。故将 what改为which 。
命题考向
考查定语从句
典例3
(四川卷)If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt,tell your teacher immediately.
名师领航
分析句子可知,that已经引导宾语从句,所以when多余,而且不符合语境。故 去掉when 。
命题考向
引导词的使用重复
[技法点津·备素养]
◆[技法一] 定语从句
技法1
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ) One afternoon where I was in primary school,I was walking by the school playground.
技法点津
先行词one afternoon表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,所以关系词使用when。故将 where改为when 。
技法2
(全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
技法点津
本句是含有定语从句的复合句,先行词是pond,引导词在定语从句中作地点状语,用关系副词where引导,相当于in which,故将 which改为where或在which前加in 。
技法3
(全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time,they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden,that is on the rooftop of their house.
技法点津
根据句中的逗号可知,此处是非限制性定语从句,应用which而不能用that引导。故将 that改为which 。
技法4
(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.
技法点津
句意:出于对妈妈好意的理解,我满怀感激地吃着妈妈提供的所有食物。这里含有一个定语从句,先行词是all the food,关系词在从句中作主语,指物,可用that或which,先行词被all所修饰,只能使用that,不能使用which,且what不能引导定语从句,故将 what改为that 。
技法归纳
1.确定关系词之“三看”
一看关系词在从句中所作的成分是主语、宾语、表语(用关系代词who/whom/whose/which/that/as)还是状语(用关系副词when/where/why);
二看先行词的属性(是指人还是指物,表示时间、地点还是原因);
三看先行词和定语从句中是否缺成分确定关系词。
2.牢记指物时that不能引导非限制性定语从句,要用which;指人时whom 不能单独引导非限制性定语从句,要用who。
3.分析句子成分,判定是定语从句还是名词性从句;牢记what不能引导定语从句。
◆[技法二] 名词性从句
技法1
(全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
技法点津
由句子结构可知,介词to之后为宾语从句,且引导词在宾语从句中作地点状语。故将 that改为where 。
技法2
(全国卷Ⅱ)My classmates and I are talking about how we will do during the holiday.
技法点津
从句中的do是及物动词,应用连接代词what作动词