语法专题之非谓语动词- 学案-2020-2021学年高一下学期英语牛津译林版（2020）必修第三册
专题七：非 谓 语 动 词
非谓语动词，主要指在句中不能充当谓语，而是充当其他语法功能的动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词），现在分词和动名词又统称为动词的-ing形式。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有时态和语态的变化。
一、动词不定式：
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not/never to do”。在某些情况下可以省略to。不定式可以带宾语、状语或表语构成不定式短语。没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和插入语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for/of+名词或代词宾格”构成。
1. 动词不定式的时态和语态概述：
动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式（不常用）四种时态的变化；一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式，因此，动词不定式共有六种形式。（以do为例，列表如下）
时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
一般式 | to do | to be done |
进行式 | to be doing | 无 |
完成式 | to have done | to have been done |
完成进行式 | to have been doing | 无 |
2. 动词不定式的时态：
①一般式（to do）：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生。
I’m glad to meet you. 见到你很高兴。
He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。
He wants to be an artist. 他想要成为艺术家。
②进行式（to be doing）：不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行，这一动作可以和谓语动词的动作同时发生，也可以在谓语动词的动作之后发生。
They seemed to be talking about something important. 他们似乎在谈论重要的东西。
He pretended to be reading when I came in. 当我进来时，他假装在看书。
I wish to be studying in the same university with you next year.
我希望明年能和你在同一所大学学习。
③完成式（to have done）：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前；又可表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待、计划等，这时不定式的完成式和动词expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, promise, think, want, wish的过去式及was, were, would like等连用, 即：expected/hoped/intended/…to have done sth.；was/were to have done sth.或would like to have done sth.。
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 很抱歉让你久等了。
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He was known to have taken part in the Long March. 人们都知道他参加过长征。
I meant to have phoned you, but I forgot.
我本打算给你打电话的，但我忘了。（=had meant to phone…）
He was to have been the new minister, but he fell ill.
他原是要担任新任部长的，但他病了。
I would like to have gone shopping, but it rained. 我原想去购物的，但天下雨了。
④完成进行式（to have been doing）：不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前就已经发生，并一直进行着。
The old man is said to have been raising cattle for more than twenty years.
据说这位老人养牛有二十多年了。
The boy was happy to have been staying with his aunt.
这个男孩很高兴一直和他的姑姑住在一起。
练习：
1) We agreed _________________ (meet) here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
2) When the teacher came in, the children pretended _____________________ (read) attentively.
3) I don’t know whether you happen _______________ (hear), but I’ll study in the USA this September.
4) I happened __________________ (cook) when the telephone rang.
5) —Is Bob still performing?
—I’m afraid not. He is said _________________ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.
6) I meant ______________________ (come) to help you yesterday, but I was too busy then.
7) Police are now searching for a woman who is reported ___________________ (miss) since the flood hit the area last Friday.
8) She is said _______________________ (do) this work for 20 years.
3. 动词不定式的语态：
动词不定式的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者时，不定式用主动语态的形式；当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式一般需用被动语态的形式。动词不定式的被动形式有两种：一般式（to be done）和完成式（to have been done）
①一般式（to be done）：一般式的被动形式表示一个被动的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在它之后发生。
I wish to be loved and respected by all. 我希望受到大家的爱戴和尊重。
The room needs to be cleaned. 房间需要打扫。
②完成式（to have been done）：完成式的被动形式表示一个被动的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
The room seems to have been broken into. 似乎有人闯进过这屋子。
This novel is said to have been translated into English. 据说这部小说已经译成英语了。
练习：
1) I feel greatly honored _____________________________ (welcome) into their society.
2) Dinosaurs have completely died out on the earth, never________________________ (see) again.
3) Cao Cao’s tomb is reported ___________________ (find) in China, which attracts nationwide attention.
4) A number of paintings in the castle are believed _______________________ (destroy) in a fire.
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4. 动词不定式的否定形式：
动词不定式的否定形式为“not/never to do”。
She decided not to be late again. 她决定不再迟到了。
I regretted not to have started earlier. 我后悔没有早一点出发。
He promises never to make such a stupid mistake. 他允诺不犯这样蠢的错误。
练习：
1) I am sorry ______________________ (not write) you a letter at the time.
2) She pretended ______________________ (not see) me when I passed by.
3) The teacher asked us __________________ (not make) so much noise.
4) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _________________________ (never drive) after drinking.
5) I regretted __________________________ (not take) his advice earlier.
5. 动词不定式的用法：
由于动词不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的特征，因此不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、和插入语，但不能单独作谓语。
①作主语：
动词不定式可起名词的作用，在句中作主语，这时谓语动词常用单数形式。单独的不定式可以直接作主语，但不定式短语作主语时往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
To lean out of the window is dangerous. 把身子伸出窗外是危险的。
It is right to give up smoking. 戒烟是对的。（=To give up smoking is right.）
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
为人民而死是光荣的。（=To die for the people is a glorious death.）
▲但当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语it代替动词不定式。
To choose time is to save time. 合理安排时间就是节约时间。
To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。
练习：
1) __________________ (finish) this job in one day is impossible.
2) ___________________ (know) everything is to know nothing.
3) It takes ten years ______________ (grow) trees, but a hundred years _____________ (rear) people.
4) Is _____________ necessary to complete the design before National Day?
5) It is everyone’s duty __________________ (obey) the law.
6) No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better ____________ (remain) silent.
②作表语：
动词不定式作表语表示主语的职业、职责、目的或解释主语的内容等。尤其当主语是job, work, duty, dream, task, wish, goal, aim, purpose, thing, step, way, hope, problem等时；或是what引导的主语从句时，通常用不定式作表语。
My job is to teach. 我的工作是教学。
Her duty is to look after children. 她的职责是照看孩子。
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⑥作补足语：（包括主语补足语和宾语补足语）
在“主语+谓语+宾语+to do/do”结构中，不定式作宾语补足语；若改成被动语态，不定式就变成了主语补足语。
a. 有些动词要求不定式带to作补足语，如ask, want, get, order, expect, force, warn, encourage, like, tell, know, persuade, advise, permit, teach, beg, invite, long for, wait for, arrange for, call on, rely on, depend on, would like等。
He asks me to help him. 他请求我帮助他。（宾补）
I am asked to help him. 他请求我帮助他。（主补）
b. 有些动词要求不定式不带to作补足语，即一感feel；二听hear, listen to；三让let, make, have；五看look at, see, watch, notice, observe。但这类词在改为被动语态时，要带to。
I see a boy pass by. 我看见一个男孩经过。（宾补）
A boy is seen to pass by. 我看见一个男孩经过。（主补）
练习：
1) Soon they saw the boy _______________ (disappear) in the crowd.
2) She was seen ________________ (make) model ships in the room.
3) Birds are seldom heard _________________ (hear) at night.
4)—Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
—Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ________________ (show) you to your room.
5) Who will you get _________________ (design) the project for us?
6) The doctor advised Mr. White ________________ (get) more rest.
7) I would like this room _______________________ (redecorate)
8) My advisor encouraged me ________________ (take) a summer course to improve my writing skills.
⑦作插入语：
一些动词不定式可用作独立成分，表明说话人的态度。
To tell you the truth, this is all Greek to me. 说实话，我对此一窍不通。
To make the matter worse, it began to snow. 更为糟糕的是，天开始下雪了。
It is a good project, to be sure. 那的确是个好方案。
注：可作插入语的动词不定式有：（请牢记）
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to be sure 的确，确实
to be honest 老实说，坦率地说
to be exact 精确地说
to be brief 简言之
to be frank (with you) 坦白地说
to begin with 首先
to tell (you ) the truth 说实话
to make the matter worse 更为糟糕的是
to cut a long story short 长话短说
to do him justice 说句对他公道的话
needless to say 不用说，当然
strange to say 说也奇怪
练习：
1) ___________________（坦白地说）, I have no money to spare.
2) _____________________（说也奇怪）, he should have done such a thing.
3) I lost my way in complete darkness and, ____________________（更为糟糕的是）, it began to rain.
4) The idea “happiness,” _________________________（的确）, will not sit still for easy definition.
2) They insisted on __________________ (give) another chance to try.
3) I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention ____________________ (promote) when we talked on the phone.
4) Tony was very unhappy for _________________ (not invite) to the party.
5) The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ________________ (recognize).
4. 动名词的否定形式：
动名词的否定形式是在动名词前加not/never。
You have no excuse for not going. 你没有理由不去。
His not passing the exams made his parents angry. 他未通过考试使得他的父母非常恼火。
练习：
1) —Robert is indeed a wise man.
—Oh, yes. How often I have regretted ____________________ (not take) his advice!
2) —They are quiet, aren’t they?
—Yes. They are accustomed to __________________ (not talk) at meals.
3) I apologized for ______________________ (not keep) my promise.
4) He doesn’t like ________________________ (not take) seriously.
5. 动名词的复合结构：
动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情况。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词前加上形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构，即“形容词性物主代词或名词所有格+动名词”，在句中作主语或宾语。但有时也可用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，即“人称代词宾格/名词普通格+动名词”，这时在句中只能作宾语。
①形容词性物主代词或名词所有格形式。
当动名词的复合结构在句中作主语时，其逻辑主语只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格形式。
His coming made me very happy. 他的到来使我很高兴。
Mary’s crying annoyed him. 玛丽的大哭使他很恼火。
②人称代词宾格或名词普通格形式。
如果动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时，其逻辑主语可以用人称代词宾格代替形容词性物主代词，名词普通格代替名词所有格。
She didn’t mind his/him crying. 她不介意他的大哭。
Is there any hope of Xiao Wang’s/Xiao Wang winning? 小王有赢得希望吗？
练习：
1) We appreciate _____________________（他们邀请）us to the ball.
2) _____________________（她回家晚）made her parents worried a lot.
3) What worried the child most was ___________________（他不被允许）to visit his mother in the hospital.
4) ___________________________________（玛丽被选作）the most excellent student in her class, as most classmates had expected, made her parents happy.
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a hiding place 藏身处（=a place for hiding）
a racing bicycle 赛车（=a bicycle for racing）
a diving board 跳板（=a board for diving）
an operating table 手术台（=a table for operating）
a writing table 写字台（=a table for writing）
a dinning car 餐车（=a car for dinning）
a sleeping pill 安眠药（=a pill for sleeping）
drinking water 饮用水（=water for drinking）
building materials 建筑材料（=materials for building）
练习：
1) Our teacher uses a very good _____________ (teach) method.
2) Her father works in a ________________ (print) factory.
3) There is a ________________ (swim) pool in our school.
4) These _________________ (build) materials come from the south.
7. 动名词常见的结构：
①do+(some/the/any/one’s)+doing结构。
do some reading 看书
do some sewing 做针线活
do some typing 打字
do some knitting 编织
②go+doing结构。
go shopping 去买东西
go camping 去野营
go hiking 去徒步旅行
go hunting 去打猎
go shooting 去射击
go climbing 去爬山
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存；分裂则亡。
Given more time, we could do it much better. 多给点时间，我们会做得更好些。
f. 让步状语：
Once gained, his friendship will last forever. 他的友谊一旦获得，就会持续到永久。
Knowing all this, they didn’t allow me to go. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们仍然不让我走。
g. 评注性状语：
有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，这种成分被称为评注性状语或评论性状语。常见的有：
generally speaking 一般说来
strictly speaking 严格说来
broadly speaking 广义上说
narrowly speaking 狭义上说
roughly speaking 大致说来
frankly speaking 坦白地说
honestly speaking 老实说
judging from/by 由……判断
considering (that)… 考虑到……
allowing for… 考虑到……
taking everything into consideration
考虑到每一件事
supposing (that) … 如果，假如
providing/provided (that) 如果，假如
assuming 如果，假如
talking of… 说到……
coming to… 谈到……
setting aside… 除开……
concerning… 关于……
given… 考虑到……,鉴于……
taken as a whole 总的说来
如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
但：要注意的是，当修饰人的表情、眼神、眼泪、声音等时，也可用-ed形式。
The students went out of the examination spot with disappointed expression.
同学们带着失望的眼神离开了考场。
Her frightened face showed us what had happened to her family.
她恐惧的脸向我们表明她的家人怎么啦。
Hearing the encouraging news, the students gave out excited shouts.
听到这个令人鼓舞的消息，学生们发出了热烈的欢呼声。
④过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：(be + p.p)
过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态，而被动语态表示一个动作。
The window is broken.
窗户破了。（分词作表语，表示现在窗户处于破碎的状态）
The window was broken by the boy.
窗户是被那个小男孩打破的。（被动语态，表窗户是被谁打破的，表动作）
The book is well written.
这本书写得不错。（分词作表语，表状态）
The book was written by her.
这本书是她写的。（被动语态，表动作）
The tree is fallen.
树倒了。（分词作表语，表状态）
练习：
1) Judging from his _________ look, I can say Mr. Li is __________ at our arrival at this time. (annoy)
2) The stranger said something in a _______ voice and the little girl was very much ________. (frighten)
3) The __________ mother is always ___________ about her _________ son. (worry)
4) The ___________ (excite) look on his face suggested that he had passed the exam.
3. 作宾语的区别：
不定式和动名词都可以作宾语。其关系有以下几种情况。
①有些动词后只接不定式作宾语，常见的有：
promise允诺，答应
plan 打算，计划
prepare 准备
refuse拒绝
regret 遗憾
swear宣誓
seek 试图，设法
seem 似乎
thirst 渴望
tend倾向于，往往
try 努力
undertake承诺，允诺
wish希望
want想要
volunteer自愿
I decided to ask for my money back. 我决定要回我的钱。
They can’t afford to buy the house. 他们买不起那栋房子。
②有些动词后只接动名词作宾语，常见的有：
acknowledge承认
adore 热爱，喜爱
admit 承认
appreciate 感激，欣赏
avoid避免
advise 建议
bear忍受
can’t help忍不住
can’t resist忍不住
consider 考虑，打算
delay延迟
deny否认
dislike不喜欢
enjoy喜爱
envy嫉妒
escape逃跑，逃避
excuse原谅
fancy想象
finish完成，结束
feel like想要
forbid 禁止
forgive原谅
give up放弃
hold off 阻止，推迟
imagine想象
involve卷入，包含
insist on坚持
keep保持
keep on 继续
mean 意味着
mention提到
mind介意，反对
miss错过
overlook 忽略
postpone推迟
pardon原谅，饶恕
permit 允许
practise 练习
put off 推迟
quit放弃，停止
recommend 建议
regret 后悔
report 报告，告发
risk冒险
recall回想
resist抵制
stand忍受
suggest建议
tolerate忍受
understand理解
The students are starting to work on the difficult math problem. 学生们正开始做那道数学难题。
It began to snow. 天开始下雪了。
I began to understand what was happening. 我开始明白发生了什么。
c. advise, allow, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。
即advise/allow/forbid/permit/recommend doing sth；advise/allow/forbid/permit/recommend sb to do sth.。
Our teachers don’t permit our swimming in the lake. 我们的老师不允许我们在湖里游泳。
Our teachers don’t permit us to swim in the lake. 我们的老师不允许我们在湖里游泳。
2）意义相差很大：
有些动词后既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语，意义相差很大。常见的有：forget, go on, try, mean, regret, remember, stop, propose等。
forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
remember to do sth. 记得要做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
regret to do sth. 遗憾地做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做某事
try to do sth. 努力做某事
try doing sth. 尝试做某事
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
go on to do sth. 继续去做另外一件事情
go on doing sth. 继续做某事
propose to do sth. 打算做某事
propose doing 建议做某事
④动名词常作介词的宾语，而不定式只在but, except, besides等少数介词后作宾语，但“疑问词+不定式”结构可作很多介词的宾语。
We are looking forward to seeing you. 我们正盼望见到你。
They had no choice but to wait. 除了等他们别无选择。
He gave me some advice on how to learn English well. 他就怎样学好英语给我一些建议。
注：常带介词to的短语有：
admit to 承认
apply oneself to 致力于
be accustomed to 习惯于
be used to习惯于
be devoted to致力于
be equal to 胜任
be opposed to 反对
contribute to 有助于
get down to 着手，开始
look forward to 盼望
pay attention to 注意
refer to 指的是
stick to 坚持
object to 反对
take to 喜欢
turn to着手，开始
be related to 与……有关
see to 负责，处理
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很多人来参观这座城市，其中大多数是外国人。
2. 其它形式的独立主格结构：
①there表示存在时，也可构成独立主格结构。
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
因为没有公共汽车，我们不得不步行回家。
There being no cause for fear, he returned to his hometown.
因为没有害怕的理由，他返回到他的家乡。
②with/without/like+名词/代词+doing/done/to do/adj./adv./ prepositional phrase/n.
此结构许多语法书称之为“介词复合结构”或“介词结构”，在功能上多作状语，表时间、条件、伴随、原因等。
They pretended to be working hard, with their lights burning.
他们让灯亮着，假装在工作。（伴随）
She had to walk home, with her bike stolen. 由于自行车被偷，她不得不步行回家。（原因）
With a lot of work to do, he hurried to his office.
有许多工作要做，他急忙赶往他的办公室。（原因）
With the door open, they left the room. 他们没有关门就离开了房间。（伴随）
Don’t sleep with the light on. 不要开着灯睡觉。（伴随）
Mr Smith sat there thinking, with his head on his hand.
史密斯先生头放在手上坐在那儿思考。（伴随）
The old pine tree still stood there, like an umbrella covering the entrance.
那棵老松树仍然屹立在那里，像伞一样盖住了入口处（伴随）。
Without a word more spoken, he left the room. 他二话没说，就离开了房间。（伴随）
注：介词的复合结构除如上作状语外，还可用作表语、定语，或作同位语，甚至作主语等。
The people in Salt Lake City built a monument with seagulls on top of it.
盐湖城的人们建立了一座纪念碑，顶上有海鸥。（定语）
The pickpocket is like a rat running across the street while everyone shouts, “Throw something at it.” 小偷像老鼠过街一样，人人喊打。（表语）
Who is the girl with a book in her right hand? 右手拿着一本书的那位女孩是谁？（主语）
练习：
1) Everything ______________ (take) into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
2) An expert ___________________ (come) to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.
3) The meeting __________________ (be) over, he went to pick up his son directly
4) The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _________________ (launch) at the end of last March.
5) —Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work __________________ (fill) my mind, I almost break down.
6) John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ______________ (finish), he gladly accepted it.
7) With so many books ________________ (read), I couldn’t go to surf the Internet.
8) The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes _____________ (close) and his hands _____________ (tremble).
9) ____________________（有）no enough money, I couldn’t go travelling on National Day.
10) Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some _____________ (have) a life span of around 20 years.
1
________________ ( catch) these small animals. Many means _____________ (try) but none of them was good enough__________________ (catch) the rats.
At last they tried ______________ (fill) in the plane with carbon dioxide, ______________ poisoned all the eighty rats. It _________________ (report) that the young man wanted to carry these rats to another city and sell them as pets but no one had expected that these small creatures succeeded in _____________ (escape) from the bag.
B
Adam Harper drinks a lot of coffee ____________ (stay) up for study. Recently, Adam felt that drinking this much coffee was making it hard for him __________ (sleep) at all. He also complained of stomachaches. So he decided to stop ____________ (drink) coffee.
When Adam got up on October 3, he began his day ______________ this morning coffee. By 11:00 a.m., Adam was in a terrible condition. He was tired and had a headache. At 11:30 a. m., in the meeting with his student advisor, he found it _____________ (possible) to concentrate. What was going on?
Caffeine, a chemical ______________ (find) in coffee, was most likely the reason for how Adam felt. Caffeine is a stimulant（刺激物）____________ boosts energy levels and improves concentration. The result of _____________ ( low) caffeine consumption is a “coffee headache” and the _______________ ( lose) of concentration.
The good news is that these feelings usually pass after four to five days. Doctors suggest _______ (take) some aspirin for the headache. So, if Adam can wait, in less than a week, he may be feeling much better.
