词法复习 动词3 时态 教学设计-2021届高三英语一轮复习
词法复习 动词 3 时态
PPT 1
Hello, everyone. Today, I am very happy and honored to review the grammar of verb tenses with you together.
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Step 1: Analysis of the material
英语中的动词时态有十六种,表示不同时间的动作及动作完成的程度。
时态是由“时”和“态”两部分构成的。“时”指动作发生的时间,即现在、过去、将来和过去将来;“态”,我们还可以称为“体”,指动作所处的状态,它也有4种形式,即一般、进行、完成和完成进行。
PPT 3
将4个“时”和4个“体”组合在一起,就构成了十六种时态。以下图表中标注▲为高考常涉及的时态,需要大家特别关注。
时态 | 现在 | 过去 | 将来 | 过去将来 |
一般 | ▲一般现在时 do/does | ▲一般过去时 did | ▲一般将来时 will/ shall do am/is/are going to do | ▲过去将来时 should/would do was/were going to do |
进行 | ▲现在进行时 am/is/are doing | ▲过去进行时 was/were doing | ▲将来进行时 will be doing | 过去将来进行时 would be doing |
完成 | ▲现在完成时 have/has done | ▲过去完成时 had done | ▲将来完成时 will have done | 过去将来完成时 would have done |
完成进行 | ▲现在完成进行时 have/has been doing | ▲过去完成进行时 had been doing | 将来完成进行时 will have been doing | 过去将来完成进行时 would have been doing |
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Step 2: Leading-in
Let’s read a short paragraph to think about why we have to use different verb tenses in the sentences.
I have been farming sheep on a hillside for 54 years. I use a small tractor to get about. My dog Don always sits beside me in the passenger seat. One morning I spotted a lost lamb when I was in the top field, near where a motorway cuts through my land. The lamb had become separated from its mother, so I jumped out of the tractor to tend to it while Don stayed in his seat.
从这一小段文章中我们可以看到,正是因为文中提到的一些动作发生在不同的时间,并且动作完成程度不同,所以我们才要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示。下面我们就以动词时态的四种体式为线索进行讲解。
首先,是一般体中的一般现在时态
Step 3: Knowledge learning
1. 一般现在时态表示经常性或习惯性的动作、状态或者主语目前的特征、性格或能力。常用时间状语有always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every week/day, once a week等。
如:I go to school on foot every day.
Miss White speaks Chinese very well.
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如:Shanghai lies in the east of China.
Pride goes before a fall.
如:The train leaves at five.
注意:在此用法中,句中通常有具体的时间状语且限于少数动词。如:begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop等。
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4. 以Here或There开头的句子,说明正在发生的动作,常用一般现在时。
如:Here comes the bus!
There goes the bell!
5. 表示心理和认知类动作的常见动词,常用一般现在时,如:like, love, hate, dislike, want, need, hear, feel, see等。
如:The cup feels hot.
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接下来我们讲一下第二种时态
一般过去时
1. 表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态或是主语过去所具备的能力和状态。常用时间状语yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/year, just now, long long ago, the other day等。(其中the other day是大家不太熟悉的,它表示a few days ago, 所以看到这个时间状语,我们要用一般过去时。)
如:Bob came across an old friend in the street the other day.
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2. 表示过去习惯性或经常性的动作、行为,也可以用used to do来表达“过去常常”的概念。(这种用法暗含着“如今已不再如此”的意思。)
如;Tony used to smoke a cigarette after dinner.
注意:在使用used to do这种表达法时,一定和use的其他用法(如:be used to doing 和be used to do)区分开。
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3. 表示始料未及的过去,即表示过去的意识、心态、看法等与现在不同,常用动词有know, realize, guess, expect, recognize, mean等,其否定形式表示 “(过去)没想到,没意识到,不知道” 等意义。
如:Excuse me, I didn’t realize blocking your way.
4. 表示过去连续发生的动作或平行并列的动作。
如:She entered the room, picked up a magazine and read it.
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我们接着复习第三个时态:一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,常用时间状语tomorrow, next week, soon, in a few minutes, the day after tomorrow等。 它的表达形式共有四种,我们先来说第一种will / shall + 动词原形:
(1) 表示单纯的将来时,在英式英语中,如果主语是第一人称,助动词用shall,其他人称用will;在美式英语中,shall 基本已被will代替。
如:I shall / will be forty years old next year.
(2) 表示事先未经计划就立刻去做某事,即临时的决定。
如:Mary is ill? I will go and see her.
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第二种形式也是我们非常熟悉的:be going to + 动词原形,和第一种相同,它也有两层含义。
(1) 表示(事先)已经决定或安排好要做的事。
如:I am going to do some washing tomorrow.
(2) 表示现在有迹象预示某事即将肯定或很可能发生(和个人的意志无关)。
如:Look at the clouds! It is going to rain.
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第三种为be to + 动词原形,它有以下几层含义表达:
(1) 表示按计划、安排要做的事。在这点上和be going to + 动词原形的第一层含义相同。
如:She is to be married next month.
(2) 表示义务、责任等,应该做某事,必须做某事。
如:You are to be back by 9 o’clock.
You are to report to the police.
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(3) 表示注定要发生的结果。
如:Your plan is to be a failure.