2021届巴蜀中学新高考英语《经济学人》外刊讲义 第01篇[04]阅读写作提升词汇语法积累

2021届巴蜀中学新高考英语 《经济学人》外刊讲义第01篇 [04] （适合学有余力的学霸或英语爱好者、教师使用） （含词汇讲解、长难句解析、翻译技巧、背景知识、写作积累：均由阿满编写） 原文（续第01篇 [03]） Episodes of hyperinflation are quite rare. Steve Hanke of Johns Hopkins University lists 57 cases, starting with France in the 1790s. It takes something extraordinary—war, revolution or epic incompetence—to mess things up on such a scale. The root cause is usually a chronic weakness in public finances. This might be because of looting by officials, lavish welfare spending or reliance on a single source of tax revenue. The government resorts to printing money to pay its bills. That feeds inflation. A vicious cycle ensures that it rises quickly. Because taxes are paid some time after the activity they relate to, rapid inflation erodes the value of tax receipts. More money is created to fill the gap in revenue. Inflation accelerates. The cycle turns. 恶性通胀颇罕见。约翰霍普金斯大学的史蒂夫·汉克 (Steve Hanke) 从18世纪90年代的法国开始，共列举出了57个案例。要发生非同寻常的事件才会导致如此规模的乱局，比如战争、革命，或统治者极其无能。恶性通胀的根本原因通常都是公共财政长期疲软。这可能是因为官员大肆贪污、福利支出过度，或依赖单一税收来源造成的。政府依靠印钞票来支付账单，这引发了通胀。恶性循环会让通胀迅速上升。由于税金是在相关经济活动发生一段时间后才缴纳的，因此快速通胀会侵蚀税收的价值。政府继而又印发更多钞票来填补收入缺口。这又让通胀加速，形成恶性循环。 表达积累 · Episodes of hyperinflation are quite rare. episode这里不是常见用法表示电视剧中的“一集”，而是词义扩大表示“事件”或情况。 episodes of X are quite rare/common可以积累到写作实践中，表示某种事物或情况是罕见或常见的。用法举例： · ... fact that episodes of financial sector turmoil are quite rare 事实上，金融震荡的情况相当罕见 · Overall, this evidence suggests that episodes of homelessness are quite common among residents of major urban centers, but there is significant variation in the ... 总的来说，该证据表明无家可归的现象在大城市中心区的居民中相当普遍 · It takes something extraordinary—war, revolution or epic incompetence—to mess things up on such a scale. 核心结构是it takes something to do表示需要某事物来达到某种结果。俄国作家陀思妥耶夫斯基在《罪与罚》中曾写道“It takes something more than intelligence to act intelligently.”。 extraordinary的构词十分规整：extraordinary = extra- + ordinary 词基部分为单词ordinary表示“普通的”。 前缀部分为表示“超出” (outside or beyond) 和“非常” (very or more than normal) 的extra-。该词缀的缀合词再举例：extragalactic (=ou