内容正文:
2020年初中英语中考语法基础版复习讲义(七)
过去完成时
过去完成时也是一个复合时态,是在一般过去时或现在完成时的基础上再往过去退一个时态位,构成两个“过去”。今天我们就来看看它吧。
01
过去完成时的概念和结构
过去完成时是指在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”,称之为“二过”;一般过去式称之为“一过”。
过去完成时的结构很简单,是一般过去时和现在完成时的复合结构,也即:
主语+had+done/been+其他。
如:
I had finished reading the novel by 8:00 pm last night.
到昨晚8点,我已经看完了那本小说。
02
过去完成时的标志词
过去完成时的标志词主要有以下情况:
A. by系列
by the end of +过去时间
by+过去时间
by the time +时间状从
B. 宾语从句中主句是一般过去时,从句动作在主句之前的情况。
C. before/after/when/until/till接时间状语或时间状语从句,适用于“二过”的情况时。
D. 需要用过去完成时的三个固定句型。
E. 表示过去未曾实现的想法、意图和打算,用want/hope/intend等词时,用过去完成时。
03
标志词A——by系列
by the end of +过去时间
如:
I had made 10,000 U.S. dollars by the end of last year.
到去年年底,我已经挣了1万美元了。
by+过去时间
如:
I had finished reading the novel by 8:00 pm last night.
到昨晚8点,我已经看完了那本小说。
by the time + 时间状从
如:
By the time I got there, the man had already been arrested by the police.
我到那里时,那个人已经被警察逮捕了。
04
标志词B——宾语从句
在宾语从句中,如果主句是一般过去时,那么从句需要变为相应的过去时态。此时,如果从句的动作是发生在主句之前,则用过去完成时。
如:
He said he had been in Beijing since 2000.
他说他从2000年就在北京。
I didn't know you had been the CEO of such a large corporation before.
我不知道你曾经还当过这么大一个企业的CEO。
注意:在直接引语变间接引语时,如果括号外是一般过去时,括号内是一般过去时或现在完成时,那么变过来之后,从句就用过去完成时。
05
标志词C——时间状语或从句系列
before+“一过”时间状语或从句。
如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Sunday.
他们在上周日之前就已种了600棵树。
Mike had cleaned the floor before he began to play video games.
迈克在玩游戏之前拖了地。
after+二过,主句用一过。
如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
他写完作业后,就上床睡觉了。
when+一过,主句用二过。
如:
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
当我到车站时,火车已经开走了。
until/till+“一过”时间状语或从句。
如:
I had learned 1000 words until then.
我到那时已经学会了1000个单词了。
Mike didn't go to bed until he had finished his homework.
迈克做完作业之后,才上床睡觉。
06
标志词D——三种固定句型
Hardly...when... 一/还没…就
如:
We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
我们还没开始就被告知立即停下来。
No sooner...than... 一/还没…就
如:
He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him.
他一离开房间,他们就开始议论他了。
It was the first time + that 第一次
如:
It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.