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专题十 特殊句式
考点一 主谓一致
(一)就近一致原则
1.由or,not only...but also...,neither...nor...,either...or...,whether...or...,not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,通常根据就近一致原则,谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。
Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.
2.here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时,通常根据就近原则,谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。
Here is a ruler,a few pencils and two copybooks.
(二)意义一致原则
1.谓语动词必须用单数的情况
(1)表示学科的名词以及works(工厂),news(消息)等作主语时,虽然本身为复数形式,但表示单数意义时,谓语动词仍用单数。
Politics is his favorite subject.
(2)表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时,虽然形式上是复数,但所表示的意义是单数,所以谓语动词用单数。
Do you know when the United Nations was set up?
2.谓语动词必须用复数的情况
表示总称意义的名词,如people,police,public,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
The police are searching for the murderer.
3.谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定
(1)集体名词,如family,class,group,team,club,company,government,population等作主语时,谓语动词的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义,强调整体概念时,谓语动词用单数;当其表示集体中各个组成部分,强调个体概念时,谓语动词用复数。
As far as I know,his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.
(2)“the+形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时,谓语动词用复数。
The poor were looked down upon in the old days.
(三)语法一致原则
1.由and连接的两个名词作主语
(1)“a/the+名词单数+and+名词单数”表示一个人的双重身份,谓语动词用单数。
The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.
(2)“a/the+名词单数+and+a/the+名词单数”表示两个人,谓语动词用复数。
The teacher and the poet have just arrived.
(3)“every+名词单数+and+every+名词单数”表示每一个人,谓语动词用单数。
Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.
(4)通常由两个部件组成的物品,如:a knife and fork(一副刀叉)等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Bread and butter is not to his taste.
2.表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词,尽管有时是复数形式但常被看作是一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。
Is fifty pounds enough?
3.“分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的形式根据of后的名词的形式来定,如果名词是可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数形式;如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式。
Twothirds of the books are about science.
Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.
考点二 倒装
(一)全部倒装(把全部谓语提到主语之前)
倒装条件
倒装方法
以here,there,out,in,up,down,away等副词开头,谓语动词多为be,come,go等,主语是名词
副词+谓语+主语
以then,now,thus,such开头,谓语动词多为come,follow,begin,end,be,主语是名词
副词+谓语+主语
表地点的介词短语位于句首,且谓语动词为不及物动词,主语是名词
介词短语+谓语+主语
表语置于句首,为了保持句子平衡,为表示强调,或利于上下文衔接
①Out rushed a cat from unde