题型07 阅读理解主旨大意题：提纲挈领，归纳中心句（题型专练）（全国通用）2027年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

题型07 阅读理解主旨大意题 目 录 模块一 题型解码 模块二 考点突破 考点01 段落主旨题：段首总起与段内分层 考点02 例证与引语段：由例子归纳上位义 考点03 全文主旨题：各段意合并与首尾呼应 考点04 标题归纳题：文眼词与覆盖面 考点05 结构脉络题：段落作用与展开方式 模块三 综合演练 2024—2026 年七套高考英语试卷的阅读理解第一节共 105 题，其中主旨大意题 10 题，占 9.5%：2024 年三卷 3 题，2025 年两卷 5 题，2026 年两卷 2 题。设问重心已由「全文讲什么」移向「这一段讲什么」——10 题里有 5 题问的是某一段的主旨。答案不藏在某一句里，藏在各段意的合并里。 年份 试卷与阅读题量 主旨大意题量（占比） 2024 新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷，全国甲卷，45 题 3 题（6.7%） 2025 全国Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷，30 题 5 题（16.7%） 2026 全国Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷，30 题 2 题（6.7%） 三年合计 7 套，105 题 10 题（9.5%） 考点 解题要点 题型解读 段落主旨题（3年3考） 先看段首句是否为判断句或总起句；再看段内是否出现 two、three、first 一类条目词，答案须覆盖全部条目。 段落主旨题只问一段，反而比全文题更容易以偏概全：段中某个举例、某句引语被单独做成选项，看上去都在原文里出现过。 例证与引语段（3年2考） 整段是例子或人物话语时，把例子往上归一层，取共同指向；引语段的态度词常是答案落点。 这类段落没有现成的主题句，答案须由考生自己归纳。抄例子、归过头是两个反向失分点。 全文主旨题（3年2考） 给每段写一个三词短语，再合成一句话；首段定调、末段收束，取首末段的交集。 正确项能罩住各段，只罩住一段的一律排除；范围过大与过小同样算错。 标题归纳题（3年3考） 找出全文反复出现的文眼词；标题须含文眼或它的同义表达，并能覆盖各段。 标题题是主旨题的变形，多一层「短、准、有文眼」的要求。文眼词对、覆盖面不对，仍是错项。 结构脉络题（3年0考） 先按位置判功能：首段多引出，中段多承接或转折，末段多总结或建议；再看 For example、But、Therefore 等连接词定展开方式。 三年真题未单独设题，模拟卷却常见。问 function 答作用，问 develop 答手段，不可答成段意。 ►考点01 段落主旨题：段首总起与段内分层（3年3考） 段落主旨题问的是这一段在说什么，不是这篇文章在说什么。命题人埋主题句的首选位置是段首，先读段首句，再用段内各句验证它。 01 段首总起句与段内的分层 设问常见形态：What is paragraph N mainly about、What does paragraph N mainly talk about、What does paragraph N focus on、What aspect is discussed in paragraph N。 段首判断句 首句给出一个判断或定性，其余各句解释、举例、补充；答案即首句的压缩，不必另行归纳。 段首自问自答 首句提出问题，段内随即作答；答案取答句，不取问句，问句里的话题词常被做成干扰项。 段首总起分述 首句说「两方面」「三个原因」，段内逐条展开；答案须覆盖全部条目，只取第一条即算以偏概全。 首句先举例 首句是具体事例，主题句落在段末或段中；此时须先跳过例子，到段尾找收束句。 方·法·技·巧 先读首句 段落主旨题的时间应花在首句与末句上，中间细节只用于验证首句的判断是否成立。 数条目 段内出现 two、three、first、second 一类词，选项必须覆盖全部条目才算对。 警惕局部 只概括段中某一举例或某一数据的选项，都在原文里出现过，却都不等于段意。 1.（2026·全国Ⅱ卷·D篇）Regenerative brakes have been in trains for decades and are also used in some cars. They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate (加速) the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers. 1. What aspect of regenerative brakes is discussed in paragraph 5? A. Their operating conditions.　　 B. Their conventional standard. C. Their potential risks.　　 D. Their working mechanism. 2.（2026·山东名校联盟·D篇）In the study, participants were asked to define six personal goals they intended to accomplish within four weeks, each rated for difficulty. Researchers used a well-established psychological scale to measure participants’ action-state orientation, categorizing them as either action-oriented (subject to initiative) or state-oriented (subject to hesitation under pressure). After four weeks, participants reported their achievement. 2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about concerning the study? A. Its process.　　 B. Its purpose. C. Its conclusion.　　 D. Its application. ►考点02 例证与引语段：由例子归纳上位义（3年2考） 有的段落整段是例子或人物话语，一句现成的主题句也没有。这时要做的不是找，而是归：把例子往上归一层，那个上位概念就是段意。 01 例子、引语、数据与言行 设问常见形态：整段举例、整段引语、数据罗列、人物言行。 整段举例 段内两三个例子并列，答案是把例子归纳成上位概念的短语，而非任何一个例子本身。 整段引语 段内全是人物话语，答案取引语共同指向的态度或判断；引语中的评价词是落点。 数据罗列 段内连续出现数字，答案取数字背后的趋势或结论，具体数值多为干扰项。 人物言行 段内只写人物做了什么，答案取其行为体现的品质或达到的效果。 易·错·提·示 抄例子 选项直接复述例子里的事物（狗、马、兔子），即为就事论事，答的是例子不是段意。 归过头 归纳层级过高，把「疗效」说成「医学发展」，范围过大，同样不能选。 漏掉引语 引语段的答案常落在评价词上，跳过引语直接看叙述句，容易归错方向。 1.（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B篇）Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. 1. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.　　 B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases.　　 D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 2.（2026·佛山一模·B篇）1. The first fortnight was tough—terrible pain and the rapid realization that running 200 marathons in 200 days would not be a walk in the park. But Steve James, a 65-year-old retired banker, has found his feet and reached the halfway mark—an average of 100 marathons in 100 days. 2. “In those first two weeks I was thinking: ‘What have I done?’” James said. “I had horrible blisters (水泡) for the first 10 days. The gout (痛风) struck all of a sudden, but I took some medicine and it went away. Now I feel fine.” 3. James’s progress along the coastlines of Great Britain is being tracked by experts from the University of Exeter, who are keen to find out the effects of such an extreme challenge on an older person. 2. What does paragraph 2 focus on? A. The difficulties James faced.　　 B. James’s solution to challenges. C. James’s attitude to the running.　　 D. The treatment James received. ►考点03 全文主旨题：各段意合并与首尾呼应（3年2考） 问全文的题，答案不在某一段里，也不在某一句里。做法固定：把每段压成一个短语，再看这些短语共有的上位词。 01 段意怎么压 设问常见形态：What does the text mainly talk about、What is the text mainly about、What does the text try to convey、What is the main idea of the text。 首段定调 首段给出讨论对象与作者立场，其后各段都在为它作证；主旨＝对象＋立场，两样都要落到。 末段收束 各段分述不同侧面，末段一句把侧面收拢；优先取该句的上位表述，不取其中最具体的一项。 段意并列 几段平行讲同一事物的不同方面（优点、成因、做法）；主旨＝共同上位词＋覆盖范围。 首尾呼应 首段提出、末段回收同一判断，中间几段是证据；主旨直接取首末段重合的那句话。 易·错·提·示 以段代篇 把某一重点段的段意当全文主旨，原文里确实写了，覆盖面却只到一段。 漏掉转折 只概括前半篇，However、But 之后才是作者真正要说的。 抬高基调 说明性文章被写成「呼吁」「批判」，语气一升高就已偏离主旨。 1.（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·C篇）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 1.What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths.　　 B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence.　　 D. BMF’s technical standards. 2.（2026·T8联考二·C篇）Adults typically have 206 bones and 350 joints, which are made of bones plus the tissues that hold the bones together: cartilage (软骨), tendons (腱), ligaments (韧带), and nerves. With so many moving parts working hard every day, it’s no wonder that many people experience pain, stiffness (僵硬) or soreness in one or more of these connections. The smallest joint in the body is in the ear, and while it plays a crucial role in hearing, most of us don’t even realize it’s there. The largest joint is the knee. Knees and other large joints like hips, shoulders and elbows are the ones that tend to become painful. We’re often quick to blame joint pain or stiffness on getting older. But it’s not just older folks who experience joint pain. Athletes and just plain everyday active people experience joint pain too. Besides aging, causes include overuse, inflammation (炎症), injury, and genetic or autoimmune conditions. “It’s perfectly normal for people to have occasional aches and pains in their joints,” says Kyle Ruygrok, a physical therapist with Memorial Hermann Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation in Houston. “Most problems in the joints are either from injury or overuse.” And, he adds, many of those problems can be relieved simply by resting the following day to allow for recovery. When pain lasts longer, doctors have a variety of ways to treat it, depending on where and why it occurs and how severe it is. The first recommendations may be supportive tools like canes, braces and splints (夹板) to help reduce strain and prevent falls from achy knees and hips. Smaller aids— for arthritic finger joints, for instance—can include special jar openers, ring splints or voice-to-text software to avoid typing. Your doctor may also recommend anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) or an injection to help relieve pain. Physical therapy is another valuable option for rebuilding strength and mobility, particularly after an injury or arthritis diagnosis. Ruygrok recommends considering it if your joint pain hasn’t improved after four to six weeks. “When these measures no longer provide relief, and joint pain begins to significantly impact your daily activities, that’s when we typically start discussing surgical options,” says Nicolas Noiseux, MD, an orthopedic surgeon at University of Iowa Health Care. 2. What does the text try to convey? A. The knee is the most important joint in the human body.　　 B. Joint pain has diverse causes and a graduated way to treat. C. Daily activities can not significantly influenced by joint pain.　　 D. Surgery is the only effective way to relieve long-time joint pain. ►考点04 标题归纳题：文眼词与覆盖面（3年3考） 标题题不是挑最好听的那个短语，而是挑覆盖最全、又最贴文眼的那一个。先定文眼词，再核覆盖面，两步都过才可选。 01 两条硬指标：罩得住、抓得准 设问常见形态：What can be a suitable title for the text、What would be the best title for the text、Which of the following can be the title。 覆盖全文 标题要罩住每一段。某一段的主题落不进去，即为覆盖面不足，其余再好也不能选。 文眼词 全文反复出现的核心名词或动词短语，正确项必含它的同义表达。 修辞分寸 说明文一般不用夸张比喻；双关、借喻类标题须与全文基调一致，否则只是漂亮。 干扰形态 过窄（只覆盖一段）、过宽（放大到学科或时代）、偏移（换成相邻话题）。 易·错·提·示 挑好听 只顾语言漂亮，不看覆盖面，四个选项中往往最先排除的就是它。 抓错文眼 把文中的次要概念当成主题词，标题于是落在了陪衬上。 褒贬错位 说明性文章被套上 dangers、wonders 一类评价词，态度先偏。 1.（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·C篇）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 1. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants　　 B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants　　 D. Plants Brighten Your Home 2.（2026·佛山一模·C篇）On a typical sunny day at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), small native bushes (灌木) wave where tidy grasslands used to be, bees fly over flowers, and students walk on a campus alive with biodiversity. The new scenery marks a major milestone in campus sustainability. In 2025, UCLA became the first university in California to earn the Green Grounds Certification from the nonprofit Re:wild Your Campus, which recognizes the school’s efforts to improve human health and biodiversity. For years, colleges have used rewilding as a way to restore biodiversity and bring a more natural look to their grounds with native plants. But too often, they miss a critical piece of the puzzle: the chemicals being used elsewhere on campus. While wildflowers bring buzzing bees, true ecological restoration is weakened if pesticides (农药) and fertilizers are used. This is why Re:wild Your Campus created the Green Grounds Certification—to center both chemical elimination and rewilding and to link them together. Schools that are taking such a holistic approach to campus management can be honored and uplifted. Adopting a holistic approach to land care does more than just create healthier campus environments; it reinforces the reality that colleges are interconnected microcosms (缩影) of larger environmental systems. In many cities, universities offer some of the largest areas of open space, yet the chemicals applied to grasslands can impact nearby rivers, lakes, and drinking water. Students and all the teaching staff are increasingly recognizing this, leading to more advocacy for introducing native species and stopping using harmful pesticides. Beyond environmental health, a rewilding approach can help safeguard human health. Students are closely connected to the outdoor settings of their colleges where pesticides can stay in the air, settle on picnic tables, and be tracked into dorm rooms. Through a holistic approach, institutions can ensure that the grounds students walk on daily are free from poisonous substances, for the health of all. And that’s exactly what some schools like UCLA are doing. Their leadership shows that sustainability means finding new ways to care for the land responsibly—for people and for the planet. 2. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Native Plants: Key to Preventing Pollution.　　 B. UCLA’s Holistic Plan: For Safer Classrooms. C. The Holistic Method: Toward Sustainable Campuses.　　 D. Sustainability Through Trees: For Greener Campuses. ►考点05 结构脉络题：段落作用与展开方式（3年0考） 结构题问的不是这一段写了什么，而是为什么放在这里、用什么手法写的。既要看段与段的关系，也要看段内的组织手段。 01 两种问法：段落在全篇的位置、段内的展开手段 设问常见形态：How does the author develop paragraph N、How does the author introduce the topic、What is the function of the first paragraphs、How is the text organized。 首段作用 引出话题的手段：举例、设问、对比、引用、列数据。答案写 By doing sth.，动词须与手法对得上。 段内展开 先看段首是否总起，再看段内是分类、举例、对比还是追因。见 because、result from 即按「分析原因」作答。 末段作用 收束、升华、提建议或留问题；选项写 to summarize、to call on 时，须与末段实有内容对得上。 中段过渡 中间段常起补充、反驳、转折之用，答案多写作 To introduce、To explain、To contrast。 易·错·提·示 只答内容 把段落大意当成段的作用，答成「讲的是 X」，而题干问的是怎么讲。 手法错认 段内出现数字就选 statistics，其实数字只是举例里的细节。 越位作答 段落本身没有转折或对比，却在选项里读出了转折与对比。 1.（2026·华大新高考联盟·C篇）WWF, in collaboration with the Pacific Coast Food Waste Commitment (PCFWC), Afresh, and Shelf Engine, conducted pilots using AI purchasing systems in two different grocery retail (零售) chains to reduce food waste and improve profits. The results were impressive: food waste was reduced by 14.8% per store on average. 1. How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A. By offering statistics.　　 B. By making a contrast. C. By giving an example.　　 D. By defining a concept. 2.（2026·大湾区一模·D篇）Earth’s biggest problem, according to Douglas Adams, is quite simple: the species of clever ape (猿) that thinks it runs the joint is mostly unhappy most of the time. Computer scientist Cal Newport now adds email to the list of life’s troubles. In his book A World Without Email, he argues this once-brilliant invention has made us suffer. Newport says we’ve become slaves to email, trapped in a “hyperactive hive mind”—the reality in which everyone, everywhere, can communicate with everyone else with ease. Studies have shown how dominant email has become in ordinary office life. The average knowledge worker sends and receives 126 emails daily, which ruins focus, making them less productive and more irritable (易怒的). All of this might be bearable but for one problem: the mismatch between modern electronic messaging and our own information-processing capacity. Multitasking is a myth. We can’t think clearly while dealing with an overflowing inbox. We’re wired to prefer real-time conversations, where everyone gets updates together. Back in small tribes (部落), we needed daily chats to feel connected. 2. How does the author develop paragraph 3? A. By giving examples.　　 B. By presenting the history. C. By analyzing the cause.　　 D. By comparing preferences. A 高考真题 （一） (2025北京卷)Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 1．How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Energized. D．Relieved. 2．What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Major achievements. B．Complex feelings. C．Significant impacts. D．Fine differences. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C．Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D．Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science （二） (2024年全国甲卷) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help,  scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 1．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats. C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age. 2．How does a pet cat assess different situations? A．By listening for sounds. B．By touching familiar objects. C．By checking on smells. D．By communicating with other cats. 3．Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better. 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C．Have Fun with Your Cat D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy B 优秀模拟题 （一） (25-26高三·浙江·二模)Let’s say we have Person A, B, and C． They don’t know each other, but all are friends with Person D who is highly sociable — sincere, yet so flooded with dates. D makes you feel like the center of attention one moment, and unintentionally disposable the next, because you know, they have a lot going on. Here’s the plot twist: A, B, and C all see themselves as the least socially connected. Why? They only compare themselves to the highly-visible D．Greater visibility doesn’t necessarily reflect what’s typical or average. This is the Friendship Paradox, observed by sociologist Scott L. Feld in 1991: on average, your friends have more friends than you. Not because you’re unpleasant, but because they tend to collect friends. Imagine social networks like nodes (节点) on a graph. Highly connected individuals like D are central nodes, appearing in more social circles and standing out. More outgoing, they tend to share adventures or be annoying on social media. You take them for the norm, but they are the exception. Here’s the best part — comparing yourself to these highly visible people makes you feel inferior: less socializing, less invited, just not enough. Social comparison is a deeply human nature, but when fed by algorithms (算法) and polished selfies, it goes full Black Mirror. Psychologist Leon Festinger proposed the social comparison theory in the 1950s, suggesting that people determine their self-worth by comparing with others. The harm is obvious — the option to hide like counts is pretty self-explanatory. Here’s the emotional cost: You, quietly folding laundry in silence on a Friday night, believe you’re the only one not at a rooftop party. But the truth is, most people are more like Person A, B, C — less visible than D, living at a less photogenic angle. It’s completely normal. So next time you’re wondering why others seem more connected, invited, and adored — remember the paradox. You’re comparing yourself to the most visible person, not the average. You’re not behind, you’re just looking at a distorted mirror. Zoom out. Breathe in. Text one of your friends. Chances are, they’re folding laundry too. 1．Why does the author use the A, B, C, D example in paragraph 1? A．To demonstrate the value of social circles. B．To clarify the uniqueness of sociable people. C．To explain a misjudgment in social relations. D．To emphasize the difficulty of making friends. 2．What does the underlined phrase “go full Black Mirror” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Lead to a positive outcome. B．Turn into something disturbing. C．Become a common social habit. D．Reflect a normal human nature. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards people who live “at a less photogenic angle”? A．Accepting. B．Admiring. C．Worried. D．Critical. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．How You Can Stop Self-Comparison. B．Why Others Seem More Popular. C．How Social Media Poses a Hidden Danger. D．Why Being Less Visible Is a Problem. （二） (25-26高三·江南十校·二模)For decades, cancer research has been disturbed by a persistent problem: the data used to train artificial intelligence (AI) often excludes diverse populations. Many medical datasets are overwhelmingly collected from patients of European descent (血统), meaning AI models learn to diagnose and treat cancer depending on a narrow slice of humanity. This lack of diversity can lead to misdiagnosis or ineffective treatment for underrepresented groups. Now, a team at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) has developed a novel technique that uses generative AI to address this inequality head-on. Instead of simply getting rid of biased data, their model creates synthetic (合成的) medical images — such as breast cancer scans — that are based on the characteristics of real patients from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. These synthetic images are not of real people; they are digitally generated representations designed to fill the gaps in existing datasets. The potential is transformative. By training diagnostic AI on a more balanced dataset enriched with these synthetic images, the system’s accuracy across all population groups improves significantly. Early tests show that the technique can reduce a form of algorithmic bias known as “underspecification,” where models perform well on paper but fail in real-world, diverse clinical settings. “We are not just fixing the data; we are fundamentally re-engineering the fairness of the model.” explains lead researcher Dr. Sarah Chen. However, the method is a double-edged sword. While it can “unbias” data, the very same technology could be weaponized to increase bias. If an ill-intentioned researcher uses the same technique to generate synthetic data that over-represents a particular group or leads to harmful stereotypes (刻板印象), it could create AI models that are even more prejudiced than those trained on real-world data. The line between correcting historical unfairness and creating new, synthetic ones is pretty thin. This concern places a significant ethical burden on researchers. What should be confirmed is no longer the accuracy of an AI model but the ethical soundness. After all, in the scientists’ eyes it can promise fairer healthcare in the years to come. 1．What problem has puzzled researchers in cancer treatment? A．High cost of collecting data. B．Overuse of AI in diagnosis. C．Biased data sampling. D．Misdiagnosis for patients. 2．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The principle of the technique. B．The process of the representation. C．The purpose of the study. D．The achievements of the design. 3．What is Dr. Sarah Chen’s attitude towards the new method? A．Objective. B．Worried. C．Optimistic D．Doubtful. 4．What should future scientists pay attention to when using AI models? A．Getting rid of the concern. B．Creating more training images. C．Checking for ethical risks. D．Avoiding negative stereotypes. （三） (25-26高三·江苏苏锡常镇四市·二模)Beneath the ocean’s surface lies a secret world of light. While bioluminescence — the ability of living things to produce their own light — has long interested scientists, a lesser-known phenomenon called bio-fluorescence (生物荧光) is now stealing the spotlight. Bio-fluorescence occurs when sea animals absorb light at one wavelength and send it out at another, creating vivid lights in colors like green, red, or orange. Unlike bioluminescence, which produces light through chemical reactions, bio-fluorescence depends on absorbing light from outside to glow. This natural light show is not just for beauty; it serves critical survival functions. In the coral reefs (珊瑚礁) of the Pacific, researchers observed corals sending out green under blue light. “It’s a dance of partnership guided by light,” explains marine biologist Dr. Kenji Nakamura. Without this interaction, coral bleaching (白化) — a major threat to coral ecosystems — would speed up. Another wonder comes from the Hawaiian bobtail squid (短尾乌贼). When threatened by hunters, it releases a cloud of bio-fluorescent ink. The sudden burst of light confuses attackers, buying the squid precious seconds to escape. Dr. Emily Carter who led the study notes, “This is evolution’s version of a smoke screen — but far more shining.” The discovery of GFP — green fluorescent protein (绿色荧光蛋白) — in jellyfish in 1962 revolutionized science. Researchers realized GFP could be used to mark specific cells, making invisible processes visible. Today, it lights up nerve cells in brain studies, helping map out connections in diseases like Alzheimer’s. “GFP is a window into the brain’s hidden workings,” says brain scientist Dr. Maria Gonzalez. Scientists are now copying bio-fluorescence to develop sustainable technologies. For example, fluorescent proteins inspire energy-efficient LED lighting, and bio-fluorescent markers could improve medical imaging. “Nature’s designs are blueprints for human innovation,” says materials scientist Dr. Raj Patel. Yet mysteries remain. Over 200 species of bio-fluorescent fish were recently discovered, their purposes still unclear. As submarines dive deeper, each expedition reveals new players in this beautiful underwater light show, proving that the ocean’s depths still guard ancient secrets. 1．How is bio-fluorescence different from bioluminescence? A．It is drawing less attention. B．It produces brighter lights. C．It needs an outside light source. D．It makes better use of chemical reactions. 2．What can we learn about the examples in paragraphs 3 and 4? A．They both describe light-based hunting methods. B．They both explain the formation of a close partnership. C．They both highlight potential threats to the environment. D．They both show survival functions of bio-fluorescence. 3．What is the main use of GFP in science? A．To protect corals from bleaching. B．To create more efficient LED lights. C．To treat the disease of Alzheimer’s. D．To visualize cells for better observation. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Bio-fluorescence: Nature’s Hidden Light Show B．Bio-fluorescence: Nature’s Display of Beauty C．Bioluminescence: Ocean’s Ancient Magic Power D．Bioluminescence: Colourful Window into Ocean Secret （四） (25-26高三·江苏南通·二模)Today, concrete production accounts for roughly 8 percent of global carbon emissions, which is about a quarter of all industry carbon emissions. Fortunately, the ancient Romans might have taught us a thing or two about manufacturing concrete that lasts for thousands of years. A new study has strictly analyzed the raw materials and energy demands of the ancient recipe of Roman concrete, revealing some useful ways to improve modern cement (水泥). Surprisingly, researchers found that producing Roman concrete requires more water and more greenhouse gas emissions than commonly used concrete today. But while the initial energy costs may be higher, it may not need to be replaced or repaired as often. It’s hard to compare the longevity of Roman concrete to modern concrete, because today, many concrete buildings and structures are reinforced with steel. As steel rusts (生锈), it expands, forcing any surrounding concrete to crack and degrade in as little as a decade. By comparison, ancient Roman concrete is capable of restoring itself. This means that when cracks appear in the cement, they are naturally glued back together when water leaks in. That’s part of the reason ancient Roman seawalls have lasted for centuries, despite the constant erosion (侵蚀) of seawater. Daniela Martinez, lead author and engineer of the University of the North in Columbia acknowledges that longer-lasting cement structures “can only partially balance out increased demand for new material,” but Roman manufacturing methods may also hold other environmental benefits. Roman concrete produces far fewer dangerous air pollutants, possibly because the limestone, the main ingredient of Roman concrete, is burned using clean wood, not fossil (化石) fuels. According to recent models, using Roman cement techniques could reduce harmful gas emissions by up to 98 percent compared to modern methods. “There are a lot of lessons that we can draw from the Romans. If we can incorporate their strategies with our modern innovative ideas, we can create a more sustainable built environment.” says Martinez. 1．How does the author present the background of the study? A．By giving examples. B．By providing statistics. C．By defining a concept. D．By describing a scene. 2．What can be inferred about Roman concrete? A．It has a short service life. B．It needs regular maintenance. C．It proves sustainable over time. D．It requires low initial energy costs. 3．Which word can best describe the property of ancient Roman concrete? A．Ever-lasting. B．Self-healing. C．Easy-cutting. D．Safe-guarding. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Green Living, A New Path. B．Carbon Crisis, A Modern Issue. C．Magic Power, A Roman Mystery. D．Ancient Recipe, A Possible Solution. （五） (25-26高三·安徽芜湖·二模)The Taklamakan Desert, a hyperarid wasteland covering some 337,000 square kilometers in northwestern China, has begun absorbing more greenhouse gases than it releases, transforming it into a carbon sink through a long-term, large-scale tree planting program. A team of scientists from the United States and China employed several years of satellite sensor data modeling to analyze CO2 levels, vegetation coverage, and weather patterns. While tree-planting has only happened around the borders of the Taklamakan Desert, the uptake of carbon from the desert region as a whole is strengthening, particularly during the July-to-September wet season. “This is not like a rainforest in the Amazon or Congo,” explains King-Fai Li, an atmospheric scientist from the University of California, Riverside, noting that some areas are merely shrublands (灌木丛). “But the fact that they are drawing down CO2, and doing it consistently, is something positive we can measure and verify from space.” Beyond carbon sequestration (封存), the tree planting program — part of the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Project — has blocked wind erosion, reduced the frequency and intensity of sandstorms and protecting local agricultural land. The scheme around the desert is expected to continue until 2050, with the ultimate goal of increasing forest cover from 5.05% to 14.95% across 13 provinces in northern China. Nevertheless, researchers are careful to avoid overselling their findings. Li pointed out that the Taklamakan’s borders possess special terrain features — specifically, surrounding mountains that provide essential water run-off for the trees — which means this approach may not be easily adopted elsewhere. Yet, as climate change continues to threaten to turn some natural carbon sinks like tropical forests into carbon sources due to deforestation, every contribution matters enormously. “We’re not going to solve the climate crisis by planting trees in deserts alone,” says Li. “But understanding where and how much CO2 can be drawn down, and under what conditions, is essential. This is one piece of the puzzle.” 1．What can we learn about the uptake of carbon from the Taklamakan Desert? A．It relies on planting trees in the center of the desert. B．It is stronger in the three wet-season months yearly. C．It is something negative we can measure from space. D．It makes the desert the largest carbon sink in China. 2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The development of the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Project. B．The challenges of increasing forest cover in northern China. C．The economic benefits of protecting local agricultural land. D．The additional ecological benefits and goals of the program. 32．Why are researchers careful to avoid overselling their findings? A．The satellite sensor data modeling is inaccurate. B．There is enough water run-off from surroundings. C．The desert’s unique geography makes it hard to copy. D．The tree-planting program may end early before 2050. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Taklamakan: A Promising Carbon Sink. B．Taklamakan: A Blueprint for Desert Greening. C．Tree-Planting: A Solution to Climate Crisis. D．Tree-planting: An Initiative for Desert Greening. （六） (26-27高三·海南·一模)There is no precise word in English for what Ann Helen Myrvold is doing — the dugnad. “Volunteering” perhaps comes closest. But the dugnad is more than that. Ann has come to suburban Oslo not just to beautify the stream — She is greatly influenced by the Norwegian sense of obligation (义务), community and responsibility. The dugnad is not just an activity, but the mindset behind it. And at a time when social scientists see the fabric of societies fraying (解体), the dugnad can be viewed as an antidote to help fix this social problem. No one here would state that the dugnad is the reason why Norway consistently ranks as a high-trust country in the world. But no one would argue that it doesn’t play a role, either. It is a unifying force that gives Norwegians not only a sense of doing good, but also of doing it together. The tradition has its roots in Norway’s history as a poor nation. When a church or bridge needed to be built, everyone came together to help. “It was a kind of social insurance, and it was filled with a sense of justice,” says Karl Henrik Sivesind, a professor at the Institute for Social Research in Oslo. “It’s not for your own advantage. You chip in, and everyone chips in.” Today, social scientists feel sorry about the loss of “social capital” — the connections in a community that drive trust and bring broader benefits for all. “The dugnad is a source of social capital,” Dr. Sivesind says. Maria Ruud, a local resident, has brought her 7-year-old daughter to a neighborhood event. She says she’s been doing these sorts of things. “The good part is the social side,” Ms. Ruud says. “You come together and share the work. As humans, you feel like you’re a part of something bigger.” Another resident, Kristin Sandaker, agrees that the dugnad provides a balance against social divide. “It is the most obvious proof that we can do things together,” Ms. Sandaker says. “It becomes even more important for people to get together in this way.” 1．What does the dugnad mainly represent in Norway? A．A chance to achieve leadership. B．A way to fulfill official requirements. C．A habit of beautifying the neighborhoods. D．A tradition of working for the common good. 2．What does the underlined word “antidote” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．challenge. B．reward. C．solution. D．symbol. 3．How does the dugnad benefit the residents? A．By reducing their daily work pressure. B．By sharpening their communication skills. C．By connecting them with each other. D．By helping them achieve independence. 4．What would be a suitable title for the text? A．Dugnad: A Spirit Uniting Norwegians B．The History of Norway’s Welfare System C．Dugnad: A Universal Language of Help D．The Reason for Norway’s Prosperity （七） (25-26高三·辽宁点石联盟·二模)In his book Speed: How it Explains the World, Vaclav Smil explores the concept of speed, which humans have long regarded as impressive, magical and highly desirable. He interprets speed from two aspects: the physical rate at which objects move within a certain time and a broader measure of changes in individuals, groups and social systems. Adopting a data-based approach, the book covers a wide range of topics, from natural events including volcanoes and species evolution to human creations such as traditional sailing ships and modern supercomputers. Technological innovations, especially the replacement of animal power with steam and electric power, have greatly raised the pace of life and production. Faster transportation, more efficient production and extraordinary economic growth have taken place worldwide. People’s average life expectancy has increased greatly, and advanced technology makes rapid medical progress possible. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled desire for speed brings obvious disadvantages. High work pressure caused by extreme efficiency leads to more accidents in workplaces like factories and warehouses. Higher driving speed sharply increases the risk of serious injury or death in traffic accidents. For commercial airplanes, high speed results in extremely high fuel consumption, so speed has to be balanced with economic benefits. Moreover, heavy traffic in urban areas actually reduces people’s real travelling speed. Smil regards himself as a speed sceptic (怀疑论者). He is not against speed itself but advocates a reasonable and balanced attitude. We should welcome higher speed where it brings real benefits, such as timely medical treatment, and slow down where it threatens safety, the environment or social equality. We should never seek speed blindly or run after it for its own sake. Reviewer Richard Dunn agrees with Smil’s central opinion but argues that the book should focus more on contemporary society rather than the long history of the Earth. He also questions whether continuous growth, instead of speed, is the key concern in modern politics and economy. He believes deeper reflections on modern lifestyle would make the book more meaningful and practical. 1．How does Smil develop his ideas in the book? A．By giving living guidance. B．By covering different fields. C．By telling historical stories. D．By showing economic data. 2．What is a probable result of overseeking speed? A．More green transport. B．Reduced traffic pressure. C．Unexpected risks at work. D．Quicker medical development. 3．What can be learned about Smil’s book? A．It ignores Earth’s history. B．It advocates continuous progress. C．It offers modern lifestyle advice. D．It focuses less on modern society. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Take a Wise Look at Life’s Pace B．Avoid Hidden Risks in Daily Life C．Master Skills of Modern Technologies D．Raise Work Efficiency in Good Ways （八） (25-26高三·山东滨州·二模)Norway’s success at the 2026 Winter Olympics was impressive, but the nation’s record-breaking practice actually began earlier. In January, Kristian Blummenfelt, a triathlete, had recorded the highest-ever VO2 max score — the gold standard for measuring cardio respiratory fitness (CRF). Once a concept reserved for professionals, VO2 max is now heavily promoted by fitness influencers. But does the number truly matter for everyone? VO2 max refers to the maximum rate at which your body can consume oxygen during intense exercise. Our muscles depend on oxygen for energy. This oxygen is delivered to the lungs, bound to hemoglobin (血红蛋白) in the blood, and pumped by the heart to muscles throughout the body. The more oxygen the heart pumps and the muscles use, the higher the VO2 max, and the longer the muscles can go before tiring out. The significance extends beyond athletic performance. Research indicates that CRFmight be a stronger predictor of longevity than measures like BMI. A 2025 study involving 400,000 observations revealed that overweight individuals with the highest CRFscores had around half the death risk compared with unfit people of normal weight. Roughly half of one’s VO2 max is determined by genetics, but age and gender also play roles. VO2 max peaks around age 30 and declines by about 10% per decade thereafter. Advanced athletes often boast scores above 60, while an average 40-year-old male scores around 40. Women’s scores are typically 15% lower, owing to smaller hearts and less muscle mass. Improvements are nonetheless possible. Regular aerobic activities like swimming or cycling can increase VO2 max by 10% to 30%. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) proves especially effective by pushing the body close to its oxygen extreme. Yet such efforts require additional recovery time and can be done only a few times per week. For fitness enthusiasts, VO2 max serves as a useful indicator, but experts caution against getting obsessed with the precise number. 1．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By comparing different athletes’ achievements. B．By mentioning a trend with a notable example. C．By questioning a widely accepted Olympic record. D．By explaining a scientific term in simple language. 2．What determines muscle endurance? A．The level of one’s VO2 max. B．The intake of oxygen. C．The concentration of hemoglobin. D．The frequency of intense exercise. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The method of keeping fit. B．The significance of VO2 max. C．The necessity of losing weight. D．The contrast between BMI and CRF. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To instruct people to increase VO2 max. B．To showcase different fitness indicators. C．To highlight CRF’s effects on our life span. D．To guide people to view VO2 max reasonably. 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 题型07 阅读理解主旨大意题 目 录 模块一 题型解码 模块二 考点突破 考点01 段落主旨题：段首总起与段内分层 考点02 例证与引语段：由例子归纳上位义 考点03 全文主旨题：各段意合并与首尾呼应 考点04 标题归纳题：文眼词与覆盖面 考点05 结构脉络题：段落作用与展开方式 模块三 综合演练 2024—2026 年七套高考英语试卷的阅读理解第一节共 105 题，其中主旨大意题 10 题，占 9.5%：2024 年三卷 3 题，2025 年两卷 5 题，2026 年两卷 2 题。设问重心已由「全文讲什么」移向「这一段讲什么」——10 题里有 5 题问的是某一段的主旨。答案不藏在某一句里，藏在各段意的合并里。 年份 试卷与阅读题量 主旨大意题量（占比） 2024 新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷，全国甲卷，45 题 3 题（6.7%） 2025 全国Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷，30 题 5 题（16.7%） 2026 全国Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷，30 题 2 题（6.7%） 三年合计 7 套，105 题 10 题（9.5%） 考点 解题要点 题型解读 段落主旨题（3年3考） 先看段首句是否为判断句或总起句；再看段内是否出现 two、three、first 一类条目词，答案须覆盖全部条目。 段落主旨题只问一段，反而比全文题更容易以偏概全：段中某个举例、某句引语被单独做成选项，看上去都在原文里出现过。 例证与引语段（3年2考） 整段是例子或人物话语时，把例子往上归一层，取共同指向；引语段的态度词常是答案落点。 这类段落没有现成的主题句，答案须由考生自己归纳。抄例子、归过头是两个反向失分点。 全文主旨题（3年2考） 给每段写一个三词短语，再合成一句话；首段定调、末段收束，取首末段的交集。 正确项能罩住各段，只罩住一段的一律排除；范围过大与过小同样算错。 标题归纳题（3年3考） 找出全文反复出现的文眼词；标题须含文眼或它的同义表达，并能覆盖各段。 标题题是主旨题的变形，多一层「短、准、有文眼」的要求。文眼词对、覆盖面不对，仍是错项。 结构脉络题（3年0考） 先按位置判功能：首段多引出，中段多承接或转折，末段多总结或建议；再看 For example、But、Therefore 等连接词定展开方式。 三年真题未单独设题，模拟卷却常见。问 function 答作用，问 develop 答手段，不可答成段意。 ►考点01 段落主旨题：段首总起与段内分层（3年3考） 段落主旨题问的是这一段在说什么，不是这篇文章在说什么。命题人埋主题句的首选位置是段首，先读段首句，再用段内各句验证它。 01 段首总起句与段内的分层 设问常见形态：What is paragraph N mainly about、What does paragraph N mainly talk about、What does paragraph N focus on、What aspect is discussed in paragraph N。 段首判断句 首句给出一个判断或定性，其余各句解释、举例、补充；答案即首句的压缩，不必另行归纳。 段首自问自答 首句提出问题，段内随即作答；答案取答句，不取问句，问句里的话题词常被做成干扰项。 段首总起分述 首句说「两方面」「三个原因」，段内逐条展开；答案须覆盖全部条目，只取第一条即算以偏概全。 首句先举例 首句是具体事例，主题句落在段末或段中；此时须先跳过例子，到段尾找收束句。 方·法·技·巧 先读首句 段落主旨题的时间应花在首句与末句上，中间细节只用于验证首句的判断是否成立。 数条目 段内出现 two、three、first、second 一类词，选项必须覆盖全部条目才算对。 警惕局部 只概括段中某一举例或某一数据的选项，都在原文里出现过，却都不等于段意。 1.（2026·全国Ⅱ卷·D篇）Regenerative brakes have been in trains for decades and are also used in some cars. They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate (加速) the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers. 1. What aspect of regenerative brakes is discussed in paragraph 5? A. Their operating conditions.　　 B. Their conventional standard. C. Their potential risks.　　 D. Their working mechanism. 【答案】D 【解析】段落主旨题（段首总起型）。第 5 段首句即主题句：“Regenerative brakes have been in trains for decades…”（再生刹车在列车上已用了几十年），随后 “They consist of an electric motor which collects energy…”（由一个电机收集刹车能量）讲构造与能量去向，故本段讲工作原理。A“运行条件”、C“潜在风险”段内无对应；B“传统标准”混淆了 conventional brakes 这一被对比对象。故选 D。 2.（2026·山东名校联盟·D篇）In the study, participants were asked to define six personal goals they intended to accomplish within four weeks, each rated for difficulty. Researchers used a well-established psychological scale to measure participants’ action-state orientation, categorizing them as either action-oriented (subject to initiative) or state-oriented (subject to hesitation under pressure). After four weeks, participants reported their achievement. 2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about concerning the study? A. Its process.　　 B. Its purpose. C. Its conclusion.　　 D. Its application. 【答案】A 【解析】段落主旨题（段首总起型）。第 3 段首句以 “In the study, participants were asked to define six personal goals” 起，随后依次写评定目标难度、用心理量表测行动导向、四周后自报达成情况，三句都是研究步骤。B“研究目的”在第 1、2 段（弄清为何有人能坚持）；C“结论”在第 4、5 段（难度负向预测达成、易目标两组无差异）；D“应用”仅末段的局限与后续研究一提。故选 A。 ►考点02 例证与引语段：由例子归纳上位义（3年2考） 有的段落整段是例子或人物话语，一句现成的主题句也没有。这时要做的不是找，而是归：把例子往上归一层，那个上位概念就是段意。 01 例子、引语、数据与言行 设问常见形态：整段举例、整段引语、数据罗列、人物言行。 整段举例 段内两三个例子并列，答案是把例子归纳成上位概念的短语，而非任何一个例子本身。 整段引语 段内全是人物话语，答案取引语共同指向的态度或判断；引语中的评价词是落点。 数据罗列 段内连续出现数字，答案取数字背后的趋势或结论，具体数值多为干扰项。 人物言行 段内只写人物做了什么，答案取其行为体现的品质或达到的效果。 易·错·提·示 抄例子 选项直接复述例子里的事物（狗、马、兔子），即为就事论事，答的是例子不是段意。 归过头 归纳层级过高，把「疗效」说成「医学发展」，范围过大，同样不能选。 漏掉引语 引语段的答案常落在评价词上，跳过引语直接看叙述句，容易归错方向。 1.（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B篇）Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. 1. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.　　 B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases.　　 D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 【答案】D 【解析】段落主旨题（例证型）。第 3 段没有主题句，整段只做一件事：举两个例子。其一是 Leigh Tindale 的狗 Charlie 心脏病发作后“was prepared to put him to sleep”，经 Farber 治疗 “eased her dog’s suffering … keep him alive for an additional five months”（减轻痛苦、多活五个月）；其二是马 Nappy 经按摩后 “moves more easily and rides more comfortably”。两例共同指向疗效，故为 D。A“按摩步骤”原文只有 adjustment 一词，无步骤；B“工作复杂性”无据；C“罕见动物疾病”把心脏病、痛风当作罕见病，属就事论事。故选 D。 2.（2026·佛山一模·B篇）1. The first fortnight was tough—terrible pain and the rapid realization that running 200 marathons in 200 days would not be a walk in the park. But Steve James, a 65-year-old retired banker, has found his feet and reached the halfway mark—an average of 100 marathons in 100 days. 2. “In those first two weeks I was thinking: ‘What have I done?’” James said. “I had horrible blisters (水泡) for the first 10 days. The gout (痛风) struck all of a sudden, but I took some medicine and it went away. Now I feel fine.” 3. James’s progress along the coastlines of Great Britain is being tracked by experts from the University of Exeter, who are keen to find out the effects of such an extreme challenge on an older person. 2. What does paragraph 2 focus on? A. The difficulties James faced.　　 B. James’s solution to challenges. C. James’s attitude to the running.　　 D. The treatment James received. 【答案】A 【解析】段落主旨题（引语型）。第 2 段整段是 James 的一段引语，三句都在诉苦：先问自己 “What have I done?”，再说 “horrible blisters for the first 10 days”（前十天水泡严重），最后说痛风 “struck all of a sudden”（突然发作）。共同指向开头的困难，故为 A。B“应对办法”只有 “took some medicine” 一个细节，不足以成段意；C“态度”在下一段 “I love the physical challenge”；D“治疗”把吃药当作本段主题，属以偏概全。故选 A。 ►考点03 全文主旨题：各段意合并与首尾呼应（3年2考） 问全文的题，答案不在某一段里，也不在某一句里。做法固定：把每段压成一个短语，再看这些短语共有的上位词。 01 段意怎么压 设问常见形态：What does the text mainly talk about、What is the text mainly about、What does the text try to convey、What is the main idea of the text。 首段定调 首段给出讨论对象与作者立场，其后各段都在为它作证；主旨＝对象＋立场，两样都要落到。 末段收束 各段分述不同侧面，末段一句把侧面收拢；优先取该句的上位表述，不取其中最具体的一项。 段意并列 几段平行讲同一事物的不同方面（优点、成因、做法）；主旨＝共同上位词＋覆盖范围。 首尾呼应 首段提出、末段回收同一判断，中间几段是证据；主旨直接取首末段重合的那句话。 易·错·提·示 以段代篇 把某一重点段的段意当全文主旨，原文里确实写了，覆盖面却只到一段。 漏掉转折 只概括前半篇，However、But 之后才是作者真正要说的。 抬高基调 说明性文章被写成「呼吁」「批判」，语气一升高就已偏离主旨。 1.（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·C篇）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 1.What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths.　　 B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence.　　 D. BMF’s technical standards. 【答案】A 【解析】全文主旨题（段意并列）。五段段意：商店蔬菜经数周运输，BMF 缩短从农场到餐桌的距离；它是室内花园系统，家庭、医院、餐厅、学校都可用；靠云端监控与自动节水降低种植难度；楼内种植零排放、不用农药；员工日常减废。后四段都在说这套系统的长处，故为 A。B 只涉员工管理（末段）；C 全球影响文中未提；D 技术标准仅第 3 段一个侧面。故选 A。 2.（2026·T8联考二·C篇）Adults typically have 206 bones and 350 joints, which are made of bones plus the tissues that hold the bones together: cartilage (软骨), tendons (腱), ligaments (韧带), and nerves. With so many moving parts working hard every day, it’s no wonder that many people experience pain, stiffness (僵硬) or soreness in one or more of these connections. The smallest joint in the body is in the ear, and while it plays a crucial role in hearing, most of us don’t even realize it’s there. The largest joint is the knee. Knees and other large joints like hips, shoulders and elbows are the ones that tend to become painful. We’re often quick to blame joint pain or stiffness on getting older. But it’s not just older folks who experience joint pain. Athletes and just plain everyday active people experience joint pain too. Besides aging, causes include overuse, inflammation (炎症), injury, and genetic or autoimmune conditions. “It’s perfectly normal for people to have occasional aches and pains in their joints,” says Kyle Ruygrok, a physical therapist with Memorial Hermann Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation in Houston. “Most problems in the joints are either from injury or overuse.” And, he adds, many of those problems can be relieved simply by resting the following day to allow for recovery. When pain lasts longer, doctors have a variety of ways to treat it, depending on where and why it occurs and how severe it is. The first recommendations may be supportive tools like canes, braces and splints (夹板) to help reduce strain and prevent falls from achy knees and hips. Smaller aids— for arthritic finger joints, for instance—can include special jar openers, ring splints or voice-to-text software to avoid typing. Your doctor may also recommend anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) or an injection to help relieve pain. Physical therapy is another valuable option for rebuilding strength and mobility, particularly after an injury or arthritis diagnosis. Ruygrok recommends considering it if your joint pain hasn’t improved after four to six weeks. “When these measures no longer provide relief, and joint pain begins to significantly impact your daily activities, that’s when we typically start discussing surgical options,” says Nicolas Noiseux, MD, an orthopedic surgeon at University of Iowa Health Care. 2. What does the text try to convey? A. The knee is the most important joint in the human body.　　 B. Joint pain has diverse causes and a graduated way to treat. C. Daily activities can not significantly influenced by joint pain.　　 D. Surgery is the only effective way to relieve long-time joint pain. 【答案】B 【解析】全文主旨题（convey）。七段段意：关节的构成与疼痛之常见；疼痛不只因年老，还有过度使用、炎症、损伤与遗传；多数问题源于损伤或过度使用，休息一天多可缓解；持续疼痛分级处理，先用护具与消炎药，再上理疗，都无效才谈手术。全篇＝成因多样＋由轻到重的递进处理，故为 B。A 把 largest 说成“最重要”；C 与首段“许多人都会痛”相反；D“唯一有效”与末段矛盾。故选 B。 ►考点04 标题归纳题：文眼词与覆盖面（3年3考） 标题题不是挑最好听的那个短语，而是挑覆盖最全、又最贴文眼的那一个。先定文眼词，再核覆盖面，两步都过才可选。 01 两条硬指标：罩得住、抓得准 设问常见形态：What can be a suitable title for the text、What would be the best title for the text、Which of the following can be the title。 覆盖全文 标题要罩住每一段。某一段的主题落不进去，即为覆盖面不足，其余再好也不能选。 文眼词 全文反复出现的核心名词或动词短语，正确项必含它的同义表达。 修辞分寸 说明文一般不用夸张比喻；双关、借喻类标题须与全文基调一致，否则只是漂亮。 干扰形态 过窄（只覆盖一段）、过宽（放大到学科或时代）、偏移（换成相邻话题）。 易·错·提·示 挑好听 只顾语言漂亮，不看覆盖面，四个选项中往往最先排除的就是它。 抓错文眼 把文中的次要概念当成主题词，标题于是落在了陪衬上。 褒贬错位 说明性文章被套上 dangers、wonders 一类评价词，态度先偏。 1.（2025·全国Ⅱ卷·C篇）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 1. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants　　 B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants　　 D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】B 【解析】标题归纳题。四段段意：Detrinidad 网店植物订单暴涨，引出室内植物热潮；Knuth 说住处在植物多的人生活满意度更高，植物通过降低皮质醇改善情绪；植物环境里的学生成绩更好、职场病假少三成；养死了别自责，再买一盆。文眼是植物与 mood、cortisol，落点在情绪与身心状态，故为 B。A“该换掉室内植物了”与全文褒扬相反；C 挑选建议文中没有；D“点亮家居”只涉装饰，未及情绪与健康。故选 B。 2.（2026·佛山一模·C篇）On a typical sunny day at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), small native bushes (灌木) wave where tidy grasslands used to be, bees fly over flowers, and students walk on a campus alive with biodiversity. The new scenery marks a major milestone in campus sustainability. In 2025, UCLA became the first university in California to earn the Green Grounds Certification from the nonprofit Re:wild Your Campus, which recognizes the school’s efforts to improve human health and biodiversity. For years, colleges have used rewilding as a way to restore biodiversity and bring a more natural look to their grounds with native plants. But too often, they miss a critical piece of the puzzle: the chemicals being used elsewhere on campus. While wildflowers bring buzzing bees, true ecological restoration is weakened if pesticides (农药) and fertilizers are used. This is why Re:wild Your Campus created the Green Grounds Certification—to center both chemical elimination and rewilding and to link them together. Schools that are taking such a holistic approach to campus management can be honored and uplifted. Adopting a holistic approach to land care does more than just create healthier campus environments; it reinforces the reality that colleges are interconnected microcosms (缩影) of larger environmental systems. In many cities, universities offer some of the largest areas of open space, yet the chemicals applied to grasslands can impact nearby rivers, lakes, and drinking water. Students and all the teaching staff are increasingly recognizing this, leading to more advocacy for introducing native species and stopping using harmful pesticides. Beyond environmental health, a rewilding approach can help safeguard human health. Students are closely connected to the outdoor settings of their colleges where pesticides can stay in the air, settle on picnic tables, and be tracked into dorm rooms. Through a holistic approach, institutions can ensure that the grounds students walk on daily are free from poisonous substances, for the health of all. And that’s exactly what some schools like UCLA are doing. Their leadership shows that sustainability means finding new ways to care for the land responsibly—for people and for the planet. 2. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Native Plants: Key to Preventing Pollution.　　 B. UCLA’s Holistic Plan: For Safer Classrooms. C. The Holistic Method: Toward Sustainable Campuses.　　 D. Sustainability Through Trees: For Greener Campuses. 【答案】C 【解析】标题归纳题。主线四步：UCLA 获 Green Grounds 认证；只做再野化而不管农药等于缺一角；该认证把“去化学药剂”与“再野化”合成一个整体办法，意义在校园是更大生态系统的缩影，农药会流入河流湖泊，也危及学生健康；UCLA 的做法说明可持续＝负责任地管护土地。文眼是 holistic，落点校园可持续，故为 C。A 缩到“本土植物防污染”；B 只覆盖健康一层；D 缩到“多种树”。故选 C。 ►考点05 结构脉络题：段落作用与展开方式（3年0考） 结构题问的不是这一段写了什么，而是为什么放在这里、用什么手法写的。既要看段与段的关系，也要看段内的组织手段。 01 两种问法：段落在全篇的位置、段内的展开手段 设问常见形态：How does the author develop paragraph N、How does the author introduce the topic、What is the function of the first paragraphs、How is the text organized。 首段作用 引出话题的手段：举例、设问、对比、引用、列数据。答案写 By doing sth.，动词须与手法对得上。 段内展开 先看段首是否总起，再看段内是分类、举例、对比还是追因。见 because、result from 即按「分析原因」作答。 末段作用 收束、升华、提建议或留问题；选项写 to summarize、to call on 时，须与末段实有内容对得上。 中段过渡 中间段常起补充、反驳、转折之用，答案多写作 To introduce、To explain、To contrast。 易·错·提·示 只答内容 把段落大意当成段的作用，答成「讲的是 X」，而题干问的是怎么讲。 手法错认 段内出现数字就选 statistics，其实数字只是举例里的细节。 越位作答 段落本身没有转折或对比，却在选项里读出了转折与对比。 1.（2026·华大新高考联盟·C篇）WWF, in collaboration with the Pacific Coast Food Waste Commitment (PCFWC), Afresh, and Shelf Engine, conducted pilots using AI purchasing systems in two different grocery retail (零售) chains to reduce food waste and improve profits. The results were impressive: food waste was reduced by 14.8% per store on average. 1. How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A. By offering statistics.　　 B. By making a contrast. C. By giving an example.　　 D. By defining a concept. 【答案】C 【解析】结构脉络题（首段作用）。首段写 WWF 与 PCFWC、Afresh、Shelf Engine 在两家中杂货连锁店“conducted pilots using AI purchasing systems”（试点 AI 采购系统），并给出结果，是一个具体案例，故选 C。 2.（2026·大湾区一模·D篇）Earth’s biggest problem, according to Douglas Adams, is quite simple: the species of clever ape (猿) that thinks it runs the joint is mostly unhappy most of the time. Computer scientist Cal Newport now adds email to the list of life’s troubles. In his book A World Without Email, he argues this once-brilliant invention has made us suffer. Newport says we’ve become slaves to email, trapped in a “hyperactive hive mind”—the reality in which everyone, everywhere, can communicate with everyone else with ease. Studies have shown how dominant email has become in ordinary office life. The average knowledge worker sends and receives 126 emails daily, which ruins focus, making them less productive and more irritable (易怒的). All of this might be bearable but for one problem: the mismatch between modern electronic messaging and our own information-processing capacity. Multitasking is a myth. We can’t think clearly while dealing with an overflowing inbox. We’re wired to prefer real-time conversations, where everyone gets updates together. Back in small tribes (部落), we needed daily chats to feel connected. 2. How does the author develop paragraph 3? A. By giving examples.　　 B. By presenting the history. C. By analyzing the cause.　　 D. By comparing preferences. 【答案】C 【解析】结构脉络题（段内展开）。第 3 段先让步：“All of this might be bearable but for one problem”（若没有下面这个问题，这一切倒还可忍），随即给出症结——“the mismatch between modern electronic messaging and our own information-processing capacity”（电子通讯与人脑信息处理能力的错配），再用 multitasking is a myth、小部落里需要日常交谈逐层解释这处错配由何而来。全段在追因，故为 C。A 举例在第 2 段（126 封邮件）；B 讲历史只有 “Back in small tribes” 一句，是解释而非主线；D 比较偏好文中没有。故选 C。 A 高考真题 （一） (2025北京卷)Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 1．How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Energized. D．Relieved. 2．What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Major achievements. B．Complex feelings. C．Significant impacts. D．Fine differences. 3．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C．Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D．Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。 【详解】 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 （二） (2024年全国甲卷) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help,  scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 1．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats. C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age. 2．How does a pet cat assess different situations? A．By listening for sounds. B．By touching familiar objects. C．By checking on smells. D．By communicating with other cats. 3．Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better. 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C．Have Fun with Your Cat D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。 B 优秀模拟题 （一） (25-26高三·浙江·二模)Let’s say we have Person A, B, and C． They don’t know each other, but all are friends with Person D who is highly sociable — sincere, yet so flooded with dates. D makes you feel like the center of attention one moment, and unintentionally disposable the next, because you know, they have a lot going on. Here’s the plot twist: A, B, and C all see themselves as the least socially connected. Why? They only compare themselves to the highly-visible D．Greater visibility doesn’t necessarily reflect what’s typical or average. This is the Friendship Paradox, observed by sociologist Scott L. Feld in 1991: on average, your friends have more friends than you. Not because you’re unpleasant, but because they tend to collect friends. Imagine social networks like nodes (节点) on a graph. Highly connected individuals like D are central nodes, appearing in more social circles and standing out. More outgoing, they tend to share adventures or be annoying on social media. You take them for the norm, but they are the exception. Here’s the best part — comparing yourself to these highly visible people makes you feel inferior: less socializing, less invited, just not enough. Social comparison is a deeply human nature, but when fed by algorithms (算法) and polished selfies, it goes full Black Mirror. Psychologist Leon Festinger proposed the social comparison theory in the 1950s, suggesting that people determine their self-worth by comparing with others. The harm is obvious — the option to hide like counts is pretty self-explanatory. Here’s the emotional cost: You, quietly folding laundry in silence on a Friday night, believe you’re the only one not at a rooftop party. But the truth is, most people are more like Person A, B, C — less visible than D, living at a less photogenic angle. It’s completely normal. So next time you’re wondering why others seem more connected, invited, and adored — remember the paradox. You’re comparing yourself to the most visible person, not the average. You’re not behind, you’re just looking at a distorted mirror. Zoom out. Breathe in. Text one of your friends. Chances are, they’re folding laundry too. 1．Why does the author use the A, B, C, D example in paragraph 1? A．To demonstrate the value of social circles. B．To clarify the uniqueness of sociable people. C．To explain a misjudgment in social relations. D．To emphasize the difficulty of making friends. 2．What does the underlined phrase “go full Black Mirror” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Lead to a positive outcome. B．Turn into something disturbing. C．Become a common social habit. D．Reflect a normal human nature. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards people who live “at a less photogenic angle”? A．Accepting. B．Admiring. C．Worried. D．Critical. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．How You Can Stop Self-Comparison. B．Why Others Seem More Popular. C．How Social Media Poses a Hidden Danger. D．Why Being Less Visible Is a Problem. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文借助友谊悖论解释人们总觉得他人更受欢迎的原因，指出人们常与耀眼特例对比而自我内耗，平凡低调的生活本就是常态。 【详解】1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Here’s the plot twist: A, B, and C all see themselves as the least socially connected. Why? They only compare themselves to the highly-visible D.(剧情反转来了：A、B、C都认为自己是社交关系最薄弱的人。为什么？因为他们只拿自己和存在感极强的D去比较。)”可知，作者列举A、B、C、D的例子，是为了解释人们在人际关系中存在的错误自我评判现象。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Social comparison is a deeply human nature, but when fed by algorithms (算法) and polished selfies, it goes full Black Mirror.(社交攀比是人类根深蒂固的天性，但在算法推送与精修自拍的加持下，它goes full Black Mirror)”以及《黑镜》是一部以科技带来的扭曲、不安后果为主题的剧集可知，该短语表示“演变成令人不安、负面的状况”。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“But the truth is, most people are more like Person A, B, C — less visible than D, living at a less photogenic angle. It’s completely normal.(但事实是大多数人都像 A、B、C，不如D耀眼，生活没那么上镜，这完全正常。)”可知，作者对这类生活低调、不张扬的人持理解接纳的态度。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文特别是根据最后一段“So next time you’re wondering why others seem more connected, invited, and adored — remember the paradox.(下次当你疑惑为什么别人看起来更有人脉、更受欢迎时，请记住这个悖论。)”可知，文章围绕友谊悖论，解释了为什么我们总觉得别人比自己更受欢迎，所以B项“Why Others Seem More Popular(为什么其他人看起来更受欢迎)”最贴合全文主旨。 （二） (25-26高三·江南十校·二模)For decades, cancer research has been disturbed by a persistent problem: the data used to train artificial intelligence (AI) often excludes diverse populations. Many medical datasets are overwhelmingly collected from patients of European descent (血统), meaning AI models learn to diagnose and treat cancer depending on a narrow slice of humanity. This lack of diversity can lead to misdiagnosis or ineffective treatment for underrepresented groups. Now, a team at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) has developed a novel technique that uses generative AI to address this inequality head-on. Instead of simply getting rid of biased data, their model creates synthetic (合成的) medical images — such as breast cancer scans — that are based on the characteristics of real patients from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. These synthetic images are not of real people; they are digitally generated representations designed to fill the gaps in existing datasets. The potential is transformative. By training diagnostic AI on a more balanced dataset enriched with these synthetic images, the system’s accuracy across all population groups improves significantly. Early tests show that the technique can reduce a form of algorithmic bias known as “underspecification,” where models perform well on paper but fail in real-world, diverse clinical settings. “We are not just fixing the data; we are fundamentally re-engineering the fairness of the model.” explains lead researcher Dr. Sarah Chen. However, the method is a double-edged sword. While it can “unbias” data, the very same technology could be weaponized to increase bias. If an ill-intentioned researcher uses the same technique to generate synthetic data that over-represents a particular group or leads to harmful stereotypes (刻板印象), it could create AI models that are even more prejudiced than those trained on real-world data. The line between correcting historical unfairness and creating new, synthetic ones is pretty thin. This concern places a significant ethical burden on researchers. What should be confirmed is no longer the accuracy of an AI model but the ethical soundness. After all, in the scientists’ eyes it can promise fairer healthcare in the years to come. 1．What problem has puzzled researchers in cancer treatment? A．High cost of collecting data. B．Overuse of AI in diagnosis. C．Biased data sampling. D．Misdiagnosis for patients. 2．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The principle of the technique. B．The process of the representation. C．The purpose of the study. D．The achievements of the design. 3．What is Dr. Sarah Chen’s attitude towards the new method? A．Objective. B．Worried. C．Optimistic D．Doubtful. 4．What should future scientists pay attention to when using AI models? A．Getting rid of the concern. B．Creating more training images. C．Checking for ethical risks. D．Avoiding negative stereotypes. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了麻省理工学院（MIT）研究团队开发的一项新技术，利用生成式人工智能解决癌症研究中医疗数据集缺乏多样性的问题。文章阐述了该技术的工作原理、潜力、面临的伦理风险以及对未来科研的启示。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“For decades, cancer research has been disturbed by a persistent problem: the data used to train artificial intelligence (AI) often excludes diverse populations. Many medical datasets are overwhelmingly collected from patients of European descent (血统), meaning AI models learn to diagnose and treat cancer depending on a narrow slice of humanity. (几十年来，癌症研究一直被一个顽固的问题困扰：用于训练人工智能的数据往往排除了多样化的人群。许多医疗数据集绝大多数来自欧洲血统的患者，这意味着人工智能模型是在人类的一个狭窄切片上进行癌症诊断和治疗的。)”可知，困扰癌症治疗研究人员的核心问题是数据采样存在偏见，缺乏多样性。 2．主旨大意题。第二段首句“Now, a team at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) has developed a novel technique that uses generative AI to address this inequality head-on. (现在，麻省理工学院计算机科学与人工智能实验室的一个团队开发了一种新技术，利用生成式人工智能正面解决这种不平等。)”点明了段落主旨；随后进一步说明：“Instead of simply getting rid of biased data, their model creates synthetic (合成的) medical images — such as breast cancer scans — that are based on the characteristics of real patients from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. (他们的模型不是简单地剔除有偏差的数据，而是创造合成医学图像——如乳腺癌扫描图像——这些图像基于来自不同种族和民族背景的真实患者的特征。)”可知，本段整体围绕这项技术的运作原理展开介绍。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中Dr. Chen所说的“We are not just fixing the data; we are fundamentally re-engineering the fairness of the model. (我们不仅仅是在修复数据；我们从根本上重新设计了模型的公平性。)”可知，Dr. Chen对这项新方法持积极乐观的态度，认为它能从根本上重新设计模型的公平性，而不仅仅是修补数据。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“This concern places a significant ethical burden on researchers. What should be confirmed is no longer the accuracy of an AI model but the ethical soundness. (这种担忧给研究人员带来了重大的伦理负担。现在需要确认的不再是人工智能模型的准确性，而是其伦理合理性。)”可知，未来的科学家在使用人工智能模型时应关注伦理风险的核查。 （三） (25-26高三·江苏苏锡常镇四市·二模)Beneath the ocean’s surface lies a secret world of light. While bioluminescence — the ability of living things to produce their own light — has long interested scientists, a lesser-known phenomenon called bio-fluorescence (生物荧光) is now stealing the spotlight. Bio-fluorescence occurs when sea animals absorb light at one wavelength and send it out at another, creating vivid lights in colors like green, red, or orange. Unlike bioluminescence, which produces light through chemical reactions, bio-fluorescence depends on absorbing light from outside to glow. This natural light show is not just for beauty; it serves critical survival functions. In the coral reefs (珊瑚礁) of the Pacific, researchers observed corals sending out green under blue light. “It’s a dance of partnership guided by light,” explains marine biologist Dr. Kenji Nakamura. Without this interaction, coral bleaching (白化) — a major threat to coral ecosystems — would speed up. Another wonder comes from the Hawaiian bobtail squid (短尾乌贼). When threatened by hunters, it releases a cloud of bio-fluorescent ink. The sudden burst of light confuses attackers, buying the squid precious seconds to escape. Dr. Emily Carter who led the study notes, “This is evolution’s version of a smoke screen — but far more shining.” The discovery of GFP — green fluorescent protein (绿色荧光蛋白) — in jellyfish in 1962 revolutionized science. Researchers realized GFP could be used to mark specific cells, making invisible processes visible. Today, it lights up nerve cells in brain studies, helping map out connections in diseases like Alzheimer’s. “GFP is a window into the brain’s hidden workings,” says brain scientist Dr. Maria Gonzalez. Scientists are now copying bio-fluorescence to develop sustainable technologies. For example, fluorescent proteins inspire energy-efficient LED lighting, and bio-fluorescent markers could improve medical imaging. “Nature’s designs are blueprints for human innovation,” says materials scientist Dr. Raj Patel. Yet mysteries remain. Over 200 species of bio-fluorescent fish were recently discovered, their purposes still unclear. As submarines dive deeper, each expedition reveals new players in this beautiful underwater light show, proving that the ocean’s depths still guard ancient secrets. 1．How is bio-fluorescence different from bioluminescence? A．It is drawing less attention. B．It produces brighter lights. C．It needs an outside light source. D．It makes better use of chemical reactions. 2．What can we learn about the examples in paragraphs 3 and 4? A．They both describe light-based hunting methods. B．They both explain the formation of a close partnership. C．They both highlight potential threats to the environment. D．They both show survival functions of bio-fluorescence. 3．What is the main use of GFP in science? A．To protect corals from bleaching. B．To create more efficient LED lights. C．To treat the disease of Alzheimer’s. D．To visualize cells for better observation. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Bio-fluorescence: Nature’s Hidden Light Show B．Bio-fluorescence: Nature’s Display of Beauty C．Bioluminescence: Ocean’s Ancient Magic Power D．Bioluminescence: Colourful Window into Ocean Secret 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了海洋中的生物荧光现象及绿色荧光蛋白在科学领域的应用以及基于生物荧光的可持续技术发展，最后指出海洋中仍有许多关于生物荧光的未解之谜。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Unlike bioluminescence, which produces light through chemical reactions, bio-fluorescence depends on absorbing light from outside to glow.(与通过化学反应产生光的生物发光不同，生物荧光依赖于吸收外界的光来发光。)”可知，生物荧光需要外部光源才能发光，这是它与生物发光的核心区别。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Without this interaction, coral bleaching (白化) — a major threat to coral ecosystems — would speed up.(如果没有这种相互作用，珊瑚白化 —— 珊瑚生态系统面临的一个重大威胁 —— 将会加速。)”可知，第三段以珊瑚礁为例，说明了珊瑚的生物荧光能减缓白化速度；根据第四段“When threatened by hunters, it releases a cloud of bio-fluorescent ink. The sudden burst of light confuses attackers, buying the squid precious seconds to escape.(当受到猎人的威胁时，它会释放出一团生物荧光墨汁。突然迸发的亮光会迷惑攻击者，为乌贼争取宝贵的几秒钟时间来逃跑。)”可知，第四段以短尾乌贼为例，介绍了它的生物荧光墨水能迷惑捕食者。结合第二段“This natural light show is not just for beauty; it serves critical survival functions.(这种自然的灯光秀不仅仅是为了美观；它还具有重要的生存功能。)”可知，这两个例子均是为了说明生物荧光的生存功能。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Researchers realized GFP could be used to mark specific cells, making invisible processes visible. Today, it lights up nerve cells in brain studies, helping map out connections in diseases like Alzheimer’s.(研究人员意识到绿色荧光蛋白可以用来标记特定细胞，使看不见的过程变得可见。如今，它在大脑研究中照亮神经细胞，帮助绘制阿尔茨海默病等疾病中的神经连接。)”可知，GFP在科学中的主要用途是标记细胞使其可视化，便于观察研究。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Beneath the ocean’s surface lies a secret world of light. (海洋表面之下隐藏着一个秘密的光世界)”和最后一段“each expedition reveals new players in this beautiful underwater light show”(每次探险都揭示了这场美丽的水下灯光秀中的新角色)”及文章内容可知，全文围绕“生物荧光”展开，介绍了其原理、生存功能、科学应用和未解之谜，故“生物荧光：大自然隐藏的灯光秀”最能概括全文内容。 （四） (25-26高三·江苏南通·二模)Today, concrete production accounts for roughly 8 percent of global carbon emissions, which is about a quarter of all industry carbon emissions. Fortunately, the ancient Romans might have taught us a thing or two about manufacturing concrete that lasts for thousands of years. A new study has strictly analyzed the raw materials and energy demands of the ancient recipe of Roman concrete, revealing some useful ways to improve modern cement (水泥). Surprisingly, researchers found that producing Roman concrete requires more water and more greenhouse gas emissions than commonly used concrete today. But while the initial energy costs may be higher, it may not need to be replaced or repaired as often. It’s hard to compare the longevity of Roman concrete to modern concrete, because today, many concrete buildings and structures are reinforced with steel. As steel rusts (生锈), it expands, forcing any surrounding concrete to crack and degrade in as little as a decade. By comparison, ancient Roman concrete is capable of restoring itself. This means that when cracks appear in the cement, they are naturally glued back together when water leaks in. That’s part of the reason ancient Roman seawalls have lasted for centuries, despite the constant erosion (侵蚀) of seawater. Daniela Martinez, lead author and engineer of the University of the North in Columbia acknowledges that longer-lasting cement structures “can only partially balance out increased demand for new material,” but Roman manufacturing methods may also hold other environmental benefits. Roman concrete produces far fewer dangerous air pollutants, possibly because the limestone, the main ingredient of Roman concrete, is burned using clean wood, not fossil (化石) fuels. According to recent models, using Roman cement techniques could reduce harmful gas emissions by up to 98 percent compared to modern methods. “There are a lot of lessons that we can draw from the Romans. If we can incorporate their strategies with our modern innovative ideas, we can create a more sustainable built environment.” says Martinez. 1．How does the author present the background of the study? A．By giving examples. B．By providing statistics. C．By defining a concept. D．By describing a scene. 2．What can be inferred about Roman concrete? A．It has a short service life. B．It needs regular maintenance. C．It proves sustainable over time. D．It requires low initial energy costs. 3．Which word can best describe the property of ancient Roman concrete? A．Ever-lasting. B．Self-healing. C．Easy-cutting. D．Safe-guarding. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Green Living, A New Path. B．Carbon Crisis, A Modern Issue. C．Magic Power, A Roman Mystery. D．Ancient Recipe, A Possible Solution. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文通过对比古罗马混凝土与现代混凝土，探讨了古罗马混凝土配方对现代水泥制造的启示及其环境效益。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Today, concrete production accounts for roughly 8 percent of global carbon emissions, which is about a quarter of all industry carbon emissions.(如今，混凝土生产约占全球碳排放量的8%，约占所有工业碳排放量的四分之一)”可知，作者通过提供统计数据来呈现研究的背景。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“By comparison, ancient Roman concrete is capable of restoring itself. This means that when cracks appear in the cement, they are naturally glued back together when water leaks in. That’s part of the water reason ancient Roman seawalls have lasted for centuries, despite the constant erosion (侵蚀) of seawater.(相比之下，古罗马的混凝土能够自我修复。这意味着当水泥出现裂缝时，当水渗入时，它们会自然地粘合在一起。这就是为什么古罗马的海堤能够经受住海水的不断侵蚀，屹立数百年不倒的部分原因)”可推知，古罗马的混凝土随着时间的推移被证明是可持续的。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“By comparison, ancient Roman concrete is capable of restoring itself. (相比之下，古罗马的混凝土能够自我修复。)”可知，古罗马混凝土具有自我修复的特性。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Fortunately, the ancient Romans might have taught us a thing or two about manufacturing concrete that lasts for thousands of years.(幸运的是，古罗马人可能在制造能持续数千年的混凝土方面给了我们一些启示)”以及结合全文可知，文章主要介绍了古罗马混凝土配方对现代水泥制造的启示及其环境效益。D选项“Ancient Recipe, A Possible Solution.(古老的配方，一个可能的解决方案)”最符合文章标题。 （五） (25-26高三·安徽芜湖·二模)The Taklamakan Desert, a hyperarid wasteland covering some 337,000 square kilometers in northwestern China, has begun absorbing more greenhouse gases than it releases, transforming it into a carbon sink through a long-term, large-scale tree planting program. A team of scientists from the United States and China employed several years of satellite sensor data modeling to analyze CO2 levels, vegetation coverage, and weather patterns. While tree-planting has only happened around the borders of the Taklamakan Desert, the uptake of carbon from the desert region as a whole is strengthening, particularly during the July-to-September wet season. “This is not like a rainforest in the Amazon or Congo,” explains King-Fai Li, an atmospheric scientist from the University of California, Riverside, noting that some areas are merely shrublands (灌木丛). “But the fact that they are drawing down CO2, and doing it consistently, is something positive we can measure and verify from space.” Beyond carbon sequestration (封存), the tree planting program — part of the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Project — has blocked wind erosion, reduced the frequency and intensity of sandstorms and protecting local agricultural land. The scheme around the desert is expected to continue until 2050, with the ultimate goal of increasing forest cover from 5.05% to 14.95% across 13 provinces in northern China. Nevertheless, researchers are careful to avoid overselling their findings. Li pointed out that the Taklamakan’s borders possess special terrain features — specifically, surrounding mountains that provide essential water run-off for the trees — which means this approach may not be easily adopted elsewhere. Yet, as climate change continues to threaten to turn some natural carbon sinks like tropical forests into carbon sources due to deforestation, every contribution matters enormously. “We’re not going to solve the climate crisis by planting trees in deserts alone,” says Li. “But understanding where and how much CO2 can be drawn down, and under what conditions, is essential. This is one piece of the puzzle.” 1．What can we learn about the uptake of carbon from the Taklamakan Desert? A．It relies on planting trees in the center of the desert. B．It is stronger in the three wet-season months yearly. C．It is something negative we can measure from space. D．It makes the desert the largest carbon sink in China. 2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The development of the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Project. B．The challenges of increasing forest cover in northern China. C．The economic benefits of protecting local agricultural land. D．The additional ecological benefits and goals of the program. 32．Why are researchers careful to avoid overselling their findings? A．The satellite sensor data modeling is inaccurate. B．There is enough water run-off from surroundings. C．The desert’s unique geography makes it hard to copy. D．The tree-planting program may end early before 2050. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Taklamakan: A Promising Carbon Sink. B．Taklamakan: A Blueprint for Desert Greening. C．Tree-Planting: A Solution to Climate Crisis. D．Tree-planting: An Initiative for Desert Greening. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】主要讲述了塔克拉玛干沙漠通过植树工程成为碳汇的研究发现及其生态效益。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“While tree-planting has only happened around the borders of the Taklamakan Desert, the uptake of carbon from the desert region as a whole is strengthening, particularly during the July-to-September wet season.(尽管植树只发生在塔克拉玛干沙漠的边界附近，但整个沙漠地区的碳吸收正在加强，特别是在7月至9月的雨季)”可知，碳吸收在每年三个月的雨季更强。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Beyond carbon sequestration (封存), the tree planting program — part of the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Project — has blocked wind erosion, reduced the frequency and intensity of sandstorms and protecting local agricultural land. The scheme around the desert is expected to continue until 2050, with the ultimate goal of increasing forest cover from 5.05% to 14.95% across 13 provinces in northern China.(除了碳封存外，植树计划——三北防护林项目的一部分——还阻止了风蚀，降低了沙尘暴的频率和强度，保护了当地的农业用地。围绕沙漠的计划预计将持续到2050年，最终目标是将中国北方13个省份的森林覆盖率从5.05%提高到14.95%)”可知，本段主要讲述该工程的额外生态效益和目标。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Li pointed out that the Taklamakan’s borders possess special terrain features — specifically, surrounding mountains that provide essential water run-off for the trees — which means this approach may not be easily adopted elsewhere.(李指出塔克拉玛干的边界拥有特殊的地形特征——具体来说，周围的山脉为树木提供了必要的径流水——这意味着这种方法可能不容易在其他地方推广)”可知，研究者避免过度宣传是因为沙漠独特的地理条件使其难以复制。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The Taklamakan Desert, a hyperarid wasteland covering some 337,000 square kilometers in northwestern China, has begun absorbing more greenhouse gases than it releases, transforming it into a carbon sink through a long-term, large-scale tree planting program.(塔克拉玛干沙漠是中国西北部一片面积约33.7万平方公里的极度干旱的荒地，它已经开始吸收比释放更多的温室气体，通过长期、大规模的植树计划将其转化为碳汇)”以及全文内容可知，本文围绕塔克拉玛干沙漠成为碳汇的研究发现、生态效益和局限性展开，所以A项“Taklamakan: A Promising Carbon Sink.(塔克拉玛干：一个有前景的碳汇)”适合作本文的标题。 （六） (26-27高三·海南·一模)There is no precise word in English for what Ann Helen Myrvold is doing — the dugnad. “Volunteering” perhaps comes closest. But the dugnad is more than that. Ann has come to suburban Oslo not just to beautify the stream — She is greatly influenced by the Norwegian sense of obligation (义务), community and responsibility. The dugnad is not just an activity, but the mindset behind it. And at a time when social scientists see the fabric of societies fraying (解体), the dugnad can be viewed as an antidote to help fix this social problem. No one here would state that the dugnad is the reason why Norway consistently ranks as a high-trust country in the world. But no one would argue that it doesn’t play a role, either. It is a unifying force that gives Norwegians not only a sense of doing good, but also of doing it together. The tradition has its roots in Norway’s history as a poor nation. When a church or bridge needed to be built, everyone came together to help. “It was a kind of social insurance, and it was filled with a sense of justice,” says Karl Henrik Sivesind, a professor at the Institute for Social Research in Oslo. “It’s not for your own advantage. You chip in, and everyone chips in.” Today, social scientists feel sorry about the loss of “social capital” — the connections in a community that drive trust and bring broader benefits for all. “The dugnad is a source of social capital,” Dr. Sivesind says. Maria Ruud, a local resident, has brought her 7-year-old daughter to a neighborhood event. She says she’s been doing these sorts of things. “The good part is the social side,” Ms. Ruud says. “You come together and share the work. As humans, you feel like you’re a part of something bigger.” Another resident, Kristin Sandaker, agrees that the dugnad provides a balance against social divide. “It is the most obvious proof that we can do things together,” Ms. Sandaker says. “It becomes even more important for people to get together in this way.” 1．What does the dugnad mainly represent in Norway? A．A chance to achieve leadership. B．A way to fulfill official requirements. C．A habit of beautifying the neighborhoods. D．A tradition of working for the common good. 2．What does the underlined word “antidote” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．challenge. B．reward. C．solution. D．symbol. 3．How does the dugnad benefit the residents? A．By reducing their daily work pressure. B．By sharpening their communication skills. C．By connecting them with each other. D．By helping them achieve independence. 4．What would be a suitable title for the text? A．Dugnad: A Spirit Uniting Norwegians B．The History of Norway’s Welfare System C．Dugnad: A Universal Language of Help D．The Reason for Norway’s Prosperity 【答案】21．D 2．C 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文主要介绍了挪威特有的文化概念dugnad，阐述了它的内涵、历史起源，以及它作为凝聚社会的力量，在维系社会信任、积累社会资本、消解社会分裂等方面对挪威社会的重要意义。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Ann has come to suburban Oslo not just to beautify the stream — She is greatly influenced by the Norwegian sense of obligation (义务), community and responsibility.(安来到奥斯陆郊区，不只是为了美化这条小溪 —— 她深受挪威人义务感、集体意识与责任感的影响。)”以及第三段中的“It’s not for your own advantage. You chip in, and everyone chips in.(这不是为了你个人利益。你出力，所有人都一起出力。)”可知，dugnad代表为公共利益而共同劳作的传统。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“And at a time when social scientists see the fabric of societies fraying (解体), the dugnad can be viewed as an antidote to help fix this social problem.(在社会学家看到社会结构正在解体之时，dugnad可被视为帮助解决这一社会问题的antidote)”中的“help fix this social problem（帮助解决这一社会问题)” 可知 antidote意为能“解决/应对”问题的东西，与solution (解决办法)意思相近。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The good part is the social side. You come together and share the work. As humans, you feel like you’re a part of something bigger.(好处在于社交层面。大家聚在一起分担工作。作为人，你会感觉自己是某个更宏大集体的一份子。)”可知，dugnad让居民之间建立联结。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文并结合第二段中的“It is a unifying force that gives Norwegians not only a sense of doing good, but also of doing it together.(它是一种凝聚的力量，带给挪威人的不仅是行善的感受，还有共同行动的体验。)”可知，文章核心介绍dugnad这种团结挪威人的精神。A项“Dugnad: A Spirit Uniting Norwegians(Dugnad：团结挪威人的精神)”最贴切。 （七） (25-26高三·辽宁点石联盟·二模)In his book Speed: How it Explains the World, Vaclav Smil explores the concept of speed, which humans have long regarded as impressive, magical and highly desirable. He interprets speed from two aspects: the physical rate at which objects move within a certain time and a broader measure of changes in individuals, groups and social systems. Adopting a data-based approach, the book covers a wide range of topics, from natural events including volcanoes and species evolution to human creations such as traditional sailing ships and modern supercomputers. Technological innovations, especially the replacement of animal power with steam and electric power, have greatly raised the pace of life and production. Faster transportation, more efficient production and extraordinary economic growth have taken place worldwide. People’s average life expectancy has increased greatly, and advanced technology makes rapid medical progress possible. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled desire for speed brings obvious disadvantages. High work pressure caused by extreme efficiency leads to more accidents in workplaces like factories and warehouses. Higher driving speed sharply increases the risk of serious injury or death in traffic accidents. For commercial airplanes, high speed results in extremely high fuel consumption, so speed has to be balanced with economic benefits. Moreover, heavy traffic in urban areas actually reduces people’s real travelling speed. Smil regards himself as a speed sceptic (怀疑论者). He is not against speed itself but advocates a reasonable and balanced attitude. We should welcome higher speed where it brings real benefits, such as timely medical treatment, and slow down where it threatens safety, the environment or social equality. We should never seek speed blindly or run after it for its own sake. Reviewer Richard Dunn agrees with Smil’s central opinion but argues that the book should focus more on contemporary society rather than the long history of the Earth. He also questions whether continuous growth, instead of speed, is the key concern in modern politics and economy. He believes deeper reflections on modern lifestyle would make the book more meaningful and practical. 1．How does Smil develop his ideas in the book? A．By giving living guidance. B．By covering different fields. C．By telling historical stories. D．By showing economic data. 2．What is a probable result of overseeking speed? A．More green transport. B．Reduced traffic pressure. C．Unexpected risks at work. D．Quicker medical development. 3．What can be learned about Smil’s book? A．It ignores Earth’s history. B．It advocates continuous progress. C．It offers modern lifestyle advice. D．It focuses less on modern society. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Take a Wise Look at Life’s Pace B．Avoid Hidden Risks in Daily Life C．Master Skills of Modern Technologies D．Raise Work Efficiency in Good Ways 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了Vaclav Smil在《速度》一书中对“速度”概念的探讨，分析了速度带来的利弊，并倡导以平衡的态度看待生活中的速度。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Adopting a data-based approach, the book covers a wide range of topics, from natural events including volcanoes and species evolution to human creations such as traditional sailing ships and modern supercomputers. (该书采用基于数据的方法，涵盖了广泛的话题，从火山、物种进化等自然事件，到传统帆船、现代超级计算机等人造物)”可知，Smil通过涵盖不同领域来展开他的观点。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Nevertheless, the uncontrolled desire for speed brings obvious disadvantages. High work pressure caused by extreme efficiency leads to more accidents in workplaces like factories and warehouses. (然而，不受控制的速度欲望带来了明显的缺点。极端效率导致的高工作压力引发了工厂、仓库等工作场所的更多事故)”可知，过度追求速度可能会导致工作场所的意外风险。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Reviewer Richard Dunn agrees with Smil’s central opinion but argues that the book should focus more on contemporary society rather than the long history of the Earth. (评论员Richard Dunn同意Smil的核心观点，但他认为这本书应该更多地关注当代社会，而不是地球的漫长历史)”可知，Richard Dunn认为这本书应该更多地关注当代社会，说明Smil的书中对现代社会的关注较少。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段中“Technological innovations, especially the replacement of animal power with steam and electric power, have greatly raised the pace of life and production. (技术创新，特别是蒸汽和电力对畜力的替代，极大地提高了生活和生产节奏)”、第三段中“Nevertheless, the uncontrolled desire for speed brings obvious disadvantages. (然而，对速度不加控制的追求带来了明显的弊端)”和第四段中“He is not against speed itself but advocates a reasonable and balanced attitude. We should welcome higher speed where it brings real benefits, such as timely medical treatment, and slow down where it threatens safety, the environment or social equality. (他并不反对速度本身，而是倡导一种合理且平衡的态度。我们应当在速度带来真正益处时——如及时的医疗服务——欢迎更高的速度，而在速度威胁安全、环境或社会公平时放慢脚步)”可知，文章探讨了速度的两面性，并倡导以合理且平衡的态度看待速度。故A项“Take a Wise Look at Life’s Pace (明智地看待生活节奏)”能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。 （八） (25-26高三·山东滨州·二模)Norway’s success at the 2026 Winter Olympics was impressive, but the nation’s record-breaking practice actually began earlier. In January, Kristian Blummenfelt, a triathlete, had recorded the highest-ever VO2 max score — the gold standard for measuring cardio respiratory fitness (CRF). Once a concept reserved for professionals, VO2 max is now heavily promoted by fitness influencers. But does the number truly matter for everyone? VO2 max refers to the maximum rate at which your body can consume oxygen during intense exercise. Our muscles depend on oxygen for energy. This oxygen is delivered to the lungs, bound to hemoglobin (血红蛋白) in the blood, and pumped by the heart to muscles throughout the body. The more oxygen the heart pumps and the muscles use, the higher the VO2 max, and the longer the muscles can go before tiring out. The significance extends beyond athletic performance. Research indicates that CRFmight be a stronger predictor of longevity than measures like BMI. A 2025 study involving 400,000 observations revealed that overweight individuals with the highest CRFscores had around half the death risk compared with unfit people of normal weight. Roughly half of one’s VO2 max is determined by genetics, but age and gender also play roles. VO2 max peaks around age 30 and declines by about 10% per decade thereafter. Advanced athletes often boast scores above 60, while an average 40-year-old male scores around 40. Women’s scores are typically 15% lower, owing to smaller hearts and less muscle mass. Improvements are nonetheless possible. Regular aerobic activities like swimming or cycling can increase VO2 max by 10% to 30%. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) proves especially effective by pushing the body close to its oxygen extreme. Yet such efforts require additional recovery time and can be done only a few times per week. For fitness enthusiasts, VO2 max serves as a useful indicator, but experts caution against getting obsessed with the precise number. 1．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By comparing different athletes’ achievements. B．By mentioning a trend with a notable example. C．By questioning a widely accepted Olympic record. D．By explaining a scientific term in simple language. 2．What determines muscle endurance? A．The level of one’s VO2 max. B．The intake of oxygen. C．The concentration of hemoglobin. D．The frequency of intense exercise. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The method of keeping fit. B．The significance of VO2 max. C．The necessity of losing weight. D．The contrast between BMI and CRF. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To instruct people to increase VO2 max. B．To showcase different fitness indicators. C．To highlight CRF’s effects on our life span. D．To guide people to view VO2 max reasonably. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】这篇文章由运动员纪录引出最大摄氧量，阐释其定义、对体能与寿命的重要意义，介绍基因、年龄等影响因素，说明可通过运动提升，并提醒人们不必过度纠结其数值。 【详解】 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Norway’s success at the 2026 Winter Olympics was impressive, but the nation’s record-breaking practice actually began earlier. In January, Kristian Blummenfelt, a triathlete, had recorded the highest-ever VO2 max score — the gold standard for measuring cardio respiratory fitness (CRF). Once a concept reserved for professionals, VO2 max is now heavily promoted by fitness influencers. But does the number truly matter for everyone?(挪威在 2026 年冬奥会中的表现令人印象深刻，但该国打破纪录的训练实践其实早在更早的时候就开始了。今年1月，铁人三项运动员克里斯蒂安·布卢门费尔特就创下了有史以来最高的 VO2 最大值——这是衡量心肺健康状况的黄金标准。过去，这一概念仅适用于专业运动员，但现在健身领域的影响力人士大力推广了VO2最大值的概念。但这个数字对每个人来说真的重要吗？)”可推知，作者是通过提及一个具有显著例子的趋势来引入这个话题。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The more oxygen the heart pumps and the muscles use, the higher the VO2 max, and the longer the muscles can go before tiring out.(心脏泵出的氧气越多，肌肉使用的氧气越多，VO2最大值就越高，肌肉就能持续工作的时间也就越长。)”可知，决定肌肉耐力的因素有个人的最大摄氧量水平。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The significance extends beyond athletic performance. Research indicates that CRF might be a stronger predictor of longevity than measures like BMI. A 2025 study involving 400,000 observations revealed that overweight individuals with the highest CRF scores had around half the death risk compared with unfit people of normal weight.(这一指标的意义不仅限于体育表现。研究表明，心肺健康状况（CRF）可能比体重指数（BMI）等指标更能预测寿命。2025年的一项涉及40万次观察的研究显示，体重超标但CRF指数最高的个体，其死亡风险比体重正常但体能不佳的人低约一半。)”可知，第三段主要讲的是最大摄氧量的重要性。 4．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及最后一段中“For fitness enthusiasts, VO2 max serves as a useful indicator, but experts caution against getting obsessed with the precise number.( 对于健身爱好者来说，最大摄氧量是一个有用的指标，但专家提醒不要过分执着于精确的数值。)”可推知，作者撰写这篇文章的目的是指导人们合理看待最大摄氧量。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $