精品解析：上海南汇中学2026-2027学年第一学期期中考试高二英语试题

上海南汇中学2026学年第一学期期中考试 高二英语 满分：115分　　完成时间：105分钟 第 I 卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary (20%) Section A (10%) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Why Should I Consider Using Stealth Marketing for My Business? Why would a brand want to use stealth marketing rather than traditional marketing or other strategies? Well, there are many benefits to using it and it’s widely used around the world. If ___1___ (do) properly, it gives brands the opportunity to go global with their reach. Stealth marketing is typically used as an awareness tool, ___2___ (mean) that brands that launch stealth marketing campaigns are usually focusing on awareness KPIs rather than conversion. Companies ___3___ place their products in a movie or TV show are not looking for you to directly recognize the products and then go out to the store and buy them. Rather, they are indirectly showing you its uses, benefits, etc. For example, a successful businessman in a movie is closing a deal in his office ___4___ he is using an HP laptop. You may not pay too much attention but next time you are shopping for a laptop you will have much ___5___ (high) brand recognition with HP because you have already seen the laptop. If it was very well done then you ___6___ go so far as to actually purchase the laptop. Similarly, a popular example of product placement ___7___ (be) the use of luxury cars in movies. Next time you watch your favorite action-packed movie, pay attention to ___8___ car the hero or main character is using. Notice them getting out of a luxury BMW or Audi while everything is blowing up behind them? That’s product placement for you; the brand specifically wants you ___9___ (feel) the power and luxury of the moment in the movie and also their car. Those impressive feelings ____10____ (expect) to be kept in mind by viewers the next time they consider purchasing a new car. Section B (10%) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. characterized B. combined C. concept D. counts E. evaluate F. favourably G. involves H. negative I. purely J. satisfying K. varying People tend to have a similar concept of happiness and can easily recognize expressions of happiness in others, no matter what cultural backgrounds they come from. As a result, happiness ____11____ as a basic emotion. Such emotions cannot be broken down further into simpler emotional states, which can form complex emotions when ____12____ with other basic feelings. In fact, happiness is sometimes the only positive basic emotion identified by psychologists. Thus, happiness is an important ____13____ for researchers who study human emotions and cross-cultural psychological differences. An entire field of research has developed around the more inclusive concept of subjective well-being, which is ____14____ by a broad collection of happiness-related phenomena rather than a specific momentary emotion. Not surprisingly, people who are happy in this way tend to experience frequent positive emotions and infrequent negative emotions. This broader form of happiness is not ____15____ emotional; however, it also has a cognitive component. When happy people are asked to think back on the conditions and events in their lives, they tend to ____16____ these conditions and events positively. Thus, happy people report being satisfied with their lives and the various aspects in their lives. Interestingly, these ____17____ components of happiness do not always co-occur within the same person. It is possible that someone could experience a great deal of ____18____ emotions yet still acknowledge that the conditions of his or her life are good ones. For example, someone who works with the poor or the sick may experience frequent bad emotions but may also consider life ____19____ because the work is worthwhile. Similarly, someone who usually ____20____ himself in hedonic (享乐主义的) pleasures may experience frequent momentary positive emotions, but he may also feel that life is empty and meaningless. Subjective well-being researchers are interested in the various factors that influence these distinct components. II. Reading Comprehension (45%) Section A (15%) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. We all know someone like it. You probably work with or are even related to one. And with Christmas approaching, the season of office parties and family gatherings, you’re increasingly likely to have to ____21____ with one and rediscover just how annoying they are. We’re talking about the “know-it-all”. Individuals who will enthusiastically ____22____ you about any topic or area, despite clearly having little to no expert knowledge in what they’re talking about. And often, even though ____23____ do. Why would anyone assume ____24____ knowledge to everyone else, about every possible subject matter? One is the phenomenon of “naive realism”, which describes how people instinctively assume that their ____25____ of the world reflects objective reality. In reality, everything we see and “know” about the world passes through our brain’s shortcuts, biases (偏见), emotional memories, and other mental processes. What we believe is reality in our heads is often noticeably different from what is reality, but we don’t recognize this happening. ____26____, we regularly encounter people who see the world from another perspective. But naive realism means we assume that those who understand the world differently are ____27____. For a seemingly large number of people, this results in an irresistible urge to “correct” others. It may be 100 per cent well intended, but that doesn’t make it any less ____28____. However, this can’t be the ____29____ story. Many people experience naive realism, yet never do or say anything about it. True know-it-alls don’t actually wait for you to make a mistake before ____30____ to you. This suggests something beyond naive realism that drives know-it-all behavior. Another cognitive (认知的) bias at work, proposed in a recent study by Gehlbach, Robinson, and Fletcher, is “the illusion of information adequacy”. Put simply, this describes how though many people ____31____ sufficient information to make accurate judgments about something, they’ll assume the opposite. It’s logically very hard to ____32____ what we don’t know. Then there’s the Dunning-Kruger effect: the cognitive bias where people with limited competence in a certain area tend to ____33____ their abilities. Their lack of smart thinking means they struggle to acknowledge when someone else knows more than them, meaning they dare to argue with those who are better informed. And because people often respond more to ____34____ than accuracy, they often get away with it. If this happens often enough, across enough subjects, they could convince themselves that they’re ____35____ on pretty much everything, even though the opposite is true. 21. A. cooperate B. interact C. compete D. identify 22. A. mislead B. question C. consult D. lecture 23. A. you B. some C. many D. they 24. A. realistic B. practical C. superior D. objective 25. A. domination B. perception C. assessment D. exploitation 26. A. On the contrary B. In other words C. By the way D. As a result 27. A. wrong B. normal C. imaginative D. harmonious 28. A. controversial B. bothersome C. manageable D. puzzling 29. A. real B. personal C. full D. same 30. A. talking down B. reaching out C. turning around D. holding on 31. A. gain B. require C. lack D. display 32. A. understand B. apply C. explain D. recognize 33. A. distrust B. overestimate C. redefine D. misuse 34. A. confidence B. status C. fluency D. quantity 35. A. advocates B. innovators C. experts D. optimists Section B (22%) Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Last year, Zhang Xian, 27, who lives alone in Beijing, wrote an analysis of nearly 2,000 words on small home appliances that make living alone all the more pleasurable. Her take on these items, ranging from desk lamps and hair dryers to cooking machines, drew more than 100 replies, unusual for that specific section of the discussion group where 50 replies would normally put the topic in the hot category. This interest in such ordinary products is not surprising. In China, 77 million people live alone. These solo dwellers, aged 20 to 39, mostly work in well-paid fields like finance. As a group, they have strong purchasing power. Home appliance producers and sellers benefit a lot from the solo economy. Take Little Bear Electric Appliances as an example. The company keeps updating its products for people living alone. Half of its 40 product types are now singles-friendly. A New York University sociology professor, Eric Klinenberg, said in his book Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone that the single society is becoming hugely powerful and an indicator of social change. In 2018 and 2019 the Japanese video game Travel Frog became a hit in China. Actually, Travel Frog was a game that seemed to speak directly to those who keep the solo economy ticking. In it, a wayward (任性的) frog has become a baby people are keen on looking after. The frog never interacts with the player, eats alone, reads and does craft work at home and often sets out on journeys, sending postcards to the player letting him or her know its new location. The Travel Frog phenomenon was just one more sign of the increasing importance of the solo economy, with more and more people actively or passively accepting and enjoying their solitude. Travelling alone is becoming a strong market opportunity. 75% of Ctrip’s self-operated tour groups have opened options for one-person travel, and it plans to develop more innovative products and services tailored to solo travelers. In entertainment and recreation, too, the solo economy is changing how things work. Mini-karaoke booths, self-service photo studios and self-service gyms have popped up on many corners in many cities. 36. Zhang Xian’s article about small home appliances mainly appeals to ________. A. home appliance producers B. a specific discussion group C. people with high-paying jobs D. those living all by themselves 37. According to Eric Klinenberg, living alone ________. A. is a sign of social change B. is harmful to social relationships C. is limited to high-income groups D. will soon decline in developed countries 38. What does the example of Travel Frog suggest? A. Traveling alone is more popular than group travel. B. Solo living has become a widely accepted lifestyle. C. Young people prefer games to real social interaction. D. Video games are the main driver of the solo economy. 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. The rise of the solo economy. B. The influence of living alone. C. The popularity of solo dwelling. D. The prospect of the solo market. (B) The local education department is looking to hire an additional two part-time employees to support its ongoing mobile library van project. The projected working hours shall be an average of 23 hours per week spread out over 5 or 6 days from Tuesday to Sunday. • PAY RATES Pay rates are competitive and are split into three pay bands: Weekdays 9 a.m.-6 p.m. paid at $5.50 per hour, weekdays 6 p.m.-9 p.m. paid at $7.50 per hour, and work on weekends anytime 9:00 a.m.-9:00 p.m. will be paid $10 per hour. • QUALIFICATIONS Qualifications for the position are minimal in that there are no specific qualifications required. However, regarding experience, previous library experience is preferred but not absolutely necessary. What is considered to be beneficial for the applicant is having good people skills and a strong desire to help people. A good knowledge of software programs and computers is required, so this position would favour an applicant with excellent computer skills. A valid driving license is essential. • BENEFITS The employee will also be qualified for certain other benefits, such as full health insurance, and pension contributions and paid annual leave will be calculated in proportion to their working hours. Free access to all library materials both physical and digital will be offered to the employee with certain limits depending on customer demand. • WORKING DAYS These could be scheduled anytime from 9a.m.-9p.m. on weekdays and 8a.m.-8p.m. over the weekends. Breaks (per day) will be calculated as follows: 0-3 hours = no break, 3-5 hours = 20 minutes, 5-7 hours = 40 minutes, 7-9 hours = 60 minutes (taken as 2 x 30 minutes), and working 9-11 hours = 80 minutes (taken as 2 x 40 minutes). These breaks are enforced by law. • SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS & NOTIFICATIONS Most importantly, the employee must be completely flexible to work any shifts as needed, and work schedules will be planned monthly in advance. On Mondays the mobile library van is closed for regular maintenance and cleaning. The employee will never be asked to work over 30 hours per week unless agreed upon in advance with the employee. 40. If Simon works from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. every day from Wednesday to Saturday, how much will he be paid per week? A. $106. B. $120 C. $124. D. $130. 41. Which of the following is NOT required for the job? A. A valid driving license. B. Adequate computer skills. C. Previous library experience. D. The ability to work flexible shifts. 42. In which section of the newspaper can you most likely find this passage? A. Education section. B. Job Hunting section. C. Health & Diet section. D. Book Review section. (C) Today, you may find high-tech trees in the woods. These trees have been genetically modified so that they grow faster or produce better wood. Genetically-engineered food crops have become more and more common over the past ten years, though they are still controversial. However, genetic engineering of trees has developed more slowly. Part of the reason is technical. Understanding, and then altering, the genes of a big pine tree are more complex than creating a better tomato. While tomatoes sprout happily, and rapidly, in the laboratory, growing a whole tree from a single, genetically altered cell in a test tube is a tricky process that takes years, not months. Moreover, little is known about tree genes. Some trees, such as pine trees, have a lot of DNA — roughly ten times as much as human. And, whereas the Human Genome Project is more than half-way through its task of isolating and sequencing (排序) the estimated 10,000 genes in human cells, similar efforts to analyze tree genes are still in the early stages. Given the large number of tree genes and the little that is known about them, tree engineers are starting with a search for genetic “markers”. The first step is to isolate DNA from trees with desirable properties such as insect resistance. The next step is to find stretches of DNA that show the presence of a particular gene. Then, when you mate two trees with different desirable properties, it is simple to check which offspring contain them all by looking for the genetic markers. Henry Amerson, at North Carolina State University, is using genetic markers to breed fungal (真菌) resistance into southern pines. Billions of these are grown across America for pulp (纸浆) and paper, and outbreaks of disease are expensive. But not all individual trees are likely to be influenced. Dr. Amerson’s group has found markers that distinguish fungus-resistant stock from disease-prone trees. Using traditional breeding techniques, they are introducing the resistance genes into pines on test sites in America. Using genetic markers speeds up old-fashioned breeding methods because you no longer have to wait for the tree to grow up to see if it has the desired traits. But it is more a complicated form of selective breeding. Now, however, interest in genetic tinkering (基因修补) is also gaining ground. To this end, Dr. Amerson and his colleagues are taking part in the Pine Gene Discovery Project, an initiative to identify and sequence the 50,000-odd genes in the pine tree’s genome. Knowing which gene does what should make it easier to know what to alter. 43. Compared with genetic engineering of crops, genetic engineering of trees ________. A. has caused more heated debate B. has made much slower progress C. has attracted less public attention D. has produced fewer useful products 44. What can we learn about the research on tree genes? A. Growing a whole tree from an altered cell takes a long time. B. Tree genes have been completely sequenced in recent years. C. Tree genes are fewer and easier to analyze than human genes. D. Little is known about tree genes because they are unimportant. 45. It is discovered by Henry Amerson’s team that ________. A. southern pines cannot resist fungus B. some southern pines are likely to be affected C. fungus-resistant genes first came from outside the U.S.A. D. the genetic marker in southern pines was the easiest to identify 46. What is the main purpose of carrying out the Pine Gene Discovery Project? A. To replace traditional breeding methods completely. B. To prove that pine trees have more genes than humans. C. To find genetic markers for all commercially grown trees. D. To identify and sequence the genes in the pine tree’s genome. Section C (8%) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Health Risk in Space On May 30, 2023, China achieved a significant milestone by successfully launching three astronauts to its fully operational space station aboard the Shenzhou 16 spacecraft. This brought the population in orbit at the same time to a record high of 17. With more countries planning missions and commercial companies opening up space tourism, opportunities for human space travel are rapidly expanding. ____47____ Since NASA wants to send a manned mission to Mars in the 2030s, scientists need to find solutions sooner rather than later, as radiation remains one of the biggest and most worrying challenges for deep-space exploration. Without reliable protection, astronauts’ health will be under constant threat during the long trip. The Earth has a protective barrier, which is the area of space around a planet that is controlled by its magnetic field (磁场) and blocks most dangerous space radiation. ____48____ As the equivalent between 150 and 6,000 chest X-rays, this level of radiation can harm the human body, leading to heart disease. In addition, it can make the blood-brain barrier leak, exposing the brain to chemicals and proteins that are harmful to it. These hidden damages may not show obvious signs immediately but can develop years after the space flight. Astronauts must be well protected on future long-duration missions beyond low-Earth orbit. NASA is developing technology that can protect travelers on a Mars mission from radiation by building radiation-resistant materials into space vehicles and spacesuits. ____49____ These dietary choices help strengthen astronauts’ bodies and lower damage caused by radiation over long journeys. Developing ways to reduce the effects of space radiation will enable missions other than traveling in space. ____50____ For example, products that protect astronauts from space radiation and reduce its harmful effects on the human body can also treat cancer patients receiving radiation treatments. Such technologies connect space research closely with everyday medical care on our planet. It proves that space research can create practical value far beyond the final frontier. A. However, astronauts traveling farther than the space station will face continuous exposure to this radiation. B. Medical and technological advances in the field bring benefits on Earth. C. Space exploration has led to many technological achievements advancing water treatment and satellite systems. D. Certain diets also bring the effects of radiation to a minimum. E. Despite the progress, traveling to space poses risks to the human body. F. NASA is planning dedicated extended-duration research on the space station. III. Summary Writing (10%) 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Advertising Objectives When developing a successful advertising campaign, marketers must first set an advertising objective. The objective is the purpose for the advertising campaign. There are four main advertising objectives—to inform, to persuade, to compare, or to remind. Companies use informative advertising to give information about a new type of product. In this case, the purpose is to increase demand for the new product. DVD players are a good example. The first sellers of these products had to tell consumers about the quality and convenience of the new product. Big sales soon followed. However, informative advertising doesn’t work so well when there are many companies with the same kind of product. This is because consumers already know the normal features of the product. Instead, they need to see how one company’s version is better than all the others. This kind of advertising is called persuasive advertising. For instance, when DVD players became common, Sony began trying to persuade customers that its brand has the best quality for their money to keep sales high. Comparative advertising also tries to persuade. Thus it is really a kind of persuasive advertising. In this, a company compares its brand with one or more other brands. Comparative advertising has been used for products from soft drinks to car rentals and credit cards. An example is Avis, a car rental company, which compared itself with its bigger rival Hertz by claiming, “We’re number two, so we try harder?” A different kind of advertising is reminder advertising, which is important for products later in their life. Unlike the other types, its objective is to help to keep strong relationships with customers and to keep them thinking about the product. This is why expensive Coca-Cola television ads mainly build and maintain the Coca-Cola brand relationship, rather than trying to inform or persuade people to buy the drink straight away. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation (15%) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in brackets. 52. 如果你能定期与我们合作，我将不胜感激。(it) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 53. 据预测，越来越多的人将意识到保护淡水的重要性。(predict) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 54. 本次活动的宗旨在于对学生的学术表现产生积极影响，并提升其道德意识。(difference) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 55. 与你可能料想的相反，正是这份合同使我们得以接触该珍稀栖息地，并与当地居民携手保护受威胁的物种。(contrary) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing (25%) 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李明，你校计划在每周五课后组织社团活动，先准备开设象棋、乒乓、吉他和烹饪四个社团，委托校学生会听取全校师生意见。给学生会写一封邮件， 内容须包括： 1）四个社团中你最希望参加哪一个，为什么； 2）除了这四个社团外，你还希望能开设的社团，为什么。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 上海南汇中学2026学年第一学期期中考试 高二英语 满分：115分　　完成时间：105分钟 第 I 卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary (20%) Section A (10%) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Why Should I Consider Using Stealth Marketing for My Business? Why would a brand want to use stealth marketing rather than traditional marketing or other strategies? Well, there are many benefits to using it and it’s widely used around the world. If ___1___ (do) properly, it gives brands the opportunity to go global with their reach. Stealth marketing is typically used as an awareness tool, ___2___ (mean) that brands that launch stealth marketing campaigns are usually focusing on awareness KPIs rather than conversion. Companies ___3___ place their products in a movie or TV show are not looking for you to directly recognize the products and then go out to the store and buy them. Rather, they are indirectly showing you its uses, benefits, etc. For example, a successful businessman in a movie is closing a deal in his office ___4___ he is using an HP laptop. You may not pay too much attention but next time you are shopping for a laptop you will have much ___5___ (high) brand recognition with HP because you have already seen the laptop. If it was very well done then you ___6___ go so far as to actually purchase the laptop. Similarly, a popular example of product placement ___7___ (be) the use of luxury cars in movies. Next time you watch your favorite action-packed movie, pay attention to ___8___ car the hero or main character is using. Notice them getting out of a luxury BMW or Audi while everything is blowing up behind them? That’s product placement for you; the brand specifically wants you ___9___ (feel) the power and luxury of the moment in the movie and also their car. Those impressive feelings ____10____ (expect) to be kept in mind by viewers the next time they consider purchasing a new car. 【答案】1. done 2. meaning 3. which##that 4. where 5. higher 6. may##might##could 7. is 8. what##which 9. to feel 10. are expected 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍隐性营销，讲解它的特点、目的，并且以影视植入广告为例说明这种营销方式的运作逻辑。 【1题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：如果实施得当，它能让品牌有机会扩大影响力、走向全球。此处是非谓语动词，it（隐性营销）和do是被动关系，用过去分词done作状语。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：隐性营销通常作为提升知名度的手段，这意味着发起隐性营销活动的品牌一般关注知名度关键绩效指标，而非转化量。现在分词meaning作结果状语，用来引出前面整件事带来的结果。 【3题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：那些把产品植入电影或电视剧里的公司，并不指望你一眼认出产品，然后直接去店里购买。先行词是Companies，指物，关系代词在限制性定语从句中作主语，可用which或者that。 【4题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：例如，电影里一位成功商人正在办公室敲定生意，在这间办公室里他使用一台惠普笔记本电脑。先行词是office，表地点，关系词在限制性定语从句中作地点状语，用where。 【5题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：你可能没有太留意，但下次选购笔记本电脑时，你对惠普的品牌认知度会高很多，因为你已经见过这款电脑。much用来修饰比较级，表示程度加深，high的比较级是higher。 【6题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：如果植入做得十分巧妙，你甚至可能真的去买下这台笔记本电脑。此处表达“可能、也许”的推测含义，可以填may、might或者could。 【7题详解】 考查主谓一致。句意：类似地，一个很广为人知的植入广告例子就是电影里豪华汽车的使用。主语a popular example是单数，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，be动词用is。 【8题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：下次你看喜欢的动作大片时，留意主角使用的是哪一款/什么车。宾语从句中，缺少修饰名词car的限定词，表达“什么”或“哪一款”的含义，用what或which引导从句。 【9题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这就是你的产品植入；该品牌特别希望你在电影和他们的汽车中感受到当下的力量和奢华。固定搭配want sb. to do sth.，译为“想要某人做某事”，用to feel。 【10题详解】 考查时态语态。句意：观众下次考虑购买新车时，预计会记住这些令人印象深刻的感受。主语Those impressive feelings和expect是被动关系，主语为复数，一般现在时的被动语态，主谓一致，用are expected。 Section B (10%) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. characterized B. combined C. concept D. counts E. evaluate F. favourably G. involves H. negative I. purely J. satisfying K. varying People tend to have a similar concept of happiness and can easily recognize expressions of happiness in others, no matter what cultural backgrounds they come from. As a result, happiness ____11____ as a basic emotion. Such emotions cannot be broken down further into simpler emotional states, which can form complex emotions when ____12____ with other basic feelings. In fact, happiness is sometimes the only positive basic emotion identified by psychologists. Thus, happiness is an important ____13____ for researchers who study human emotions and cross-cultural psychological differences. An entire field of research has developed around the more inclusive concept of subjective well-being, which is ____14____ by a broad collection of happiness-related phenomena rather than a specific momentary emotion. Not surprisingly, people who are happy in this way tend to experience frequent positive emotions and infrequent negative emotions. This broader form of happiness is not ____15____ emotional; however, it also has a cognitive component. When happy people are asked to think back on the conditions and events in their lives, they tend to ____16____ these conditions and events positively. Thus, happy people report being satisfied with their lives and the various aspects in their lives. Interestingly, these ____17____ components of happiness do not always co-occur within the same person. It is possible that someone could experience a great deal of ____18____ emotions yet still acknowledge that the conditions of his or her life are good ones. For example, someone who works with the poor or the sick may experience frequent bad emotions but may also consider life ____19____ because the work is worthwhile. Similarly, someone who usually ____20____ himself in hedonic (享乐主义的) pleasures may experience frequent momentary positive emotions, but he may also feel that life is empty and meaningless. Subjective well-being researchers are interested in the various factors that influence these distinct components. 【答案】11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. I 16. E 17. K 18. H 19. J 20. G 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了幸福作为一种基本情绪的特征，以及主观幸福感中情绪与认知成分的复杂关系。 【11题详解】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：因此，幸福被视为一种基础情绪。根据后文“as a basic emotion”可知，空格处表示“被视为”，应该使用短语count as，主语为happiness谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式，counts意为“被视作、被算作”，符合语境。 【12题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这类情绪无法进一步拆解为更简单的情绪状态，当和其他基础情绪结合时可以形成复杂情绪。根据后文“with other basic feelings”可知，空格处表示“结合，融合”，用combine，此处为状语从句省略结构，combine与其逻辑主语emotions之间是被动关系，用过去分词combined，意为“结合”，符合语境。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：因此，对于研究人类情绪与跨文化心理差异的研究者来说，幸福是一个重要概念。根据空前“an important”以及空后“for researchers who study human emotions and cross-cultural psychological differences”可知，空格处需填名词作表语，用concept，concept意为“概念”，符合语境。 【14题详解】 考查动词的被动语态。句意：围绕更包容的“主观幸福感”概念已发展出整个研究领域，它以一系列与幸福相关的广泛现象为特征，而非某一特定的瞬间情绪。根据空前“is”以及空后“by a broad collection of happiness-related phenomena”可知，空格处表示“以……为特征”，用characterize的过去分词构成be characterized by这一被动结构，characterized意为“以……为特征的”，符合语境。 【15题详解】 考查副词。句意：这种更广义的幸福并非纯粹是情绪上的，它还具有认知成分。根据空后形容词“emotional”以及后文“however, it also has a cognitive component”可知，空格处表示“完全地、纯粹地”，需用副词修饰形容词emotional，用purely，意为“纯粹地、完全地”，符合语境。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：当快乐的人被要求回顾自己生活中的状况和事件时，他们倾向于积极地评价这些状况和事件。根据空前“tend to”以及空后“these conditions and events positively”可知，空格处表示“以积极的态度评判、评估”，且需填动词原形，用evaluate，意为“评价、评估”，符合语境。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：有趣的是，幸福的这些不同组成部分并不总是同时出现在同一个人身上。根据后文“components of happiness do not always co-occur”可知，空格处表示“各不相同的、多样的”，用来修饰名词components，varying意为“不同的、多样的”，符合语境。 【18题详解】 考查形容词。句意：有可能一个人会经历大量的负面情绪，却仍然认可自己的生活状态是良好的。根据后文“yet still acknowledge that the conditions of his or her life are good ones”的转折逻辑可知，空格处表示和“良好生活状态”相反的情绪属性，negative意为“负面的”，符合语境。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：例如，和穷人或病人打交道的人可能经常经历糟糕的情绪，但也可能认为生活是令人满足的，因为这份工作很有价值。根据前文“consider life”的结构可知，空格处需要填入形容词作宾语补足语，用来描述生活的正向感受，satisfying意为“令人满足的”，符合语境。 【20题详解】 考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：同样，通常让自己沉溺于享乐主义快感中的人，可能频繁体验到瞬间的积极情绪，却也可能觉得生活空虚且无意义。根据空后“himself in hedonic (享乐主义的) pleasures”以及“someone who”可知，空格处表示“使某人沉浸于、使某人参与”，用involve构成involve oneself in，主语who指代先行词someone ，为第三人称单数且陈述一般情况，谓语动词用involves，involves意为“使卷入、使沉浸”，符合语境。 II. Reading Comprehension (45%) Section A (15%) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. We all know someone like it. You probably work with or are even related to one. And with Christmas approaching, the season of office parties and family gatherings, you’re increasingly likely to have to ____21____ with one and rediscover just how annoying they are. We’re talking about the “know-it-all”. Individuals who will enthusiastically ____22____ you about any topic or area, despite clearly having little to no expert knowledge in what they’re talking about. And often, even though ____23____ do. Why would anyone assume ____24____ knowledge to everyone else, about every possible subject matter? One is the phenomenon of “naive realism”, which describes how people instinctively assume that their ____25____ of the world reflects objective reality. In reality, everything we see and “know” about the world passes through our brain’s shortcuts, biases (偏见), emotional memories, and other mental processes. What we believe is reality in our heads is often noticeably different from what is reality, but we don’t recognize this happening. ____26____, we regularly encounter people who see the world from another perspective. But naive realism means we assume that those who understand the world differently are ____27____. For a seemingly large number of people, this results in an irresistible urge to “correct” others. It may be 100 per cent well intended, but that doesn’t make it any less ____28____. However, this can’t be the ____29____ story. Many people experience naive realism, yet never do or say anything about it. True know-it-alls don’t actually wait for you to make a mistake before ____30____ to you. This suggests something beyond naive realism that drives know-it-all behavior. Another cognitive (认知的) bias at work, proposed in a recent study by Gehlbach, Robinson, and Fletcher, is “the illusion of information adequacy”. Put simply, this describes how though many people ____31____ sufficient information to make accurate judgments about something, they’ll assume the opposite. It’s logically very hard to ____32____ what we don’t know. Then there’s the Dunning-Kruger effect: the cognitive bias where people with limited competence in a certain area tend to ____33____ their abilities. Their lack of smart thinking means they struggle to acknowledge when someone else knows more than them, meaning they dare to argue with those who are better informed. And because people often respond more to ____34____ than accuracy, they often get away with it. If this happens often enough, across enough subjects, they could convince themselves that they’re ____35____ on pretty much everything, even though the opposite is true. 21. A. cooperate B. interact C. compete D. identify 22. A. mislead B. question C. consult D. lecture 23. A. you B. some C. many D. they 24. A. realistic B. practical C. superior D. objective 25. A. domination B. perception C. assessment D. exploitation 26. A. On the contrary B. In other words C. By the way D. As a result 27. A. wrong B. normal C. imaginative D. harmonious 28. A. controversial B. bothersome C. manageable D. puzzling 29. A. real B. personal C. full D. same 30. A. talking down B. reaching out C. turning around D. holding on 31. A. gain B. require C. lack D. display 32. A. understand B. apply C. explain D. recognize 33. A. distrust B. overestimate C. redefine D. misuse 34. A. confidence B. status C. fluency D. quantity 35. A. advocates B. innovators C. experts D. optimists 【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. A 31. C 32. D 33. B 34. A 35. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要剖析“万事通”人群的行为特征，从三类认知偏差维度拆解其行为背后的深层心理成因。 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：随着圣诞节临近，办公室派对和家庭聚会的旺季到来，你越来越有可能不得不和这类人打交道，重新发现他们有多烦人。A. cooperate合作；B. interact互动、打交道；C. compete竞争；D. identify识别。根据前文“You probably work with or are even related to one.”和后文“and rediscover just how annoying they are”并结合节日聚会的社交场景可知，此处表达和这类人产生日常社交互动。 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：这类人哪怕在自己谈论的话题或领域里明显几乎没有任何专业知识，也会满腔热忱地对着你说教（摆出一副无所不知的姿态）。A. mislead误导；B. question质疑；C. consult咨询；D. lecture说教、教训人。根据前文“We’re talking about the “know-it-all”.”和后文“despite clearly having little to no expert knowledge in what they’re talking about.”可知，“万事通”的典型行为就是不顾自身认知不足，居高临下地对他人输出观点说教，lecture符合这类人的行为特征。 【23题详解】 考查代词。句意：而且通常情况下，即便你才是那个真正懂行的人，他们也照说不误。A. you你；B. some一些人；C. many许多人；D. they他们。根据前文这类“万事通”不顾自身认知不足就对他人说教的场景和“And often, even though”可知，此处指向对话里的听者也就是正在阅读文章的你，哪怕你才是对应领域的专业人士，他们也会自顾自地输出观点，you完全贴合语境逻辑。 【24题详解】 考查形容词。句意：为什么会有人觉得自己的知识在所有可能的话题上都比其他人更胜一筹？A. realistic现实的；B. practical实用的；C. superior更优越的、占上风的；D. objective客观的。根据后文“knowledge to everyone else, about every possible subject matter”的描述，这类人始终认定自己的知识比其他人更权威更出色，superior to是固定搭配，意为“比……更优越”。 【25题详解】 考查名词。句意：其中一个现象叫做“天真现实主义”，它描述了人们本能地认为自己对世界的感知就反映了客观现实。A. domination支配；B. perception感知、认知；C. assessment评估；D. exploitation开发利用。根据后文“In reality, everything we see and “know” about the world passes through our brain’s shortcuts, biases (偏见), emotional memories, and other mental processes”的心理学相关表述，此处指代人通过感官和思维获得的对世界的主观认知，perception符合专业概念的定义。 【26题详解】 考查短语。句意：结果就是，我们经常会遇到从完全不同视角看待世界的人。A. On the contrary相反；B. In other words换句话说；C. By the way顺便说一句；D. As a result结果。根据前文“What we believe is reality in our heads is often noticeably different from what is reality, but we don’t recognize this happening.”的前提，人脑海里认定的现实和真实现实存在偏差，这一认知偏差带来的后续结果就是我们会遇到和自己视角完全不同的人，As a result契合前后文的因果逻辑。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：但天真现实主义意味着，我们会认为那些用不同方式理解世界的人是错的。A. wrong错误的；B. normal正常的；C. imaginative有想象力的；D. harmonious和谐的。根据后文“this results in an irresistible urge to “correct” others”的描述，秉持天真现实主义的人会把和自己认知不一样的观点判定为错误的，这正是他们想要纠正他人的前提。 【28题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这种行为可能完全是出于善意，但这丝毫不会减少它带给人的烦扰感。A. controversial有争议的；B. bothersome烦人的、惹人厌烦的；C. manageable可管控的；D. puzzling令人困惑的。根据开篇第一段“rediscover just how annoying they are”的铺垫，此处承接前文，说明哪怕出发点是好的，这类好为人师的行为依旧让人厌烦。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。句意：然而，这不可能是故事的全部。A. real真实的；B. personal个人的；C. full完整的、全部的；D. same相同的。根据后文“Many people experience naive realism, yet never do or say anything about it.”的补充说明，很多人都有天真现实主义的心理，却不会做出好为人师的行为，说明之前的解释并不完整。 【30题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：真正的万事通根本不会等你犯错之后才摆出居高临下的姿态对你说话。A. talking down居高临下地说话、以高人一等的姿态说教；B. reaching out主动联系；C. turning around转身；D. holding on坚持。根据前文“True know-it-alls don’t actually wait for you to make a mistake”的描述，此处精准对应万事通不等别人出错就主动摆出说教姿态的典型行为。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：简单来说，它描述的是这样一种情况：尽管很多人缺少足够的信息来对某件事做出准确判断，他们却会做出完全相反的假设。A. gain获得；B. require需要；C. lack缺少；D. display展示。根据前文“the illusion of information adequacy”的概念定义，“信息充足错觉”的核心就是人明明掌握的信息不足，却误以为自己信息足够，lack完全贴合这个心理学概念的内涵。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：从逻辑上来说，要认出我们自己不知道的东西是非常困难的。A. understand理解；B. apply应用；C. explain解释；D. recognize认出、意识到。根据前文人们陷入信息充足错觉的状态，以及“It’s logically very hard”表达人很难察觉到自己的认知盲区，意识到自己还有不知道的内容。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：接下来就是邓宁-克鲁格效应，这是一种认知偏差，指的是在某个领域能力有限的人往往会高估自己的能力。A. distrust不信任；B. overestimate高估；C. redefine重新定义；D. misuse误用。根据前文“Then there’s the Dunning-Kruger effect: the cognitive bias where people with limited competence in a certain area tend to”并结合经典心理学效应的标准定义，邓宁-克鲁格效应的核心就是能力不足的人会错误高估自己的实际水平，overestimate完全契合这个效应的核心内涵。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：而且因为人们往往更容易对自信而非精准度做出反应，他们的错误说教常常能蒙混过关。A. confidence自信；B. status地位；C. fluency流畅度；D. quantity数量。根据后文“they often get away with it”的描述，这类半瓶水晃荡的万事通靠着盲目的自信输出观点，听众很容易被这份虚假的自信打动，忽略内容本身的准确性。 【35题详解】 考查名词。句意：如果这类事在足够多的领域里频繁发生，他们就会说服自己，自己几乎在所有事上都是专家，哪怕事实完全相反。A. advocates倡导者；B. innovators创新者；C. experts专家；D. optimists乐观主义者。根据前文“If this happens often enough, across enough subjects, they could convince themselves that”并结合这类人长期靠错误说教蒙混过关的经历，他们最终会真的误以为自己在各个领域都是专业人士。 Section B (22%) Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Last year, Zhang Xian, 27, who lives alone in Beijing, wrote an analysis of nearly 2,000 words on small home appliances that make living alone all the more pleasurable. Her take on these items, ranging from desk lamps and hair dryers to cooking machines, drew more than 100 replies, unusual for that specific section of the discussion group where 50 replies would normally put the topic in the hot category. This interest in such ordinary products is not surprising. In China, 77 million people live alone. These solo dwellers, aged 20 to 39, mostly work in well-paid fields like finance. As a group, they have strong purchasing power. Home appliance producers and sellers benefit a lot from the solo economy. Take Little Bear Electric Appliances as an example. The company keeps updating its products for people living alone. Half of its 40 product types are now singles-friendly. A New York University sociology professor, Eric Klinenberg, said in his book Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone that the single society is becoming hugely powerful and an indicator of social change. In 2018 and 2019 the Japanese video game Travel Frog became a hit in China. Actually, Travel Frog was a game that seemed to speak directly to those who keep the solo economy ticking. In it, a wayward (任性的) frog has become a baby people are keen on looking after. The frog never interacts with the player, eats alone, reads and does craft work at home and often sets out on journeys, sending postcards to the player letting him or her know its new location. The Travel Frog phenomenon was just one more sign of the increasing importance of the solo economy, with more and more people actively or passively accepting and enjoying their solitude. Travelling alone is becoming a strong market opportunity. 75% of Ctrip’s self-operated tour groups have opened options for one-person travel, and it plans to develop more innovative products and services tailored to solo travelers. In entertainment and recreation, too, the solo economy is changing how things work. Mini-karaoke booths, self-service photo studios and self-service gyms have popped up on many corners in many cities. 36. Zhang Xian’s article about small home appliances mainly appeals to ________. A. home appliance producers B. a specific discussion group C. people with high-paying jobs D. those living all by themselves 37. According to Eric Klinenberg, living alone ________. A. is a sign of social change B. is harmful to social relationships C. is limited to high-income groups D. will soon decline in developed countries 38. What does the example of Travel Frog suggest? A. Traveling alone is more popular than group travel. B. Solo living has become a widely accepted lifestyle. C. Young people prefer games to real social interaction. D. Video games are the main driver of the solo economy. 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. The rise of the solo economy. B. The influence of living alone. C. The popularity of solo dwelling. D. The prospect of the solo market. 【答案】36. D 37. A 38. B 39. A 【解析】 【导语】本文主要讲述了独居人群的壮大催生了“单身经济”的兴起，并通过家电产品、游戏《旅行青蛙》、独自旅行以及娱乐休闲方式等例子说明这一经济形态正渗透到生活的多个领域。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Last year, Zhang Xian, 27, who lives alone in Beijing, wrote an analysis of nearly 2,000 words on small home appliances that make living alone all the more pleasurable. (去年，27岁的张贤独自居住在北京，她写了一篇近2000字的分析，主题是那些让独居生活更加愉快的小家电。)”以及第二段“In China, 77 million people live alone. (在中国，有7700万人独居。)”可推知，张贤这篇关于小家电的文章主要吸引的是那些独自生活的人。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“A New York University sociology professor, Eric Klinenberg, said in his book Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone that the single society is becoming hugely powerful and an indicator of social change. (纽约大学社会学教授埃里克·克林伯格在其著作《单身社会：独居的非凡崛起与惊人吸引力》中表示，单身社会正变得极其强大，并且是社会变革的一个指标。)”可知，克林伯格认为独居是社会变革的一个标志。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“The Travel Frog phenomenon was just one more sign of the increasing importance of the solo economy, with more and more people actively or passively accepting and enjoying their solitude. (《旅行青蛙》现象只是单身经济日益重要的又一个标志，越来越多的人主动或被动地接受并享受自己的独处。)”可推知，《旅行青蛙》的例子说明独居已成为一种被广泛接受的生活方式。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第一、二段以张贤的文章和中国的独居人口数据引出话题，第三至五段通过家电企业、《旅行青蛙》等例子说明单身经济的影响，第六、七段则从独自旅行和娱乐休闲方面进一步说明单身经济正在改变各个领域。因此，文章主要讲述的是单身经济的兴起。 (B) The local education department is looking to hire an additional two part-time employees to support its ongoing mobile library van project. The projected working hours shall be an average of 23 hours per week spread out over 5 or 6 days from Tuesday to Sunday. • PAY RATES Pay rates are competitive and are split into three pay bands: Weekdays 9 a.m.-6 p.m. paid at $5.50 per hour, weekdays 6 p.m.-9 p.m. paid at $7.50 per hour, and work on weekends anytime 9:00 a.m.-9:00 p.m. will be paid $10 per hour. • QUALIFICATIONS Qualifications for the position are minimal in that there are no specific qualifications required. However, regarding experience, previous library experience is preferred but not absolutely necessary. What is considered to be beneficial for the applicant is having good people skills and a strong desire to help people. A good knowledge of software programs and computers is required, so this position would favour an applicant with excellent computer skills. A valid driving license is essential. • BENEFITS The employee will also be qualified for certain other benefits, such as full health insurance, and pension contributions and paid annual leave will be calculated in proportion to their working hours. Free access to all library materials both physical and digital will be offered to the employee with certain limits depending on customer demand. • WORKING DAYS These could be scheduled anytime from 9a.m.-9p.m. on weekdays and 8a.m.-8p.m. over the weekends. Breaks (per day) will be calculated as follows: 0-3 hours = no break, 3-5 hours = 20 minutes, 5-7 hours = 40 minutes, 7-9 hours = 60 minutes (taken as 2 x 30 minutes), and working 9-11 hours = 80 minutes (taken as 2 x 40 minutes). These breaks are enforced by law. • SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS & NOTIFICATIONS Most importantly, the employee must be completely flexible to work any shifts as needed, and work schedules will be planned monthly in advance. On Mondays the mobile library van is closed for regular maintenance and cleaning. The employee will never be asked to work over 30 hours per week unless agreed upon in advance with the employee. 40. If Simon works from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. every day from Wednesday to Saturday, how much will he be paid per week? A. $106. B. $120 C. $124. D. $130. 41. Which of the following is NOT required for the job? A. A valid driving license. B. Adequate computer skills. C. Previous library experience. D. The ability to work flexible shifts. 42. In which section of the newspaper can you most likely find this passage? A. Education section. B. Job Hunting section. C. Health & Diet section. D. Book Review section. 【答案】40. C 41. C 42. B 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍当地教育部门为流动图书馆项目招聘兼职员工的薪资、任职要求及相关福利等信息。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据PAY RATES部分中的“Weekdays 9 a.m.-6 p.m. paid at $5.50 per hour, weekdays 6 p.m.-9 p.m. paid at $7.50 per hour, and work on weekends anytime 9:00a.m.-9:00p.m. will be paid $10 per hour.(工作日上午九点至下午六点薪资为每小时5.5美元，工作日下午六点至晚上九点薪资为每小时7.5美元，周末上午九点至晚上九点任意时段薪资为每小时10美元。)”可知，周三、周四、周五为工作日，每天下午五点到六点共1小时按每小时5.5美元计算，下午六点到九点共3小时按每小时7.5美元计算；周六为周末，4小时按每小时10美元计算，合计薪资为124美元。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据QUALIFICATIONS部分中的“However, regarding experience, previous library experience is preferred but not absolutely necessary.(然而在经验方面，有图书馆相关经验优先，但并不是硬性要求。)”可知，该岗位不强制要求拥有图书馆工作经历。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The local education department is looking to hire an additional two part-time employees to support its ongoing mobile library van project.(当地教育部门计划再招聘两名兼职员工，为正在开展的流动图书馆车项目提供支持。)”可知，这是一则招聘启事，最有可能刊登在报纸的求职板块。 (C) Today, you may find high-tech trees in the woods. These trees have been genetically modified so that they grow faster or produce better wood. Genetically-engineered food crops have become more and more common over the past ten years, though they are still controversial. However, genetic engineering of trees has developed more slowly. Part of the reason is technical. Understanding, and then altering, the genes of a big pine tree are more complex than creating a better tomato. While tomatoes sprout happily, and rapidly, in the laboratory, growing a whole tree from a single, genetically altered cell in a test tube is a tricky process that takes years, not months. Moreover, little is known about tree genes. Some trees, such as pine trees, have a lot of DNA — roughly ten times as much as human. And, whereas the Human Genome Project is more than half-way through its task of isolating and sequencing (排序) the estimated 10,000 genes in human cells, similar efforts to analyze tree genes are still in the early stages. Given the large number of tree genes and the little that is known about them, tree engineers are starting with a search for genetic “markers”. The first step is to isolate DNA from trees with desirable properties such as insect resistance. The next step is to find stretches of DNA that show the presence of a particular gene. Then, when you mate two trees with different desirable properties, it is simple to check which offspring contain them all by looking for the genetic markers. Henry Amerson, at North Carolina State University, is using genetic markers to breed fungal (真菌) resistance into southern pines. Billions of these are grown across America for pulp (纸浆) and paper, and outbreaks of disease are expensive. But not all individual trees are likely to be influenced. Dr. Amerson’s group has found markers that distinguish fungus-resistant stock from disease-prone trees. Using traditional breeding techniques, they are introducing the resistance genes into pines on test sites in America. Using genetic markers speeds up old-fashioned breeding methods because you no longer have to wait for the tree to grow up to see if it has the desired traits. But it is more a complicated form of selective breeding. Now, however, interest in genetic tinkering (基因修补) is also gaining ground. To this end, Dr. Amerson and his colleagues are taking part in the Pine Gene Discovery Project, an initiative to identify and sequence the 50,000-odd genes in the pine tree’s genome. Knowing which gene does what should make it easier to know what to alter. 43. Compared with genetic engineering of crops, genetic engineering of trees ________. A. has caused more heated debate B. has made much slower progress C. has attracted less public attention D. has produced fewer useful products 44. What can we learn about the research on tree genes? A. Growing a whole tree from an altered cell takes a long time. B. Tree genes have been completely sequenced in recent years. C. Tree genes are fewer and easier to analyze than human genes. D. Little is known about tree genes because they are unimportant. 45. It is discovered by Henry Amerson’s team that ________. A. southern pines cannot resist fungus B. some southern pines are likely to be affected C. fungus-resistant genes first came from outside the U.S.A. D. the genetic marker in southern pines was the easiest to identify 46. What is the main purpose of carrying out the Pine Gene Discovery Project? A. To replace traditional breeding methods completely. B. To prove that pine trees have more genes than humans. C. To find genetic markers for all commercially grown trees. D. To identify and sequence the genes in the pine tree’s genome. 【答案】43. B 44. A 45. B 46. D 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍树木基因工程发展较慢的原因、基因标记技术以及松树基因发现项目的相关研究。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Genetically-engineered food crops have become more and more common over the past ten years, though they are still controversial. However, genetic engineering of trees has developed more slowly.(转基因粮食作物在过去十年里变得越来越普遍，尽管它们仍然存在争议。然而，树木的基因工程发展得更为缓慢)”可知，和作物基因工程相比，树木基因工程进展慢得多。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“While tomatoes sprout happily, and rapidly, in the laboratory, growing a whole tree from a single, genetically altered cell in a test tube is a tricky process that takes years, not months.(虽然西红柿能在实验室里长势喜人、快速发芽，但在试管中从单个转基因细胞培育出一整棵树是一个棘手的过程，需要数年而不是数月)”可知，从改造后的细胞培育出一整棵树耗时很久。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Billions of these are grown across America for pulp (纸浆) and paper, and outbreaks of disease are expensive. But not all individual trees are likely to be influenced. (在美国，数十亿棵南方松树被种植用来生产纸浆和纸张，病害爆发会造成高昂损失，但并不是每一棵树都可能受到影响)”可知，一部分南方松树容易受病害影响。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“To this end, Dr. Amerson and his colleagues are taking part in the Pine Gene Discovery Project, an initiative to identify and sequence the 50,000-odd genes in the pine tree’s genome.(为此，阿默森博士及其同事正在参与松树基因发现项目，该项目旨在识别并对松树基因组中五万多个基因进行测序)”可知，该项目的主要目的是识别并测定松树基因组中的基因序列。 Section C (8%) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Health Risk in Space On May 30, 2023, China achieved a significant milestone by successfully launching three astronauts to its fully operational space station aboard the Shenzhou 16 spacecraft. This brought the population in orbit at the same time to a record high of 17. With more countries planning missions and commercial companies opening up space tourism, opportunities for human space travel are rapidly expanding. ____47____ Since NASA wants to send a manned mission to Mars in the 2030s, scientists need to find solutions sooner rather than later, as radiation remains one of the biggest and most worrying challenges for deep-space exploration. Without reliable protection, astronauts’ health will be under constant threat during the long trip. The Earth has a protective barrier, which is the area of space around a planet that is controlled by its magnetic field (磁场) and blocks most dangerous space radiation. ____48____ As the equivalent between 150 and 6,000 chest X-rays, this level of radiation can harm the human body, leading to heart disease. In addition, it can make the blood-brain barrier leak, exposing the brain to chemicals and proteins that are harmful to it. These hidden damages may not show obvious signs immediately but can develop years after the space flight. Astronauts must be well protected on future long-duration missions beyond low-Earth orbit. NASA is developing technology that can protect travelers on a Mars mission from radiation by building radiation-resistant materials into space vehicles and spacesuits. ____49____ These dietary choices help strengthen astronauts’ bodies and lower damage caused by radiation over long journeys. Developing ways to reduce the effects of space radiation will enable missions other than traveling in space. ____50____ For example, products that protect astronauts from space radiation and reduce its harmful effects on the human body can also treat cancer patients receiving radiation treatments. Such technologies connect space research closely with everyday medical care on our planet. It proves that space research can create practical value far beyond the final frontier. A. However, astronauts traveling farther than the space station will face continuous exposure to this radiation. B. Medical and technological advances in the field bring benefits on Earth. C. Space exploration has led to many technological achievements advancing water treatment and satellite systems. D. Certain diets also bring the effects of radiation to a minimum. E. Despite the progress, traveling to space poses risks to the human body. F. NASA is planning dedicated extended-duration research on the space station. 【答案】47. E 48. A 49. D 50. B 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了随着人类太空旅行的快速发展，宇航员面临的太空辐射健康风险，以及科学家们正在采取的防护措施，包括辐射防护材料、饮食方案等，并指出太空辐射研究成果还能造福地球上的医疗领域。 【47题详解】 上文“With more countries planning missions and commercial companies opening up space tourism, opportunities for human space travel are rapidly expanding. (随着更多国家计划太空任务，商业公司开放太空旅游，人类太空旅行的机会正在迅速扩大。)”说明太空旅行机遇不断增加，下文“Since NASA wants to send a manned mission to Mars in the 2030s, scientists need to find solutions sooner rather than later, as radiation remains one of the biggest and most worrying challenges for deep-space exploration. (由于NASA希望在2030年代执行载人火星任务，科学家需要尽快找到解决方案，因为辐射仍然是深空探索中最大、最令人担忧的挑战之一。)”指出太空旅行面临辐射等健康风险。E项“Despite the progress, traveling to space poses risks to the human body. (尽管取得了进步，太空旅行仍对人体构成风险。)”中“Despite the progress”与上文的发展机遇呼应，“poses risks”与下文的辐射挑战衔接。 【48题详解】 上文“The Earth has a protective barrier, which is the area of space around a planet that is controlled by its magnetic field (磁场) and blocks most dangerous space radiation. (地球有一个保护性屏障，即由其磁场控制的行星周围的空间区域，可以阻挡大多数危险的太空辐射。) ”说明地球磁场能阻挡辐射，下文“As the equivalent between 150 and 6,000 chest X-rays, this level of radiation can harm the human body (相当于150到6000次胸部X光的辐射水平会损害人体)”描述了高辐射的危害。A项“However, astronauts traveling farther than the space station will face continuous exposure to this radiation. (然而，前往比空间站更远地方的宇航员将面临持续的辐射暴露。)”中“However”与上文形成转折，“traveling farther than the space station”引出超出地球保护范围后的辐射问题，与下文辐射危害的描述衔接紧密。 【49题详解】 上文“NASA is developing technology that can protect travelers on a Mars mission from radiation by building radiation-resistant materials into space vehicles and spacesuits. (NASA正在开发通过在航天器和宇航服中嵌入抗辐射材料来保护火星任务旅行者免受辐射的技术。)”说明NASA研发抗辐射材料，下文“These dietary choices help strengthen astronauts' bodies and lower damage caused by radiation over long journeys. (这些饮食选择有助于增强宇航员的体质，降低长期旅途中辐射造成的伤害。)”中“These dietary choices”提示空格处应涉及饮食。D项“Certain diets also bring the effects of radiation to a minimum. (某些饮食也能将辐射影响降到最低。) ”中“also”与上文的防护技术构成递进，“Certain diets”与下文“dietary choices”直接呼应。 【50题详解】 上文“Developing ways to reduce the effects of space radiation will enable missions other than traveling in space. (开发减少太空辐射影响的方法将使太空旅行以外的任务成为可能。)”引出太空辐射研究的更广泛用途，下文“For example, products that protect astronauts from space radiation and reduce its harmful effects on the human body can also treat cancer patients receiving radiation treatments. (例如，保护宇航员免受太空辐射并减少其对人体有害影响的产品也可以治疗接受放射治疗的癌症患者。)”举例说明太空技术在地球医疗上的应用。B项“Medical and technological advances in the field bring benefits on Earth. (该领域的医学和技术进步给地球带来益处。)”总括了太空辐射研究对地球的好处，与下文具体例子形成总分关系。 III. Summary Writing (10%) 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Advertising Objectives When developing a successful advertising campaign, marketers must first set an advertising objective. The objective is the purpose for the advertising campaign. There are four main advertising objectives—to inform, to persuade, to compare, or to remind. Companies use informative advertising to give information about a new type of product. In this case, the purpose is to increase demand for the new product. DVD players are a good example. The first sellers of these products had to tell consumers about the quality and convenience of the new product. Big sales soon followed. However, informative advertising doesn’t work so well when there are many companies with the same kind of product. This is because consumers already know the normal features of the product. Instead, they need to see how one company’s version is better than all the others. This kind of advertising is called persuasive advertising. For instance, when DVD players became common, Sony began trying to persuade customers that its brand has the best quality for their money to keep sales high. Comparative advertising also tries to persuade. Thus it is really a kind of persuasive advertising. In this, a company compares its brand with one or more other brands. Comparative advertising has been used for products from soft drinks to car rentals and credit cards. An example is Avis, a car rental company, which compared itself with its bigger rival Hertz by claiming, “We’re number two, so we try harder?” A different kind of advertising is reminder advertising, which is important for products later in their life. Unlike the other types, its objective is to help to keep strong relationships with customers and to keep them thinking about the product. This is why expensive Coca-Cola television ads mainly build and maintain the Coca-Cola brand relationship, rather than trying to inform or persuade people to buy the drink straight away. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Marketers usually launch an advertising campaign for four purposes. First, they advertise to give customers information about products, which work well for new products. Second, they advertise to convince customers that their products are the best. Third, they advertise by comparing their products with others. Lastly, they advertise to establish a strong link with customers. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，广告有四个主要目的，首先，他们做广告给顾客提供产品信息，这对新产品很有效。其次，他们做广告是为了让顾客相信他们的产品是最好的。第三，他们通过比较自己的产品来做广告。最后，他们通过广告与顾客建立牢固的联系。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①There are four main advertising objectives—to inform, to persuade, to compare, or to remind. ②Companies use informative advertising to give information about a new type of product. ③The first sellers of these products had to tell consumers about the quality and convenience of the new product. ④Instead, they need to see how one company’s version is better than all the others. This kind of advertising is called persuasive advertising. ⑤In this, a company compares its brand with one or more other brands. ⑥Unlike the other types, its objective is to help to keep strong relationships with customers and to keep them thinking about the product. 2. 缜密构思 将2,3句进行整合，1，4，5，6句进行要点提取，重新表达。 3. 遣词造句 Marketers usually launch an advertising campaign for four purposes. They advertise to give customers information about their products, which is very effective for new products. They advertise in order to convince customers that their products are the best. 【点睛】[高分句型1]First, they advertise to give customers information about products, which work well for new products.(which引导的非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2]Second, they advertise to convince customers that their products are the best.(that引导宾语从句) IV. Translation (15%) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in brackets. 52. 如果你能定期与我们合作，我将不胜感激。(it) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】I would appreciate it if you could cooperate with us on a regular basis. 【解析】 【详解】表示“如果你能……，我将不胜感激。”用固定句型I would appreciate it if you could...，其中it为形式宾语；表示“与我们合作”短语为cooperate with us；表示“定期”短语为on a regular basis，作状语。 53. 据预测，越来越多的人将意识到保护淡水的重要性。(predict) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 It is predicted that more and more people will realize the importance of protecting fresh water. 【解析】 【详解】“据预测”用固定句型It is predicted that… 表达，it作形式主语，that引导主语从句；“越来越多的人”用名词短语more and more people作主语从句的主语；“将意识到”用will realize作主语从句的谓语，“重要性”用名词the importance作从句的宾语；“保护淡水的”用介词短语of protecting fresh water作后置定语修饰importance，protecting是动名词，作介词of的宾语。 54. 本次活动的宗旨在于对学生的学术表现产生积极影响，并提升其道德意识。(difference) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 The aim of this activity is to make a positive difference to students’ academic performance and enhance their moral awareness. 【解析】 【详解】“本次活动的宗旨”用名词短语The aim of this activity作主语；“在于”用is作系动词，描述客观事实，用一般现在时，表语用不定式短语，解释aim的具体内容。“对……产生积极影响”用make a positive difference to...表达，“学生的学术表现”用students’ academic performance作介词to的宾语；“并提升其道德意识”：用and连接并列不定式作表语，第二个to可以省略，“提升”用动词enhance表示，“其道德意识”用their moral awareness作宾语。 55. 与你可能料想的相反，正是这份合同使我们得以接触该珍稀栖息地，并与当地居民携手保护受威胁的物种。(contrary) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Contrary to what you might expect, it is this contract that enables us to gain access to the rare habitat and join hands with local residents to protect the threatened species. 【解析】 【详解】句子描述客观事实，用一般现在时。“与你可能料想的相反”用指定词contrary的固定搭配contrary to引出，后接what引导的宾语从句what you might expect；主句用it is...that...强调句型，突出核心主语“这份合同”，其译为this contract；“使我们得以接触该珍稀栖息地”译为enables us to gain access to the rare habitat，后续用and连接省略to的不定式“与当地居民携手保护受威胁的物种”，译为join hands with local residents to protect the threatened species，完全贴合contrary的搭配规则与强调句语法要求。 即Contrary to what you might expect, it is this contract that enables us to gain access to the rare habitat and join hands with local residents to protect the threatened species. V. Guided Writing (25%) 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李明，你校计划在每周五课后组织社团活动，先准备开设象棋、乒乓、吉他和烹饪四个社团，委托校学生会听取全校师生意见。给学生会写一封邮件， 内容须包括： 1）四个社团中你最希望参加哪一个，为什么； 2）除了这四个社团外，你还希望能开设的社团，为什么。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Student Union, I’m Li Ming, a Grade Two student from Mingqi High School. I’m writing to share my opinions on the after-school clubs to be launched on Fridays. Among the four choices, the cooking club appeals to me most. For one thing, cooking is a practical life skill, which helps me look after myself better. For another, preparing food together offers a great chance to communicate with partners and enjoy the fun of teamwork. Besides the listed clubs, I hope we can have a photography club. Photography encourages us to observe small beautiful moments in daily life and improves our ability to discover beauty. It also allows us to record the wonderful scenes on our campus. I hope my suggestions will be taken into consideration. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生写一封邮件给学生会，说明在象棋、乒乓、吉他、烹饪四个社团里最想参加的社团及理由，另外提出希望新增的社团并说明理由。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 吸引：appeal to→fascinate 实用的：practical→functional 照顾：look after→attend to 提高：improve→enhance 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Among the four choices, the cooking club appeals to me most. 拓展句：Of the four available clubs, the cooking club is the one that attracts me the most. 【点睛】【高分句型1】For one thing, cooking is a practical life skill, which helps me look after myself better.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型2】Photography encourages us to observe small beautiful moments in daily life and improves our ability to discover beauty.（运用了不定式to observe作宾语补足语和to discover作后置定语） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $