专题02-复杂复合句与句式升级 讲义-2026-2027学年外研版高二英语上学期期中考点大串讲

2026-2027学年高二英语上学期期中考点大串讲 专题02 复杂复合句与句式升级 （定语从句与名词性从句） —— 2026-2027学年高二英语上学期期中考点大串讲（外研版选择性必修第二册 Units 1-4） 一、 考情解码与新高考命题风向分析 在新高考全国卷（含Ⅰ卷、Ⅱ卷）的考查体系中，复杂复合句不仅是语法填空与短文改错的必考主干，更是阅读理解长难句解构与读后续写/应用文语言升维的核心基石。高二下学期及高考备考中，定语从句与名词性从句占复合句考查总量的 70% 以上。结合外研版选择性必修第二册 Units 3–4（海洋保护与极限突破）的主题语境，本专题聚焦三大高考命题风向： 💡 新高考命题战略解读 1. 语法填空：重点考查 介词 + 关系代词 (prep. + which/whom)、as / which 引导非限制性定语从句 以及名词性从句引导词 (that / what / whether / wh-词) 的精准甄别。 2. 阅读长难句：同源外刊（如 The Guardian, Readers Digest）中常见定语从句嵌套主语从句或同位语从句，考查考生快速提取句子主干（主谓宾）的能力。 3. 写作升维：应用文倡议书/建议信与读后续写中，恰当运用主语从句 (What impressed me most was that...) 或同位语从句 (Word came that...) 是跃升至一类文（21—25分）的加分神器。 二、 核心图解与语法规律降维突破 模块一：定语从句高阶突破（prep. + which/whom & as vs. which） 在定语从句中，介词 + 关系代词 是高考极其青睐的考点。选择介词时须遵循三看法则：一看从句谓语动词的固定搭配；二看先行词的习惯搭配；三看上下文表达的逻辑含义。 介词确定依据 语法逻辑与规则 高考典例与外研版教材呈现 依据1 看从句谓语动词搭配：从句动词与介词构成固定短语，介词提前。例如：depend on ➔ on which The ocean platform, on which scientists depend for research, is equipped with AUVs. (Unit 3) 依据2 看先行词的习惯搭配：介词与先行词构成固定介词短语。例如：at the speed ➔ at which The AUV swims at a speed at which it can track fast-moving marine creatures effortlessly. 依据3 看表示所属或数量关系：名/代/数词 + of + which/whom。例如：most of which / the top of which They explored three deep-sea trenches, the deepest of which reaches over 10,000 meters. 此外，攻克 as 与 which 引导的非限制性定语从句差异也是高分必备： 关系代词 位置特点 代表含义与逻辑 高频固化句式/典例 as 可置于句首、句中或句末 意为“正如……那样”，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。并不限于正向含义，亦可对应中性或表达担忧等场景（如As is known, As was feared） As is reported / known / expected, ... As is shown in the chart, ... which 只能置于主句之后或句中 意为“这一点/这件事”，代表主句整个内容，作从句的主语或宾语 He passed the tough test, which surprised all his classmates. 模块二：名词性从句四大类型与引导词精准锁定 名词性从句在句中相当于一个名词，充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。高考甄别引导词的核心在于一判成分，二看含义： 1. that vs. what 秒杀法则：that 在名词性从句中不充当任何句子成分，且无实际词义（仅起连接作用）；what 既起连接作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，表示“……的东西/事情/话语”。 2. whether vs. if 考场限制：在介词后面、主语从句位于句首时、引导表语从句或同位语从句时，只能用 whether，不能用 if。 3. 同位语从句 vs. 定语从句：同位语从句用 that 补充说明抽象名词（如 fact, news, idea, promise, belief, consensus）的具体内容，that 不作成分；而定语从句的 that 在从句中充当主语或宾语。 模块三：考场三大易错死角与防错清单 易错死角类型 典型错例（Wrong） 正确表达与避坑指南（Correct） 死角1：定语从句成分重复（多加代词宾语） This is the deep-sea robot which we tested it yesterday. (×) 【正确表达】 This is the deep-sea robot which we tested yesterday. (√) 【避坑指南】 关系代词 which/that 已在从句中代替先行词作宾语，从句中不可再重复添加宾语代词 it。 死角2：同位语从句与定语从句混淆 Word came which a marine sanctuary would be built. (×) 【正确表达】 Word came that a marine sanctuary would be built. (√) 【避坑指南】 从句句子成分完整，且用于解释 Word 的具体内容，须用连接词 that，不能用关系代词 which。 死角3：名词性从句引导词混淆（that vs. what） That he said at the marine conference surprised all the scientists. (×) 【正确表达】 What he said at the marine conference surprised all the scientists. (√) 【避坑指南与特训】 that 引导名词性从句时不作成分；what 既起连接作用又作 said 的宾语（表示“……的话/事情”）。 补充学理说明：what 引导主语从句时，谓语单复数取决于 what 所指内容或表语（如 What we need are immediate actions. 谓语用 are 属完全正确的语法）。 三、 教材回归与高考真题切片融合拆解 以下语篇切片精选自外研版选择性必修第二册 Units 3–4 核心课文及近两年新高考全国卷语法填空真题，演示长难句拆解技巧： 💡 教材例句切片 1 (Unit 3 Protecting our seas) 【原句呈现】AUVs are autonomous underwater vehicles which can dive into the deep ocean, which human divers cannot reach. 【句法拆解与精准逻辑】 1. 主句：AUVs are autonomous underwater vehicles (主系表结构)。 2. 第一重从句：which can dive... 为限定性定语从句，修饰 vehicles，which 作主语。 3. 第二重从句：which human divers cannot reach 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the deep ocean。由于 reach 是及物动词（reach the deep ocean），从句缺少宾语，必须使用关系代词 which（不可使用关系副词 where）。 【考场感悟】考场上区分关系代词与关系副词时，务必先看从句谓语动词是及物还是不及物：及物动词缺宾语用 which / that；若谓语动词为不及物动词（如 dive / go），表示地点状语时才用 where / in which。 💡 教材例句切片 2 (Unit 4 Breaking boundaries) 【原句呈现】What makes pioneering explorers truly remarkable is the firm belief that no boundary is insurmountable. 【句法拆解】 1. 主语从句：What makes pioneering explorers truly remarkable 在主句中作主语，what 充当从句主语。 2. 主句谓语与表语：is the firm belief... 3. 同位语从句：that no boundary is insurmountable 紧跟抽象名词 belief，详细解释“信念”的具体内容，that 不作句子成分。 【考场感悟】主语从句与同位语从句嵌套是写作高分与阅读长难句分析的核心。 四、 写作升维：应用文与读后续写“复合句”升级实战 在应用文倡议书/建议信与读后续写中，将平淡的简单句升级为规范的复合句，是打动阅卷老师的关键： 写作场景 基础平淡表达（Basic） 复合句升维示范（Upgraded） 应用文：倡议海洋保护 We should reduce plastic waste to protect marine life. What is of paramount importance is that we reduce plastic waste, which poses a severe threat to marine life. 应用文：表达观点与期待 I hope our school will hold a science fair. It will inspire students. I sincerely hope that our school will hold a science fair, where students can unleash their creative potential. 读后续写：心理与突发状况 News came. The lost explorer was found. She felt relieved. Word came that the lost explorer had been rescued safely, which instantly brought a huge wave of relief to her heart. 五、 考场实战：期中阶梯式提分特训 阶梯一：单句语法填空与句式连接特训 (10 题) 1. Deep-sea exploration is a challenging field, ________ which advanced technological devices like AUVs are indispensable. 2. As ________ reported in the scientific journal, plastic pollution in the ocean has reached an alarming level. 3. ________ impressed the audience most was the mountaineer’s unyielding spirit in overcoming harsh conditions. 4. There is no doubt ________ sustainable development is the key to preserving marine ecosystems. 5. The research team came across an underwater cave, the entrance ________ which was hidden by thick seaweed. 6. Word came ________ a new marine sanctuary would be established along the coastline next month. 7. The reason ________ he succeeded in breaking the speed record was that he trained relentlessly every day. 8. She asked me ________ I would like to participate in the ocean cleanup campaign this weekend. 9. Scientists have developed a bio-inspired robot, the primary function ________ which is to collect microplastics. 10. ________ is known to all, breaking boundaries requires not only courage but also wisdom. 阶梯二：同源外刊语篇语法填空 (10 空) Marine biologists recently conducted an extraordinary deep-sea expedition in the Pacific Ocean, 11. ________ they deployed bio-inspired underwater robots to monitor coral reefs. What surprised the team most 12. ________ (be) the resilience of marine life in extreme environments. The robots, on 13. ________ high-resolution cameras were installed, captured breathtaking images of unknown species. As 14. ________ widely acknowledged, plastic waste poses a severe threat to oceanic biodiversity. There is a growing consensus 15. ________ international cooperation is essential to combat marine pollution. 16. ________ challenges lie ahead, scientists remain optimistic about saving our blue planet. 17. ________ we must realize is 18. ________ protecting the ocean is protecting ourselves. Through innovative technologies, 19. ________ pave the way for sustainable development, humanity can live in harmony 20. ________ nature. 阶梯三：读后续写与应用文“复合句”升级改写 (3 题) 21. 【应用文改写】We must protect the ocean. It provides us with rich resources. (用定语从句合并为一句) 改写：__________________________________________________________________________________ 22. 【读后续写改写】A message arrived. The team reached the summit safely. This made everyone cheer. (用同位语从句与非限制性定语从句合并为一句) 改写：__________________________________________________________________________________ 23. 【应用文改写】He told us a story. It encouraged us to break boundaries. (用主语从句与定语从句升维重构) 改写：__________________________________________________________________________________ 六、 全套参考答案与高考级深度解析 【阶梯一：单句语法填空解析】 1. for 【考点】介词+关系代词定语从句。【解析】be indispensable for...（对……不可或缺）为固定搭配，介词 for 提前，故填 for。 2. is 【考点】固化非限制性定语从句。【解析】As is reported... 为固定句式，意为“正如所报道的那样”，as 作主语，谓语用 is。 3. What 【考点】主语从句引导词。【解析】从句缺少主语且表示“……的事物”，用 What 引导主语从句，句首大写。 4. that 【考点】同位语从句。【解析】There is no doubt that... 为固定句型，that 引导同位语从句解释 doubt 内容，不作成分。 5. of 【考点】所属关系定语从句。【解析】the entrance of which 结构表示“洞穴的入口”，of表示所属关系。 6. that 【考点】同位语从句。【解析】Word（消息）后接同位语从句说明具体内容，从句成分完整用 that。 7. why 【考点】定语从句关系副词。【解析】The reason why... 意为“……的原因”，why 在从句中作原因状语。 8. whether / if 【考点】宾语从句引导词。【解析】作 asked 的宾语，表达“是否”，填 whether 或 if。 9. of 【考点】所属关系定语从句。【解析】the primary function of which 表示“其主要功能”，which 指代前文的 robot。 10. As 【考点】非限制性定语从句。【解析】As is known to all 意为“众所周知”，as 置于句首，指代后面主句全句。 【阶梯二：外刊语篇语法填空答案速查与精析】 11. where (非限制性定语从句，从句主谓宾完整，先行词为 Pacific Ocean，作地点状语) 12. was (主语从句 What surprised the team most 作主语，过去时态，谓语动词用 was) 13. which (介词 on + 关系代词 which，指代 robots) 14. is (固化非限制性定语从句 As is widely acknowledged) 15. that (同位语从句，解释 consensus 的内容，that 不作成分) 16. Whatever (让步状语从句，Whatever challenges lie ahead...) 17. What (主语从句，What we must realize，what 作 realize 的宾语，句首大写) 18. that (表语从句，is that protecting...) 19. which (非限制性定语从句，修饰 technologies，作主语) 20. with (固定搭配 in harmony with nature) 【阶梯三：微句段升级改写高分范例】 21. We must protect the ocean, which provides us with rich resources and sustains life on Earth. 22. Word came that the team had reached the summit safely, which instantly made everyone cheer with excitement. 23. What encouraged us deeply was the inspiring story he told us, which motivated everyone to break their own boundaries. 第 1 页 共 8 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $