内容正文:
Unit 4 Reduce, reuse, recycle
主
题
场
景
分
类
词
汇
一、环境与污染:
1._________________ (adj. 自然环境的;生态环境的) __________________________
_________________________________(我们应当更多关注身边的环境问题。)
2._________________ (adj. 全球的;全世界的) __________________________
_________________________________(越来越多国家加入这项全球性环境项目。)
3._________________ (adj. 户外的;室外的) __________________________
_________________________________(我们将要参加一场关于垃圾分类的户外活动。)
4._________________ (n. 河岸;河堤)__________________________________
_________________________________(一些志愿者正在河岸边上栽种小树。)
5._________________ (n. 污染;污染物) _______________________________________
_________________________________(空气污染在部分城市仍是严峻问题。)
6._________________ (v. 污染;弄脏) ______________________________________
________________________________(工厂废水可能会污染当地河流。)
7._________________ (n. 化学制品;化学品;adj. 化学的)__________________________
_________________________________(一些有害化学物质会破坏农田土壤。)
8._________________ (n. 烟雾) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(浓重的烟雾让人们难以看清远处。)
9._________________ (adj. 有难闻气味的;有臭味的) _______________________
_______________________________(散发臭味的废水污染了附近的小溪。)
二、环保行为&资源处理:
1._________________ (n. 垃圾桶;(有盖)大容器) _______________________________
_________________________________(请把垃圾扔进角落的垃圾桶。)
2._________________ (n. 保护;保护物) ___________________________________
_________________________________(每个人都在野生植物保护中发挥作用。)
3._________________ (v. 明令禁止;禁止做某事) __________________________________
_________________________________(许多城市明令禁止向河里丢弃垃圾。)
4._________________ (v. 回收利用) ______________________________________
_________________________________(回收纸张与塑料瓶是很好的习惯。)
5._________________ (v. 再次使用;重复使用) ___________________________________
_________________________________(我们可以重复使用玻璃瓶,而不是把它们扔掉。)
6._________________ (v. 去掉;清除) _____________________________________
_________________________________(人们需要用恰当的方式清除垃圾。)
7._________________ (n. 清扫;清除) _____________________________________
_________________________________(志愿者上周末参加了河道清扫活动。)
8._________________ (n. 垃圾填埋地(或场);垃圾填埋) _____________________________
_________________________________(每年大量无用垃圾被送往垃圾填埋场。)
9._________________ (v. 埋葬) __________________________________________
_________________________________(人们不应该把塑料垃圾埋到地下。)
10._________________(v. 把……包装好;n. 包裹;包装好的东西)_________________
_________________________________(商店用过多塑料给许多商品做包装。)
三、社会、经济与人类:
1._________________ (n. 一代人;同辈人)____________________________________
_________________________________(年轻一代正学着过低碳生活。)
2._________________ (n. 保护者;守卫者) ____________________________________
__________________________________(每一位公民都可以成为环境的守卫者。)
3._________________ (v. 打扰;使焦虑) ________________________________________
_________________________________(噪音与垃圾打扰了当地动物的生活。)
4._________________ (v. 使(某人)烦恼;花费时间精力(做某事)) ______________
_________________________________(在有些地方,很少有人会费心去分类垃圾。)
5._________________ (adj. 众所周知的;著名的) _______________________________
_________________________________(这座城镇因其环保工作而闻名。)
6._________________ (n. 收入;收益) _______________________________________
_________________________________(保护当地森林可以给农民带来新的收益。)
7._________________ (adj. 稳定的;持续的) ______________________________________
_________________________________(我们需要持续不断的努力来减少垃圾产生。)
8._________________(n. 丧失;亏损;丢失) ______________________________________
_________________________________(污染造成许多种类野生动植物的消失。)
四、物品、实物:
1. _________________ (n. 陷阱;罗网;v. 设陷阱捕捉;卡住) ______________________
_________________________________(塑料袋可能会困住海洋里的小型海洋动物。)
2. _________________ (n. 台灯) _________________________________________
_________________________________(不用台灯时把它关掉以节约能源。)
3. _________________ (n. 轮胎) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(废旧轮胎在自然界中很难降解。)
短
语
一、动词短语
1._________________ (危害动植物) __________________________________________
_________________________________(工厂排出的污水会危害动植物。)
2._________________ (埋在地下) __________________________________________
__________________________________(过去人们常常把大量垃圾埋在地下。)
3._________________ (进入;渗入) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(有害化学物质可能渗入河流。)
4._________________ (带某人参观……) ________________________________________
_________________________________(导游会带我们参观废物处理中心。)
5._________________. (把……分类成……) ______________________________________
_________________________________(我们可以把垃圾分类成不同组别。)
6._________________ (减少垃圾) ______________________________________
_________________________________(我们应当尽力在日常生活中减少垃圾。)
7._________________ (被添加到……中(被动))____________________________
_________________________________(一些危险物质不应该被添加到土壤中。)
8._________________ (回收材料) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(回收材料对保护环境很重要。)
9._________________ (把……捐赠给……) ________________________________________
_________________________________(我们可以把旧瓶子捐赠给回收中心。)
10._________________ (扔掉) _______________________________________
_________________________________(不要扔掉可重复使用的塑料盒。)
11._________________ (由……造成(被动)) ________________________________________
_________________________________(光污染是由过多强光造成的。)
12._________________ (损害某人健康) _________________________________________
_________________________________(过多噪音会损害人的健康。)
13._________________(引发眼部问题) __________________________________________
_________________________________(夜间强光可能引发眼部问题。)
14._________________ (打扰某人睡眠) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(光污染会打扰人们的睡眠。)
15._________________ (受困;被卡住) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(海洋动物可能被塑料袋困住。)
16._________________ (被……吸引) __________________________________________
_________________________________(一些鸟类会被城市强光吸引。)
17._________________ (遭受;受……之苦) ______________________________________
_________________________________(很多人遭受空气污染的困扰。)
18._________________ (在水边野餐) ________________________________________
_________________________________(周末很多游客在水边野餐。)
19._________________. (采取行动做某事) ________________________________________
_________________________________(我们必须采取行动制止污染。)
20._________________ (阻止……做某事) ________________________________________
_________________________________(我们应该阻止人们到处乱扔垃圾。)
21._________________ (习惯于……) ________________________________________
_________________________________(你很快就会习惯垃圾分类。)
22._________________ (处理;应付;解决) __________________________________________
_________________________________(我们需要学习如何妥善处理垃圾。)
23._________________ (找到;想到(主意)) _________________________________________
_________________________________(学生们想到了重复利用旧轮胎的好办法。)
24._________________ (建造一个游乐场) ________________________________
_________________________________(他们用废旧轮胎建造了一个游乐场。)
25._________________(分解;降解) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(塑料在自然界中不容易降解。)
26._________________ (被……困住) __________________________________________
__________________________________(小鱼可能被塑料垃圾困住。)
27._________________ (玩得开心;过得愉快) _____________________________________
_________________________________(游客们在干净的海滩玩得很开心。)
28._________________ (采取行动) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(政府将会采取行动保护海滩。)
29._________________ (变得更糟) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(如果我们不作为,污染会变得更糟。)
30._________________ (鼓励某人做某事) _______________________________________
_________________________________(老师鼓励我们节约用水。)
31._________________ (设立;建立) ________________________________________
_________________________________(这座城市计划设立更多回收中心。)
32._________________ (确保;务必) ________________________________________
_________________________________(请务必带走你的垃圾。)
33._________________ (齐心协力) _______________________________________
_________________________________(如果我们齐心协力,就能解决这个环境问题。)
34._________________ (v. 丢下;忘了带) ________________________________________
_________________________________(野餐的时候不要丢下任何垃圾。)
35._________________ (v. 把……冲到陆地上;洗刷) ____________________________
_________________________________(巨浪把塑料废弃物冲到海滩上。)
二、名词短语
1._________________ ( 世界环境日) ________________________________________
_________________________________(我们在世界环境日举办许多活动。)
2._________________ ( 地球大绿墙) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(地球大绿墙有助于阻止沙尘移动。)
3._________________ ( 空气污染) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(更多树木有助于减少空气污染。)
4._________________ ( 全球变暖)___________________________________________
_________________________________(我们应该减少废气排放来减缓全球变暖。)
5._________________ ( 废气) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(发电厂每年产生大量废气。)
6._________________( 发电厂) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(一些老旧发电厂正在努力减少污染。)
7._________________ ( 土地污染)___________________________________________
_________________________________(有害化学物质是造成土地污染的原因之一。)
8._________________ ( 有害化学物质) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(有害化学物质不应该渗入农田土壤。)
9._________________ ( 废物处理中心) __________________________________________
__________________________________(工人们把垃圾运到废物处理中心。)
10._________________ ( 回收中心) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(我们可以把旧瓶子送到回收中心。)
11._________________ ( 医疗垃圾) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(医疗垃圾必须用特殊方式处理。)
12._________________ ( 厨余垃圾;食物废弃物) __________________________________
_________________________________(我们应当尽力减少厨余垃圾。)
13._________________( 简易包装的产品) ___________________________________
_________________________________(购物时选择少包装的产品。)
14._________________ ( 我们日常使用的物品) ____________________________
_________________________________(我们可以重复利用很多日常用品节约资源。)
15._________________ ( 塑料袋) ________________________________________
_________________________________(购物时尽量不要使用塑料袋。)
16._________________ ( 光污染) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(光污染对人类和动物都有害。)
17._________________( 交通事故) __________________________________________
__________________________________(夜间强光可能会引发交通事故。)
18._________________( 稳定的收入) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(保护森林能给当地人带来稳定的收入。)
19._________________( 母亲河) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(我们必须好好保护我们的母亲河。)
20._________________ ( 后代) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(我们应该给后代留下一个干净的地球。)
21._________________ ( 环境保护)___________________________________________
_________________________________(每个人都应该参与环境保护。)
三、形容词短语:
1._________________(为……感到自豪) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(我们为我们在环境保护方面做出的努力感到自豪。)
2._________________ (对……来说是完美的/极适合的)_____________________________
_________________________________(旧轮胎非常适合建造游乐场。)
三、副词短语:
1._________________(也;同样) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(我们也应该保护野生动植物。)
2._________________ (因此;结果) ___________________________________________
_________________________________(人们到处乱扔垃圾,结果海滩状况糟糕。)
3._________________ (不再) __________________________________________
__________________________________(这片海滩不再是游客的好去处。)
4._________________ (更糟糕的是)___________________________________________
______________________(塑料袋会伤害海洋动物。更糟糕的是,一些动物会误吃塑料袋。)
实
用
交
际
套
句
型
一、询问信息类:
1.What did you write about…(你写了关于……什么内容?)
2.Do you know… (你知道……吗?)
3.(Are there any) solutions (有什么)解决办法吗?
4.What happens to … (……会怎么处理?)
5.I wonder…(我想知道……)
二、表达感受与观点:
1.I wrote about …because...(我写的是……因为)
2.it's so smoggy that…(烟雾很重以至于……)
3.I never realized that…(我从未意识到……)
4.I am proud of…(我为……感到骄傲)
5.That's the big question, isn't it?(这是个关键问题,不是吗?)
三、陈述现状/介绍流程:
1.We organize it into…as soon as(一......就......,我们将它分类……)
2.The things that can be recycled,…such as..., will be taken…,(可回收的物品,例如……,将会被送往……)
3.His job is to do sth.… and make sure that…(他的工作是做某事……并确保……)
4.He grew up ... and used to be ... (他长大……并且过去是……)
4、 描述人物经历与习惯:
1.... was not used to doing…(......不习惯做……)
2.As he does so, he often stops to talk… or to watch…(当他这样做的时候,他常常停下来交谈…… 或是观赏……)
3.For this reason, many people are coming up with …(因此,许多人正在想出……办法)
5、 提出建议与行动号召:
1.We need to take action before…(我们需要在……之前采取行动……)
2.People should also try to bring…so that...(人们也应该尽量携带……以至于......)
语法
宾语从句、状语从句
写作
写一篇环保网站的帖子(post),介绍一个环境问题
一、知识点精讲
1. reuse /ˌriːˈjuːz/ v. 再使用;重复利用 /ˌriːˈjuːs/ n. 再利用;重复使用
【用法】
(1)作动词 v. /ˌriːˈjuːz/
1 reuse sth. 重复使用某物
We can reuse glass bottles.(我们可以重复利用玻璃瓶。)
2 reuse sth. to do sth. 重复使用某物来做某事
People reuse old boxes to hold small things.(人们重复利用旧盒子存放小东西。)
3 reuse sth. as sth. 把某物当作……重复使用
We can reuse the old jar as a flower pot.(我们可以把旧罐子再利用,当作花盆。)
(2)作名词 n. /ˌriːˈjuːs/ 再利用,复用
①the reuse of … ……的再利用
The reuse of plastic bottles helps cut down waste.(塑料瓶的再利用有助于减少垃圾。)
②for reuse 供再次使用
Wash the cloth bags for reuse.(清洗布袋,以便重复使用。)
【变形】 reusable adj. 可重复使用的 reusable shopping bags 可重复使用购物袋
These reusable bags are good for environmental protection.(这些可重复使用的袋子有利于环保。)
【辨析】reuse vs recycle
①reuse v. 重复使用(不改变物品本身形态,直接再次用)
Reuse your water bottle. 重复使用你的水瓶。(瓶子还是原来的瓶子)
②recycle v. 回收利用(打碎/加工,变成新材料,再造新产品)
We recycle waste paper to make new paper.(我们回收废纸来制造新纸。废纸被加工,不再是原来那张纸)
关键区分: Reuse = 原样再用;Recycle = 回炉重造
易混对比句:
Reuse this can as a pen holder. 把这个罐子重复利用,做成笔筒。(罐子本身没变,直接再用 → reuse)
This can will be recycled to make new metal products. 这个金属罐会被回收,用来制造新金属制品。(熔化重铸 → recycle)
注意:前缀 re- = again 再次(高频词缀:recycle, rewrite, return)
2.pollution /pəˈluːʃn/ n. 污染;污染物
词源:动词 pollute → 名词 pollution
【用法】
(1)作不可数名词 n. 污染(抽象概念,一般不加a,无复数pollutions)
①…pollution ………污染(名词作主语)
Air pollution is getting worse in some places nowadays.(如今一些地方的空气污染正变得越来越严重。)
②the pollution of … ……的污染
We should stop the pollution of rivers.(我们应该制止河流污染。)
③reduce pollution 减少污染
Taking buses can help reduce pollution.(乘坐公共汽车有助于减少污染。)
④名词(定语)+ pollution,表示 “…… 污染”
air pollution 空气污染
Air pollution is getting worse in some places nowadays. (如今一些地方的空气污染正变得越来越严重。)
land pollution 土地污染
Land pollution is harmful to farm soil. (土地污染会损害农田土壤。)
light pollution 光污染
Light pollution stops us from seeing stars at night. (光污染让我们夜晚看不到星星。)
water pollution 水污染
Water pollution kills fish in rivers and lakes. (水污染造成河湖里的鱼类死亡。)
(2)表“污染物”(书面,不可数,多用于正式语境)
The sea carries pollution to many beaches.(海水把污染物带到许多海滩。)
【变形】
①pollute /pəˈluːt/ v. 污染;弄脏
Factories must not pollute the river.(工厂不可以污染这条河。)
②polluted /pəˈluːtɪd/ adj. 被污染的 polluted water 污水;被污染的水
The river is heavily polluted.(这条河被严重污染了。)
③polluting adj. 造成污染的 polluting factories 污染环境的工厂
【辨析】pollute v. vs polluted adj. vs pollution n.
①pollute v. 动词,在句中作谓语,表示“污染”这个动作,有时态变化。
Waste gases pollute the air.(废气污染空气。)
②polluted adj. 形容词,意为“被污染的”,修饰名词或放在be动词后作表语,表被动含义。
The lake is polluted.(这个湖泊被污染了。) polluted soil 被污染的土壤
③pollution n. 名词,“污染”这件事、污染物,不能做谓语。
Land pollution is harmful to our health.(土地污染对我们健康有害。)
关键区分: pollute:动词,做谓语(污染…); polluted:形容词,被污染的; pollution:名词,污染(这件事)
易混对比句:
Waste gases pollute the air.(动词pollute,作谓语:废气污染空气。)
The air is polluted.(形容词polluted作表语:空气被污染了。)
Air pollution is a serious problem.(名词pollution作主语:空气污染是个严重问题。)
3.chemical /ˈkemɪkl/ adj. 化学的;n. 化学品,化学物质
【用法】
(1)作形容词 adj. 化学的(放在名词前作定语)
chemical + 名词:化学……
①chemical waste 化学废弃物
Factories must not pour chemical waste into rivers. (工厂禁止把化学废弃物排入河流。)
②chemical pollution 化学污染
Chemical pollution does great harm to farm soil. (化学污染对农田土壤伤害很大。)
(2)作名词 n. 化学品;化学物质(可数名词,复数:chemicals)
①harmful chemicals 有害化学物质
Harmful chemicals will damage farm soil.(有害化学物质会破坏农田土壤。)
②a chemical 一种化学制品;chemicals多种化学品
Many chemicals from factories flow into rivers.(工厂排出的许多化学物质流入河流。)
【变形】
①chemistry /ˈkemɪstri/ n. 化学(学科)
Chemistry is my favourite subject.(化学是我最喜欢的学科。)
②chemist /ˈkemɪst/ n. 化学家;药剂师;药店、药房
The chemist studies how these materials change.(这位化学家研究这些物质如何发生变化。)
③chemical (adj.) → chemically (adv.) 化学地;用化学方法
The substance is chemically pure.(这种物质在化学上是纯净的。)
【辨析】chemistry n. vs chemical(adj./n.)
①chemistry n.【名词,学科】化学;化学这门学科,不可数
He studies chemistry at school. 他在学校学习化学。(学科)
②chemical
▶adj.【形容词】化学的,用来修饰名词
chemical reaction 化学反应
A chemical reaction happens when the two materials mix together.(这两种材料混合在一起时,就会发生化学反应。)
chemical waste 化学废料
Factories must deal with chemical waste properly to protect rivers.(工厂必须妥善处理化学废料,保护河流。)
chemical change 化学变化
Burning wood is a chemical change.(木头燃烧是一种化学变化。)
chemical weapon 化学武器
Many countries agree not to use any chemical weapon.(许多国家同意不使用任何化学武器。)
▶n.【可数名词】化学药品、化学物质;复数chemicals
例:Some chemicals are bad for living things.(一些化学物质对生物有害。)
核心记忆口诀:
chemistry → 学科“化学”(不可数)
chemical (adj.) → “化学的”(修饰名词,如 chemical reaction)
chemical (n.) →“化学品”(可数,复数 chemicals)
易混对比句:
He learns chemistry this term.(chemistry:学科。他这学期学化学。)
Chemical waste pollutes the river.(chemical形容词,修饰waste:化学废料污染河流。)
Some chemicals get into the soil.(chemicals名词复数:一些化学物质渗入土壤。)
4. disposal /dɪˈspəʊzl/(英) /dɪˈspoʊzl/(美)n. 去掉;清除;处理;处置
【常用搭配】
①waste disposal 垃圾处理
Proper waste disposal helps protect our environment.(恰当的垃圾处理有助于保护我们的环境。)
②safe disposal 安全处置
The safe disposal of fireworks waste is very important.(烟花废弃物的安全处理十分重要。)
③disposal of sth. ……的清除/处理
We need the safe disposal of old fireworks after the festival.(节日过后,我们需要对旧烟花进行安全处理。)
④at one's disposal (由某人支配/供某人使用)
I have a car at my disposal.(我有一辆可以自由使用的车。)
【拓展】 dispose v. 处理;丢弃;disposable adj. 一次性的;可自由使用的
①dispose 是不及物动词,常和介词of搭配:dispose of sth. 处理;清除(扔掉、除去废弃物)
We should dispose of rubbish in the right ways.(我们应该用正确的方式处理垃圾。)
②disposable adj. 一次性的;可自由使用的 disposable chopsticks 一次性筷子
Don’t use too many disposable chopsticks.(不要使用太多一次性筷子。)
5.package /ˈpækɪdʒ/ n. 包;包裹;包装 v. 包装
【用法】
(1)作名词 n.
①(商品的)包装
Please check if the package is broken before you buy it.(购买前请检查商品包装是否破损。)
②包裹;小包
She received a large package from her friend.(她收到朋友寄来的一个大包裹。)
(2)作动词 v. 包装;把……打包
Factories package the goods before they are sent out.(工厂在发货前把商品包装好。)
【词形变化】
①packaging n.(商品的)包装材料(不可数)
Too much packaging creates more rubbish.(过多包装材料产生更多垃圾。)
②packer (n.) 包装工;打包机
This packer works fast and saves lots of time.(这台打包机运转很快,节省很多时间。)
【辨析】package / pack
单词
动词含义
名词含义
pack
收拾、装箱(行李/物品)
一包(表数量);背包
package
(工厂)包装商品
包裹;商品外包装
①pack /pæk/
▶ v. 收拾;把东西装进箱子/袋子(行李、物品,不一定是商品,是人主动收纳)
She packs her suitcase for the trip.(她为旅行收拾行李箱。)
Pack the waste into the box.(把垃圾装进盒子里。)
▶ n. 一包;一捆;背包(强调一份、一组的数量) a pack of plastic bags(一包塑料袋)
He carried a pack on his back.(他背着背包。)
②package /ˈpækɪdʒ/
▶ v.(工厂)给商品包装(为了售卖,加上外包装)
Factories package the goods before they sell them.(工厂售卖前给商品做包装。)
▶ n. 邮寄包裹;(商品的)外包装(强调包装物本身)
I received a package yesterday.(我昨天收到一个包裹。)
Choose products with simple packages.(选择简易包装的产品。)
6.environmental /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl/ adj. 环境的;有关环境的
【常用搭配】
作形容词 adj.,多作定语,放在名词前
①environmental pollution 环境污染
We must try our best to reduce environmental pollution.(我们必须尽力减少环境污染。)
②environmental protection 环境保护
Everyone should know the importance of environmental protection.(每个人都应该知道环境保护的重要性。)
③environmental problems 环境问题
More and more people are worrying about environmental problems.(越来越多的人担忧环境问题。)
【词形拓展】
①environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ n. 环境
We should protect our living environment.(我们应当保护我们的生存环境。)
②environmentally adv. 在环境方面;有关环境地
This kind of bag is environmentally friendly.(这种袋子是环保的。)
7.well-known /ˌwel ˈnəʊn/ adj. 著名的;众所周知的
【用法】
(1) 作表语(置于 be 动词后)
①be well-known for… 因…… 而出名(后接出名的原因)
The town is well-known for its clean river.(这座小镇因清澈的河流而出名。)
②be well-known as… 作为…… 而出名(后接身份 / 头衔)
He is well-known as an environmental scientist.(他作为一名环境科学家而出名。)
(2) 作定语(置于名词前面,修饰名词)
This well-known report talks about waste pollution.(这份著名的报告讲述垃圾污染问题。)
【词形拓展】
①know v. 知道;了解
I know the importance of environmental protection.(我了解环保的重要性。)
②known adj. 已知的
This is a known fact about water pollution.(这是一个关于水污染的已知事实。)
③unknown adj. 未知的;不出名的
The source of the chemical waste was unknown.(这种化学废料的来源是未知的。)
He was unknown before he wrote this report.(在写这份报告之前,他并不出名。)
【易错提示】 well-known 的比较级:better-known;最高级:best-known
①better-known(比较级,更知名的)
This river is better-known than that one for its environmental protection work.(这条河因为环保工作,比那条河更出名。)
②best-known(最高级,最著名的)
It is the best-known park in our city.(它是我们市里最有名的公园。)
【辨析】well-known/famous
对比维度
famous
well-known
名气范围与程度
名气更大,多指家喻户晓、名扬四海,面向大众。
例句:The Great Wall is a famous place of interest around the world.(长城是世界闻名的名胜古迹。)
可指特定圈子/行业/地区内知名;也可指大名鼎鼎的人/地点。额外可修饰抽象事实
例句:He is a well-known environmental expert in our country.(他是我国一位知名的环保专家。)
修饰对象
多修饰人、地点、作品等具体事物;一般不修饰fact/truth等抽象事实。
例句:Mo Yan is a famous writer.(莫言是一位著名作家。)
人、地点;事实、道理、方法、现象等抽象概念
例句:It is a well-known fact that plastic harms sea animals.(塑料会伤害海洋生物,这是众所周知的事实。)
语体色彩
通俗,口语更常用
例句:I visited that famous lake last summer.(去年夏天我游览了那个有名的湖。)
偏正式、书面,常见于说明文、新闻
例句:This well-known report talks about water pollution.(这份知名报告探讨水污染问题。)
小提醒:
搭配相同 be famous for = be well-known for 因…… 出名 (for后面接事物/原因)
be famous as = be well-known as 作为…… 出名 (as后面接身份)
8.disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/ v. 打扰;扰乱;使不安
【用法】
(1)打扰,妨碍(打断别人正在做的事)
①disturb sb. 打扰某人
Don’t disturb him. He is busy writing a report.(别打扰他,他正在忙着写报告。)
②disturb sb. when / while doing sth. 打扰某人(正在做某事)
Don’t disturb me while working.(我干活的时候别打扰我。) = Don’t disturb me while I am working.
③disturb sb. in (doing) sth. 打扰某人做某事
Don’t disturb him in his study.(不要打扰他学习。)
(2)扰乱;打乱(秩序、平静)
The noise disturbed the peace of the park.(噪音扰乱了公园的宁静。)
(3)使不安,使心烦
The bad news disturbed her a lot.(这个坏消息让她很心烦。)
【词形变形】 disturbed adj. 心神不安的;心理失常的 disturbing adj. 令人不安的(修饰事物) disturbance n. [C/U] 打扰,骚乱
①disturbed /dɪˈstɜːbd/ 心神不安的,心烦意乱的;(长期/严重)心理失常的。
She felt disturbed after hearing the news.(听到消息后,她感到心神不安。)
The boy was deeply disturbed by the accident.(这场事故让这个男孩内心很不安。)
②disturbing /dɪˈstɜːbɪŋ/ adj. 令人不安的(修饰事物,让人产生不安感觉的)
It was a disturbing story.(这是一个令人不安的故事。)
There is some disturbing news about pollution.(有一些关于污染的令人不安的消息。)
③disturbance /dɪˈstɜːbəns/ n. [C/U] 打扰,骚乱
▶表示“打扰、干扰(抽象概念)”时,通常为不可数(如:cause disturbance)。
We apologize for the disturbance.(对于造成的打扰,我们深表歉意。)【不可数】
▶表示“骚乱、动荡、具体的干扰事件”时,通常为可数(如:a disturbance in the neighborhood)。
The police stopped the disturbance in the street.(警察制止了街上的骚乱。)【可数】
【辨析】 disturb & interrupt
①disturb:侧重打扰、扰乱,破坏平静/状态,不一定打断谈话
Please keep quiet. Don’t disturb the sleeping baby.(请保持安静,不要吵醒熟睡的宝宝。) 只是破坏安静的状态,宝宝没有在说话。
The light from the window disturbed my sleep last night.(昨晚窗外的光打扰了我的睡眠。) 光线扰乱睡眠,不存在对话。
②interrupt:侧重打断(说话),中途插话。
例:Sorry to interrupt your talk.(抱歉打断你们的谈话。)
9. trap /træp/ n. 陷阱;圈套;困境 v. 使困住;诱捕;收集(气体、热量等)
【用法】
(1)作名词 n.
①a trap for… ……的陷阱
They set a trap for rats in the yard.(他们在院子里设了捕鼠陷阱。)
②fall into a trap 落入(别人设计的)圈套、计谋或陷阱
If you are not careful, you may fall into a trap.(如果你不够小心,就可能落入圈套。)
③be caught in a trap 陷入困境
Many animals are caught in the trap.(很多动物落入这个陷阱。)
(2)作动词 v. 过去式/过去分词 trapped;现在分词 trapping
①be trapped in… 被困在……(强调处于被困的状态)
Some birds were trapped in the net.(一些鸟儿被困在网里。)
②get trapped 被困住 (强调陷入这个变化过程,“变得被困”)
Many animals get trapped in plastic waste.(很多动物被困在塑料垃圾里。)
③trap sth 收集/留存(气体、热量,环保单元考点)
Trees can trap carbon dioxide.(树木可以吸收留存二氧化碳。)
④trap sb into doing sth 诱使某人做某事
He was trapped into telling the secret.(他被诱骗说出秘密。)
拓展:trapped adj. 被困住的
We felt trapped in the small room.(我们被困在这间小房间里。)
10.bother /ˈbɒðə(r)/ v. 打扰;麻烦;费心 n. 麻烦;烦恼
【用法】
(1)作动词 v.
①bother sb. 打扰某人;麻烦某人
Don’t bother your father. He is having a rest.(别打扰你爸爸,他正在休息。)
②bother sb. with sth. 拿某事麻烦某人
Don’t bother me with such small problems.(别拿这种小事来麻烦我。)
③bother to do sth. 费心/特地去做某事(常用于否定、疑问)
He didn’t bother to answer my email.(他懒得回复我的邮件。)
④bother doing sth. 费心做某事(较少用,多用于否定)
Don’t bother looking for it. It’s lost.(别费心找了,已经丢了。)
⑤It bothers sb. that … ……使某人烦恼(it形式主语)
It bothers me that there is so much rubbish here.(这儿垃圾太多,让我很心烦。)
(2)作名词 n. 麻烦,烦恼
①It’s a bother. 这是件麻烦事。
Cleaning the whole yard is a real bother.(打扫整个院子真是件麻烦事。)
②without bother 毫不费力,不麻烦
We finished the work without much bother.(我们没费多大劲就完成了这项工作。)
【词形变形】
①bothersome adj. 麻烦的;令人讨厌的(修饰事物)
The noise from the factory is bothersome.(工厂的噪音很烦人。)
②bothered adj. 感到烦恼的,心烦的(修饰人)
She seemed quite bothered about the result.(她似乎对结果感到很心烦。)
【辨析】 bother & disturb
①bother:语气较轻,多指小事打扰、麻烦,让人感到烦,不一定破坏平静。
Sorry to bother you.(抱歉打扰你。)(日常礼貌用语,中考高频)
②disturb:程度更强,扰乱平静、秩序,或使人内心不安。
The noise disturbed his sleep.(噪音扰乱了他的睡眠。)
短语提示:
Don’t bother. 不用麻烦了;不必了。
11.loss /lɒs/ n. 丧失;损失;丢失;亏损
【用法】
(1)丧失,失去;丢失
①the loss of sth. ……的丧失/丢失
The loss of green space is a serious environmental problem.(绿地的消失是一个严重的环境问题。)
②suffer a loss 遭受损失
The company suffered a huge financial loss last year.(公司去年遭受了巨大的经济损失。)
(2)亏损;损耗
The factory tried to reduce energy loss.(这家工厂努力减少能量损耗。)
(3)迷惘,不知所措(固定短语) be at a loss 困惑;不知所措
①be at a loss for words 一时语塞,说不出话来
I was at a loss for words when I heard the news.(听到消息时,我一时语塞。)
②be at a loss what to do / how to do it 不知该怎么办
She was at a loss what to say.(她不知该说什么。)
【同根词】
①lose /luːz/ v. 丢失;失去;输掉(动词)
He may lose his job.(他可能会丢掉工作。)
②lost adj. 丢失的;迷路的;失去的 v. lose的过去式/过去分词 get lost 迷路
I found a lost bag by the river.(我在河边发现一个遗失的包。)
We lost the game last night.(昨晚我们输了比赛。)
12.guardian /ˈɡɑːdiən/ n. 保护者;守护者;监护人
guardian 是由动词/名词 guard(守卫)加上名词后缀 -ian(表示“……的人”)构成的。
【用法】
(1) 保护者,守护者
①a guardian of … ……的守护者
Trees are guardians of our environment.(树木是我们环境的守护者。)
②act as a guardian 充当守护者
We should act as guardians of wild animals.(我们应当充当野生动物的守护者。)
(2) 监护人(法律含义)
The child’s legal guardian is her grandmother.(这个孩子的法定监护人是她奶奶。)
【辨析】guard & guardian
①guard n. 警卫,看守员(职业,站岗执勤的人)
The guard stops people from entering the park after dark.(保安禁止人们天黑后进入公园。)
②guardian n. 守护者;监护人(侧重负有保护、照看的责任,可以是人,也可以是事物,偏书面)
The lake is seen as the guardian of the local wildlife.(这片湖泊被视作当地野生动物的守护者。)
13.smelly /ˈsmeli/ adj. 有臭味的;发臭的
【用法】
(1)作表语
The rubbish bin is smelly.(这个垃圾桶很臭。)
(2)作定语,放在名词前
Don’t leave the smelly waste here.(不要把这些发臭的废弃物留在这儿。)
【词形变形】smell /smel/v. 闻;闻起来;嗅到 n. 气味
①smell /smel/ v. 闻;闻起来;嗅到 过去式/过去分词:smelled / smelt
▶感官系动词:闻起来(后面接形容词,无进行时)
The flowers smell sweet.(这些花闻起来很香。)
▶实义动词:嗅;嗅到(可以接宾语)
I smelled something burning.(我闻到有东西烧焦了。)
②n. 气味(可数/不可数,中性,香、臭都可以)
There is a strange smell in the kitchen.(厨房里有一股奇怪的气味。)
The smell of chemical waste filled the air.(空气中弥漫着化学废料的气味。)
小贴士: 后缀 -y 表“带有……的”:cloud→cloudy;wind→windy;noise→noisy;smell→smelly。
14.ban /bæn/ 词性 v. 禁止;取缔 / n. 禁令 过去式/过去分词:banned;现在分词:banning
【用法】
(1)动词 v.
①ban sth. 禁止某事/某物
The school bans mobile phones.(这所学校禁止手机。)
②ban sb. from (doing) sth. 禁止某人(做)某事(中考高频)
They banned him from entering the building.(他们禁止他进入这栋大楼。)
(2)名词 n. [C] 禁令
①a ban on sth. 针对……的禁令
There is a ban on plastic bags here.(这里有一项塑料袋禁令。)
②put a ban on sth. 颁布对……的禁令
The city put a ban on fireworks.(这座城市颁布了烟花禁令。)
词形拓展:
banned (过去分词作形容词) 被禁止的
例:This is a banned book.(这是一本禁书。)
15. steady /ˈstedi/ adj. 稳定的;平稳的;持续的;沉着的 / v.(使)稳定;(使)平稳
比较级:steadier;最高级:steadiest 副词形式:steadily 稳定地;持续地
【用法】
(1)形容词 adj.
①稳定的,平稳的(状态、速度、水平)
We need a steady supply of clean water.(我们需要稳定的淡水供应。)
②持续稳步的(增长、进步)
He makes steady progress in English.(他的英语取得稳步进步。)
③沉着的,手稳的
You need a steady hand to perform this surgery.(做这台手术你需要一双沉稳的手。)
(2)动词
①v. (使)平稳;稳住
She put her hand on the wall to steady herself.(她手扶墙壁稳住身体。)
② (vi.) 变平稳;稳住 The boat steadied after the storm.(风暴过后,船稳了下来。)
词形拓展:
steadily adv. 稳定地;持续地
The temperature rises steadily.(气温在稳步上升。)
【辨析】steady/calm
①steady:侧重物体不摇晃、变化稳步持续(速度、产量、手)
②calm:侧重人的情绪冷静,或者海面 / 天气平静
例:Stay calm when you meet danger.(遇到危险保持冷静。)
固定搭配:calm down(冷静下来)
例:Take a deep breath and calm down.(深呼吸,冷静下来。)
16.protection /prəˈtekʃn/ 词性 n. [U] 保护;防护 [ C] 保护措施、防护物。
【用法】
(1) 做不可数名词
①protection of sth ……的保护
We need to provide protection for wild animals. 我们需要保护野生动物。
② protection against/from sth 抵御 / 免受…… 的防护
This coat gives protection against/from the cold.(这件外套可以御寒。)
Sunscreen provides protection from/against the sun.(防晒霜能防护阳光。)
③under protection 在保护之下
These rare birds are under protection.(这些珍稀鸟类受到保护。)
(2) 做可数名词
①保护措施
The new law provides a protection against unfair competition.(这项新法律提供了一项防止不公平竞争的保护措施。)
②防护物 (指用来保护的具体物品或屏障)
A helmet is a protection for your head.(头盔是保护头部的防护物。)
词形拓展:
①protect v. 保护
We should protect the environment.(我们应该保护环境。)
②protective adj. 保护的;防护的
Wear protective gloves when you clean the chemicals. (清理化学品时请戴上防护手套。)
固定搭配:be protective of sb 爱护/呵护某人
She is very protective of her younger sister. (她很爱护自己的妹妹。)
词形串联:protect v.保护 → protection n.保护 → protective adj.保护的、防护的
17.bury /ˈberi/ v. 埋葬;埋藏;埋头于
词形变化: 过去式/过去分词:buried;现在分词:burying
【句型】
①bury sth. 埋葬/埋藏某物
They buried the dead dog under the tree. (他们把死去的狗埋在树下。)
②bury oneself in sth. 埋头于;专心致志于
He buried himself in his homework. (他埋头做家庭作业。)
词形拓展:
buried adj. 埋着的;埋藏的
buried treasure(埋藏的宝藏)
buried memories(尘封的记忆)
The buried box was found last week. (那个埋藏的盒子上周被找到了。)
18.leave behind 短语动词,“留下”、“遗留”或“抛下”
【用法】
① 遗留,落下(物品):指不小心忘记带走。
I accidentally left my keys behind.(我不小心把钥匙落下了。)
②抛弃,抛下(人、宠物等) 指离开时没有带走某人,或者在离婚/分手后离开对方。
例句:He left his wife and children behind and moved to another city.(他抛下妻儿,搬到了另一座城市。)
③超过,把……抛在后面(指速度、发展等) 指在竞争、比赛或发展进程中领先。
例句:China's high-speed rail technology has left many other countries behind.(中国的高铁技术已经把许多其他国家远远抛在了后面。)
④留下(遗产、记忆、影响等抽象事物) 指某人去世后留下的东西,或某段经历带来的深远影响。
例句:The old man left a huge fortune behind when he died.(这位老人去世时留下了一大笔遗产。)
例句:Her inspiring speech left a lasting impression behind.(她鼓舞人心的演讲留下了持久的印象。)
语法小贴士:
leave behind 是一个“动词 + 副词”构成的短语。如果宾语是代词(如 it, them, me),代词必须放在中间,即 leave it/them behind,绝不能说 leave behind it。如果宾语是名词,则放中间或放后面都可以。
leave the keys behind = leave behind the keys (后者多用于宾语较长,或为了强调 behind 时)。
词形变化:动词 leave 为不规则变化(leave - left - left),短语的过去式/过去分词为 left behind。
19. 不定式作后置定语时,末尾介词的处理规则
课文原句:The beach is no longer a nice place to spend time at because it is covered in waste. 这片海滩不再是适合休闲的好去处,因为到处都是垃圾。
一句话概括:如果被修饰名词,是不定式短语中介词的逻辑宾语,介词要保留在不定式末尾。
知识点定位:不定式 to do 作名词的后置定语,当不定式里的动词本身不及物,需要搭配介词才能接宾语,前面的名词就是这个介词的逻辑宾语 → 介词不能丢,放在 to do 后面。
同类例句:
This is a good house to live in. 这是一间适合居住的房子。(live in the house,in 放末尾)
She has no one to talk with. 她找不到可以交谈的人。(talk with sb)
①概念微调:不仅是 place,规则适用于地点、抽象场合、容器、时间等各类名词。
场合 / 情况:This is a difficult situation to deal with. (deal with the situation)
容器 / 空间:We need a bigger box to put the toys in. (put the toys in the box)
时间 / 阶段:It was a hard time to go through. (go through the time)
②核心判断标准:动词的 “及物性”
介词留不留,本质上取决于不定式里的动词是及物还是不及物:
不及物动词 + 介词(必须留):
live (不及物) → live in a house → a house to live in
listen (不及物) → listen to music → music to listen to
及物动词(绝对不能多加介词,这是学生最容易犯的错):
正确:visit (及物) → visit a place → a place to visit
错误:a place to visit in
正确:buy (及物) → buy a book → a book to buy
错误:a book to buy with。buy 直接接宾语 the book;with money 是方式状语,book 不能作 with 的宾语。
补充:
place 特例:a place to spend time at,at 可以省略;仅此特例,其他名词不可以随便省介词。
禁止重复代词:
错误: a good house to live in it(house 已经是逻辑宾语,不能再加 it)
工具类高频例句:
I have no pen to write with. 我没有写字用的笔。
I have no paper to write on. 我没有纸写字。
二、核心语法精讲
宾语从句(object clause)
在复合句中充当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 其结构是:主句 + 引导词 + 从句。
宾语从句的三要素:引导词、语序、时态
一、引导词
引导词
作用
例句
that
本身无词义,不作句子成分,口语中常省略
He says (that) he likes the beach.
他说他喜欢这片海滩。
if / whether
意为“是否”,不作句子成分。
She asks if/whether we will clean up the waste.
她问我们是否会清理垃圾。
what, which, who, whose, whom
连接代词,在从句中充当一定成分(作主语、宾语、定语等)
She asks what makes the river dirty.
她问是什么把这条河弄脏的。
when, where, why, how
连接副词,在从句中通常作状语
Could you tell me where I can find the landfill? 你能告诉我哪里能找到垃圾填埋场吗?
二、语序
宾语从句一律陈述语序:主语 + 谓语 +其他。
例句:I know where the park is.(宾语从句,陈述语序)
I don't know who broke the window.
三、时态
规则口诀
规则说明
例句
主现从随便
主句是一般现在时,从句根据自身含义选用任意时态
He thinks (that) the beach will become clean soon.
他认为这片海滩很快将会变干净。
主过从过
主句是一般过去时,从句要改为对应的过去类时态
He thought (that) the beach was beautiful.
他当时认为这片海滩很美。
真理永不变
从句为客观真理/客观事实,永远用一般现在时,不受主句过去时态影响
The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
四、分类(按位置)
1.动词后的宾语从句:I believe (that) you are right.
2.介词后的宾语从句:I’m interested in what he said.
3.形容词后的宾语从句(be sure / be afraid / be sorry):I’m sure that he will come.
五、否定转移
1.主句主语I/We,谓语think, believe, suppose(且是一般现在时),否定放在主句,不放在从句。
正确: I don’t think he will come. 我认为他不会来。
错误: I think he won’t come.
2.若主语是二、三人称,不要求否定转移(常规:否定放从句)
She thinks (that) the plan isn’t good. 她认为这个方案不好。
3.主句是过去时(主语I/we也不要求否定转移,否定放从句)
I thought (that) the beach wasn’t clean enough. 我当时觉得这片海滩不够干净。
六、易错清单
1.从句不能用疑问语序
错误(疑问语序):Do you know where is the landfill?
正确(陈述语序):Do you know where the landfill is? (你知道垃圾填埋场在哪里吗?)
2.if和whether不是永远互换:有or not 或在介词后只用whether
①or not 前只用 whether
I’m not sure whether they will protect the beach or not. 我不确定他们会不会保护这片海滩。
②介词后面只用 whether
We are talking about whether we should pick up waste on the beach. 我们正在讨论我们是否应该在海滩捡拾垃圾。
③主语从句(放句首)(无形式主语 It):只能用whether
Whether we can clean the beach on time is still unknown. 我们能否按时清理海滩还不清楚。
3. 客观真理时态不随主句改变
客观真理,时态不变(主句过去时,从句仍一般现在时)
The scientist told us that water covers most of the earth. 这位科学家告诉我们水覆盖了地球的大部分。
4.that引导宾语从句,一般可以省略;下面4种that不能省
①介词(except/but/in等)后面接that从句,that不可省
例句:I know nothing about the beach except that it is polluted. 关于这片海滩我一无所知,只知道它被污染了。
②主句谓语和that从句之间有插入语隔开,that不可省
例句:We believe, after seeing the report, that waste harms sea life. 看完这份报告之后,我们相信垃圾会伤害海洋生物。
③并列多个that宾语从句,第二个及之后从句前的that不可省略。
and并列两个及以上that宾语从句:第一个that可省,第二个及往后that不能省
例句:He says (that) we should clean the beach and that we must stop throwing rubbish into the sea. 他说我们应该清理海滩,而且我们必须停止向海里丢垃圾。
5.what 在从句中通常相当于 the thing(s) that,既起连接作用,又在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
例句:
This is what I need.(what 在从句中作 need 的宾语)。
What happened surprises us. = The thing that happened surprises us. 发生的事让我们很惊讶。(what 在从句作主语)
I don’t know what her job is. = I don’t know the thing that her job is. 我不知道她是做什么工作的。(what 在从句作表语 )
状语从句(adverbial clause)
在复合句中用作状语的从句叫状语从句。
一个句子充当主句的状语,用来修饰主句的动词、形容词或整个主句;一般由从属连词引导,可放主句前或主句后。
放句首时,从句后面加逗号;放主句后面,通常不加逗号。
例:When the sun rises, we start work. / We start work when the sun rises.
根据其表达的意思可分时间、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、地点、方式等类型。具体用法如下:
类别
连词
含义
例句
时间状语从句
when / while / as / before / after / until / since / as soon as
当……;在……之前/之后;直到;自从;一……就
I will pick up rubbish when I go to the beach.
我去海滩的时候会捡拾垃圾。
条件状语从句
if / unless / as long as
如果;除非;只要
We will protect the sea if we stop littering.
如果我们停止乱扔垃圾,就能保护海洋。
原因状语从句
because / since / as
因为;既然;由于
Many sea animals die because there is too much waste.
很多海洋动物死亡,因为垃圾太多。
让步状语从句
though / although / even if
虽然,尽管;即使
Although it is hard, we will keep cleaning the beach.
虽然很难,但我们会坚持清理海滩。
结果状语从句
so…that… / such…that…
如此……以至于
The waste is so terrible that it pollutes the whole beach.
垃圾太多,污染了整片海滩。
目的状语从句
so that / in order that
为了,以便
We work hard so that we can make the sea clean.
我们努力,为了让大海变干净。
比较状语从句
than / as…as…
比;和……一样
The beach is cleaner than it was last year.
这片海滩比去年干净。
地点状语从句
where
在……地方
Plant trees where there is much sand.
在沙土多的地方种树。(中考低频)
方式状语从句
as
如同,按照
Do it as I told you.
按我告诉你的那样做。(中考低频)
两大核心规则:
1. 主将从现(时间、条件状语从句)
主句一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来。
If it is fine tomorrow, we will clean the beach. 如果明天天晴,我们就去清理海滩。
2. 逗号规则
从句前置,从句末尾加逗号;从句后置,不加逗号。
When we arrive, we will collect waste.
We will collect waste when we arrive.
3.易错提醒:
though / although 不能和but连用(二选一)
正确:Although it rains, we will go.
错误:Although it rains, but we will go.
三、单元写作清单
1.话题分析
写作任务:给环保网站写一篇帖子,介绍一个环境问题
文体:网络帖子(post),属于议论文+应用文
核心主题:环境污染(海滩垃圾/塑料污染/水污染/空气污染均可)
人称:以第一人称we为主
时态:一般现在时为主;描述已经开展的行动可用现在完成时
2.写作框架(三段式)
第一段:引入问题(现状描述)
功能:开门见山,点明环境污染问题,描述糟糕现状,引出话题。
关键句型: We are deeply worried about... / The ... is covered with...
第二段:危害 + 成因 + 现有行动与不足(核心主体段)
①写污染带来的危害(人们没法散步、动物被垃圾困住、误食垃圾),再解释污染成因(游客乱扔垃圾)。 关键句型: ...because.../ It stops us from.../ Animals get trapped by.../ Part of the rubbish is left by...
②提到目前已经在做的努力(如学校组织捡垃圾),但强调这还不够,急需更多行动。 关键句型: We need to take action before.../ Teams from our school pick up.../but that is not enough.
第三段:整改建议 + 呼吁总结(结尾升华)
向政府和个人提出具体建议(增设垃圾桶、自带水杯袋子等),最后发出呼吁,表达齐心协力解决问题的信心。
关键句型: We hope that.../ Also, we need to set up.../ People should also try to.../ I believe that we can solve this problem if...
3.写作素材
①描述环境问题的词汇 (Vocabulary for Problems)
名词: waste (废弃物), rubbish/litter/trash (垃圾), plastic bags (塑料袋), broken glass (碎玻璃), pollution (污染), condition (状况)
动词 / 短语: be covered in/with (被…… 覆盖) ; be trapped by (被…… 困住); eat ... as food (把…… 当作食物误食); be washed up (被冲上岸,被动); throw away (扔掉); stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事; take action 采取行动;pick up rubbish 捡拾垃圾;solve the problem 解决问题
形容词: poor (糟糕的), harmful (有害的), dirty (脏的)
②提出建议的句型 (Sentence Patterns for Solutions)
对政府 / 机构: We hope that the city government will… (我们希望市政府能……)
encourage more people to join… (鼓励更多人加入……)
set up more rubbish bins (设立更多垃圾桶)
对个人: make sure that people cooperate by doing… (确保人们通过做…… 来配合)
People should also try to bring their own bottles and bags.(人们也应该尝试自带瓶子和袋子。)
It is our duty to… (…… 是我们的责任)
③连接词与逻辑词 (Linking Words)
因果:because, so that, as a result 转折 /
递进:however, but, also, even worse(更糟糕的是)
条件:if we work together(如果我们齐心协力)
4.范文背诵
We are deeply worried about the poor air quality in our city. The air is often dirty, so we can hardly enjoy outdoor activities.
Air pollution brings many problems. It stops us from exercising outside and causes health problems. What’s more, we can’t see beautiful views clearly. It is mainly caused by cars and factories. Though our school calls on us to protect the air, our efforts are not enough.
We hope the government will control factory pollution. Also, people should walk or ride bikes more often. I believe we can improve the air if we work together.
易错点01 短语辨析:stop … from doing sth. / prevent … from doing sth. / keep … from doing sth. “阻止某人做事情”
【助记口诀】 “stop prevent 可省 from,keep 的 from 不能省;被动语态全保留,keep doing 意反转。”
【错因辨析】
①把from后面写成to do / 动词原形 ❌
规则:from是介词,后面必须接doing动名词
错误:We stop people throw rubbish.
错误:We stop people to throw rubbish.
正确:We stop people from throwing rubbish. 译:我们阻止人们乱扔垃圾。
②keep后省略from,意思直接反转
▶keep sb from doing:阻止某人做…
例:The wall keeps us from going in. 这面墙阻止我们进入。
▶keep sb doing sth:使某人一直做某事(含义相反)
例:The noise keeps me waiting. 噪音让我一直等着。
③被动语态漏写from
重点:被动结构下,stop/prevent/keep 的from一律不能省略
错误:People are stopped throwing waste.
正确:People are stopped from throwing waste. 人们被制止丢弃垃圾。
④核心坑:keep sb doing ≠ keep sb from doing
对比例句:
keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事(主动持续)
The dirty water keeps fish living here. 脏水让鱼一直生活在这里。
keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
The dirty water keeps fish from living here. 脏水让鱼无法在这里生存。
【深度解析】
stop/prevent/keep + sb. + from + doing sth.阻止/防止某人做某事
①stop sb. (from) doing sth. (from 可以省略)
例:Rain stops us (from) playing outside. 雨水阻止我们外出玩耍。
②prevent sb. (from) doing sth. (from 可以省略)
例:We should prevent people (from) dropping litter. 我们应当阻止人们乱扔垃圾。
③keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事(from 绝对不能省略!)
例句:Nothing can keep him from achieving his dream. 没有什么能阻止他实现梦想。
注意:sb be stopped/prevented/kept from doing sth 被动时,三者的from都不能省略。
People are stopped from throwing rubbish.
【对点训练】(单选)
1.We must stop people ______ rubbish into the river.
A. throw B. to throw C. from throwing
2.Trees can prevent the wind ______ the earth away.
A. blow B. blowing C. to blow
3.The heavy rain kept us ______ going to clean the beach.
A. from B. / C. to
4.We should stop children from ______ plastic bags.
A. touch B. touching C. touched
易错点02 wh-引导宾语从句
【助记口诀】宾从wh来引导,陈述语序要记牢;疑问语序放句首,进入从句变陈述。
【错因辨析】
①核心考点:宾语从句必须用陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后),不能保留疑问句倒装。
wh-(what/who/where/when/how等)引导宾语从句,wh只做连接词,语序不再倒装。
▶特殊疑问句(单独句子):Wh- + 助动词/be + 主语…(疑问倒装)
Where is he? 他在哪里?
What does she like? 她喜欢什么?
How can we protect the environment? 我们该如何保护环境?
When will they arrive? 他们什么时候会到?
▶改成宾语从句(陈述语序:Wh + 主语 + be/助动词)
I want to know where he is. 我想知道他在哪里。
I don’t know what she likes. 我不知道她喜欢什么。
Could you tell me how we can protect the environment? 你能告诉我我们如何保护环境吗?
He asks when they will arrive. 他问他们什么时候到。
②常见2类错误:
▶错误1:保留疑问倒装
错误:I don’t know where is he.
正确:I don’t know where he is.
▶错误2:助动词/情态动词位置错误
错误:Could you tell me how can I get there?
正确:Could you tell me how I can get there?
③特殊规则:疑问词作主语,语序不变!
当 who/what 在从句中本身就是主语时,后面直接接谓语,不需要再找主语,也不需要倒装。
错句:I don’t know who is the lake protecting. (逻辑混乱)
错句:I don’t know who does protect the lake. (多余助动词)
正确:I don’t know who is protecting the lake. (who = 主语,is protecting = 谓语)
【对点训练】
1.Could you tell me ____?
A. where is the nearest river B. where the nearest river is
C. where was the nearest river D. where the nearest river was
2.I wonder ____ to protect our city’s environment.
A. what can we do B. what we did C. what we can do D. what did we do
3.—Do you know ____ he will come to clean up the beach?
—At 9 tomorrow morning.
A. when will B. when he will C. when he does D. when does he
4.He asks ____.
A. how can we reduce pollution B. how we can reduce pollution
B. how we reduce can pollution D. how reduce we can pollution
5.I don’t know ____.
A. who is protecting the lake B. who protecting the lake is
C. who protect the lake D. who did protect the lake
易错点03 短语辨析 so that / so…that… / such…that…
【助记口诀】合写so that表目的;拆开so…that形副前; such后面带名词;多多少少用so不变。
【错因辨析】
①混淆含义:so that 表目的(为了……);so…that… / such…that… 表结果(如此……以至于……)。
②分清结构:
▶ so that(后接完整句子,常带情态动词,表目的)
We plant trees so that we can make the air clean. 我们种树,为了我们可以净化空气。
▶ such 后面必须带名词
It is such a dirty river that no fish can live in it. 这是一条如此脏的河,以至于里面没有鱼能生存。
They are such useful rules that we should follow them. 这些是如此有用的规则,我们应该遵守。
It is such clean water that we can drink it. 这水如此干净,我们可以饮用。
③特殊互换易错:
so + adj. + a/an + 单数名词 = such + a/an + adj. +单数名词
so beautiful a beach = such a beautiful beach
不可数名词/复数名词:such + adj. + 复数名词/不可数名词,不能用so替换
错误: so clean water
正确:such clean water
【深度解析】
短语
结构
含义
核心特点
例句&翻译
so that
so that + 句子
为了,以便(目的状语从句)
不拆开;从句常带情态动词can/could/may/will
We pick up rubbish so that the beach can become clean.
我们捡拾垃圾,为了海滩能变干净。
so…that…
so + 形容词/副词 + that +句子
如此……以至于……(结果状语从句)
so与that分开;so修饰adj./adv.
The rubbish is so harmful that it kills lots of sea animals.
垃圾危害如此之大,以至于害死很多海洋生物。
such…that…
such +(a/an)+形容词+名词 +that+句子
如此……以至于……(结果状语从句)
such修饰名词短语
It is such harmful rubbish that it kills lots of sea animals.
这是如此有害的垃圾,以至于害死很多海洋生物。
补充:
公式:so + adj. + a/an + n. = such + a/an + adj. + n.
例句:It is so beautiful a beach that we want to stay. = It is such a beautiful beach that we want to stay.
注意:
①名词前形容词为 many / much / few / little(表数量多少),只用 so,不用 such
There are so many plastic bottles that we can’t count them. 有这么多塑料瓶,我们数都数不完。
②little表“小的”时,仍用such:such little birds 这么小的鸟
③同义改写:
The sea is so dirty that few people swim here. = It is such a dirty sea that few people swim here. 这片大海如此脏,几乎没人在这里游泳。
【对点训练】
1. We plant more trees ____ we can make the air fresher.
A. so B. such C. so that D. such that
2. The rubbish is ____ heavy ____ we can’t carry it alone.
A. so; that B. such; that C. so; to D. such; to
3. It is ____ useful book ____ we all want to read it.
A. so; that B. such; that C. so a; that D. such a; that
4. It is ____ interesting a report ____ everyone enjoys it.
A. so; that B. such; that C. so an; that D. such an; that
5. They are ____ small animals ____ they can’t carry the big rubbish.
A. so; that B. such; that C. so a; that D. such a; that
易错点04 词汇辨析 while / when / as
【助记口诀】when可长可短,还能表“突然”; while只长不短,还能表“对比”; as强调同步,也能表“原因”。
【错因辨析】
①while 后面从句动词必须是延续性动词
错误:While he arrived, we began the meeting.(arrive到达,短暂动词,不能用while)
正确:When he arrived, we began the meeting.
②只有从句动作是延续(进行时常见),while/when才可互换。
While we were cleaning the river, we saw plastic waste. = When we were cleaning the river, we saw plastic waste. 当我们清理河道的时候,看见了塑料垃圾。
③as 侧重两个动作同步发生,“一边…一边…” 容易错把as用来单纯引导长动作(while的用法)。
He sang as he picked up litter. 他一边捡垃圾一边唱歌。
【深度解析】
连词
核心用法
动作特点
例句&翻译
when
当……时候
从句动作既可短暂、也可延续;
主从句动作可同时发生,也有先后。
①When he came in, I was cleaning the beach.
当他进来时,我正在清理海滩。(come短暂)
①When I lived there, I often picked up rubbish.
我住在那儿的时候,经常捡垃圾。(live延续)
while
当……时候
从句必须是延续性动作;
强调在从句动作持续期间,主句动作发生。从句常用进行时。
He fell asleep while he was reading.
他读书的时候睡着了。(read延续,fall asleep短暂)
as
一边……一边;随着
主从句动作同步伴随发生;
常表两个动作同时进行,或随时间变化。
①As we walked along the beach, we talked about pollution.我们沿着海滩散步时,谈论着污染问题。(一边走一边聊)
②As the sun went down, the beach became quiet. 随着太阳下山,海滩安静下来。
注意:
①while 除了表示时间,还可以表示对比/转折,相当于 whereas(然而)。
例句:I like coffee, while my brother prefers tea.(我喜欢咖啡,然而我弟弟更喜欢茶。)
辨析点:此时 while 不表时间,不能和 when 互换。
② when还表示“突然”(= and at that moment)。
结构:be doing sth. / be about to do sth. / had just done sth. + when...
例句:I was walking along the beach when I saw a sea turtle.(我正沿着海滩散步,突然看到了一只海龟。)
③as 另一个用法:表示“原因”,相当于 because / since(既然,由于)。
例句:As it is raining, we'd better stay at home.(既然/因为在下雨,我们最好待在家里。)
辨析点:当 as 表原因时,语气比 because 弱,通常放在句首,且表示的是对方已知的、显而易见的原因。
【对点训练】
1.____ I got to the park, many volunteers were picking rubbish.
A. While B. When C. As D. Since
2.____ we were cleaning the lake, we found lots of plastic bags.
A. While B. When C. As D. Both A and B
3.My brother likes cycling, ____ I prefer walking.
A. when B. as C. while D. since
4.She sang ____ she collected waste along the street.
A. when B. while C. as D. since
5.I was reading a report about pollution ____ someone knocked at the door.
A. while B. when C. as D. until
易错点 05 词汇辨析 litter, rubbish&waste
【助记口诀】litter是乱丢公共场所,散落地上; rubbish泛指全部垃圾,可装袋放桶里。
【错因辨析】
①词义混淆:
litter(不可数):特指公共场所随手乱扔、散落在地上的零碎垃圾(塑料袋、纸片、瓶子碎片,环保作文高频词),还可作动词:litter v. 乱扔
rubbish(不可数,英式):泛指所有废弃垃圾,一般是打包好、准备丢进垃圾桶的废弃物,不一定散落在地上。
waste 名词:废弃物(工业/生活废料,范围最广);动词:浪费
② 搭配易错:
错误: Don’t throw litter everywhere.(throw一般不搭配litter)
正确:Don’t drop litter everywhere. 不要随地丢垃圾。
正确:Throw the rubbish into the bin. 把垃圾扔进垃圾桶。
正确:We should deal with industrial waste carefully.我们应当小心处理工业废料。
③词性坑:
litter 可作名词(垃圾)也可作动词(乱扔);rubbish名词(垃圾),也可作动词(严厉批评、贬低、否定)waste 可作名词(废弃物)也可作动词(浪费)。
错误: Don’t rubbish on the ground.
正确:Don’t litter on the ground.不要随地乱扔杂物 / 垃圾。
正确:Don’t waste food. 不要浪费食物。
【深度解析】
单词
词性
含义 & 使用场景
例句(英文 + 中文)
rubbish
n.(不可数)
英式常用,日常生活产生的垃圾(家里、垃圾桶内)rubbish 主要作名词;动词:贬低
Please take out the rubbish.
请把垃圾拿出去。
litter
n.(不可数)
户外乱丢的杂物;也可作动词:乱扔
Don’t drop litter in the park.
不要在公园里乱扔垃圾。
waste
n./v.
n:废弃物(工业 / 农业 / 生活废料,范围最广);v:浪费
We should recycle waste.我们应当回收废弃物。
Don’t waste water.不要浪费水。
【对点训练】
1.Please drop the ____ into the bin. Don’t leave ____ on the ground.
A.litter; rubbish B. rubbish; litter C. litter; litters D. rubbishes; litter
2.Don’t ____ in the park.
A.litter B. rubbish C. litters D. rubbishes
3.We should sort household ____ before throwing it away.
A. litter B. rubbish C. litters D. wastes
4.It’s wrong to ____ time. A. litter B. rubbish C. waste D. throw
5.Please don’t leave ____ on the beach.
A. waste B. a litter C. a rubbish D.litter
一、根据所给提示填空
1. 我们应该阻止人们向河里丢弃垃圾。
We should ____ people ____ ____ litter into the river.
2.大量塑料垃圾被冲到岸上。
Lots of plastic waste is ________ ________ onto the land.
3. 当我正在沿着海滩散步时,我看见了很多垃圾。
____ I ____ ____ along the beach, I saw lots of rubbish.
4.我们必须采取行动阻止全球变暖。
We must do something to stop ________ ________.
5. 垃圾太多,以至于我们需要更多垃圾桶。
There is ____ much rubbish ____ we need more rubbish bins.
二、单项选择
1. We should recycle materials ____ we can reduce waste.
A. so that B. such that C. so D. such
2. —Could you tell me ____ we can do to protect our environment? —We can choose simple-packaging goods. A. what B. that C. where D. how
3. ____ you throw litter everywhere, you will make land pollution worse.
A. Though B. If C. Unless D. Before
4. It is ____ useful book about global warming ____ many students love it.
A. so a; that B. such a; that C. so; that D. such; that
5. He told us that he ____ a tour around the recycling centre the next week.
A. takes B. will take C. would take D. took
6. I want to know ____.
A. how we can reduce waste B. how can we reduce waste
B. how we reduce can waste D. how reduce we waste
7. I wonder if they ____ the recycling centre next Friday.
A. visit B. visited C. will visit D. would visit
8. The scientist told us that global warming ____ worse year by year.
A. gets B. got C. get D. will get
三、句型转换。(改为宾语从句)
1.How do we reduce waste? Could you tell me ____ ____ ____ waste?
2.Is global warming getting worse? The scientist tells us ____ ____ ____ getting worse.
3.When will they visit the recycling centre? He asked ____ ____ ____ the recycling centre.
4.What should we do to protect land? She wondered ____ ____ ____ to protect land.
5.Does the factory produce waste gases? I didn’t know ____ the factory ____ waste gases.
四、阅读理解
A
Every year, people around the world use about 500 billion plastic bags, and most of them are used only once. Plastic bags are light and cheap, but they cause serious problems to the earth.
In the ocean, plastic waste is killing sea animals. Fish and sea turtles often mistake plastic bags for food and eat them. Scientists say that by 2050, there may be more plastic than fish in the ocean. What’s worse, tiny pieces of plastic can even get into our food.
Luckily, more and more people have realized the problem and started to act. In many countries, shops no longer give out free plastic bags, and customers have to pay for them. Some stores use paper bags or cloth bags instead. Students are also playing a part: they bring their own water bottles and say no to straws and plastic packaging.
It is not difficult to reduce plastic waste. If each of us uses one fewer plastic bag a week, together we can make a big difference to the planet.
【注释】turtle海龟;straw吸管;packaging包装
1.Why are plastic bags dangerous to sea animals?
A.Because they are too light. B.Because they are too cheap.
C.Because sea animals often eat them as food. D.Because they make the ocean dirty and smelly.
2.What does the underlined word “customers” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.People who sell things. B.People who buy things.
C.People who collect waste. D.People who make plastic bags.
3.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Plastic bags are cheap and useful in daily life.
B.Sea animals are in great danger now.
C.Students should bring water bottles to school.
D.Plastic pollution is serious, and we should use fewer plastic bags.
4. What can we learn from the sentence “Scientists say that by 2050, there may be more plastic than fish in the ocean.”?
A. There are no fish in the ocean now.
B. Plastic pollution in the ocean will become worse.
C. People will stop using plastic bags by 2050.
D. There will be more fish than plastic.
5. What should we do to cut down plastic waste according to the text?
A. Use cloth bags instead of plastic ones. B. Stop eating fish and sea turtles.
C. Buy more plastic bags from shops. D. Throw plastic waste into the sea.
B
Pollution comes in many forms, and each kind can harm our world in different ways.
Air pollution happens when harmful gases get into the air. It is often caused by cars and factories. In recent years, many cities have made great efforts to fight against it, so people can see a much clearer sky now.
Water pollution makes rivers, lakes and seas dirty. Unsafe water has made many people sick in the past few years, and it also does harm to sea animals.
Noise pollution not only causes hearing problems, but also hurts animals, especially whales in the ocean.
Light pollution is often forgotten, but it can be harmful to the health of people and animals. Because of too much light at night, many people can no longer see a clear night sky.
Soil pollution is another serious problem. The International Union of Soil Sciences first suggested World Soil Day in 2002 to raise people’s awareness of it.
We only have one earth. Let’s take action to reduce pollution together!
1.What is often the cause of air pollution according to the passage?
A.Cars and factories. B.Whales in the ocean.
C.Unsafe water. D.Too much light.
2.Which kind of pollution hurts whales in the ocean?
A.Air pollution. B.Water pollution.
C.Noise pollution. D.Soil pollution.
3.Why can’t many people see a clear night sky?
A.Because of air pollution. B.Because of water pollution.
C.Because of noise pollution. D.Because of light pollution.
4.When was World Soil Day first suggested?
A.In 1992. B.In 2002. C.In 2012. D.In 2022.
5.What’s the best title for the passage?
A.World Soil Day B.Save the Whales
C.Different Kinds of Pollution D.One Earth, One Dream
五、完形填空
BEIJING~The sky is gray and air smells strange. It’s another day of smog.
On Saturday, heavy haze (霾) still covered north and east China. Highways were closed and 1 couldn’t take off on time.
The smoggy weather 2 the country’s land from north to south, including Beijing, Hebei, Shandong,and 6 other provinces. People could only see clearly 3 than 50 meters in some areas.
Cities 4 Shanghai and Nanjing have been covered by the gray sky for the past several days. Many walkers in the street had to wear 5 . In the Lukou airport in Nanjing, more than 60 flights were canceled (取消) on Saturday 6 the haze, which also made primary and middle schools and kindergartens stop 7 on Thursday and Friday in Nanjing.
The office worker of Environmental Protection said earlier this week that there were several 8 reasons behind the widespread haze: unpleasant weather conditions making 9 difficult for smog to disappear, motor vehicle exhaust (尾气), and coal use for winter heating.
To fight pollution, the Chinese government now plans to clean up the air by cutting coal use, 10 some factories, and remove 6 million old cars from the roads.
“We must face up to the facts,” a professor of environmental science said. “The treatment of smog will be a long fight. From now on, if we use buses or cars less and do more riding, we believe a clear sky is not a faraway dream.”
1.A.coaches B.trains C.flights
2.A.afforded B.affected C.admired
3.A.less B.more C.farther
4.A.in B.like C.around
5.A.hats B.gloves C.masks
6.A.besides B.except C.because of
7.A.classes B.rest C.work
8.A.mainly B.mostly C.main
9.A.that B.this C.it
10.A.close B.closing C.open
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Unit 4 Reduce, reuse, recycle
主
题
场
景
分
类
词
汇
一、环境与污染:
1.environmental (adj. 自然环境的;生态环境的) We should pay more attention to environmental problems around us.(我们应当更多关注身边的环境问题。)
2.global (adj. 全球的;全世界的) More countries are joining this global environmental project.(越来越多国家加入这项全球性环境项目。)
3.outdoor (adj. 户外的;室外的) We will take part in an outdoor activity about rubbish sorting.(我们将要参加一场关于垃圾分类的户外活动。)
4.riverbank (n. 河岸;河堤) Some volunteers are planting small trees along the riverbank.(一些志愿者正在河岸边上栽种小树。)
5.pollution (n. 污染;污染物) Air pollution is still a serious problem in some cities.(空气污染在部分城市仍是严峻问题。)
6.pollute (v. 污染;弄脏) Waste water from factories may pollute local rivers.(工厂废水可能会污染当地河流。)
7.chemical (n. 化学制品;化学品;adj. 化学的) Some harmful chemicals will damage farm soil.
(一些有害化学物质会破坏农田土壤。)
8.smog (n. 烟雾) Thick smog made it hard for people to see far away.(浓重的烟雾让人们难以看清远处。)
9.smelly (adj. 有难闻气味的;有臭味的) The smelly waste water polluted the small stream nearby.(散发臭味的废水污染了附近的小溪。)
二、环保行为&资源处理:
1.bin (n. 垃圾桶;(有盖)大容器) Please throw the waste into the bin in the corner.(请把垃圾扔进角落的垃圾桶。)
2.protection (n. 保护;保护物) Everyone plays a role in the protection of wild plants.(每个人都在野生植物保护中发挥作用。)
3.ban (v. 明令禁止;禁止做某事) Many cities ban throwing rubbish into rivers.(许多城市明令禁止向河里丢弃垃圾。)
4.recycle (v. 回收利用) It’s a good habit to recycle paper and plastic bottles.(回收纸张与塑料瓶是很好的习惯。)
5.reuse (v. 再次使用;重复使用) We can reuse glass bottles instead of throwing them away.(我们可以重复使用玻璃瓶,而不是把它们扔掉。)
6.disposal (n. 去掉;清除) The school asks for the safe disposal of waste after the festival.(学校要求节日过后对垃圾进行安全清除。)
7.cleanup (n. 清扫;清除) Volunteers took part in a river cleanup last weekend.(志愿者上周末参加了河道清扫活动。)
8.landfill (n. 垃圾填埋地(或场);垃圾填埋) Lots of useless rubbish is sent to the landfill every year.(每年大量无用垃圾被送往垃圾填埋场。)
9.bury (v. 埋葬) People should not bury plastic waste under the ground.(人们不应该把塑料垃圾埋到地下。)
10.package (v. 把……包装好;n. 包裹;包装好的东西) Shops package many goods with too much plastic.(商店用过多塑料给许多商品做包装。)
三、社会、经济与人类:
1.generation (n. 一代人;同辈人) The young generation is learning to live a lowcarbon life.(年轻一代正学着过低碳生活。)
2.guardian (n. 保护者;守卫者) Every citizen can be a guardian of our environment.(每一位公民都可以成为环境的守卫者。)
3.disturb (v. 打扰;使焦虑) Noise and rubbish disturb the life of local animals.(噪音与垃圾打扰了当地动物的生活。)
4.bother (v. 使(某人)烦恼;花费时间精力(做某事)) Few people bother to sort rubbish in some places.(在有些地方,很少有人会费心去分类垃圾。)
5.wellknown (adj. 众所周知的;著名的) This town is wellknown for its environmental protection work.(这座城镇因其环保工作而闻名。)
6.income (n. 收入;收益) Protecting local forests can bring farmers a new income.(保护当地森林可以给农民带来新的收益。)
7.steady (adj. 稳定的;持续的) We need a steady effort to cut down waste production.(我们需要持续不断的努力来减少垃圾产生。)
8.loss (n. 丧失;亏损;丢失) Pollution causes the loss of many kinds of wild animals and plants.(污染造成许多种类野生动植物的消失。)
四、物品、实物:
1. trap (n. 陷阱;罗网;v. 设陷阱捕捉;卡住) Plastic bags may trap small sea animals in the ocean.(塑料袋可能会困住海洋里的小型海洋动物。)
2. lamp (n. 台灯) Turn off your lamp when you are not using it to save energy.(不用台灯时把它关掉以节约能源。)
3. tyre (n. 轮胎) Old tyres cannot break down easily in nature.(废旧轮胎在自然界中很难降解。)
短
语
一、动词短语
1.harm plants and animals (危害动植物) Dirty water from factories may harm plants and animals.(工厂排出的污水会危害动植物。)
2.bury underground (埋在地下) People used to bury lots of waste underground.(过去人们常常把大量垃圾埋在地下。)
3.get into (进入;渗入) Harmful chemicals may get into the river.(有害化学物质可能渗入河流。)
4.take sb. on a tour around (带某人参观……) The guide will take us on a tour around the waste disposal centre.(导游会带我们参观废物处理中心。)
5.organize...into... (把……分类成……) We can organize rubbish into different groups.(我们可以把垃圾分类成不同组别。)
6.reduce waste (减少垃圾) We should try our best to reduce waste in daily life.(我们应当尽力在日常生活中减少垃圾。)
7.be added to (被添加到……中(被动)) Some dangerous materials shouldn’t be added to the soil.(一些危险物质不应该被添加到土壤中。)
8.recycle materials (回收材料) It’s important to recycle materials to protect the environment.(回收材料对保护环境很重要。)
9.donate … to … (把……捐赠给……) We can donate old bottles to the recycling centre.(我们可以把旧瓶子捐赠给回收中心。)
10.throw away (扔掉) Don’t throw away reusable plastic boxes.(不要扔掉可重复使用的塑料盒。)
11.be caused by (由……造成(被动)) Light pollution is caused by too many bright lights.(光污染是由过多强光造成的。)
12.harm one’s health (损害某人健康) Too much noise can harm one’s health.(过多噪音会损害人的健康。)
13.cause eye problems (引发眼部问题) Strong lights at night may cause eye problems.(夜间强光可能引发眼部问题。)
14.disturb one’s sleep (打扰某人睡眠) Light pollution can disturb people’s sleep.(光污染会打扰人们的睡眠。)
15.get trapped (受困;被卡住) Sea animals may get trapped in plastic bags.(海洋动物可能被塑料袋困住。)
16.be attracted to (被……吸引) Some birds are attracted to bright city lights.(一些鸟类会被城市强光吸引。)
17.suffer from (遭受;受……之苦) Many people suffer from air pollution.(很多人遭受空气污染的困扰。)
18.picnic beside the water (在水边野餐) Many visitors picnic beside the water on weekends.(周末很多游客在水边野餐。)
19.take action to do sth. (采取行动做某事) We must take action to stop pollution.(我们必须采取行动制止污染。)
20.stop … from doing sth. (阻止……做某事) We should stop people from dropping litter everywhere.(我们应该阻止人们到处乱扔垃圾。)
21.get used to (sth./doing sth.) (习惯于……) You will get used to sorting rubbish soon.(你很快就会习惯垃圾分类。)
22.deal with (处理;应付;解决) We need to learn how to deal with waste properly.(我们需要学习如何妥善处理垃圾。)
23.come up with (找到;想到(主意)) Students come up with good ways to reuse old tyres.(学生们想到了重复利用旧轮胎的好办法。)
24.make a playground (建造一个游乐场) They made a playground with used tyres.(他们用废旧轮胎建造了一个游乐场。)
25.break down / be broken down (分解;降解) Plastic cannot be broken down easily in nature.(塑料在自然界中不容易降解。)
26.get trapped by (被……困住) Small fish may get trapped by plastic waste.(小鱼可能被塑料垃圾困住。)
27.enjoy oneself (玩得开心;过得愉快) Tourists enjoyed themselves on the clean beach.(游客们在干净的海滩玩得很开心。)
28.take action (采取行动) The government will take action to protect the beach.(政府将会采取行动保护海滩。)
29.get worse (变得更糟) The pollution will get worse if we do nothing.(如果我们不作为,污染会变得更糟。)
30.encourage sb. to do sth. (鼓励某人做某事) Teachers encourage us to save water.(老师鼓励我们节约用水。)
31.set up (设立;建立) The city plans to set up more recycling centres.(这座城市计划设立更多回收中心。)
32.make sure (that) (确保;务必) Please make sure that you take away your rubbish.(请务必带走你的垃圾。)
33.work together (齐心协力) If we work together, we can solve the environmental problem.(如果我们齐心协力,就能解决这个环境问题。)
34.leave behind (v. 丢下;忘了带) Don’t leave behind any rubbish when you have a picnic.(野餐的时候不要丢下任何垃圾。)
35.wash up (v. 把……冲到陆地上;洗刷) Strong waves wash up plastic waste onto the beach.(巨浪把塑料废弃物冲到海滩上。)
二、名词短语
1.World Environment Day ( 世界环境日) We hold many activities on World Environment Day.(我们在世界环境日举办许多活动。)
2.the Great Green Wall ( 地球大绿墙) The Great Green Wall helps stop the sand from moving.(地球大绿墙有助于阻止沙尘移动。)
3.air pollution ( 空气污染) More trees can help reduce air pollution.(更多树木有助于减少空气污染。)
4.global warming ( 全球变暖) We should cut down waste gases to slow down global warming.(我们应该减少废气排放来减缓全球变暖。)
5.waste gases ( 废气) Power plants produce lots of waste gases every year.(发电厂每年产生大量废气。)
6.power plants ( 发电厂) Some old power plants are trying to cut down pollution.(一些老旧发电厂正在努力减少污染。)
7.land pollution ( 土地污染) Harmful chemicals are one cause of land pollution.(有害化学物质是造成土地污染的原因之一。)
8.harmful chemicals ( 有害化学物质) Harmful chemicals should not get into farm soil.(有害化学物质不应该渗入农田土壤。)
9.waste disposal centre ( 废物处理中心) The workers take rubbish to the waste disposal centre.(工人们把垃圾运到废物处理中心。)
10.recycling centres ( 回收中心) We can send old bottles to recycling centres.(我们可以把旧瓶子送到回收中心。)
11.medical waste ( 医疗垃圾) Medical waste must be treated in special ways.(医疗垃圾必须用特殊方式处理。)
12.food waste ( 厨余垃圾;食物废弃物) We should try our best to cut down food waste.(我们应当尽力减少厨余垃圾。)
13.products with less packaging ( 简易包装的产品) Choose products with less packaging when shopping.(购物时选择少包装的产品。)
14.daily things / things we use daily ( 我们日常使用的物品) We can reuse many daily things to save resources.(我们可以重复利用很多日常用品节约资源。)
15.plastic bags ( 塑料袋) Try not to use plastic bags when you go shopping.(购物时尽量不要使用塑料袋。)
16.light pollution ( 光污染) Light pollution is bad for both people and animals.(光污染对人类和动物都有害。)
17.traffic accidents ( 交通事故) Bright lights at night may lead to traffic accidents.(夜间强光可能会引发交通事故。)
18.a steady income ( 稳定的收入) Protecting forests can bring local people a steady income.(保护森林能给当地人带来稳定的收入。)
19.mother river ( 母亲河) We must take good care of our mother river.(我们必须好好保护我们的母亲河。)
20.future generations ( 后代) We should leave a clean earth for future generations.(我们应该给后代留下一个干净的地球。)
21.environmental protection ( 环境保护) Everyone should play a part in environmental protection.(每个人都应该参与环境保护。)
三、形容词短语:
1.be proud of (为……感到自豪) We are proud of our efforts in environmental protection.(我们为我们在环境保护方面做出的努力感到自豪。)
2.be perfect for (对……来说是完美的/极适合的) Old tyres are perfect for building playgrounds.(旧轮胎非常适合建造游乐场。)
三、副词短语:
1.as well (也;同样) We should protect wild plants and animals as well.(我们也应该保护野生动植物。)
2.as a result (因此;结果) People threw rubbish everywhere. As a result, the beach was in poor condition.(人们到处乱扔垃圾,结果海滩状况糟糕。)
3.no longer (不再) The beach is no longer a beautiful place for visitors.(这片海滩不再是游客的好去处。)
4.even worse (更糟糕的是) Plastic bags hurt sea animals. Even worse, some animals eat them by mistake.(塑料袋会伤害海洋动物。更糟糕的是,一些动物会误吃塑料袋。)
实
用
交
际
套
句
型
一、询问信息类:
1.What did you write about…(你写了关于……什么内容?)
2.Do you know… (你知道……吗?)
3.(Are there any) solutions (有什么)解决办法吗?
4.What happens to … (……会怎么处理?)
5.I wonder…(我想知道……)
二、表达感受与观点:
1.I wrote about …because...(我写的是……因为)
2.it's so smoggy that…(烟雾很重以至于……)
3.I never realized that…(我从未意识到……)
4.I am proud of…(我为……感到骄傲)
5.That's the big question, isn't it?(这是个关键问题,不是吗?)
三、陈述现状/介绍流程:
1.We organize it into…as soon as(一......就......,我们将它分类……)
2.The things that can be recycled,…such as..., will be taken…,(可回收的物品,例如……,将会被送往……)
3.His job is to do sth.… and make sure that…(他的工作是做某事……并确保……)
4.He grew up ... and used to be ... (他长大……并且过去是……)
4、 描述人物经历与习惯:
1.... was not used to doing…(......不习惯做……)
2.As he does so, he often stops to talk… or to watch…(当他这样做的时候,他常常停下来交谈…… 或是观赏……)
3.For this reason, many people are coming up with …(因此,许多人正在想出……办法)
5、 提出建议与行动号召:
1.We need to take action before…(我们需要在……之前采取行动……)
2.People should also try to bring…so that...(人们也应该尽量携带……以至于......)
语法
宾语从句、状语从句
写作
写一篇环保网站的帖子(post),介绍一个环境问题
一、知识点精讲
1. reuse /ˌriːˈjuːz/ v. 再使用;重复利用 /ˌriːˈjuːs/ n. 再利用;重复使用
【用法】
(1)作动词 v. /ˌriːˈjuːz/
1 reuse sth. 重复使用某物
We can reuse glass bottles.(我们可以重复利用玻璃瓶。)
2 reuse sth. to do sth. 重复使用某物来做某事
People reuse old boxes to hold small things.(人们重复利用旧盒子存放小东西。)
3 reuse sth. as sth. 把某物当作……重复使用
We can reuse the old jar as a flower pot.(我们可以把旧罐子再利用,当作花盆。)
(2)作名词 n. /ˌriːˈjuːs/ 再利用,复用
①the reuse of … ……的再利用
The reuse of plastic bottles helps cut down waste.(塑料瓶的再利用有助于减少垃圾。)
②for reuse 供再次使用
Wash the cloth bags for reuse.(清洗布袋,以便重复使用。)
【变形】 reusable adj. 可重复使用的 reusable shopping bags 可重复使用购物袋
These reusable bags are good for environmental protection.(这些可重复使用的袋子有利于环保。)
【辨析】reuse vs recycle
①reuse v. 重复使用(不改变物品本身形态,直接再次用)
Reuse your water bottle. 重复使用你的水瓶。(瓶子还是原来的瓶子)
②recycle v. 回收利用(打碎/加工,变成新材料,再造新产品)
We recycle waste paper to make new paper.(我们回收废纸来制造新纸。废纸被加工,不再是原来那张纸)
关键区分: Reuse = 原样再用;Recycle = 回炉重造
易混对比句:
Reuse this can as a pen holder. 把这个罐子重复利用,做成笔筒。(罐子本身没变,直接再用 → reuse)
This can will be recycled to make new metal products. 这个金属罐会被回收,用来制造新金属制品。(熔化重铸 → recycle)
注意:前缀 re- = again 再次(高频词缀:recycle, rewrite, return)
2.pollution /pəˈluːʃn/ n. 污染;污染物
词源:动词 pollute → 名词 pollution
【用法】
(1)作不可数名词 n. 污染(抽象概念,一般不加a,无复数pollutions)
①…pollution ………污染(名词作主语)
Air pollution is getting worse in some places nowadays.(如今一些地方的空气污染正变得越来越严重。)
②the pollution of … ……的污染
We should stop the pollution of rivers.(我们应该制止河流污染。)
③reduce pollution 减少污染
Taking buses can help reduce pollution.(乘坐公共汽车有助于减少污染。)
④名词(定语)+ pollution,表示 “…… 污染”
air pollution 空气污染
Air pollution is getting worse in some places nowadays. (如今一些地方的空气污染正变得越来越严重。)
land pollution 土地污染
Land pollution is harmful to farm soil. (土地污染会损害农田土壤。)
light pollution 光污染
Light pollution stops us from seeing stars at night. (光污染让我们夜晚看不到星星。)
water pollution 水污染
Water pollution kills fish in rivers and lakes. (水污染造成河湖里的鱼类死亡。)
(2)表“污染物”(书面,不可数,多用于正式语境)
The sea carries pollution to many beaches.(海水把污染物带到许多海滩。)
【变形】
①pollute /pəˈluːt/ v. 污染;弄脏
Factories must not pollute the river.(工厂不可以污染这条河。)
②polluted /pəˈluːtɪd/ adj. 被污染的 polluted water 污水;被污染的水
The river is heavily polluted.(这条河被严重污染了。)
③polluting adj. 造成污染的 polluting factories 污染环境的工厂
【辨析】pollute v. vs polluted adj. vs pollution n.
①pollute v. 动词,在句中作谓语,表示“污染”这个动作,有时态变化。
Waste gases pollute the air.(废气污染空气。)
②polluted adj. 形容词,意为“被污染的”,修饰名词或放在be动词后作表语,表被动含义。
The lake is polluted.(这个湖泊被污染了。) polluted soil 被污染的土壤
③pollution n. 名词,“污染”这件事、污染物,不能做谓语。
Land pollution is harmful to our health.(土地污染对我们健康有害。)
关键区分: pollute:动词,做谓语(污染…); polluted:形容词,被污染的; pollution:名词,污染(这件事)
易混对比句:
Waste gases pollute the air.(动词pollute,作谓语:废气污染空气。)
The air is polluted.(形容词polluted作表语:空气被污染了。)
Air pollution is a serious problem.(名词pollution作主语:空气污染是个严重问题。)
3.chemical /ˈkemɪkl/ adj. 化学的;n. 化学品,化学物质
【用法】
(1)作形容词 adj. 化学的(放在名词前作定语)
chemical + 名词:化学……
①chemical waste 化学废弃物
Factories must not pour chemical waste into rivers. (工厂禁止把化学废弃物排入河流。)
②chemical pollution 化学污染
Chemical pollution does great harm to farm soil. (化学污染对农田土壤伤害很大。)
(2)作名词 n. 化学品;化学物质(可数名词,复数:chemicals)
①harmful chemicals 有害化学物质
Harmful chemicals will damage farm soil.(有害化学物质会破坏农田土壤。)
②a chemical 一种化学制品;chemicals多种化学品
Many chemicals from factories flow into rivers.(工厂排出的许多化学物质流入河流。)
【变形】
①chemistry /ˈkemɪstri/ n. 化学(学科)
Chemistry is my favourite subject.(化学是我最喜欢的学科。)
②chemist /ˈkemɪst/ n. 化学家;药剂师;药店、药房
The chemist studies how these materials change.(这位化学家研究这些物质如何发生变化。)
③chemical (adj.) → chemically (adv.) 化学地;用化学方法
The substance is chemically pure.(这种物质在化学上是纯净的。)
【辨析】chemistry n. vs chemical(adj./n.)
①chemistry n.【名词,学科】化学;化学这门学科,不可数
He studies chemistry at school. 他在学校学习化学。(学科)
②chemical
▶adj.【形容词】化学的,用来修饰名词
chemical reaction 化学反应
A chemical reaction happens when the two materials mix together.(这两种材料混合在一起时,就会发生化学反应。)
chemical waste 化学废料
Factories must deal with chemical waste properly to protect rivers.(工厂必须妥善处理化学废料,保护河流。)
chemical change 化学变化
Burning wood is a chemical change.(木头燃烧是一种化学变化。)
chemical weapon 化学武器
Many countries agree not to use any chemical weapon.(许多国家同意不使用任何化学武器。)
▶n.【可数名词】化学药品、化学物质;复数chemicals
例:Some chemicals are bad for living things.(一些化学物质对生物有害。)
核心记忆口诀:
chemistry → 学科“化学”(不可数)
chemical (adj.) → “化学的”(修饰名词,如 chemical reaction)
chemical (n.) →“化学品”(可数,复数 chemicals)
易混对比句:
He learns chemistry this term.(chemistry:学科。他这学期学化学。)
Chemical waste pollutes the river.(chemical形容词,修饰waste:化学废料污染河流。)
Some chemicals get into the soil.(chemicals名词复数:一些化学物质渗入土壤。)
4. disposal /dɪˈspəʊzl/(英) /dɪˈspoʊzl/(美)n. 去掉;清除;处理;处置
【常用搭配】
①waste disposal 垃圾处理
Proper waste disposal helps protect our environment.(恰当的垃圾处理有助于保护我们的环境。)
②safe disposal 安全处置
The safe disposal of fireworks waste is very important.(烟花废弃物的安全处理十分重要。)
③disposal of sth. ……的清除/处理
We need the safe disposal of old fireworks after the festival.(节日过后,我们需要对旧烟花进行安全处理。)
④at one's disposal (由某人支配/供某人使用)
I have a car at my disposal.(我有一辆可以自由使用的车。)
【拓展】 dispose v. 处理;丢弃;disposable adj. 一次性的;可自由使用的
①dispose 是不及物动词,常和介词of搭配:dispose of sth. 处理;清除(扔掉、除去废弃物)
We should dispose of rubbish in the right ways.(我们应该用正确的方式处理垃圾。)
②disposable adj. 一次性的;可自由使用的 disposable chopsticks 一次性筷子
Don’t use too many disposable chopsticks.(不要使用太多一次性筷子。)
5.package /ˈpækɪdʒ/ n. 包;包裹;包装 v. 包装
【用法】
(1)作名词 n.
①(商品的)包装
Please check if the package is broken before you buy it.(购买前请检查商品包装是否破损。)
②包裹;小包
She received a large package from her friend.(她收到朋友寄来的一个大包裹。)
(2)作动词 v. 包装;把……打包
Factories package the goods before they are sent out.(工厂在发货前把商品包装好。)
【词形变化】
①packaging n.(商品的)包装材料(不可数)
Too much packaging creates more rubbish.(过多包装材料产生更多垃圾。)
②packer (n.) 包装工;打包机
This packer works fast and saves lots of time.(这台打包机运转很快,节省很多时间。)
【辨析】package / pack
单词
动词含义
名词含义
pack
收拾、装箱(行李/物品)
一包(表数量);背包
package
(工厂)包装商品
包裹;商品外包装
①pack /pæk/
▶ v. 收拾;把东西装进箱子/袋子(行李、物品,不一定是商品,是人主动收纳)
She packs her suitcase for the trip.(她为旅行收拾行李箱。)
Pack the waste into the box.(把垃圾装进盒子里。)
▶ n. 一包;一捆;背包(强调一份、一组的数量) a pack of plastic bags(一包塑料袋)
He carried a pack on his back.(他背着背包。)
②package /ˈpækɪdʒ/
▶ v.(工厂)给商品包装(为了售卖,加上外包装)
Factories package the goods before they sell them.(工厂售卖前给商品做包装。)
▶ n. 邮寄包裹;(商品的)外包装(强调包装物本身)
I received a package yesterday.(我昨天收到一个包裹。)
Choose products with simple packages.(选择简易包装的产品。)
6.environmental /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl/ adj. 环境的;有关环境的
【常用搭配】
作形容词 adj.,多作定语,放在名词前
①environmental pollution 环境污染
We must try our best to reduce environmental pollution.(我们必须尽力减少环境污染。)
②environmental protection 环境保护
Everyone should know the importance of environmental protection.(每个人都应该知道环境保护的重要性。)
③environmental problems 环境问题
More and more people are worrying about environmental problems.(越来越多的人担忧环境问题。)
【词形拓展】
①environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ n. 环境
We should protect our living environment.(我们应当保护我们的生存环境。)
②environmentally adv. 在环境方面;有关环境地
This kind of bag is environmentally friendly.(这种袋子是环保的。)
7.well-known /ˌwel ˈnəʊn/ adj. 著名的;众所周知的
【用法】
(1) 作表语(置于 be 动词后)
①be well-known for… 因…… 而出名(后接出名的原因)
The town is well-known for its clean river.(这座小镇因清澈的河流而出名。)
②be well-known as… 作为…… 而出名(后接身份 / 头衔)
He is well-known as an environmental scientist.(他作为一名环境科学家而出名。)
(2) 作定语(置于名词前面,修饰名词)
This well-known report talks about waste pollution.(这份著名的报告讲述垃圾污染问题。)
【词形拓展】
①know v. 知道;了解
I know the importance of environmental protection.(我了解环保的重要性。)
②known adj. 已知的
This is a known fact about water pollution.(这是一个关于水污染的已知事实。)
③unknown adj. 未知的;不出名的
The source of the chemical waste was unknown.(这种化学废料的来源是未知的。)
He was unknown before he wrote this report.(在写这份报告之前,他并不出名。)
【易错提示】 well-known 的比较级:better-known;最高级:best-known
①better-known(比较级,更知名的)
This river is better-known than that one for its environmental protection work.(这条河因为环保工作,比那条河更出名。)
②best-known(最高级,最著名的)
It is the best-known park in our city.(它是我们市里最有名的公园。)
【辨析】well-known/famous
对比维度
famous
well-known
名气范围与程度
名气更大,多指家喻户晓、名扬四海,面向大众。
例句:The Great Wall is a famous place of interest around the world.(长城是世界闻名的名胜古迹。)
可指特定圈子/行业/地区内知名;也可指大名鼎鼎的人/地点。额外可修饰抽象事实
例句:He is a well-known environmental expert in our country.(他是我国一位知名的环保专家。)
修饰对象
多修饰人、地点、作品等具体事物;一般不修饰fact/truth等抽象事实。
例句:Mo Yan is a famous writer.(莫言是一位著名作家。)
人、地点;事实、道理、方法、现象等抽象概念
例句:It is a well-known fact that plastic harms sea animals.(塑料会伤害海洋生物,这是众所周知的事实。)
语体色彩
通俗,口语更常用
例句:I visited that famous lake last summer.(去年夏天我游览了那个有名的湖。)
偏正式、书面,常见于说明文、新闻
例句:This well-known report talks about water pollution.(这份知名报告探讨水污染问题。)
小提醒:
搭配相同 be famous for = be well-known for 因…… 出名 (for后面接事物/原因)
be famous as = be well-known as 作为…… 出名 (as后面接身份)
8.disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/ v. 打扰;扰乱;使不安
【用法】
(1)打扰,妨碍(打断别人正在做的事)
①disturb sb. 打扰某人
Don’t disturb him. He is busy writing a report.(别打扰他,他正在忙着写报告。)
②disturb sb. when / while doing sth. 打扰某人(正在做某事)
Don’t disturb me while working.(我干活的时候别打扰我。) = Don’t disturb me while I am working.
③disturb sb. in (doing) sth. 打扰某人做某事
Don’t disturb him in his study.(不要打扰他学习。)
(2)扰乱;打乱(秩序、平静)
The noise disturbed the peace of the park.(噪音扰乱了公园的宁静。)
(3)使不安,使心烦
The bad news disturbed her a lot.(这个坏消息让她很心烦。)
【词形变形】 disturbed adj. 心神不安的;心理失常的 disturbing adj. 令人不安的(修饰事物) disturbance n. [C/U] 打扰,骚乱
①disturbed /dɪˈstɜːbd/ 心神不安的,心烦意乱的;(长期/严重)心理失常的。
She felt disturbed after hearing the news.(听到消息后,她感到心神不安。)
The boy was deeply disturbed by the accident.(这场事故让这个男孩内心很不安。)
②disturbing /dɪˈstɜːbɪŋ/ adj. 令人不安的(修饰事物,让人产生不安感觉的)
It was a disturbing story.(这是一个令人不安的故事。)
There is some disturbing news about pollution.(有一些关于污染的令人不安的消息。)
③disturbance /dɪˈstɜːbəns/ n. [C/U] 打扰,骚乱
▶表示“打扰、干扰(抽象概念)”时,通常为不可数(如:cause disturbance)。
We apologize for the disturbance.(对于造成的打扰,我们深表歉意。)【不可数】
▶表示“骚乱、动荡、具体的干扰事件”时,通常为可数(如:a disturbance in the neighborhood)。
The police stopped the disturbance in the street.(警察制止了街上的骚乱。)【可数】
【辨析】 disturb & interrupt
①disturb:侧重打扰、扰乱,破坏平静/状态,不一定打断谈话
Please keep quiet. Don’t disturb the sleeping baby.(请保持安静,不要吵醒熟睡的宝宝。) 只是破坏安静的状态,宝宝没有在说话。
The light from the window disturbed my sleep last night.(昨晚窗外的光打扰了我的睡眠。) 光线扰乱睡眠,不存在对话。
②interrupt:侧重打断(说话),中途插话。
例:Sorry to interrupt your talk.(抱歉打断你们的谈话。)
9. trap /træp/ n. 陷阱;圈套;困境 v. 使困住;诱捕;收集(气体、热量等)
【用法】
(1)作名词 n.
①a trap for… ……的陷阱
They set a trap for rats in the yard.(他们在院子里设了捕鼠陷阱。)
②fall into a trap 落入(别人设计的)圈套、计谋或陷阱
If you are not careful, you may fall into a trap.(如果你不够小心,就可能落入圈套。)
③be caught in a trap 陷入困境
Many animals are caught in the trap.(很多动物落入这个陷阱。)
(2)作动词 v. 过去式/过去分词 trapped;现在分词 trapping
①be trapped in… 被困在……(强调处于被困的状态)
Some birds were trapped in the net.(一些鸟儿被困在网里。)
②get trapped 被困住 (强调陷入这个变化过程,“变得被困”)
Many animals get trapped in plastic waste.(很多动物被困在塑料垃圾里。)
③trap sth 收集/留存(气体、热量,环保单元考点)
Trees can trap carbon dioxide.(树木可以吸收留存二氧化碳。)
④trap sb into doing sth 诱使某人做某事
He was trapped into telling the secret.(他被诱骗说出秘密。)
拓展:trapped adj. 被困住的
We felt trapped in the small room.(我们被困在这间小房间里。)
10.bother /ˈbɒðə(r)/ v. 打扰;麻烦;费心 n. 麻烦;烦恼
【用法】
(1)作动词 v.
①bother sb. 打扰某人;麻烦某人
Don’t bother your father. He is having a rest.(别打扰你爸爸,他正在休息。)
②bother sb. with sth. 拿某事麻烦某人
Don’t bother me with such small problems.(别拿这种小事来麻烦我。)
③bother to do sth. 费心/特地去做某事(常用于否定、疑问)
He didn’t bother to answer my email.(他懒得回复我的邮件。)
④bother doing sth. 费心做某事(较少用,多用于否定)
Don’t bother looking for it. It’s lost.(别费心找了,已经丢了。)
⑤It bothers sb. that … ……使某人烦恼(it形式主语)
It bothers me that there is so much rubbish here.(这儿垃圾太多,让我很心烦。)
(2)作名词 n. 麻烦,烦恼
①It’s a bother. 这是件麻烦事。
Cleaning the whole yard is a real bother.(打扫整个院子真是件麻烦事。)
②without bother 毫不费力,不麻烦
We finished the work without much bother.(我们没费多大劲就完成了这项工作。)
【词形变形】
①bothersome adj. 麻烦的;令人讨厌的(修饰事物)
The noise from the factory is bothersome.(工厂的噪音很烦人。)
②bothered adj. 感到烦恼的,心烦的(修饰人)
She seemed quite bothered about the result.(她似乎对结果感到很心烦。)
【辨析】 bother & disturb
①bother:语气较轻,多指小事打扰、麻烦,让人感到烦,不一定破坏平静。
Sorry to bother you.(抱歉打扰你。)(日常礼貌用语,中考高频)
②disturb:程度更强,扰乱平静、秩序,或使人内心不安。
The noise disturbed his sleep.(噪音扰乱了他的睡眠。)
短语提示:
Don’t bother. 不用麻烦了;不必了。
11.loss /lɒs/ n. 丧失;损失;丢失;亏损
【用法】
(1)丧失,失去;丢失
①the loss of sth. ……的丧失/丢失
The loss of green space is a serious environmental problem.(绿地的消失是一个严重的环境问题。)
②suffer a loss 遭受损失
The company suffered a huge financial loss last year.(公司去年遭受了巨大的经济损失。)
(2)亏损;损耗
The factory tried to reduce energy loss.(这家工厂努力减少能量损耗。)
(3)迷惘,不知所措(固定短语) be at a loss 困惑;不知所措
①be at a loss for words 一时语塞,说不出话来
I was at a loss for words when I heard the news.(听到消息时,我一时语塞。)
②be at a loss what to do / how to do it 不知该怎么办
She was at a loss what to say.(她不知该说什么。)
【同根词】
①lose /luːz/ v. 丢失;失去;输掉(动词)
He may lose his job.(他可能会丢掉工作。)
②lost adj. 丢失的;迷路的;失去的 v. lose的过去式/过去分词 get lost 迷路
I found a lost bag by the river.(我在河边发现一个遗失的包。)
We lost the game last night.(昨晚我们输了比赛。)
12.guardian /ˈɡɑːdiən/ n. 保护者;守护者;监护人
guardian 是由动词/名词 guard(守卫)加上名词后缀 -ian(表示“……的人”)构成的。
【用法】
(1) 保护者,守护者
①a guardian of … ……的守护者
Trees are guardians of our environment.(树木是我们环境的守护者。)
②act as a guardian 充当守护者
We should act as guardians of wild animals.(我们应当充当野生动物的守护者。)
(2) 监护人(法律含义)
The child’s legal guardian is her grandmother.(这个孩子的法定监护人是她奶奶。)
【辨析】guard & guardian
①guard n. 警卫,看守员(职业,站岗执勤的人)
The guard stops people from entering the park after dark.(保安禁止人们天黑后进入公园。)
②guardian n. 守护者;监护人(侧重负有保护、照看的责任,可以是人,也可以是事物,偏书面)
The lake is seen as the guardian of the local wildlife.(这片湖泊被视作当地野生动物的守护者。)
13.smelly /ˈsmeli/ adj. 有臭味的;发臭的
【用法】
(1)作表语
The rubbish bin is smelly.(这个垃圾桶很臭。)
(2)作定语,放在名词前
Don’t leave the smelly waste here.(不要把这些发臭的废弃物留在这儿。)
【词形变形】smell /smel/v. 闻;闻起来;嗅到 n. 气味
①smell /smel/ v. 闻;闻起来;嗅到 过去式/过去分词:smelled / smelt
▶感官系动词:闻起来(后面接形容词,无进行时)
The flowers smell sweet.(这些花闻起来很香。)
▶实义动词:嗅;嗅到(可以接宾语)
I smelled something burning.(我闻到有东西烧焦了。)
②n. 气味(可数/不可数,中性,香、臭都可以)
There is a strange smell in the kitchen.(厨房里有一股奇怪的气味。)
The smell of chemical waste filled the air.(空气中弥漫着化学废料的气味。)
小贴士: 后缀 -y 表“带有……的”:cloud→cloudy;wind→windy;noise→noisy;smell→smelly。
14.ban /bæn/ 词性 v. 禁止;取缔 / n. 禁令 过去式/过去分词:banned;现在分词:banning
【用法】
(1)动词 v.
①ban sth. 禁止某事/某物
The school bans mobile phones.(这所学校禁止手机。)
②ban sb. from (doing) sth. 禁止某人(做)某事(中考高频)
They banned him from entering the building.(他们禁止他进入这栋大楼。)
(2)名词 n. [C] 禁令
①a ban on sth. 针对……的禁令
There is a ban on plastic bags here.(这里有一项塑料袋禁令。)
②put a ban on sth. 颁布对……的禁令
The city put a ban on fireworks.(这座城市颁布了烟花禁令。)
词形拓展:
banned (过去分词作形容词) 被禁止的
例:This is a banned book.(这是一本禁书。)
15. steady /ˈstedi/ adj. 稳定的;平稳的;持续的;沉着的 / v.(使)稳定;(使)平稳
比较级:steadier;最高级:steadiest 副词形式:steadily 稳定地;持续地
【用法】
(1)形容词 adj.
①稳定的,平稳的(状态、速度、水平)
We need a steady supply of clean water.(我们需要稳定的淡水供应。)
②持续稳步的(增长、进步)
He makes steady progress in English.(他的英语取得稳步进步。)
③沉着的,手稳的
You need a steady hand to perform this surgery.(做这台手术你需要一双沉稳的手。)
(2)动词
①v. (使)平稳;稳住
She put her hand on the wall to steady herself.(她手扶墙壁稳住身体。)
② (vi.) 变平稳;稳住 The boat steadied after the storm.(风暴过后,船稳了下来。)
词形拓展:
steadily adv. 稳定地;持续地
The temperature rises steadily.(气温在稳步上升。)
【辨析】steady/calm
①steady:侧重物体不摇晃、变化稳步持续(速度、产量、手)
②calm:侧重人的情绪冷静,或者海面 / 天气平静
例:Stay calm when you meet danger.(遇到危险保持冷静。)
固定搭配:calm down(冷静下来)
例:Take a deep breath and calm down.(深呼吸,冷静下来。)
16.protection /prəˈtekʃn/ 词性 n. [U] 保护;防护 [ C] 保护措施、防护物。
【用法】
(1) 做不可数名词
①protection of sth ……的保护
We need to provide protection for wild animals. 我们需要保护野生动物。
② protection against/from sth 抵御 / 免受…… 的防护
This coat gives protection against/from the cold.(这件外套可以御寒。)
Sunscreen provides protection from/against the sun.(防晒霜能防护阳光。)
③under protection 在保护之下
These rare birds are under protection.(这些珍稀鸟类受到保护。)
(2) 做可数名词
①保护措施
The new law provides a protection against unfair competition.(这项新法律提供了一项防止不公平竞争的保护措施。)
②防护物 (指用来保护的具体物品或屏障)
A helmet is a protection for your head.(头盔是保护头部的防护物。)
词形拓展:
①protect v. 保护
We should protect the environment.(我们应该保护环境。)
②protective adj. 保护的;防护的
Wear protective gloves when you clean the chemicals. (清理化学品时请戴上防护手套。)
固定搭配:be protective of sb 爱护/呵护某人
She is very protective of her younger sister. (她很爱护自己的妹妹。)
词形串联:protect v.保护 → protection n.保护 → protective adj.保护的、防护的
17.bury /ˈberi/ v. 埋葬;埋藏;埋头于
词形变化: 过去式/过去分词:buried;现在分词:burying
【句型】
①bury sth. 埋葬/埋藏某物
They buried the dead dog under the tree. (他们把死去的狗埋在树下。)
②bury oneself in sth. 埋头于;专心致志于
He buried himself in his homework. (他埋头做家庭作业。)
词形拓展:
buried adj. 埋着的;埋藏的
buried treasure(埋藏的宝藏)
buried memories(尘封的记忆)
The buried box was found last week. (那个埋藏的盒子上周被找到了。)
18.leave behind 短语动词,“留下”、“遗留”或“抛下”
【用法】
① 遗留,落下(物品):指不小心忘记带走。
I accidentally left my keys behind.(我不小心把钥匙落下了。)
②抛弃,抛下(人、宠物等) 指离开时没有带走某人,或者在离婚/分手后离开对方。
例句:He left his wife and children behind and moved to another city.(他抛下妻儿,搬到了另一座城市。)
③超过,把……抛在后面(指速度、发展等) 指在竞争、比赛或发展进程中领先。
例句:China's high-speed rail technology has left many other countries behind.(中国的高铁技术已经把许多其他国家远远抛在了后面。)
④留下(遗产、记忆、影响等抽象事物) 指某人去世后留下的东西,或某段经历带来的深远影响。
例句:The old man left a huge fortune behind when he died.(这位老人去世时留下了一大笔遗产。)
例句:Her inspiring speech left a lasting impression behind.(她鼓舞人心的演讲留下了持久的印象。)
语法小贴士:
leave behind 是一个“动词 + 副词”构成的短语。如果宾语是代词(如 it, them, me),代词必须放在中间,即 leave it/them behind,绝不能说 leave behind it。如果宾语是名词,则放中间或放后面都可以。
leave the keys behind = leave behind the keys (后者多用于宾语较长,或为了强调 behind 时)。
词形变化:动词 leave 为不规则变化(leave - left - left),短语的过去式/过去分词为 left behind。
19. 不定式作后置定语时,末尾介词的处理规则
课文原句:The beach is no longer a nice place to spend time at because it is covered in waste. 这片海滩不再是适合休闲的好去处,因为到处都是垃圾。
一句话概括:如果被修饰名词,是不定式短语中介词的逻辑宾语,介词要保留在不定式末尾。
知识点定位:不定式 to do 作名词的后置定语,当不定式里的动词本身不及物,需要搭配介词才能接宾语,前面的名词就是这个介词的逻辑宾语 → 介词不能丢,放在 to do 后面。
同类例句:
This is a good house to live in. 这是一间适合居住的房子。(live in the house,in 放末尾)
She has no one to talk with. 她找不到可以交谈的人。(talk with sb)
①概念微调:不仅是 place,规则适用于地点、抽象场合、容器、时间等各类名词。
场合 / 情况:This is a difficult situation to deal with. (deal with the situation)
容器 / 空间:We need a bigger box to put the toys in. (put the toys in the box)
时间 / 阶段:It was a hard time to go through. (go through the time)
②核心判断标准:动词的 “及物性”
介词留不留,本质上取决于不定式里的动词是及物还是不及物:
不及物动词 + 介词(必须留):
live (不及物) → live in a house → a house to live in
listen (不及物) → listen to music → music to listen to
及物动词(绝对不能多加介词,这是学生最容易犯的错):
正确:visit (及物) → visit a place → a place to visit
错误:a place to visit in
正确:buy (及物) → buy a book → a book to buy
错误:a book to buy with。buy 直接接宾语 the book;with money 是方式状语,book 不能作 with 的宾语。
补充:
place 特例:a place to spend time at,at 可以省略;仅此特例,其他名词不可以随便省介词。
禁止重复代词:
错误: a good house to live in it(house 已经是逻辑宾语,不能再加 it)
工具类高频例句:
I have no pen to write with. 我没有写字用的笔。
I have no paper to write on. 我没有纸写字。
二、核心语法精讲
宾语从句(object clause)
在复合句中充当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 其结构是:主句 + 引导词 + 从句。
宾语从句的三要素:引导词、语序、时态
一、引导词
引导词
作用
例句
that
本身无词义,不作句子成分,口语中常省略
He says (that) he likes the beach.
他说他喜欢这片海滩。
if / whether
意为“是否”,不作句子成分。
She asks if/whether we will clean up the waste.
她问我们是否会清理垃圾。
what, which, who, whose, whom
连接代词,在从句中充当一定成分(作主语、宾语、定语等)
She asks what makes the river dirty.
她问是什么把这条河弄脏的。
when, where, why, how
连接副词,在从句中通常作状语
Could you tell me where I can find the landfill? 你能告诉我哪里能找到垃圾填埋场吗?
二、语序
宾语从句一律陈述语序:主语 + 谓语 +其他。
例句:I know where the park is.(宾语从句,陈述语序)
I don't know who broke the window.
三、时态
规则口诀
规则说明
例句
主现从随便
主句是一般现在时,从句根据自身含义选用任意时态
He thinks (that) the beach will become clean soon.
他认为这片海滩很快将会变干净。
主过从过
主句是一般过去时,从句要改为对应的过去类时态
He thought (that) the beach was beautiful.
他当时认为这片海滩很美。
真理永不变
从句为客观真理/客观事实,永远用一般现在时,不受主句过去时态影响
The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
四、分类(按位置)
1.动词后的宾语从句:I believe (that) you are right.
2.介词后的宾语从句:I’m interested in what he said.
3.形容词后的宾语从句(be sure / be afraid / be sorry):I’m sure that he will come.
五、否定转移
1.主句主语I/We,谓语think, believe, suppose(且是一般现在时),否定放在主句,不放在从句。
正确: I don’t think he will come. 我认为他不会来。
错误: I think he won’t come.
2.若主语是二、三人称,不要求否定转移(常规:否定放从句)
She thinks (that) the plan isn’t good. 她认为这个方案不好。
3.主句是过去时(主语I/we也不要求否定转移,否定放从句)
I thought (that) the beach wasn’t clean enough. 我当时觉得这片海滩不够干净。
六、易错清单
1.从句不能用疑问语序
错误(疑问语序):Do you know where is the landfill?
正确(陈述语序):Do you know where the landfill is? (你知道垃圾填埋场在哪里吗?)
2.if和whether不是永远互换:有or not 或在介词后只用whether
①or not 前只用 whether
I’m not sure whether they will protect the beach or not. 我不确定他们会不会保护这片海滩。
②介词后面只用 whether
We are talking about whether we should pick up waste on the beach. 我们正在讨论我们是否应该在海滩捡拾垃圾。
③主语从句(放句首)(无形式主语 It):只能用whether
Whether we can clean the beach on time is still unknown. 我们能否按时清理海滩还不清楚。
3. 客观真理时态不随主句改变
客观真理,时态不变(主句过去时,从句仍一般现在时)
The scientist told us that water covers most of the earth. 这位科学家告诉我们水覆盖了地球的大部分。
4.that引导宾语从句,一般可以省略;下面4种that不能省
①介词(except/but/in等)后面接that从句,that不可省
例句:I know nothing about the beach except that it is polluted. 关于这片海滩我一无所知,只知道它被污染了。
②主句谓语和that从句之间有插入语隔开,that不可省
例句:We believe, after seeing the report, that waste harms sea life. 看完这份报告之后,我们相信垃圾会伤害海洋生物。
③并列多个that宾语从句,第二个及之后从句前的that不可省略。
and并列两个及以上that宾语从句:第一个that可省,第二个及往后that不能省
例句:He says (that) we should clean the beach and that we must stop throwing rubbish into the sea. 他说我们应该清理海滩,而且我们必须停止向海里丢垃圾。
5.what 在从句中通常相当于 the thing(s) that,既起连接作用,又在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
例句:
This is what I need.(what 在从句中作 need 的宾语)。
What happened surprises us. = The thing that happened surprises us. 发生的事让我们很惊讶。(what 在从句作主语)
I don’t know what her job is. = I don’t know the thing that her job is. 我不知道她是做什么工作的。(what 在从句作表语 )
状语从句(adverbial clause)
在复合句中用作状语的从句叫状语从句。
一个句子充当主句的状语,用来修饰主句的动词、形容词或整个主句;一般由从属连词引导,可放主句前或主句后。
放句首时,从句后面加逗号;放主句后面,通常不加逗号。
例:When the sun rises, we start work. / We start work when the sun rises.
根据其表达的意思可分时间、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、地点、方式等类型。具体用法如下:
类别
连词
含义
例句
时间状语从句
when / while / as / before / after / until / since / as soon as
当……;在……之前/之后;直到;自从;一……就
I will pick up rubbish when I go to the beach.
我去海滩的时候会捡拾垃圾。
条件状语从句
if / unless / as long as
如果;除非;只要
We will protect the sea if we stop littering.
如果我们停止乱扔垃圾,就能保护海洋。
原因状语从句
because / since / as
因为;既然;由于
Many sea animals die because there is too much waste.
很多海洋动物死亡,因为垃圾太多。
让步状语从句
though / although / even if
虽然,尽管;即使
Although it is hard, we will keep cleaning the beach.
虽然很难,但我们会坚持清理海滩。
结果状语从句
so…that… / such…that…
如此……以至于
The waste is so terrible that it pollutes the whole beach.
垃圾太多,污染了整片海滩。
目的状语从句
so that / in order that
为了,以便
We work hard so that we can make the sea clean.
我们努力,为了让大海变干净。
比较状语从句
than / as…as…
比;和……一样
The beach is cleaner than it was last year.
这片海滩比去年干净。
地点状语从句
where
在……地方
Plant trees where there is much sand.
在沙土多的地方种树。(中考低频)
方式状语从句
as
如同,按照
Do it as I told you.
按我告诉你的那样做。(中考低频)
两大核心规则:
1. 主将从现(时间、条件状语从句)
主句一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来。
If it is fine tomorrow, we will clean the beach. 如果明天天晴,我们就去清理海滩。
2. 逗号规则
从句前置,从句末尾加逗号;从句后置,不加逗号。
When we arrive, we will collect waste.
We will collect waste when we arrive.
3.易错提醒:
though / although 不能和but连用(二选一)
正确:Although it rains, we will go.
错误:Although it rains, but we will go.
三、单元写作清单
1.话题分析
写作任务:给环保网站写一篇帖子,介绍一个环境问题
文体:网络帖子(post),属于议论文+应用文
核心主题:环境污染(海滩垃圾/塑料污染/水污染/空气污染均可)
人称:以第一人称we为主
时态:一般现在时为主;描述已经开展的行动可用现在完成时
2.写作框架(三段式)
第一段:引入问题(现状描述)
功能:开门见山,点明环境污染问题,描述糟糕现状,引出话题。
关键句型: We are deeply worried about... / The ... is covered with...
第二段:危害 + 成因 + 现有行动与不足(核心主体段)
①写污染带来的危害(人们没法散步、动物被垃圾困住、误食垃圾),再解释污染成因(游客乱扔垃圾)。 关键句型: ...because.../ It stops us from.../ Animals get trapped by.../ Part of the rubbish is left by...
②提到目前已经在做的努力(如学校组织捡垃圾),但强调这还不够,急需更多行动。 关键句型: We need to take action before.../ Teams from our school pick up.../but that is not enough.
第三段:整改建议 + 呼吁总结(结尾升华)
向政府和个人提出具体建议(增设垃圾桶、自带水杯袋子等),最后发出呼吁,表达齐心协力解决问题的信心。
关键句型: We hope that.../ Also, we need to set up.../ People should also try to.../ I believe that we can solve this problem if...
3.写作素材
①描述环境问题的词汇 (Vocabulary for Problems)
名词: waste (废弃物), rubbish/litter/trash (垃圾), plastic bags (塑料袋), broken glass (碎玻璃), pollution (污染), condition (状况)
动词 / 短语: be covered in/with (被…… 覆盖) ; be trapped by (被…… 困住); eat ... as food (把…… 当作食物误食); be washed up (被冲上岸,被动); throw away (扔掉); stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事; take action 采取行动;pick up rubbish 捡拾垃圾;solve the problem 解决问题
形容词: poor (糟糕的), harmful (有害的), dirty (脏的)
②提出建议的句型 (Sentence Patterns for Solutions)
对政府 / 机构: We hope that the city government will… (我们希望市政府能……)
encourage more people to join… (鼓励更多人加入……)
set up more rubbish bins (设立更多垃圾桶)
对个人: make sure that people cooperate by doing… (确保人们通过做…… 来配合)
People should also try to bring their own bottles and bags.(人们也应该尝试自带瓶子和袋子。)
It is our duty to… (…… 是我们的责任)
③连接词与逻辑词 (Linking Words)
因果:because, so that, as a result 转折 /
递进:however, but, also, even worse(更糟糕的是)
条件:if we work together(如果我们齐心协力)
4.范文背诵
We are deeply worried about the poor air quality in our city. The air is often dirty, so we can hardly enjoy outdoor activities.
Air pollution brings many problems. It stops us from exercising outside and causes health problems. What’s more, we can’t see beautiful views clearly. It is mainly caused by cars and factories. Though our school calls on us to protect the air, our efforts are not enough.
We hope the government will control factory pollution. Also, people should walk or ride bikes more often. I believe we can improve the air if we work together.
易错点01 短语辨析:stop … from doing sth. / prevent … from doing sth. / keep … from doing sth. “阻止某人做事情”
【助记口诀】 “stop prevent 可省 from,keep 的 from 不能省;被动语态全保留,keep doing 意反转。”
【错因辨析】
①把from后面写成to do / 动词原形 ❌
规则:from是介词,后面必须接doing动名词
错误:We stop people throw rubbish.
错误:We stop people to throw rubbish.
正确:We stop people from throwing rubbish. 译:我们阻止人们乱扔垃圾。
②keep后省略from,意思直接反转
▶keep sb from doing:阻止某人做…
例:The wall keeps us from going in. 这面墙阻止我们进入。
▶keep sb doing sth:使某人一直做某事(含义相反)
例:The noise keeps me waiting. 噪音让我一直等着。
③被动语态漏写from
重点:被动结构下,stop/prevent/keep 的from一律不能省略
错误:People are stopped throwing waste.
正确:People are stopped from throwing waste. 人们被制止丢弃垃圾。
④核心坑:keep sb doing ≠ keep sb from doing
对比例句:
keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事(主动持续)
The dirty water keeps fish living here. 脏水让鱼一直生活在这里。
keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
The dirty water keeps fish from living here. 脏水让鱼无法在这里生存。
【深度解析】
stop/prevent/keep + sb. + from + doing sth.阻止/防止某人做某事
①stop sb. (from) doing sth. (from 可以省略)
例:Rain stops us (from) playing outside. 雨水阻止我们外出玩耍。
②prevent sb. (from) doing sth. (from 可以省略)
例:We should prevent people (from) dropping litter. 我们应当阻止人们乱扔垃圾。
③keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事(from 绝对不能省略!)
例句:Nothing can keep him from achieving his dream. 没有什么能阻止他实现梦想。
注意:sb be stopped/prevented/kept from doing sth 被动时,三者的from都不能省略。
People are stopped from throwing rubbish.
【对点训练】(单选)
1.We must stop people ______ rubbish into the river.
A. throw B. to throw C. from throwing
2.Trees can prevent the wind ______ the earth away.
A. blow B. blowing C. to blow
3.The heavy rain kept us ______ going to clean the beach.
A. from B. / C. to
4.We should stop children from ______ plastic bags.
A. touch B. touching C. touched
【答案】
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.B
【解析】1. 这里考查的是 stop sb. from doing sth.(阻止某人做某事)这个固定搭配。句意是“我们必须阻止人们往河里扔垃圾”。虽然口语中有时会省略 from 直接说 stop sb. doing sth.,但在给出的选项中,只有 C 是符合语法规范的。A(动词原形)和 B(不定式)都不能接在 stop 后面表示“阻止”。故选C。
2. 这道题考查的是 prevent sb./sth. from doing sth.(防止某人/某物做某事)。和上一题的 stop 用法非常相似,prevent 后面同样需要接 from + 动名词(doing)。句意是“树木能防止风把泥土吹走”。因此选 B。
3. 这里考查的是 keep sb. from doing sth.(阻止/妨碍某人做某事)。句意是“大雨阻止了我们去清理海滩”。keep 在这里表示“使……不处于某种状态”,后面接 from doing。B选项(什么都不填)和 C选项(to)都不符合这个固定搭配。故选A。
4. 这道题直接给出了 stop children from ______ 的结构,介词 from 后面必须接动名词(v-ing)形式。句意是“我们应该阻止孩子们接触塑料袋”。A 是动词原形,C 是过去式/过去分词,只有 B(touching)是正确的动名词形式。故选B。
易错点02 wh-引导宾语从句
【助记口诀】宾从wh来引导,陈述语序要记牢;疑问语序放句首,进入从句变陈述。
【错因辨析】
①核心考点:宾语从句必须用陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后),不能保留疑问句倒装。
wh-(what/who/where/when/how等)引导宾语从句,wh只做连接词,语序不再倒装。
▶特殊疑问句(单独句子):Wh- + 助动词/be + 主语…(疑问倒装)
Where is he? 他在哪里?
What does she like? 她喜欢什么?
How can we protect the environment? 我们该如何保护环境?
When will they arrive? 他们什么时候会到?
▶改成宾语从句(陈述语序:Wh + 主语 + be/助动词)
I want to know where he is. 我想知道他在哪里。
I don’t know what she likes. 我不知道她喜欢什么。
Could you tell me how we can protect the environment? 你能告诉我我们如何保护环境吗?
He asks when they will arrive. 他问他们什么时候到。
②常见2类错误:
▶错误1:保留疑问倒装
错误:I don’t know where is he.
正确:I don’t know where he is.
▶错误2:助动词/情态动词位置错误
错误:Could you tell me how can I get there?
正确:Could you tell me how I can get there?
③特殊规则:疑问词作主语,语序不变!
当 who/what 在从句中本身就是主语时,后面直接接谓语,不需要再找主语,也不需要倒装。
错句:I don’t know who is the lake protecting. (逻辑混乱)
错句:I don’t know who does protect the lake. (多余助动词)
正确:I don’t know who is protecting the lake. (who = 主语,is protecting = 谓语)
【对点训练】
1.Could you tell me ____?
A. where is the nearest river B. where the nearest river is
C. where was the nearest river D. where the nearest river was
【答案】B
【解析】句意:你能告诉我最近的小河在哪里吗?看语序:宾语从句必须陈述语序(主语+谓语),排除 A、C。看时态:主句 Could you tell me 是委婉请求,并非过去时,且询问的是客观事实/当前状态,故从句用一般现在时,排除 D。故选B。
2.I wonder ____ to protect our city’s environment.
A. what can we do B. what we did C. what we can do D. what did we do
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我想知道我们可以做些什么来保护城市环境。宾语从句陈述语序,排除A、D;句子表达我们可以做什么,用情态动词can。故选C。
3.—Do you know ____ he will come to clean up the beach?
—At 9 tomorrow morning.
A. when will B. when he will C. when he does D. when does he
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——你知道他什么时候来清理海滩吗?——明天早上9点。答句是时间,用when引导宾从;陈述语序,排除A、D;tomorrow是将来,用will。故选B。
4.He asks ____.
A. how can we reduce pollution B. how we can reduce pollution
C. how we reduce can pollution D. how reduce we can pollution
【答案】B
【解析】句意:他问我们要如何减少污染。陈述语序:连接词+主语+情态动词+谓语。故选B。
5.I don’t know ____.
A. who is protecting the lake B. who protecting the lake is
C. who protect the lake D. who did protect the lake
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我不知道是谁在保护这片湖。本句wh(who)本身是从句主语,语序不变!who作主语:who + be/谓语。故选A。
易错点03 短语辨析 so that / so…that… / such…that…
【助记口诀】合写so that表目的;拆开so…that形副前; such后面带名词;多多少少用so不变。
【错因辨析】
①混淆含义:so that 表目的(为了……);so…that… / such…that… 表结果(如此……以至于……)。
②分清结构:
▶ so that(后接完整句子,常带情态动词,表目的)
We plant trees so that we can make the air clean. 我们种树,为了我们可以净化空气。
▶ such 后面必须带名词
It is such a dirty river that no fish can live in it. 这是一条如此脏的河,以至于里面没有鱼能生存。
They are such useful rules that we should follow them. 这些是如此有用的规则,我们应该遵守。
It is such clean water that we can drink it. 这水如此干净,我们可以饮用。
③特殊互换易错:
so + adj. + a/an + 单数名词 = such + a/an + adj. +单数名词
so beautiful a beach = such a beautiful beach
不可数名词/复数名词:such + adj. + 复数名词/不可数名词,不能用so替换
错误: so clean water
正确:such clean water
【深度解析】
短语
结构
含义
核心特点
例句&翻译
so that
so that + 句子
为了,以便(目的状语从句)
不拆开;从句常带情态动词can/could/may/will
We pick up rubbish so that the beach can become clean.
我们捡拾垃圾,为了海滩能变干净。
so…that…
so + 形容词/副词 + that +句子
如此……以至于……(结果状语从句)
so与that分开;so修饰adj./adv.
The rubbish is so harmful that it kills lots of sea animals.
垃圾危害如此之大,以至于害死很多海洋生物。
such…that…
such +(a/an)+形容词+名词 +that+句子
如此……以至于……(结果状语从句)
such修饰名词短语
It is such harmful rubbish that it kills lots of sea animals.
这是如此有害的垃圾,以至于害死很多海洋生物。
补充:
公式:so + adj. + a/an + n. = such + a/an + adj. + n.
例句:It is so beautiful a beach that we want to stay. = It is such a beautiful beach that we want to stay.
注意:
①名词前形容词为 many / much / few / little(表数量多少),只用 so,不用 such
There are so many plastic bottles that we can’t count them. 有这么多塑料瓶,我们数都数不完。
②little表“小的”时,仍用such:such little birds 这么小的鸟
③同义改写:
The sea is so dirty that few people swim here. = It is such a dirty sea that few people swim here. 这片大海如此脏,几乎没人在这里游泳。
【对点训练】
1. We plant more trees ____ we can make the air fresher.
A. so B. such C. so that D. such that
【答案】C
【解析】句意是"我们种更多的树,以便能让空气更清新"。这里考查的是 so that 引导的目的状语从句,意为"以便、为了"。so 虽然口语中也可表目的,但语法题中表目的优先选 so that。such that 不表目的,such 后面需接名词,均不符合。故选C。
2. The rubbish is ____ heavy ____ we can’t carry it alone.
A. so; that B. such; that C. so; to D. such; to
【答案】A
【解析】句意是"垃圾如此重,以至于我们一个人搬不动"。so 修饰形容词或副词,这里 heavy 是形容词,所以用 so heavy that。such 修饰名词(或名词短语),不能直接修饰形容词。故选A。
3. It is ____ useful book ____ we all want to read it.
A. so; that B. such; that C. so a; that D. such a; that
【答案】D
【解析】句意是"这是一本如此有用的书,以至于我们都想读它"。考查 such a + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that 结构。注意 useful 虽然以元音字母 u 开头,但发音为 /ˈjuːsfl/,以辅音 /j/ 开头,所以用 a 而非 an,即 such a useful book that。故选D。
4. It is ____ interesting a report ____ everyone enjoys it.
A. so; that B. such; that C. so an; that D. such an; that
【答案】A
【解析】句意是"这是一份如此有趣的报告,以至于每个人都喜欢它"。这是本题的难点和易错点!考查特殊句型:so + 形容词 + a/an + 单数可数名词 + that。当形容词提前到 a/an 之前时,必须用 so 而不能用 such。口诀:"so 把 a/an 往前搬,such 不能这样玩"。因此是 so interesting a report that,故选A。
5. They are ____ small animals ____ they can’t carry the big rubbish.
A. so; that B. such; that C. so a; that D. such a; that
【答案】B
【解析】句意是"它们是如此小的动物,以至于它们搬不动那堆大垃圾"。考查 such + 复数名词 + that 结构。animals 是复数名词,直接用 such small animals that。so 不能直接修饰名词短语,排除 A、C;复数名词前不加 a/an,排除 D。故选B。
易错点04 词汇辨析 while / when / as
【助记口诀】when可长可短,还能表“突然”; while只长不短,还能表“对比”; as强调同步,也能表“原因”。
【错因辨析】
①while 后面从句动词必须是延续性动词
错误:While he arrived, we began the meeting.(arrive到达,短暂动词,不能用while)
正确:When he arrived, we began the meeting.
②只有从句动作是延续(进行时常见),while/when才可互换。
While we were cleaning the river, we saw plastic waste. = When we were cleaning the river, we saw plastic waste. 当我们清理河道的时候,看见了塑料垃圾。
③as 侧重两个动作同步发生,“一边…一边…” 容易错把as用来单纯引导长动作(while的用法)。
He sang as he picked up litter. 他一边捡垃圾一边唱歌。
【深度解析】
连词
核心用法
动作特点
例句&翻译
when
当……时候
从句动作既可短暂、也可延续;
主从句动作可同时发生,也有先后。
①When he came in, I was cleaning the beach.
当他进来时,我正在清理海滩。(come短暂)
①When I lived there, I often picked up rubbish.
我住在那儿的时候,经常捡垃圾。(live延续)
while
当……时候
从句必须是延续性动作;
强调在从句动作持续期间,主句动作发生。从句常用进行时。
He fell asleep while he was reading.
他读书的时候睡着了。(read延续,fall asleep短暂)
as
一边……一边;随着
主从句动作同步伴随发生;
常表两个动作同时进行,或随时间变化。
①As we walked along the beach, we talked about pollution.我们沿着海滩散步时,谈论着污染问题。(一边走一边聊)
②As the sun went down, the beach became quiet. 随着太阳下山,海滩安静下来。
注意:
①while 除了表示时间,还可以表示对比/转折,相当于 whereas(然而)。
例句:I like coffee, while my brother prefers tea.(我喜欢咖啡,然而我弟弟更喜欢茶。)
辨析点:此时 while 不表时间,不能和 when 互换。
② when还表示“突然”(= and at that moment)。
结构:be doing sth. / be about to do sth. / had just done sth. + when...
例句:I was walking along the beach when I saw a sea turtle.(我正沿着海滩散步,突然看到了一只海龟。)
③as 另一个用法:表示“原因”,相当于 because / since(既然,由于)。
例句:As it is raining, we'd better stay at home.(既然/因为在下雨,我们最好待在家里。)
辨析点:当 as 表原因时,语气比 because 弱,通常放在句首,且表示的是对方已知的、显而易见的原因。
【对点训练】
1.____ I got to the park, many volunteers were picking rubbish.
A. While B. When C. As D. Since
【答案】B
【解析】句意是"当我到达公园时,许多志愿者正在捡垃圾"。从句谓语 got 是瞬间动词(表示一个短暂动作),不能与 while 或 as 连用(while/as 要求从句谓语是延续性动词/进行时)。when 既可接瞬间动词也可接延续性动词,因此选 B。
2.____ we were cleaning the lake, we found lots of plastic bags.
A. While B. When C. As D. Both A and B
【答案】D
【解析】句意是"当我们正在清理湖泊时,我们发现了很多塑料袋"。从句谓语 were cleaning 是过去进行时(延续性动作),when 和 while 都可以引导延续性动作的从句。as 虽然也可以表示"当……时候",但在此语境中不如 while/when 自然,且选项中没有包含 as 的组合,因此选 D(A和B都对)。
3.My brother likes cycling, ____ I prefer walking.
A. when B. as C. while D. since
【答案】C
【解析】句意是"我哥哥喜欢骑车,然而我更喜欢步行"。这里 while 表示对比/转折(意为"然而、但是"),这是 while 独有的用法。when(当……时候)、as(当……时候/因为)、since(自从/因为)均不能表示对比含义。因此选C。
4.She sang ____ she collected waste along the street.
A. when B. while C. as D. since
【答案】C
【解析】句意:她沿着街道捡垃圾,一边捡一边唱。while:表示“在……期间”,强调一个延续性动作的进行。when:表示“当……时候”,侧重于“在一个动作发生时,另一个动作发生”,缺乏 as 那种强烈的“伴随、同时进行”的画面感。since:表示“自从”或“因为”,代入句中逻辑不通,直接排除。as:表示“一边……一边……”,强调两个动作同时、伴随发生,且两个动作通常都是短暂性动作(或一般动作)。本句中 sang 和 collected 都是短暂动作,且画面感极强,用 as 最地道、最精准。因此选C。
5.I was reading a report about pollution ____ someone knocked at the door.
A. while B. when C. as D. until
【答案】B
【解析】句意是"我正在读一篇关于污染的报告,这时有人敲门了"。考查经典句型:was/were doing... when...(正在做某事,这时突然……)。when 在此表示"突然、这时",引导一个打断正在进行动作的突发事件。while 不能用于此句型(while 引导的动作必须是延续性的,不能是突然发生的)。因此选B。
易错点 05 词汇辨析 litter, rubbish&waste
【助记口诀】litter是乱丢公共场所,散落地上; rubbish泛指全部垃圾,可装袋放桶里。
【错因辨析】
①词义混淆:
litter(不可数):特指公共场所随手乱扔、散落在地上的零碎垃圾(塑料袋、纸片、瓶子碎片,环保作文高频词),还可作动词:litter v. 乱扔
rubbish(不可数,英式):泛指所有废弃垃圾,一般是打包好、准备丢进垃圾桶的废弃物,不一定散落在地上。
waste 名词:废弃物(工业/生活废料,范围最广);动词:浪费
② 搭配易错:
错误: Don’t throw litter everywhere.(throw一般不搭配litter)
正确:Don’t drop litter everywhere. 不要随地丢垃圾。
正确:Throw the rubbish into the bin. 把垃圾扔进垃圾桶。
正确:We should deal with industrial waste carefully.我们应当小心处理工业废料。
③词性坑:
litter 可作名词(垃圾)也可作动词(乱扔);rubbish名词(垃圾),也可作动词(严厉批评、贬低、否定)waste 可作名词(废弃物)也可作动词(浪费)。
错误: Don’t rubbish on the ground.
正确:Don’t litter on the ground.不要随地乱扔杂物 / 垃圾。
正确:Don’t waste food. 不要浪费食物。
【深度解析】
单词
词性
含义 & 使用场景
例句(英文 + 中文)
rubbish
n.(不可数)
英式常用,日常生活产生的垃圾(家里、垃圾桶内)rubbish 主要作名词;动词:贬低
Please take out the rubbish.
请把垃圾拿出去。
litter
n.(不可数)
户外乱丢的杂物;也可作动词:乱扔
Don’t drop litter in the park.
不要在公园里乱扔垃圾。
waste
n./v.
n:废弃物(工业 / 农业 / 生活废料,范围最广);v:浪费
We should recycle waste.我们应当回收废弃物。
Don’t waste water.不要浪费水。
【对点训练】
1.Please drop the ____ into the bin. Don’t leave ____ on the ground.
A.litter; rubbish B. rubbish; litter C. litter; litters D. rubbishes; litter
【答案】B
【解析】句意:请把垃圾扔进垃圾桶,不要在地面乱丢杂物。rubbish 指家中 / 桶内的生活垃圾;litter 指散落在公共场所乱丢的垃圾;二者都是不可数名词,没有复数形式。故选 B。
2.Don’t ____ in the park.
A.litter B. rubbish C. litters D. rubbishes
【答案】A
【解析】句意:不要在公园里乱扔垃圾。本句缺少动词。litter 既可作名词(垃圾),也可作动词,意为"乱扔垃圾"。"Don't litter in the park" 意为"不要在公园乱扔垃圾",语法和语义均正确。
rubbish 主要作名词,作动词时意为"贬低、嘲笑",不符合语境;litters 是第三人称单数形式,Don't 后应接动词原形;rubbishes 无此用法。故选A。
3.We should sort household ____ before throwing it away.
A. litter B. rubbish C. litters D. wastes
【答案】B
【解析】household rubbish 是固定搭配,意为"家庭垃圾/生活垃圾"。句意为"我们应该在扔掉之前对生活垃圾进行分类"。litter 侧重"散落在公共场所的垃圾",不用于指家庭产生的垃圾;litters 复数形式不当;wastes 虽可指废物,但 household wastes 不如 household rubbish 常用和自然。故选B。
4.It’s wrong to ____ time.
A. litter B. rubbish C. waste D. throw
【答案】C
【解析】waste 作动词,表示 “浪费”,其余两个词无动词 “浪费” 含义。故选C。
5.Please don’t leave ____ on the beach.
A. waste B. a litter C. a rubbish D.litter
【答案】D
【解析】句意为不要在海滩乱丢杂物。litter 指户外乱扔的垃圾;rubbish、litter 不可数,不能加 a;waste 多指废料,不强调 “乱丢”。故选D。
一、根据所给提示填空
1. 我们应该阻止人们向河里丢弃垃圾。
We should ____ people ____ ____ litter into the river.
2.大量塑料垃圾被冲到岸上。
Lots of plastic waste is ________ ________ onto the land.
3. 当我正在沿着海滩散步时,我看见了很多垃圾。
____ I ____ ____ along the beach, I saw lots of rubbish.
4.我们必须采取行动阻止全球变暖。
We must do something to stop ________ ________.
5. 垃圾太多,以至于我们需要更多垃圾桶。
There is ____ much rubbish ____ we need more rubbish bins.
【答案】1. stop/prevent/keep; from dropping / throwing 2.washed up 3. While/ When; was walking
4. global warming 5. so; that
【解析】1.中文句意中的“阻止某人做某事”在英语中对应的表达是 stop/prevent/keep sb. from doing sth.。这三个动词均可搭配 from doing 表示阻止。句中第一个空填 stop(或 prevent / keep);第二个空填介词 from;第三个空表示“丢弃垃圾”,结合前文知识点,litter 在此处作名词,前面需要接动名词形式 dropping(或 throwing)来构成 from doing 结构。故填:stop / prevent / keep; from; dropping / throwing。
2.中文句意中的“被冲到岸上”在英语中对应的固定动词短语是 wash up(指水将物体冲上岸)。结合句意,主语 Lots of plastic waste(大量塑料垃圾)与动词 wash up 之间是被动关系,且句子为一般现在时,因此需要使用被动语态结构 be + 过去分词。故填:washed; up。
3.中文句意中的“当……的时候”表示过去正在进行的动作,在英语中通常用 as 或 when 引导时间状语从句,且从句需用过去进行时(was/were + doing)。句中第一个空填连词 As(或 When);第二、三个空构成过去进行时,主语是 I,因此填 was walking。故填:While / When; was; walking。
4.这里的 global warming 就是中文“全球变暖”的固定英文表达。在英语里,它作为一个不可数名词短语使用,所以前面不需要加 "the" 之类的冠词,直接跟在动词 "stop"(阻止)后面就可以。故填:global warming。
5.中文句意中的“太多……以至于……”在英语中对应的固定句型是 so... that...(如此……以至于……),其中 so 修饰形容词或副词。句中第一个空修饰后面的 much,填 so;第二个空引导结果状语从句,填 that。故填:so; that。
二、单项选择
1. We should recycle materials ____ we can reduce waste.
A. so that B. such that C. so D. such
【答案】A
【解析】句意: 我们应该回收材料,以便我们能减少浪费。 空格后是“we can reduce waste”(我们可以减少浪费),这是回收材料的目的。A选项 so that 意为“以便,为了”,常用来引导目的状语从句,符合句意。B选项 such that 通常表示“以至于”;C选项 so 作连词时表结果(所以),不符合逻辑;D选项 such 不能直接引导该从句。故选 A。
2. —Could you tell me ____ we can do to protect our environment? —We can choose simple-packaging goods. A. what B. that C. where D. how
【答案】A
【解析】句意: ——你能告诉我我们可以做些什么来保护环境吗?——我们可以选择简包装的商品。 空格处引导的是 tell 后的宾语从句。从句中“we can do”缺少宾语(做“什么”),因此需要填入一个能作宾语的疑问代词。A选项 what 意为“什么”,在从句中作 do 的宾语,符合题意。B选项 that 在宾语从句中不充当成分;C选项 where 表地点;D选项 how 表方式,均不能在从句中作宾语。故选 A。
3. ____ you throw litter everywhere, you will make land pollution worse.
A. Though B. If C. Unless D. Before
【答案】B
【解析】句意: 如果你到处乱扔垃圾,你会使土地污染变得更糟。主句使用了“will make”(一般将来时),根据“主将从现”原则,从句应使用一般现在时表将来。空格处需要一个表示假设条件的连词。B选项 If 意为“如果”,引导条件状语从句,符合语境。A选项 Though(虽然)表让步;C选项 Unless(除非)表否定条件,代入后逻辑不通;D选项 Before(在……之前)不符合句意。故选 B。
4. It is ____ useful book about global warming ____ many students love it.
A. so a; that B. such a; that C. so; that D. such; that
【答案】B
【解析】句意: 这是一本关于全球变暖的非常有用的书,以至于许多学生都喜欢它。空格后是名词短语“useful book”,修饰名词应使用 such。其固定结构为“such + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + that...”。因为 useful 以辅音音素开头,所以用 a。B选项 such a; that 完全符合该结构。A选项 so 不能直接修饰名词短语;C选项 so...that 结构应为“so + 形容词/副词 + a/an + 名词”;D选项 such 后缺少冠词 a。故选 B。
5. He told us that he ____ a tour around the recycling centre the next week.
A. takes B. will take C. would take D. took
【答案】C
【解析】句意: 他告诉我们,他下周将参观回收中心。主句谓语动词是“told”(一般过去时),根据宾语从句的时态呼应原则,从句通常要用过去的某种时态。同时,从句中有明确的时间状语“the next week”(下周,相对于过去的将来),因此需要使用过去将来时。C选项 would take 是过去将来时,符合语法规则。A选项 takes 是一般现在时;B选项 will take 是一般将来时;D选项 took 是一般过去时,均不符合。故选 C。
6. I want to know ____.
A. how we can reduce waste B. how can we reduce waste
B. how we reduce can waste D. how reduce we waste
【答案】A
【解析】句意: 我想知道我们怎样才能减少浪费。空格处引导的是 know 后的宾语从句,宾语从句必须使用陈述句语序(即:引导词 + 主语 + 谓语)。A选项 how we can reduce waste 语序正确,符合语法。B选项 how can we... 是疑问句语序,错误;C选项 reduce can 语序混乱,错误;D选项 how reduce we... 语序错误。故选 A。
7. I wonder if they ____ the recycling centre next Friday.
A. visit B. visited C. will visit D. would visit
【答案】C
【解析】句意: 我想知道他们下周五是否会参观回收中心。主句谓语是“wonder”(一般现在时),从句时态根据实际情况而定。从句中有明确的将来时间状语“next Friday”(下周五),因此需要使用一般将来时。C选项 will visit 符合句意和时态要求。A选项 visit 是一般现在时;B选项 visited 是一般过去时;D选项 would take 是过去将来时(通常用于主句为过去时的情况)。故选 C。
8. The scientist told us that global warming ____ worse year by year.
A. gets B. got C. get D. will get
【答案】A
【解析】句意: 科学家告诉我们,全球变暖正逐年变得更糟。虽然主句“told”是一般过去时,但“全球变暖逐年恶化”属于客观存在的普遍现象(或当前正在持续发生的状态)。在英语中,当宾语从句表达客观真理、自然规律或持续存在的状态时,不受主句时态限制,通常使用一般现在时。主语“global warming”是第三人称单数,因此谓语动词需用单三形式。A选项 gets 符合语法规则。B选项 got 是过去时;C选项 get 形式错误(缺少s);D选项 will get 强调将来的变化,不如一般现在时表达客观规律准确。故选 A。
三、句型转换。(改为宾语从句)
1.How do we reduce waste? Could you tell me ____ ____ ____ waste?
【答案】how we reduce
【解析】句意: 我们如何减少浪费?你能告诉我我们如何减少浪费吗?原句是特殊疑问句,引导词为 how。变为宾语从句时,需将疑问语序“do we reduce”改为陈述语序“we reduce”。主句“Could you tell me”虽带有委婉语气,但整体可视为一般现在时,因此从句时态保持不变。故答案为:how we reduce。
2.Is global warming getting worse? The scientist tells us ____ ____ ____ getting worse.
【答案】if global warming is
【解析】句意: 全球变暖正在恶化吗?科学家告诉我们,全球变暖正在恶化。原句是特殊疑问句,引导词为 how(根据句意“情况变得如何”)。变为宾语从句时,需将疑问语序“Is global warming getting”改为陈述语序“global warming is getting”。主句“tells”是一般现在时,从句时态保持不变。故答案为:how global warming is。
3.When will they visit the recycling centre? He asked ____ ____ ____ the recycling centre.
【答案】when they would visit
【解析】 句意: 他们什么时候将参观回收中心?他问他们什么时候将参观回收中心。原句是特殊疑问句,引导词为 when。变为宾语从句时,需将疑问语序“will they visit”改为陈述语序“they would visit”。因为主句“He asked”是一般过去时,根据“主过从过”原则,从句的 will 必须变为过去将来时 would。故答案为:when they would visit。
4.What should we do to protect land? She wondered ____ ____ ____ to protect land.
【答案】what we should do
【解析】句意: 为了保护土地我们应该做什么?她想知道为了保护土地我们应该做什么。原句是特殊疑问句,引导词为 what。变为宾语从句时,需将疑问语序“should we do”改为陈述语序“we should do”。因为主句“She wondered”是一般过去时,根据“主过从过”原则,从句的 should本身就是 shall 的过去式。故答案为:what we should do。
5.Does the factory produce waste gases? I didn’t know ____ the factory ____ waste gases.
【答案】if/whether; produced
【解析】句意: 这家工厂产生废气吗?我不知道这家工厂是否产生废气。原句是一般疑问句(Does开头),变为宾语从句时引导词必须用 if 或 whether。同时,需将疑问语序改为陈述语序,并去掉助动词 does。因为主句“I didn’t know”是一般过去时,从句也要用过去的某种时态,所以动词 produce 要变为过去式 produced。故答案为:if/whether; produced。
四、阅读理解
A
Every year, people around the world use about 500 billion plastic bags, and most of them are used only once. Plastic bags are light and cheap, but they cause serious problems to the earth.
In the ocean, plastic waste is killing sea animals. Fish and sea turtles often mistake plastic bags for food and eat them. Scientists say that by 2050, there may be more plastic than fish in the ocean. What’s worse, tiny pieces of plastic can even get into our food.
Luckily, more and more people have realized the problem and started to act. In many countries, shops no longer give out free plastic bags, and customers have to pay for them. Some stores use paper bags or cloth bags instead. Students are also playing a part: they bring their own water bottles and say no to straws and plastic packaging.
It is not difficult to reduce plastic waste. If each of us uses one fewer plastic bag a week, together we can make a big difference to the planet.
【注释】turtle海龟;straw吸管;packaging包装
1.Why are plastic bags dangerous to sea animals?
A.Because they are too light. B.Because they are too cheap.
C.Because sea animals often eat them as food. D.Because they make the ocean dirty and smelly.
2.What does the underlined word “customers” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.People who sell things. B.People who buy things.
C.People who collect waste. D.People who make plastic bags.
3.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Plastic bags are cheap and useful in daily life.
B.Sea animals are in great danger now.
C.Students should bring water bottles to school.
D.Plastic pollution is serious, and we should use fewer plastic bags.
4. What can we learn from the sentence “Scientists say that by 2050, there may be more plastic than fish in the ocean.”?
A. There are no fish in the ocean now.
B. Plastic pollution in the ocean will become worse.
C. People will stop using plastic bags by 2050.
D. There will be more fish than plastic.
5. What should we do to cut down plastic waste according to the text?
A. Use cloth bags instead of plastic ones. B. Stop eating fish and sea turtles.
C. Buy more plastic bags from shops. D. Throw plastic waste into the sea.
【答案】1.C 2.B 3.D 4. B 5. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文,介绍塑料袋带来严重的海洋塑料污染问题,越来越多人意识到该问题并采取行动减少塑料袋使用,呼吁大家减少塑料袋使用,保护地球。
【详解】1.根据第二段第二句“Fish and sea turtles often mistake plastic bags for food and eat them.”可知,海洋动物常常把塑料袋错当成食物吃掉。
2.根据第三段“In many countries, shops no longer give out free plastic bags, and customers have to pay for them.”可知,商店不再免费发放塑料袋,需要塑料袋的是购物的人。
3.通读全文可知,文章介绍塑料污染问题严峻,并呼吁人们少用塑料袋。
4. 根据第二段中科学家预测“到2050年,海洋里的塑料可能比鱼还要多”可知,这句话旨在强调海洋塑料污染问题如果继续恶化,未来将变得极其严重。选项 A(现在海里没有鱼了)过于绝对且不符合事实;选项 C(人们到2050年将停止使用塑料袋)文中并未提及;选项 D(鱼的塑料多)与句意正好相反。故选 B。
5. 根据第三段“Some stores use paper bags or cloth bags instead.”可知,一些商店使用纸袋或布袋来代替塑料袋,这是减少塑料浪费的有效做法。选项 B(停止吃鱼和海龟)、C(从商店买更多塑料袋)、D(把塑料垃圾扔进海里)均与文章提倡的环保理念背道而驰。故选 A。
B
Pollution comes in many forms, and each kind can harm our world in different ways.
Air pollution happens when harmful gases get into the air. It is often caused by cars and factories. In recent years, many cities have made great efforts to fight against it, so people can see a much clearer sky now.
Water pollution makes rivers, lakes and seas dirty. Unsafe water has made many people sick in the past few years, and it also does harm to sea animals.
Noise pollution not only causes hearing problems, but also hurts animals, especially whales in the ocean.
Light pollution is often forgotten, but it can be harmful to the health of people and animals. Because of too much light at night, many people can no longer see a clear night sky.
Soil pollution is another serious problem. The International Union of Soil Sciences first suggested World Soil Day in 2002 to raise people’s awareness of it.
We only have one earth. Let’s take action to reduce pollution together!
1.What is often the cause of air pollution according to the passage?
A.Cars and factories. B.Whales in the ocean.
C.Unsafe water. D.Too much light.
2.Which kind of pollution hurts whales in the ocean?
A.Air pollution. B.Water pollution.
C.Noise pollution. D.Soil pollution.
3.Why can’t many people see a clear night sky?
A.Because of air pollution. B.Because of water pollution.
C.Because of noise pollution. D.Because of light pollution.
4.When was World Soil Day first suggested?
A.In 1992. B.In 2002. C.In 2012. D.In 2022.
5.What’s the best title for the passage?
A.World Soil Day B.Save the Whales
C.Different Kinds of Pollution D.One Earth, One Dream
【答案】1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.C
【导语】本文介绍了多种污染类型,分别说明了大气污染、水污染、噪音污染、光污染和土壤污染带来的危害,呼吁大家行动起来减少污染。
【详解】1.根据原文第二段第一句及第二句“Air pollution happens when harmful gases get into the air. It is often caused by cars and factories.”,可知空气污染通常由汽车和工厂造成。
2.根据原文第四段“Noise pollution not only causes hearing problems, but also hurts animals, especially whales in the ocean.”,可知噪音污染会伤害动物,尤其是海洋中的鲸鱼。
3.根据原文第五段“Light pollution is often forgotten, but it can be harmful to the health of people and animals. Because of too much light at night, many people can no longer see a clear night sky.”,可知因为夜晚光线过多,人们无法看见清晰夜空。
4.根据原文第六段第二句“The International Union of Soil Sciences first suggested World Soil Day in 2002 to raise people’s awareness of it.”,可知 2002 年国际土壤科学联合会首次提出世界土壤日。
5.根据原文第一段“Pollution comes in many forms, and each kind can harm our world in different ways.”,可知整篇文章讲述不同种类的污染,其余选项只是局部细节,不能概括全文,只有“不同种类的污染”契合文章核心内容。
五、完形填空
BEIJING~The sky is gray and air smells strange. It’s another day of smog.
On Saturday, heavy haze (霾) still covered north and east China. Highways were closed and 1 couldn’t take off on time.
The smoggy weather 2 the country’s land from north to south, including Beijing, Hebei, Shandong,and 6 other provinces. People could only see clearly 3 than 50 meters in some areas.
Cities 4 Shanghai and Nanjing have been covered by the gray sky for the past several days. Many walkers in the street had to wear 5 . In the Lukou airport in Nanjing, more than 60 flights were canceled (取消) on Saturday 6 the haze, which also made primary and middle schools and kindergartens stop 7 on Thursday and Friday in Nanjing.
The office worker of Environmental Protection said earlier this week that there were several 8 reasons behind the widespread haze: unpleasant weather conditions making 9 difficult for smog to disappear, motor vehicle exhaust (尾气), and coal use for winter heating.
To fight pollution, the Chinese government now plans to clean up the air by cutting coal use, 10 some factories, and remove 6 million old cars from the roads.
“We must face up to the facts,” a professor of environmental science said. “The treatment of smog will be a long fight. From now on, if we use buses or cars less and do more riding, we believe a clear sky is not a faraway dream.”
1.A.coaches B.trains C.flights
2.A.afforded B.affected C.admired
3.A.less B.more C.farther
4.A.in B.like C.around
5.A.hats B.gloves C.masks
6.A.besides B.except C.because of
7.A.classes B.rest C.work
8.A.mainly B.mostly C.main
9.A.that B.this C.it
10.A.close B.closing C.open
【答案】
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.B
【分析】这篇短文主要介绍了日益严重的雾霾天气给许多方面造成了影响,也影响着人们的健康。政府为了对抗雾霾开始采取措施治理空气污染。当然这是一个长期的过程,需要大家的共同努力。
【详解】1.句意:高速公路被关闭,航班不能准时起飞。
A. coaches马车,B. trains火车,C. flights飞机,航班。本题考查名词,根据couldn’t take off不能起飞,可知是指航班不能起飞,故选C。
2.句意:烟雾弥漫的天气从北到南影响着中国。
A. afforded买得起,B. affected影响,C. admired崇拜。本题考查动词。根据weather主语是天气,天气只能是影响着我国,故选B。
3.句意:在一些地区人们仅能看清50米以内的东西。
A. less更少,B. more更多,C. farther更远。本题考查形容词,根据50 meters in some areas,结合前文说雾霾严重,可知能见度是在50米以内,故选A。
4.句意:在过去几天像上海和南京这样的城市都被灰色的天空覆盖着。
A. in在…里面,B. like 像…;C. around在…周围。根据Shanghai and Nanjing,可知此处是指像上海和南京这样的城市,指列举。故选B。
5.句意:许多街上的行人不得不戴着口罩。
A. hats帽子,B. gloves 手套,C. masks口罩。根据had to wear,结合前文说到雾霾严重,可知是不得不戴口罩,故选C。
6.句意:因为雾霾在周六南京禄口机场的,60多个航班被取消。
A. besides除…之外,B. except除了,C. because of因为。根据the haze,结合前文more than 60 flights were canceled,可知是因为雾霾,60多个航班被取消了。故选C。
7.句意:这也使得在南京的中小学和幼儿园在周四和周五停课。
A. classes 课程,B. rest休息,C. work工作。本题考查名词,根据primary and middle schools and kindergartens stop,可知这些学校是停课,故选A。
8.句意:广泛雾霾背后有几个主要的原因。
A. mainly 主要地,B. mostly 主要地,C. main主要的。本题考查形容词。形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词和形容词,A和B选项都属于副词,故选C。
9.句意:使雾难以消失的令人不快的天气情况,尾气,用于冬季取暖的煤。
A. that那个,B. this这个,C. it它。本题考查代词。根据题干,可知是句型make it +形容词+for sb. to do sth使某人做某事是…的,这是固定句型,it是形式主语,故选C。
10.句意:为了对抗污染,中国政府现在计划清理空气,主要通过减少煤炭使用,关闭一些工厂,和禁止600万旧汽车上路。
A. close关闭,B. closing关闭,现在分词形式,C. open打开。根据Chinese government now plans to clean up the air中国政府计划清理空气,可知需关闭工厂,结合介词by,by doing sth. 通过做某事,故选B。
【点睛】完形填空,考查学生们在具体语境中运用语言的能力,综合性较强,做题时,应先通读全文,了解大意,然后根据上下文语境的提示做题,先易后难,注意辨析选项中的单词的意思和用法,并注意空前后的搭配,最后再读一遍短文,检查答案。例如第一题、第五题和第七题,都是需要根据上下文的理解,来判断出这道题应该使用哪一个名词。
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