专题05 C篇阅读理解-备战2027年高考英语名校及联考试题分类专项训练（北京专用）

专题05 C篇阅读理解 目录： 1. 北京师范大学附中2026-2027学年高三开学摸底考试英语试题 2. 北京中国人民大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三开学考英语试题 3. 北京市顺义牛栏山第一中学2026-2027学年度高9月英语试卷 4. 北京市第二中学2026-2027学年度高三年级开学测试英语试题 5. 北京交通大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三9月月考英语试题 6. 北京清华大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三9月统练三英语试卷 7. 北京中国人民大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三10月月考英语 8. 北京师范大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三10月阶段检测英语试题 9. 北京市第八十中学2026-2027学年高三10月阶段检测英语试题 10. 北京市八一学校2026-2027学年高三10月月考英语试题 限时练习：_________分钟 完成时间： 月 日 【一、北京师范大学附中2026-2027学年高三开学摸底考试英语试题 】 Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 28．What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Scientific. B．Credible. C．Original. D．Relevant. 29．As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A．worried B．puzzled C．surprised D．scared 30．What can we learn from this passage? A．The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B．The author agrees with the message of the poem. C．The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D．The global collapse is well underway. 【答案】28．D 29．A 30．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。 【详解】28．词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。 29．推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。 30．推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。 【二、江北京中国人民大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三开学考英语试题】 In an episode of Friends, actor Joey is asked to host a charity show. “A little good deed… plus some TV exposure, now that’s the kind of math Joey likes to do!” he exclaims, while his friend Phoebe calls it “totally selfish”. This scene captures a common human tendency: our suspicion of do-gooders, especially when they might benefit from their actions. This instinct is explored in a recent paper on “do-gooder derogation (贬损)”. Research shows that we often look for someone’s hidden motive, and once found, we may judge them even more harshly than those who act with obvious self-interest. For instance, in a classic experiment called the public goods game, participants who contributed the most money to a shared pool were often criticized just as badly by other players as those who contributed nothing at all. Psychologist Nichola argues that we are all playing a “status game”, suspicious of anyone who might be faking virtue to boost their own standing. Studies confirm this, revealing a phenomenon known as the “tainted altruism (利他主义) effect”. Imagine your friend Andy volunteers at a homeless shelter. You later discover he is only doing so to get a date with the manager. Studies suggest we view Andy more negatively than someone who took a job at a coffee shop for the same romantic motive. We are more judgemental of the person hiding self-interest behind a charitable act. Hafenbrädl, a researcher at the University of Navarra, suggests this judgment stems from a calculation weighing the social rewards someone gets against the cost of their deed. In one experiment, a resort owner who spent $100,000 cleaning local beaches was considered less moral when he used the act to advertise his business than when he kept it quiet. Interestingly, Hafenbrädl found that people who donated blood or gave to charity for their own sense of self-satisfaction were considered more moral than those seeking to enhance their reputation. Perhaps Joey is right: pure altruism may not exist. But personally, I am happy to forgive the “warm glow” that comes from helping others, if it means there is a little more kindness in the world. 27．The episode of Friends is mentioned in order to ______. A．provide supporting evidence for a theory B．present a phenomenon for further analysis C．illustrate an abstract psychological concept D．highlight conflicts between different values 28．What does the “tainted altruism effect” refer to? A．Judging generous people positively. B．Valuing ordinary jobs over volunteering. C．Rewarding those who seek social recognition. D．Criticizing charitable acts with hidden motives. 29．What can be learned from Hafenbrädl’s experiment? A．Publicity lowers moral credit. B．People undervalue environmental acts. C．The cost of an act shapes its moral evaluation D．Motives have little influence on people’s judgment. 30．What is the author’s attitude towards the “warm glow” of helping others? A．Critical. B．Skeptical. C．Indifferent. D．Tolerant. 【答案】27．B 28．D 29．A 30．D 【导语】文章借助《老友记》引入“贬损行善者”心理现象，介绍受私利驱动的利他行为易遭批判的相关研究，作者对助人带来的自我满足感持包容态度。 【详解】27．推理判断题。根据第一段“This scene captures a common human tendency: our suspicion of do-gooders, especially when they might benefit from their actions.(这一场景揭示了人类的一种普遍倾向：我们对行善者心存怀疑，尤其是当他们可能从自身行为中获益时)”可知，《老友记》这一集被提及，是为了展示一个现象以便进一步分析。 28．推理判断题。根据第三段“Studies confirm this, revealing a phenomenon known as the “tainted altruism (利他主义) effect”. Imagine your friend Andy volunteers at a homeless shelter. You later discover he is only doing so to get a date with the manager. Studies suggest we view Andy more negatively than someone who took a job at a coffee shop for the same romantic motive. We are more judgemental of the person hiding self-interest behind a charitable act.(研究证实了这一点，揭示出一种被称为“被污染的利他主义效应”的现象。想象一下，你的朋友安迪在一家无家可归者收容所做志愿者。后来你发现，他这么做只是为了和经理约会。研究表明，我们对安迪的看法比那些出于相同浪漫动机而去咖啡店打工的人更加负面。我们更容易对那些以慈善行为掩饰自身私利的人做出评判)”可知，“受污染的利他效应”指的是批评带有隐藏动机的慈善行为。 29．细节理解题。根据第四段“In one experiment, a resort owner who spent $100,000 cleaning local beaches was considered less moral when he used the act to advertise his business than when he kept it quiet.(在一项实验中，一位度假村老板花费10万美元清理当地海滩，当他用这一行为来宣传自己的生意时，被认为比保持沉默时更缺乏道德)”可知，宣传会降低道德信誉。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But personally, I am happy to forgive the “warm glow” that comes from helping others, if it means there is a little more kindness in the world.(但就我个人而言，如果这意味着能让世界多一点善意，我愿意原谅帮助他人所带来的“温暖光芒”)”可知，作者对帮助他人这种“温暖光芒”持宽容态度。 【三、北京市顺义牛栏山第一中学2026-2027学年度高9月英语试卷】 There’s a new AI bot in town: ChatGPT, and you’d better pay attention, even if you aren’t into artificial intelligence. ChatGPT is an AI chatbot system that OpenAI released in November to show off and test what a very large, powerful AI system can accomplish. You can ask it countless questions and often will get an answer that’s useful. For example, you can ask it encyclopedia questions like, “Explain Newton’s laws of motion.” You can tell it, “Write me a poem,” and when it does, say, “Now make it more exciting.” You ask it to write a computer program that’ll show you all the different ways you can arrange the letters of a word. ChatGPT is a big deal. The tool seems pretty knowledgeable in areas where there’s good training data for it to learn from. It’s not all-knowing or smart enough to replace all humans yet, but it can be creative, and its answers can sound downright authoritative. A few days after its launch, more than a million people were trying out ChatGPT. And it’s becoming big business. In January, Microsoft pledged to invest billions of dollars into OpenAI, saying it’ll build features into cloud services. OpenAI announced a $20 per month ChatGPT Plus service that responds faster and gets new features sooner. It’s an AI that’s trained to recognize patterns in vast series of text harvested from the internet, then further trained with human assistance to deliver more useful, better dialog. The answers you get may sound reasonable and even authoritative, but they might well be entirely wrong, as OpenAI warns. Sometimes, helpfully, it’ll specifically warn you of its own shortcomings. For example, when I asked it who wrote the phrase “the squirming facts exceed the squamous mind,” ChatGPT replied, “I’m sorry, but I am not able to browse the internet or access any external information beyond what I was trained on.” (The phrase is from Wallace Stevens’ 1942 poem Connoisseur of Chaos.) The fact that it offers an answer at all, though, is a notable development in computing. Computers are famously literal, refusing to work unless you follow exact syntax and interface requirements. Large language models are revealing a more human-friendly style of interaction, not to mention an ability to generate answers that are somewhere between copying and creativity. 27．Which of the following can be a subtitle for the first paragraph? A．What is ChatGPT? B．What are the limits of ChatGPT? C．What kind of questions can you ask? D．Why is ChatGPT blowing everyone’s mind? 28．What made ChatGPT a big deal? A．More than a million users. B．Investment of billions of dollars. C．Its ability to generate creative answers. D．The bright future promised by Microsoft. 29．We can infer the purpose of example in Paragraph Three is to________. A．Draw people’s attention to OpenAI B．Reveal the weakness of ChatGPT C．Explain work pattern of the system D．Show the methods of training ChatGPT 30．Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards ChatGPT? A．Opposed. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Objective. 【答案】27．A 28．C 29．B 30．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能机器人ChatGPT的相关信息。 【详解】27．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“There’s a new AI bot in town: ChatGPT, and you’d better pay attention, even if you aren’t into artificial intelligence. ChatGPT is an AI chatbot system that OpenAI released in November to show off and test what a very large, powerful AI system can accomplish. You can ask it countless questions and often will get an answer that’s useful.( 有一个新的人工智能机器人在城里:ChatGPT，你最好关注一下，即使你不喜欢人工智能。ChatGPT是OpenAI在11月发布的一款AI聊天机器人系统，旨在展示和测试一个非常强大的AI系统可以完成的任务。你可以问它无数的问题，通常会得到一个有用的答案)”可知，什么是ChatGPT可以作为第一段的副标题。故选A。 28．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“ChatGPT is a big deal. The tool seems pretty knowledgeable in areas where there’s good training data for it to learn from. It’s not all-knowing or smart enough to replace all humans yet, but it can be creative, and its answers can sound downright authoritative.( ChatGPT是一个重要的事物。这个工具在有好的训练数据供它学习的领域似乎很有知识。它还不是无所不知或聪明到足以取代所有人类，但它可以很有创造力，它的答案听起来完全是权威的)”可知，ChatGPT生成创造性答案的能力使它成为一个重要的事物。故选C。 29．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Sometimes, helpfully, it’ll specifically warn you of its own shortcomings. For example, when I asked it who wrote the phrase “the squirming facts exceed the squamous mind,” ChatGPT replied, “I’m sorry, but I am not able to browse the internet or access any external information beyond what I was trained on.”(The phrase is from Wallace Stevens’ 1942 poem Connoisseur of Chaos.)( 有时，它会特别提醒你它自己的缺点。例如，当我问它是谁写了“扭曲的事实超过了鳞状的头脑”这句话时，ChatGPT回答说:“很抱歉，我不能浏览互联网，也不能访问任何超出我所接受培训的外部信息。(这句话出自华莱士·史蒂文斯1942年的诗《混沌鉴赏家》。))”可知，第三段的例子是为了揭示ChatGPT的弱点。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The fact that it offers an answer at all, though, is a notable development in computing. (事实上，它提供了一个答案，这是计算领域的一个显著发展。)”可推知，作者对ChatGPT持支持的态度。故选C。 【四、北京市第二中学2026-2027学年度高三年级开学测试英语试题】 Ghosting is a term that refers to the practice of one person ending all forms of communication with another, without any warning or reason. Messages are left on “read”, calls are ignored, and social media ties may be severed. Before the internet, many relationships were formed within inter-connected circles, typically through friends or at work. It would have been much harder to completely sever contact with someone without the awkwardness of bumping into them or facing negative social implications within the community. Now with so many relationships initiated online with fewer connections in common, there are fewer consequences to deal with if we decide to disconnect from someone in a less-than-ethical way. Ghosting can be seen as an effortless solution for avoiding the emotional messiness of having to explain to somebody why you no longer want to continue engaging with them. Deliberately avoiding conflicts can be a form of self-protection to safeguard the ghoster from anxiety or stress, especially if they have had negative experiences dealing with conflict in the past. Ghosting culture can also be interpreted as resulting from the unlimited choices that we now have at our fingertips when it comes to finding a new partner, job or social circle to join. With the huge array of possibilities out there for us to pick from, it has become far too easy to view others as commodities, ready to trade in at the click of a button for something bigger and better. Decision fatigue (疲惫) plays a factor too, especially when we are trying to balance numerous options all in one go. Ghosting provides a practical strategy for weeding out less desirable candidates and saving our energy and time from having to explain why they didn’t make the cut. Ghosting might be becoming increasingly frequent these days, but that doesn’t mean it has become any easier to deal with. The ghostee might then endlessly re-examine every last interaction to pinpoint a cause for the termination of the relationship. This usually leads to negative conclusions and self-blame. However, it’s not only the recipient who suffers from the consequences of ghosting. If ghosting and avoidance become a common occurrence in the ghoster’s social interactions with others, they risk missing out on healthy long-term relationships that require effective communication skills, problem-solving and trust in order to thrive. Disconnection is an unavoidable aspect of life but how we choose to end relationships is fully within our control. It may seem cliché but adopting old-fashioned principles, such as treating others the way we would like to be treated, will prevent us from becoming a society haunted by undesirable behaviour. 27．What does the underlined word “severed” in Para. 1 mean? A．Built up. B．Cut off. C．Given away. D．Relied on. 28．Which of the following situations is an example of ghosting? A．A guide cancels the travel plan at the last minute. B．A child hangs out with friends without telling parents. C．A friend stops having any forms of interactions with you. D．A student refuses to hand in homework without explanation. 29．How might ghosting affect the ghostee? A．Self-defense in the face of criticism. B．Effective management of relationship. C．Self-doubt due to unexpected breakups. D．Long-term relief from intense conflicts. 30．What is the author’s attitude towards ghosting? A．Supportive. B．Disapproving. C．Uncertain. D．Objective. 【答案】27．B 28．C 29．C 30．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“幽灵”行为，以及这种行为对人们的影响。 【详解】27．词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Ghosting is a term that refers to the practice of one person ending all forms of communication with another, without any warning or reason. Messages are left on “read”, calls are ignored, and social media ties may be…(“幽灵”是一个术语，指的是一个人在没有任何警告或理由的情况下结束与另一个人的所有形式的交流。信息处于“已读”状态，电话被忽略，社交媒体联系可能被……)”可知，“幽灵”指的是一个人毫无预兆或理由地结束与另一个人的所有形式的交流，信息被“已读不回”，电话被忽略，那么社交媒体联系也应该是被“切断”。B选项Cut off“切断”符合该语境。故选B项。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段“Ghosting is a term that refers to the practice of one person ending all forms of communication with another, without any warning or reason.( “幽灵”是一个术语，指的是一个人在没有任何警告或理由的情况下结束与另一个人的所有形式的交流。)”可推知，“幽灵”是指一个人毫无预兆或理由地结束与另一个人的所有形式的交流。A选项 “A guide cancels the travel plan at the last minute.”(一个导游在最后一刻取消了旅行计划)，这不是人与人之间结束所有交流，A 错误；B 选项“A child hangs out with friends without telling parents.”(一个孩子没告诉父母就和朋友出去玩了)，不是结束与他人的交流，B错误；C选项“A friend stops having any forms of interactions with you.”(一个朋友停止了与你进行任何形式的互动)，符合“幽灵”的定义，C正确；D选项“A student refuses to hand in homework without explanation.”(一个学生没有解释就拒绝交作业)，这不是人与人之间结束交流的行为，D错误。故选C项。 29．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The ghostee might then endlessly re-examine every last interaction to pinpoint a cause for the termination of the relationship. This usually leads to negative conclusions and self-blame.( 然后，幽灵可能会无休止地重新审视每一次互动，以找出关系终止的原因。这通常会导致消极的结论和自责。)” 可知，被“幽灵”的人可能会无休止地重新审视每一次互动，试图找出关系终止的原因，这通常会导致负面的结论和自责，也就是会因为意外的关系破裂而产生自我怀疑。故选C项。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Disconnection is an unavoidable aspect of life but how we choose to end relationships is fully within our control. It may seem cliché but adopting old-fashioned principles, such as treating others the way we would like to be treated, will prevent us from becoming a society haunted by undesirable behaviour.( 断绝关系是生活中不可避免的一个方面，但我们如何选择结束关系完全在我们的控制之中。这似乎是陈词滥调，但采用一些过时的原则，比如我们希望别人怎样对待我们，我们就怎样对待别人，将防止我们成为一个被不良行为困扰的社会。)”可知，作者认为虽然断联是生活中不可避免的一部分，但我们选择结束关系的方式是可以控制的，并且应该采用像“己所不欲，勿施于人”这样的传统原则，以防止我们的社会被不良行为所困扰，说明作者不赞成“幽灵”这种行为。故选B项。 【五、北京交通大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三9月月考英语试题】 When a chunk of ice fell from a collapsing glacier on the Swiss Alps’ Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanche’s (崩塌) critical characteristics. Low-frequency sound waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson, who was not involved with the new study but collaborated with the lead author on previous work. “This was different,” Johnson says. “A signature of a new material has been detected with infrasound.” Usually glaciers move far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up using detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But a collapse — a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier’s main body — is a prolific infrasound producer. Glacial collapses drive ice avalanches, which pose an increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures weaken large fields of ice. A glacier “can become detached from the ground due to melting, causing bigger break-offs,” says University of Florence geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses. Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break-off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. “The model used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this,” she says. Isolating the relevant signal helps the researchers monitor an ice avalanche’s speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound. Marchetti and his colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around the continent to better understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce. They are also refining their mathematical analysis to figure out each ice cascade’s physical details. 27．What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3? A．Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials. B．Glaciers themselves usually produce detectable infrasound signals. C．Researchers are trying to use infrasound in detecting ice avalanches. D．The use of infrasound in monitoring snow avalanches is a new method. 28．Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar? A．The combination with other relevant signals. B．The accuracy in locating a certain avalanche. C．The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes. D．The ability in picking up signals in wider areas. 29．The underlined word “this” in Paragraph 4 refers to ________. A．distinguishing different components of a signal B．detecting multiple avalanches at the same time C．calculating the speed and path of ice avalanches D．monitoring the specific location of ice break-offs 30．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．From Fire to Ice B．Glacier Whispers C．Secret of Ice Avalanches D．Silent Cracks from a Distance 【答案】27．C 28．D 29．A 30．B 【导语】文章主要介绍科研人员利用次声监测冰川崩塌，对比雷达优缺点并说明相关研究改进方向。 【详解】27．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Low-frequency sound waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off glaciers.(次声波是一种可以在大气中远距离传播的低频声波，现已被用于远距离监测活火山。如今，该领域的部分研究人员已将研究重心从火山转向冰川——研究从冰川上崩落的危险冰块。)”以及第三段中“As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.(随着威胁不断加剧，科学家寻找新方法监测、探测这类冰川崩塌。)”可知，研究人员正尝试使用次声探测冰崩。 28．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break‑off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain.(马尔凯蒂称，次声成本更低，可以探测范围更广区域内的崩裂事件，还能监测整座山上的多处雪崩。)”可知，相较于雷达，次声的优势是可以在更广区域接收信号。 29．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. “The model used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this,” she says.(然而，苏黎世联邦理工学院的冰川学家玛尔戈扎塔・赫米尔表示：“如果不借助额外测量手段，要把信号拆解成各类组成部分（例如交通噪音、单次雪崩以及周边地震信号），这是一件颇具难度的事。”她说道：“马尔凯蒂所采用的模型是针对this的一个初步近似方案。”)”可知，this指代“区分信号的不同组成部分”。 30．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“When a chunk of ice fell from a collapsing glacier on the Swiss Alps’ Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was too low for human ears to detect.(2017年，瑞士阿尔卑斯山艾格尔山上一块冰从崩塌的冰川脱落，它发出的部分悠长低沉的声音频率过低，人类耳朵无法听见。)”可知，文章核心是捕捉冰川发出人耳听不到的次声信号以此监测冰川崩塌。“Glacier Whispers(冰川的低语)”运用比喻，把人耳听不见的次声波比作冰川的低语，生动形象，贴合全文主题。 【六、北京清华大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三9月统练三英语试卷】 In an episode of Friends, actor Joey is asked to host a charity show. “A little good deed… plus some TV exposure, now that’s the kind of math Joey likes to do!” he exclaims, while his friend Phoebe calls it “totally selfish”. This scene captures a common human tendency: our suspicion of do-gooders, especially when they might benefit from their actions. This instinct is explored in a recent paper on “do-gooder derogation (贬损)”. Research shows that we often look for someone’s hidden motive, and once found, we may judge them even more harshly than those who act with obvious self-interest. For instance, in a classic experiment called the public goods game, participants who contributed the most money to a shared pool were often criticized just as badly by other players as those who contributed nothing at all. Psychologist Nichola argues that we are all playing a “status game”, suspicious of anyone who might be faking virtue to boost their own standing. Studies confirm this, revealing a phenomenon known as the “tainted altruism (利他主义) effect”. Imagine your friend Andy volunteers at a homeless shelter. You later discover he is only doing so to get a date with the manager. Studies suggest we view Andy more negatively than someone who took a job at a coffee shop for the same romantic motive. We are more judgemental of the person hiding self-interest behind a charitable act. Hafenbrädl, a researcher at the University of Navarra, suggests this judgment stems from a calculation weighing the social rewards someone gets against the cost of their deed. In one experiment, a resort owner who spent $100,000 cleaning local beaches was considered less moral when he used the act to advertise his business than when he kept it quiet. Interestingly, Hafenbrädl found that people who donated blood or gave to charity for their own sense of self-satisfaction were considered more moral than those seeking to enhance their reputation. Perhaps Joey is right: pure altruism may not exist. But personally, I am happy to forgive the “warm glow” that comes from helping others, if it means there is a little more kindness in the world. 27．The episode of Friends is mentioned in order to ______. A．provide supporting evidence for a theory B．present a phenomenon for further analysis C．illustrate an abstract psychological concept D．highlight conflicts between different values 28．What does the “tainted altruism effect” refer to? A．Judging generous people positively. B．Valuing ordinary jobs over volunteering. C．Rewarding those who seek social recognition. D．Criticizing charitable acts with hidden motives. 29．What can be learned from Hafenbrädl’s experiment? A．Publicity lowers moral credit. B．People undervalue environmental acts. C．The cost of an act shapes its moral evaluation D．Motives have little influence on people’s judgment. 30．What is the author’s attitude towards the “warm glow” of helping others? A．Critical. B．Skeptical. C．Indifferent. D．Tolerant. 【答案】27．B 28．D 29．A 30．D 【导语】文章借助《老友记》引入“贬损行善者”心理现象，介绍受私利驱动的利他行为易遭批判的相关研究，作者对助人带来的自我满足感持包容态度。 【详解】27．推理判断题。根据第一段“This scene captures a common human tendency: our suspicion of do-gooders, especially when they might benefit from their actions.(这一场景揭示了人类的一种普遍倾向：我们对行善者心存怀疑，尤其是当他们可能从自身行为中获益时)”可知，《老友记》这一集被提及，是为了展示一个现象以便进一步分析。 28．推理判断题。根据第三段“Studies confirm this, revealing a phenomenon known as the “tainted altruism (利他主义) effect”. Imagine your friend Andy volunteers at a homeless shelter. You later discover he is only doing so to get a date with the manager. Studies suggest we view Andy more negatively than someone who took a job at a coffee shop for the same romantic motive. We are more judgemental of the person hiding self-interest behind a charitable act.(研究证实了这一点，揭示出一种被称为“被污染的利他主义效应”的现象。想象一下，你的朋友安迪在一家无家可归者收容所做志愿者。后来你发现，他这么做只是为了和经理约会。研究表明，我们对安迪的看法比那些出于相同浪漫动机而去咖啡店打工的人更加负面。我们更容易对那些以慈善行为掩饰自身私利的人做出评判)”可知，“受污染的利他效应”指的是批评带有隐藏动机的慈善行为。 29．细节理解题。根据第四段“In one experiment, a resort owner who spent $100,000 cleaning local beaches was considered less moral when he used the act to advertise his business than when he kept it quiet.(在一项实验中，一位度假村老板花费10万美元清理当地海滩，当他用这一行为来宣传自己的生意时，被认为比保持沉默时更缺乏道德)”可知，宣传会降低道德信誉。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But personally, I am happy to forgive the “warm glow” that comes from helping others, if it means there is a little more kindness in the world.(但就我个人而言，如果这意味着能让世界多一点善意，我愿意原谅帮助他人所带来的“温暖光芒”)”可知，作者对帮助他人这种“温暖光芒”持宽容态度。 【七、北京中国人民大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三10月月考英语】 In 1993, a ship sailed into the Pacific Ocean carrying nearly 1,000 pounds of iron, then dumped it all into the waves. The next morning, the water turned a little greenish due to newly emerged phytoplankton (浮游生物). The microorganisms, which need iron to grow, draw CO₂ out of the air. Fertilizing the ocean with iron is a form of geoengineering, a set of technologies fascinating for their potential to meaningfully impact Earth’s systems, and controversial for the same reason. As the planet heats, geoengineering is employed to manipulate (控制) it in novel ways, whether researchers mist the skies with sea salt to increase how much sunlight clouds reflect or invent machines to suck greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere. Engineering home-grown plankton sounds like a less dramatic approach. But the field is so new that scientists don’t yet know whether geoengineering with microorganisms would really be a gentler form of climate intervention. Microbes, after all, play enormously consequential roles in the world around us and within us. For the best chance of keeping Earth liveable, scientists need to understand exactly how the microscopic creatures might be useful, and perhaps even preferable to the more sci-fi approaches to cooling off the world. One favored approach centers on methane, a greenhouse gas accounting for 30% of the rise in global temperature. Mary Lidstrom, a professor, is working on genetically modifying bacteria that naturally consume methane, so that the microbes pull even more gas from the air. The bacteria would live inside facilities known as bioreactors. They could be positioned near known methane sources — landfills and wetlands — to minimize the amount of methane that makes it into the air. Scaling up any kind of climate engineering is tricky. Significantly slowing warming caused by methane would require about 300,000 bioreactors to be active for 20 years. And the downstream effects are difficult to predict, let alone contain. For example, the iron put into the Pacific Ocean could have consequences for other regions of the world’s seas. Also, there’s nearly as much uncertainty about intended effects. Scientists don’t know for sure how effective these concepts will prove to be. The 1993 ship expeditions, for example, didn’t stick around very long; the journeys were expensive, and scientists couldn’t remain at sea to determine what exactly was happening in the depths. Carbon stolen out of the atmosphere should remain buried for at least a century for maximum impact Yet it’s entirely possible that if the phytoplankton doesn’t sink to deep enough waters, it just gets eaten by the organisms in the surface ocean, and that CO₂ just returns to the atmosphere. The hotter the planet gets, the more attractive geoengineering will likely seem. Short of large-scale behavioral changes globally, we do seem to be committing ourselves to an engineered solution on our current routes. We might have to decide, sooner than we think, which levers we need to pull, large or small. 27．What can we learn about geoengineering? A．Ocean iron-fertilization is on the horizon. B．Sunlight-reflection method is cost-effective. C．Methane-eating bacteria are being improved. D．Gas-sucking machine is a theoretical concept. 28．What can we infer from Paragraph 4 about the geoengineering approaches? A．Their impact on the ecosystem is overlooked. B．Their implications are hard to anticipate. C．They call for decades of preparation. D．They are monitored continuously. 29．The iron-fertilization experiment may achieve its intended effects if __________. A．the target microbes survive B．carbon is stored separately C．the phytoplankton grows faster D．more deep-sea organisms are tested 30．What might be the best title for the passage? A．How Will Geoengineering Better Earth’s Systems? B．How to Cool the World Without Blocking the Sun? C．How to Steal Carbon with Sci-fi Approaches? D．How Can the Engineered Solution Deliver? 【答案】27．C 28．B 29．A 30．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地球工程(geoengineering)这一技术，包括其向海洋施铁以促进浮游生物生长吸收二氧化碳、改造细菌消耗甲烷等方法，同时也探讨了其潜在的不确定性和风险。 【详解】27．细节理解题。根据第三段中“One favored approach centers on methane, a greenhouse gas accounting for 30% of the rise in global temperature. Mary Lidstrom, a professor, is working on genetically modifying bacteria that naturally consume methane, so that the microbes pull even more gas from the air. (一种受欢迎的方法是以甲烷为中心，甲烷是一种温室气体，占全球温度上升的30%。教授Mary Lidstrom正在研究如何基因改造自然消耗甲烷的细菌，以便这些微生物从空气中吸收更多的气体)”可知，关于地球工程，有科学家正在研究如何基因改造消耗甲烷的细菌，即改进食用甲烷的细菌。故选C项。 28．推理判断题。根据第四段“Significantly slowing warming caused by methane would require about 300,000 bioreactors to be active for 20 years. And the downstream effects are difficult to predict, let alone contain. For example, the iron put into the Pacific Ocean could have consequences for other regions of the world’s seas.(要想显著减缓甲烷引起的气候变暖，需要大约30万个生物反应器在20年内保持活跃。下游的影响很难预测，更不用说控制了。例如，进入太平洋的铁可能会对世界海洋的其他地区产生影响)”可推知，地球工程方法可能带来其它后果，其影响很难预测。故选B项。 29．推理判断题。根据文章第5段：“ if the phytoplankton doesn’t sink to deep enough waters, it just gets eaten by the organisms in the surface ocean, and that CO₂ just returns to the atmosphere.”（如果浮游植物没有下沉到足够深的水域，它就会被表层海洋中的生物吃掉，而那些二氧化碳就会重新回到大气中。)可知，浮游生物需存活并沉入深海（避免被捕食），才能长期封存碳。结合选项可知，选项A：“target microbes survive”（目标微生物存活）是下沉封存的前提，切题。故选A项。 30．主旨大意题。通读全文，对比传统地球工程（如反光、吸碳机器）与微生物方法（铁施肥、甲烷菌），强调后者可能更温和但不确定性高（第2、5段），并探讨其可行性（第3段）与挑战（第4-5段）。故选B项。 【八、北京师范大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三10月阶段检测英语试题 】 For decades, scientists hypothesized that cognitively demanding tasks, such as writing or solving math problems, require more energy than easier tasks like scrolling short videos on the phone or looking out of the window. However, recent research proves the view wrong. Our brains perform massively complex and metabolically costly computations all day long. “Whether you’ re engaged in a cognitively demanding task at work, or you’ re staring off into space, your brain is using roughly the same amount of energy,” says neuroscientist Todd Braver of Washington University in St. Louis. In fact, what feels more challenging is when a task requires the brain to go against its usual habits. Cognitively demanding work often requires the coordination (协作) of many different brain regions in novel patterns, while silencing circuits that frequently fire together. Studies have found that pushing against our brain’s habits triggers an emotional response, making us feel uncomfortable. “It’s aversive, and it just feels bad,” says Michael Inzlicht, a psychologist from the University of Toronto. But he points out that emotional responses are subjective: They are interpretations of sensations in our bodies and brains. And we can influence how much we pay attention to these sensations and even how we interpret them. We often overestimate the struggle and pain required to complete cognitive tasks. This initial overestimation can lead us to procrastinate, or even avoid the task altogether. Studies suggest that if we can get past that initial hurdle of starting a task, then thinking becomes easier. One way to do that is to pay attention to the benefits instead of the efforts required. In a study published in the journal Science in 2020, Andrew Westbrook, a neuroscientist at Rutgers University, and his colleagues gave participants the choice of solving an easy memory puzzle for a small amount of money or a much harder puzzle for more money. The options were displayed on a screen, and participants’ eye movements were tracked as they decided which puzzle to attempt. When people spent more time looking at the reward for the challenging puzzle, they were more likely to choose it. If our mind’s eye, or our attentional focus, is on the benefits of an option, over time we’ re more likely to choose to do hard things. Performing complex mental tasks will also be less painful if the exertion of mental effort is habitized. When we don’t have to make a decision to focus every day, we will save ourselves considering the costs or consequences. To make cognitively demanding tasks a habit, try to do them every day at the same time and in the same place. Add a ritual before the work starts, such as turning off the phone and launching an app to block distracting websites. After a few weeks, concentrating deeply won’t just feel easier; it will actually be easier. 27．People may feel certain cognitive task demanding because of ________. A．more brain energy consumption B．the complexity of computations C．the higher level of difficulty D．new coordination of brain parts 28．The author quotes the 2020 study mainly to ________ . A．support a solution B．present a case C．analyze the causes D．challenge an assumption 29．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Overestimation promotes efficiency. B．Personal perception determines motivation. C．Focusing on rewards enhances performance. D．Brain counteraction triggers positive emotions. 30．Which of the following can make mental work feel easier? A．Receiving continuous support when feeling down. B．Seeking professional help when meeting a deadline. C．Reading thick literary classics for twenty minutes daily. D．Breaking down a challenging project into smaller tasks. 【答案】27．D 28．A 29．B 30．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于认知任务与大脑能量消耗、习惯及注意力之间的关系，以及如何通过改变习惯和提高注意力来更轻松地完成认知任务。 【详解】27．细节理解题。根据第二段“In fact, what feels more challenging is when a task requires the brain to go against its usual habits. Cognitively demanding work often requires the coordination (协作) of many different brain regions in novel patterns, while silencing circuits that frequently fire together. (事实上，当一项任务要求大脑违背其通常的习惯时，就会感觉更具挑战性。认知要求高的工作往往需要许多不同的大脑区域以新的模式进行协调，同时使经常一起兴奋的神经回路沉默。)”可知，人们可能会觉得某些认知任务要求很高，是因为这些任务需要大脑各部分之间新的协调。故选D项。 28．推理判断题。第四段首“Studies suggest that if we can get past that initial hurdle of starting a task, then thinking becomes easier. One way to do that is to pay attention to the benefits instead of the efforts required. (研究表明，如果我们能克服开始一项任务的最初障碍，那么思考就会变得更容易。做到这一点的一种方法是关注收益，而不是需要付出的努力。)”提出解决问题的方案，根据下文“In a study published in the journal Science in 2020, Andrew Westbrook, a neuroscientist at Rutgers University, and his colleagues gave participants the choice of solving an easy memory puzzle for a small amount of money or a much harder puzzle for more money. The options were displayed on a screen, and participants’ eye movements were tracked as they decided which puzzle to attempt. When people spent more time looking at the reward for the challenging puzzle, they were more likely to choose it. If our mind’s eye, or our attentional focus, is on the benefits of an option, over time we’ re more likely to choose to do hard things. (在2020年发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究中，罗格斯大学的神经科学家安德鲁·韦斯特布鲁克和他的同事让参与者选择解决一个简单的记忆谜题来获得少量的钱，或者解决一个更难的谜题来获得更多的钱。这些选项显示在屏幕上，当参与者决定尝试哪个谜题时，他们的眼球运动被跟踪。当人们花更多时间观察挑战性谜题的奖励时，他们更有可能选择它。如果我们的大脑或注意力集中在一个选择的好处上，随着时间的推移，我们更有可能选择做困难的事情。)”可知，作者引用2020年的这一研究来说明段首提出的解决方案是可行，即关注好处可以促使我们选择去做困难的事情。故选A项。 29．推理判断题。根据第三段中“We often overestimate the struggle and pain required to complete cognitive tasks. This initial overestimation can lead us to procrastinate, or even avoid the task altogether. (我们经常高估完成认知任务所需要经历的困难和痛苦。这种最初的高估会导致我们拖延，甚至完全避免这项任务。)”可推知，个人对认知任务的感知会影响其动力，即个人感知决定动力。故选B项。 30．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Performing complex mental tasks will also be less painful if the exertion of mental effort is habitized. When we don’t have to make a decision to focus every day, we will save ourselves considering the costs or consequences. To make cognitively demanding tasks a habit, try to do them every day at the same time and in the same place. (如果精神努力的付出成为一种习惯，那么执行复杂的脑力任务也不会那么痛苦。当我们不必每天都做出专注的决定时，我们就会省去考虑成本或后果的麻烦。为了让认知要求高的任务成为一种习惯，试着每天在同一时间、同一地点做这些事情。)”可知，让精神工作感觉更容易的方法就是让其成为习惯。故选C项。 【九、北京市第八十中学2026-2027学年高三10月阶段检测英语试题】 Ghosting is a term that refers to the practice of one person ending all forms of communication with another, without any warning or reason. Messages are left on “read”, calls are ignored, and social media ties may be severed. Before the internet, many relationships were formed within inter-connected circles, typically through friends or at work. It would have been much harder to completely sever contact with someone without the awkwardness of bumping into them or facing negative social implications within the community. Now with so many relationships initiated online with fewer connections in common, there are fewer consequences to deal with if we decide to disconnect from someone in a less-than-ethical way. Ghosting can be seen as an effortless solution for avoiding the emotional messiness of having to explain to somebody why you no longer want to continue engaging with them. Deliberately avoiding conflicts can be a form of self-protection to safeguard the ghoster from anxiety or stress, especially if they have had negative experiences dealing with conflict in the past. Ghosting culture can also be interpreted as resulting from the unlimited choices that we now have at our fingertips when it comes to finding a new partner, job or social circle to join. With the huge array of possibilities out there for us to pick from, it has become far too easy to view others as commodities, ready to trade in at the click of a button for something bigger and better. Decision fatigue (疲惫) plays a factor too, especially when we are trying to balance numerous options all in one go. Ghosting provides a practical strategy for weeding out less desirable candidates and saving our energy and time from having to explain why they didn’t make the cut. Ghosting might be becoming increasingly frequent these days, but that doesn’t mean it has become any easier to deal with. The ghostee might then endlessly re-examine every last interaction to pinpoint a cause for the termination of the relationship. This usually leads to negative conclusions and self-blame. However, it’s not only the recipient who suffers from the consequences of ghosting. If ghosting and avoidance become a common occurrence in the ghoster’s social interactions with others, they risk missing out on healthy long-term relationships that require effective communication skills, problem-solving and trust in order to thrive. Disconnection is an unavoidable aspect of life but how we choose to end relationships is fully within our control. It may seem cliché but adopting old-fashioned principles, such as treating others the way we would like to be treated, will prevent us from becoming a society haunted by undesirable behaviour. 27．What does the underlined word “severed” in Para. 1 mean? A．Built up. B．Cut off. C．Given away. D．Relied on. 28．Which of the following situations is an example of ghosting? A．A guide cancels the travel plan at the last minute. B．A child hangs out with friends without telling parents. C．A friend stops having any forms of interactions with you. D．A student refuses to hand in homework without explanation. 29．How might ghosting affect the ghostee? A．Self-defense in the face of criticism. B．Effective management of relationship. C．Self-doubt due to unexpected breakups. D．Long-term relief from intense conflicts. 30．What is the author’s attitude towards ghosting? A．Supportive. B．Disapproving. C．Uncertain. D．Objective. 【答案】27．B 28．C 29．C 30．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“幽灵”行为，以及这种行为对人们的影响。 【详解】27．词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Ghosting is a term that refers to the practice of one person ending all forms of communication with another, without any warning or reason. Messages are left on “read”, calls are ignored, and social media ties may be…(“幽灵”是一个术语，指的是一个人在没有任何警告或理由的情况下结束与另一个人的所有形式的交流。信息处于“已读”状态，电话被忽略，社交媒体联系可能被……)”可知，“幽灵”指的是一个人毫无预兆或理由地结束与另一个人的所有形式的交流，信息被“已读不回”，电话被忽略，那么社交媒体联系也应该是被“切断”。B选项Cut off“切断”符合该语境。故选B项。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段“Ghosting is a term that refers to the practice of one person ending all forms of communication with another, without any warning or reason.( “幽灵”是一个术语，指的是一个人在没有任何警告或理由的情况下结束与另一个人的所有形式的交流。)”可推知，“幽灵”是指一个人毫无预兆或理由地结束与另一个人的所有形式的交流。A选项 “A guide cancels the travel plan at the last minute.”(一个导游在最后一刻取消了旅行计划)，这不是人与人之间结束所有交流，A 错误；B 选项“A child hangs out with friends without telling parents.”(一个孩子没告诉父母就和朋友出去玩了)，不是结束与他人的交流，B错误；C选项“A friend stops having any forms of interactions with you.”(一个朋友停止了与你进行任何形式的互动)，符合“幽灵”的定义，C正确；D选项“A student refuses to hand in homework without explanation.”(一个学生没有解释就拒绝交作业)，这不是人与人之间结束交流的行为，D错误。故选C项。 29．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The ghostee might then endlessly re-examine every last interaction to pinpoint a cause for the termination of the relationship. This usually leads to negative conclusions and self-blame.( 然后，幽灵可能会无休止地重新审视每一次互动，以找出关系终止的原因。这通常会导致消极的结论和自责。)” 可知，被“幽灵”的人可能会无休止地重新审视每一次互动，试图找出关系终止的原因，这通常会导致负面的结论和自责，也就是会因为意外的关系破裂而产生自我怀疑。故选C项。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Disconnection is an unavoidable aspect of life but how we choose to end relationships is fully within our control. It may seem cliché but adopting old-fashioned principles, such as treating others the way we would like to be treated, will prevent us from becoming a society haunted by undesirable behaviour.( 断绝关系是生活中不可避免的一个方面，但我们如何选择结束关系完全在我们的控制之中。这似乎是陈词滥调，但采用一些过时的原则，比如我们希望别人怎样对待我们，我们就怎样对待别人，将防止我们成为一个被不良行为困扰的社会。)”可知，作者认为虽然断联是生活中不可避免的一部分，但我们选择结束关系的方式是可以控制的，并且应该采用像“己所不欲，勿施于人”这样的传统原则，以防止我们的社会被不良行为所困扰，说明作者不赞成“幽灵”这种行为。故选B项。 【十、北京市八一学校2026-2027学年高三10月月考英语试题】 As global temperatures continue to rise due to human-induced climate change, precise computerized climate models will be crucial in shedding light on how our climate will evolve in the coming years. A study published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres by Chloe Clark and her team from UC Irvine highlights a significant issue with a commonly used climate model known as the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). The research reveals that this model currently overestimates a key physical property of Earth’s climate system called albedo, which is the degree to which ice reflects planet-warming sunlight into space. Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface, expressed as the fraction of incoming solar radiation that is reflected by that surface back into space. It is a critical factor in determining Earth’s climate and energy balance. Surfaces with high albedo, such as snow and ice, reflect a large portion of solar energy, whereas darker surfaces like forests or oceans absorb more solar energy. “We found that with old model versions, the ice is too reflective by about five percent,” said Chloe Clarke, “Ice reflectivity was much too high.” The amount of sunlight the planet receives and reflects is important for estimating how much the planet will warm in the coming years. Previous versions of E3SM overestimated albedo because they failed to account for microphysical properties of ice in a warming world. These properties include the effects things like algae (藻类) and dust have on albedo. Dark colored algae and dust can make snow and ice less reflective and less able to reflect sunlight. To do the analysis, Clarke and her team studied satellite data to track the albedo of the Greenland Ice Sheet. They found E3SM overestimates the reflectivity of the ice sheet, meaning the model estimates less melt than what would be expected from the ice microphysical properties. But with the new ice reflectivity incorporated into the model, they discovered the Greenland Ice Sheet is melting at a rate of about six gigatons more than in older model versions. This is based on albedo measurements that are more consistent with satellite observations. Clarke hopes her team’s study stresses the importance of the seemingly minuscule properties that can have far-reaching consequences for the overall climate. “I think our work is going to help models do a much better job of helping us capture snow and ice-related climate feedbacks,” she said. Next, Clarke wants to study different icy parts of the planet to calculate how widespread the albedo discrepancy (差异) is in E3SM. “Our next steps are to get it so the model is functional globally and not just valid over Greenland,” said Clarke, who also intends to compare the new Greenland Ice Sheet melt rates to observations to measure how much more accurate the new ice albedo is. “It would be useful to apply it to glaciers in places like the Andes and Alaska.” 27．According to the passage, albedo ______. A．changes with the lightness of surfaces B．matches up with the shape of the ice or snow C．is a measure of the solar energy arriving at the surface D．varies with the direction of the incoming solar radiation 28．What can be learned from the passage? A．The new model is more reliable than satellite observations. B．The previous model versions overestimate Greenland melt. C．Model adaptation improves the accuracy of climate predictions. D．Scientists have used the model globally to reduce the discrepancy. 29．What does the underlined word “minuscule” in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A．Tiny. B．Invisible. C．Plain. D．Stable. 30．The last paragraph is written to ______. A．note the limitations of the finding B．point out further research directions C．illustrate the benefits of a new approach D．sum up the changes made in E3SM 【答案】27．A 28．C 29．A 30．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了由于人类引起的气候变化导致全球气温持续上升，精确的计算机化气候模型对于揭示未来几年气候将如何演变至关重要。介绍了改编过的模型的特点。 【详解】27．细节理解题。根据第二段“The research reveals that this model currently overestimates a key physical property of Earth’s climate system called albedo, which is the degree to which ice reflects planet-warming sunlight into space.(研究表明，该模型目前高估了地球气候系统的一个关键物理特性，即反照率。反照率是指冰将地球变暖的阳光反射到太空的程度)”可知，反照率随表面亮度的变化而变化。故选A。 28．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“They found E3SM overestimates the reflectivity of the ice sheet, meaning the model estimates less melt than what would be expected from the ice microphysical properties. But with the new ice reflectivity incorporated into the model, they discovered the Greenland Ice Sheet is melting at a rate of about six gigatons more than in older model versions. This is based on albedo measurements that are more consistent with satellite observations.(他们发现E3SM高估了冰盖的反射率，这意味着该模型估计的融化程度低于从冰的微物理特性中得出的预期。但是，将新的冰反射率纳入模型后，他们发现格陵兰冰盖的融化速度比旧模型版本快了约60亿吨。这是基于与卫星观测更一致的反照率测量)”可知，模式改编版提高了气候预测的准确性。故选C。 29．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Clarke hopes her team’s study stresses the importance of the seemingly(克拉克希望她的团队的研究强调看似……特性的重要性)”以及后文“properties that can have far-reaching consequences for the overall climate(这些特性可能对整体气候产生深远的影响)”可知，某些特性看似微不足道，但可能对整体气候产生深远的影响，所以克拉克希望她的团队的研究强调了这些小特性的重要性。故划线词意思是“小的”。故选A。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Next, Clarke wants to study different icy parts of the planet to calculate how widespread the albedo discrepancy (差异) is in E3SM. “Our next steps are to get it so the model is functional globally and not just valid over Greenland,” said Clarke, who also intends to compare the new Greenland Ice Sheet melt rates to observations to measure how much more accurate the new ice albedo is. “It would be useful to apply it to glaciers in places like the Andes and Alaska.”(接下来，克拉克想要研究地球上不同的冰区，以计算反照率差异在E3SM中的分布范围。克拉克说：“我们的下一步是让这个模型在全球范围内发挥作用，而不仅仅是在格陵兰岛有效。”他还打算将新的格陵兰冰盖融化率与观测结果进行比较，以衡量新的冰反照率有多准确。“将其应用于安第斯山脉和阿拉斯加等地的冰川将是有用的。”)”可知，最后一段的目的是为了指出进一步的研究方向。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 C篇阅读理解 目录： 1. 北京师范大学附中2026-2027学年高三开学摸底考试英语试题 2. 北京中国人民大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三开学考英语试题 3. 北京市顺义牛栏山第一中学2026-2027学年度高9月英语试卷 4. 北京市第二中学2026-2027学年度高三年级开学测试英语试题 5. 北京交通大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三9月月考英语试题 6. 北京清华大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三9月统练三英语试卷 7. 北京中国人民大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三10月月考英语 8. 北京师范大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三10月阶段检测英语试题 9. 北京市第八十中学2026-2027学年高三10月阶段检测英语试题 10. 北京市八一学校2026-2027学年高三10月月考英语试题 限时练习：_________分钟 完成时间： 月 日 【一、北京师范大学附中2026-2027学年高三开学摸底考试英语试题 】 Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 28．What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Scientific. B．Credible. C．Original. D．Relevant. 29．As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A．worried B．puzzled C．surprised D．scared 30．What can we learn from this passage? A．The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B．The author agrees with the message of the poem. C．The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D．The global collapse is well underway. 【二、江北京中国人民大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三开学考英语试题】 In an episode of Friends, actor Joey is asked to host a charity show. “A little good deed… plus some TV exposure, now that’s the kind of math Joey likes to do!” he exclaims, while his friend Phoebe calls it “totally selfish”. This scene captures a common human tendency: our suspicion of do-gooders, especially when they might benefit from their actions. This instinct is explored in a recent paper on “do-gooder derogation (贬损)”. Research shows that we often look for someone’s hidden motive, and once found, we may judge them even more harshly than those who act with obvious self-interest. For instance, in a classic experiment called the public goods game, participants who contributed the most money to a shared pool were often criticized just as badly by other players as those who contributed nothing at all. Psychologist Nichola argues that we are all playing a “status game”, suspicious of anyone who might be faking virtue to boost their own standing. Studies confirm this, revealing a phenomenon known as the “tainted altruism (利他主义) effect”. Imagine your friend Andy volunteers at a homeless shelter. You later discover he is only doing so to get a date with the manager. Studies suggest we view Andy more negatively than someone who took a job at a coffee shop for the same romantic motive. We are more judgemental of the person hiding self-interest behind a charitable act. Hafenbrädl, a researcher at the University of Navarra, suggests this judgment stems from a calculation weighing the social rewards someone gets against the cost of their deed. In one experiment, a resort owner who spent $100,000 cleaning local beaches was considered less moral when he used the act to advertise his business than when he kept it quiet. Interestingly, Hafenbrädl found that people who donated blood or gave to charity for their own sense of self-satisfaction were considered more moral than those seeking to enhance their reputation. Perhaps Joey is right: pure altruism may not exist. But personally, I am happy to forgive the “warm glow” that comes from helping others, if it means there is a little more kindness in the world. 27．The episode of Friends is mentioned in order to ______. A．provide supporting evidence for a theory B．present a phenomenon for further analysis C．illustrate an abstract psychological concept D．highlight conflicts between different values 28．What does the “tainted altruism effect” refer to? A．Judging generous people positively. B．Valuing ordinary jobs over volunteering. C．Rewarding those who seek social recognition. D．Criticizing charitable acts with hidden motives. 29．What can be learned from Hafenbrädl’s experiment? A．Publicity lowers moral credit. B．People undervalue environmental acts. C．The cost of an act shapes its moral evaluation D．Motives have little influence on people’s judgment. 30．What is the author’s attitude towards the “warm glow” of helping others? A．Critical. B．Skeptical. C．Indifferent. D．Tolerant. 【三、北京市顺义牛栏山第一中学2026-2027学年度高9月英语试卷】 There’s a new AI bot in town: ChatGPT, and you’d better pay attention, even if you aren’t into artificial intelligence. ChatGPT is an AI chatbot system that OpenAI released in November to show off and test what a very large, powerful AI system can accomplish. You can ask it countless questions and often will get an answer that’s useful. For example, you can ask it encyclopedia questions like, “Explain Newton’s laws of motion.” You can tell it, “Write me a poem,” and when it does, say, “Now make it more exciting.” You ask it to write a computer program that’ll show you all the different ways you can arrange the letters of a word. ChatGPT is a big deal. The tool seems pretty knowledgeable in areas where there’s good training data for it to learn from. It’s not all-knowing or smart enough to replace all humans yet, but it can be creative, and its answers can sound downright authoritative. A few days after its launch, more than a million people were trying out ChatGPT. And it’s becoming big business. In January, Microsoft pledged to invest billions of dollars into OpenAI, saying it’ll build features into cloud services. OpenAI announced a $20 per month ChatGPT Plus service that responds faster and gets new features sooner. It’s an AI that’s trained to recognize patterns in vast series of text harvested from the internet, then further trained with human assistance to deliver more useful, better dialog. The answers you get may sound reasonable and even authoritative, but they might well be entirely wrong, as OpenAI warns. Sometimes, helpfully, it’ll specifically warn you of its own shortcomings. For example, when I asked it who wrote the phrase “the squirming facts exceed the squamous mind,” ChatGPT replied, “I’m sorry, but I am not able to browse the internet or access any external information beyond what I was trained on.” (The phrase is from Wallace Stevens’ 1942 poem Connoisseur of Chaos.) The fact that it offers an answer at all, though, is a notable development in computing. Computers are famously literal, refusing to work unless you follow exact syntax and interface requirements. Large language models are revealing a more human-friendly style of interaction, not to mention an ability to generate answers that are somewhere between copying and creativity. 27．Which of the following can be a subtitle for the first paragraph? A．What is ChatGPT? B．What are the limits of ChatGPT? C．What kind of questions can you ask? D．Why is ChatGPT blowing everyone’s mind? 28．What made ChatGPT a big deal? A．More than a million users. B．Investment of billions of dollars. C．Its ability to generate creative answers. D．The bright future promised by Microsoft. 29．We can infer the purpose of example in Paragraph Three is to________. A．Draw people’s attention to OpenAI B．Reveal the weakness of ChatGPT C．Explain work pattern of the system D．Show the methods of training ChatGPT 30．Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards ChatGPT? A．Opposed. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Objective. 【四、北京市第二中学2026-2027学年度高三年级开学测试英语试题】 Ghosting is a term that refers to the practice of one person ending all forms of communication with another, without any warning or reason. Messages are left on “read”, calls are ignored, and social media ties may be severed. Before the internet, many relationships were formed within inter-connected circles, typically through friends or at work. It would have been much harder to completely sever contact with someone without the awkwardness of bumping into them or facing negative social implications within the community. Now with so many relationships initiated online with fewer connections in common, there are fewer consequences to deal with if we decide to disconnect from someone in a less-than-ethical way. Ghosting can be seen as an effortless solution for avoiding the emotional messiness of having to explain to somebody why you no longer want to continue engaging with them. Deliberately avoiding conflicts can be a form of self-protection to safeguard the ghoster from anxiety or stress, especially if they have had negative experiences dealing with conflict in the past. Ghosting culture can also be interpreted as resulting from the unlimited choices that we now have at our fingertips when it comes to finding a new partner, job or social circle to join. With the huge array of possibilities out there for us to pick from, it has become far too easy to view others as commodities, ready to trade in at the click of a button for something bigger and better. Decision fatigue (疲惫) plays a factor too, especially when we are trying to balance numerous options all in one go. Ghosting provides a practical strategy for weeding out less desirable candidates and saving our energy and time from having to explain why they didn’t make the cut. Ghosting might be becoming increasingly frequent these days, but that doesn’t mean it has become any easier to deal with. The ghostee might then endlessly re-examine every last interaction to pinpoint a cause for the termination of the relationship. This usually leads to negative conclusions and self-blame. However, it’s not only the recipient who suffers from the consequences of ghosting. If ghosting and avoidance become a common occurrence in the ghoster’s social interactions with others, they risk missing out on healthy long-term relationships that require effective communication skills, problem-solving and trust in order to thrive. Disconnection is an unavoidable aspect of life but how we choose to end relationships is fully within our control. It may seem cliché but adopting old-fashioned principles, such as treating others the way we would like to be treated, will prevent us from becoming a society haunted by undesirable behaviour. 27．What does the underlined word “severed” in Para. 1 mean? A．Built up. B．Cut off. C．Given away. D．Relied on. 28．Which of the following situations is an example of ghosting? A．A guide cancels the travel plan at the last minute. B．A child hangs out with friends without telling parents. C．A friend stops having any forms of interactions with you. D．A student refuses to hand in homework without explanation. 29．How might ghosting affect the ghostee? A．Self-defense in the face of criticism. B．Effective management of relationship. C．Self-doubt due to unexpected breakups. D．Long-term relief from intense conflicts. 30．What is the author’s attitude towards ghosting? A．Supportive. B．Disapproving. C．Uncertain. D．Objective. 【五、北京交通大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三9月月考英语试题】 When a chunk of ice fell from a collapsing glacier on the Swiss Alps’ Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanche’s (崩塌) critical characteristics. Low-frequency sound waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson, who was not involved with the new study but collaborated with the lead author on previous work. “This was different,” Johnson says. “A signature of a new material has been detected with infrasound.” Usually glaciers move far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up using detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But a collapse — a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier’s main body — is a prolific infrasound producer. Glacial collapses drive ice avalanches, which pose an increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures weaken large fields of ice. A glacier “can become detached from the ground due to melting, causing bigger break-offs,” says University of Florence geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses. Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break-off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. “The model used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this,” she says. Isolating the relevant signal helps the researchers monitor an ice avalanche’s speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound. Marchetti and his colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around the continent to better understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce. They are also refining their mathematical analysis to figure out each ice cascade’s physical details. 27．What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3? A．Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials. B．Glaciers themselves usually produce detectable infrasound signals. C．Researchers are trying to use infrasound in detecting ice avalanches. D．The use of infrasound in monitoring snow avalanches is a new method. 28．Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar? A．The combination with other relevant signals. B．The accuracy in locating a certain avalanche. C．The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes. D．The ability in picking up signals in wider areas. 29．The underlined word “this” in Paragraph 4 refers to ________. A．distinguishing different components of a signal B．detecting multiple avalanches at the same time C．calculating the speed and path of ice avalanches D．monitoring the specific location of ice break-offs 30．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．From Fire to Ice B．Glacier Whispers C．Secret of Ice Avalanches D．Silent Cracks from a Distance 【六、北京清华大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三9月统练三英语试卷】 In an episode of Friends, actor Joey is asked to host a charity show. “A little good deed… plus some TV exposure, now that’s the kind of math Joey likes to do!” he exclaims, while his friend Phoebe calls it “totally selfish”. This scene captures a common human tendency: our suspicion of do-gooders, especially when they might benefit from their actions. This instinct is explored in a recent paper on “do-gooder derogation (贬损)”. Research shows that we often look for someone’s hidden motive, and once found, we may judge them even more harshly than those who act with obvious self-interest. For instance, in a classic experiment called the public goods game, participants who contributed the most money to a shared pool were often criticized just as badly by other players as those who contributed nothing at all. Psychologist Nichola argues that we are all playing a “status game”, suspicious of anyone who might be faking virtue to boost their own standing. Studies confirm this, revealing a phenomenon known as the “tainted altruism (利他主义) effect”. Imagine your friend Andy volunteers at a homeless shelter. You later discover he is only doing so to get a date with the manager. Studies suggest we view Andy more negatively than someone who took a job at a coffee shop for the same romantic motive. We are more judgemental of the person hiding self-interest behind a charitable act. Hafenbrädl, a researcher at the University of Navarra, suggests this judgment stems from a calculation weighing the social rewards someone gets against the cost of their deed. In one experiment, a resort owner who spent $100,000 cleaning local beaches was considered less moral when he used the act to advertise his business than when he kept it quiet. Interestingly, Hafenbrädl found that people who donated blood or gave to charity for their own sense of self-satisfaction were considered more moral than those seeking to enhance their reputation. Perhaps Joey is right: pure altruism may not exist. But personally, I am happy to forgive the “warm glow” that comes from helping others, if it means there is a little more kindness in the world. 27．The episode of Friends is mentioned in order to ______. A．provide supporting evidence for a theory B．present a phenomenon for further analysis C．illustrate an abstract psychological concept D．highlight conflicts between different values 28．What does the “tainted altruism effect” refer to? A．Judging generous people positively. B．Valuing ordinary jobs over volunteering. C．Rewarding those who seek social recognition. D．Criticizing charitable acts with hidden motives. 29．What can be learned from Hafenbrädl’s experiment? A．Publicity lowers moral credit. B．People undervalue environmental acts. C．The cost of an act shapes its moral evaluation D．Motives have little influence on people’s judgment. 30．What is the author’s attitude towards the “warm glow” of helping others? A．Critical. B．Skeptical. C．Indifferent. D．Tolerant. 【七、北京中国人民大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三10月月考英语】 In 1993, a ship sailed into the Pacific Ocean carrying nearly 1,000 pounds of iron, then dumped it all into the waves. The next morning, the water turned a little greenish due to newly emerged phytoplankton (浮游生物). The microorganisms, which need iron to grow, draw CO₂ out of the air. Fertilizing the ocean with iron is a form of geoengineering, a set of technologies fascinating for their potential to meaningfully impact Earth’s systems, and controversial for the same reason. As the planet heats, geoengineering is employed to manipulate (控制) it in novel ways, whether researchers mist the skies with sea salt to increase how much sunlight clouds reflect or invent machines to suck greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere. Engineering home-grown plankton sounds like a less dramatic approach. But the field is so new that scientists don’t yet know whether geoengineering with microorganisms would really be a gentler form of climate intervention. Microbes, after all, play enormously consequential roles in the world around us and within us. For the best chance of keeping Earth liveable, scientists need to understand exactly how the microscopic creatures might be useful, and perhaps even preferable to the more sci-fi approaches to cooling off the world. One favored approach centers on methane, a greenhouse gas accounting for 30% of the rise in global temperature. Mary Lidstrom, a professor, is working on genetically modifying bacteria that naturally consume methane, so that the microbes pull even more gas from the air. The bacteria would live inside facilities known as bioreactors. They could be positioned near known methane sources — landfills and wetlands — to minimize the amount of methane that makes it into the air. Scaling up any kind of climate engineering is tricky. Significantly slowing warming caused by methane would require about 300,000 bioreactors to be active for 20 years. And the downstream effects are difficult to predict, let alone contain. For example, the iron put into the Pacific Ocean could have consequences for other regions of the world’s seas. Also, there’s nearly as much uncertainty about intended effects. Scientists don’t know for sure how effective these concepts will prove to be. The 1993 ship expeditions, for example, didn’t stick around very long; the journeys were expensive, and scientists couldn’t remain at sea to determine what exactly was happening in the depths. Carbon stolen out of the atmosphere should remain buried for at least a century for maximum impact Yet it’s entirely possible that if the phytoplankton doesn’t sink to deep enough waters, it just gets eaten by the organisms in the surface ocean, and that CO₂ just returns to the atmosphere. The hotter the planet gets, the more attractive geoengineering will likely seem. Short of large-scale behavioral changes globally, we do seem to be committing ourselves to an engineered solution on our current routes. We might have to decide, sooner than we think, which levers we need to pull, large or small. 27．What can we learn about geoengineering? A．Ocean iron-fertilization is on the horizon. B．Sunlight-reflection method is cost-effective. C．Methane-eating bacteria are being improved. D．Gas-sucking machine is a theoretical concept. 28．What can we infer from Paragraph 4 about the geoengineering approaches? A．Their impact on the ecosystem is overlooked. B．Their implications are hard to anticipate. C．They call for decades of preparation. D．They are monitored continuously. 29．The iron-fertilization experiment may achieve its intended effects if __________. A．the target microbes survive B．carbon is stored separately C．the phytoplankton grows faster D．more deep-sea organisms are tested 30．What might be the best title for the passage? A．How Will Geoengineering Better Earth’s Systems? B．How to Cool the World Without Blocking the Sun? C．How to Steal Carbon with Sci-fi Approaches? D．How Can the Engineered Solution Deliver? 【八、北京师范大学附属中学2026-2027学年高三10月阶段检测英语试题 】 For decades, scientists hypothesized that cognitively demanding tasks, such as writing or solving math problems, require more energy than easier tasks like scrolling short videos on the phone or looking out of the window. However, recent research proves the view wrong. Our brains perform massively complex and metabolically costly computations all day long. “Whether you’ re engaged in a cognitively demanding task at work, or you’ re staring off into space, your brain is using roughly the same amount of energy,” says neuroscientist Todd Braver of Washington University in St. Louis. In fact, what feels more challenging is when a task requires the brain to go against its usual habits. Cognitively demanding work often requires the coordination (协作) of many different brain regions in novel patterns, while silencing circuits that frequently fire together. Studies have found that pushing against our brain’s habits triggers an emotional response, making us feel uncomfortable. “It’s aversive, and it just feels bad,” says Michael Inzlicht, a psychologist from the University of Toronto. But he points out that emotional responses are subjective: They are interpretations of sensations in our bodies and brains. And we can influence how much we pay attention to these sensations and even how we interpret them. We often overestimate the struggle and pain required to complete cognitive tasks. This initial overestimation can lead us to procrastinate, or even avoid the task altogether. Studies suggest that if we can get past that initial hurdle of starting a task, then thinking becomes easier. One way to do that is to pay attention to the benefits instead of the efforts required. In a study published in the journal Science in 2020, Andrew Westbrook, a neuroscientist at Rutgers University, and his colleagues gave participants the choice of solving an easy memory puzzle for a small amount of money or a much harder puzzle for more money. The options were displayed on a screen, and participants’ eye movements were tracked as they decided which puzzle to attempt. When people spent more time looking at the reward for the challenging puzzle, they were more likely to choose it. If our mind’s eye, or our attentional focus, is on the benefits of an option, over time we’ re more likely to choose to do hard things. Performing complex mental tasks will also be less painful if the exertion of mental effort is habitized. When we don’t have to make a decision to focus every day, we will save ourselves considering the costs or consequences. To make cognitively demanding tasks a habit, try to do them every day at the same time and in the same place. Add a ritual before the work starts, such as turning off the phone and launching an app to block distracting websites. After a few weeks, concentrating deeply won’t just feel easier; it will actually be easier. 27．People may feel certain cognitive task demanding because of ________. A．more brain energy consumption B．the complexity of computations C．the higher level of difficulty D．new coordination of brain parts 28．The author quotes the 2020 study mainly to ________ . A．support a solution B．present a case C．analyze the causes D．challenge an assumption 29．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Overestimation promotes efficiency. B．Personal perception determines motivation. C．Focusing on rewards enhances performance. D．Brain counteraction triggers positive emotions. 30．Which of the following can make mental work feel easier? A．Receiving continuous support when feeling down. B．Seeking professional help when meeting a deadline. C．Reading thick literary classics for twenty minutes daily. D．Breaking down a challenging project into smaller tasks. 【九、北京市第八十中学2026-2027学年高三10月阶段检测英语试题】 Ghosting is a term that refers to the practice of one person ending all forms of communication with another, without any warning or reason. Messages are left on “read”, calls are ignored, and social media ties may be severed. Before the internet, many relationships were formed within inter-connected circles, typically through friends or at work. It would have been much harder to completely sever contact with someone without the awkwardness of bumping into them or facing negative social implications within the community. Now with so many relationships initiated online with fewer connections in common, there are fewer consequences to deal with if we decide to disconnect from someone in a less-than-ethical way. Ghosting can be seen as an effortless solution for avoiding the emotional messiness of having to explain to somebody why you no longer want to continue engaging with them. Deliberately avoiding conflicts can be a form of self-protection to safeguard the ghoster from anxiety or stress, especially if they have had negative experiences dealing with conflict in the past. Ghosting culture can also be interpreted as resulting from the unlimited choices that we now have at our fingertips when it comes to finding a new partner, job or social circle to join. With the huge array of possibilities out there for us to pick from, it has become far too easy to view others as commodities, ready to trade in at the click of a button for something bigger and better. Decision fatigue (疲惫) plays a factor too, especially when we are trying to balance numerous options all in one go. Ghosting provides a practical strategy for weeding out less desirable candidates and saving our energy and time from having to explain why they didn’t make the cut. Ghosting might be becoming increasingly frequent these days, but that doesn’t mean it has become any easier to deal with. The ghostee might then endlessly re-examine every last interaction to pinpoint a cause for the termination of the relationship. This usually leads to negative conclusions and self-blame. However, it’s not only the recipient who suffers from the consequences of ghosting. If ghosting and avoidance become a common occurrence in the ghoster’s social interactions with others, they risk missing out on healthy long-term relationships that require effective communication skills, problem-solving and trust in order to thrive. Disconnection is an unavoidable aspect of life but how we choose to end relationships is fully within our control. It may seem cliché but adopting old-fashioned principles, such as treating others the way we would like to be treated, will prevent us from becoming a society haunted by undesirable behaviour. 27．What does the underlined word “severed” in Para. 1 mean? A．Built up. B．Cut off. C．Given away. D．Relied on. 28．Which of the following situations is an example of ghosting? A．A guide cancels the travel plan at the last minute. B．A child hangs out with friends without telling parents. C．A friend stops having any forms of interactions with you. D．A student refuses to hand in homework without explanation. 29．How might ghosting affect the ghostee? A．Self-defense in the face of criticism. B．Effective management of relationship. C．Self-doubt due to unexpected breakups. D．Long-term relief from intense conflicts. 30．What is the author’s attitude towards ghosting? A．Supportive. B．Disapproving. C．Uncertain. D．Objective. 【十、北京市八一学校2026-2027学年高三10月月考英语试题】 As global temperatures continue to rise due to human-induced climate change, precise computerized climate models will be crucial in shedding light on how our climate will evolve in the coming years. A study published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres by Chloe Clark and her team from UC Irvine highlights a significant issue with a commonly used climate model known as the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). The research reveals that this model currently overestimates a key physical property of Earth’s climate system called albedo, which is the degree to which ice reflects planet-warming sunlight into space. Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface, expressed as the fraction of incoming solar radiation that is reflected by that surface back into space. It is a critical factor in determining Earth’s climate and energy balance. Surfaces with high albedo, such as snow and ice, reflect a large portion of solar energy, whereas darker surfaces like forests or oceans absorb more solar energy. “We found that with old model versions, the ice is too reflective by about five percent,” said Chloe Clarke, “Ice reflectivity was much too high.” The amount of sunlight the planet receives and reflects is important for estimating how much the planet will warm in the coming years. Previous versions of E3SM overestimated albedo because they failed to account for microphysical properties of ice in a warming world. These properties include the effects things like algae (藻类) and dust have on albedo. Dark colored algae and dust can make snow and ice less reflective and less able to reflect sunlight. To do the analysis, Clarke and her team studied satellite data to track the albedo of the Greenland Ice Sheet. They found E3SM overestimates the reflectivity of the ice sheet, meaning the model estimates less melt than what would be expected from the ice microphysical properties. But with the new ice reflectivity incorporated into the model, they discovered the Greenland Ice Sheet is melting at a rate of about six gigatons more than in older model versions. This is based on albedo measurements that are more consistent with satellite observations. Clarke hopes her team’s study stresses the importance of the seemingly minuscule properties that can have far-reaching consequences for the overall climate. “I think our work is going to help models do a much better job of helping us capture snow and ice-related climate feedbacks,” she said. Next, Clarke wants to study different icy parts of the planet to calculate how widespread the albedo discrepancy (差异) is in E3SM. “Our next steps are to get it so the model is functional globally and not just valid over Greenland,” said Clarke, who also intends to compare the new Greenland Ice Sheet melt rates to observations to measure how much more accurate the new ice albedo is. “It would be useful to apply it to glaciers in places like the Andes and Alaska.” 27．According to the passage, albedo ______. A．changes with the lightness of surfaces B．matches up with the shape of the ice or snow C．is a measure of the solar energy arriving at the surface D．varies with the direction of the incoming solar radiation 28．What can be learned from the passage? A．The new model is more reliable than satellite observations. B．The previous model versions overestimate Greenland melt. C．Model adaptation improves the accuracy of climate predictions. D．Scientists have used the model globally to reduce the discrepancy. 29．What does the underlined word “minuscule” in Paragraph 7 probably mean? A．Tiny. B．Invisible. C．Plain. D．Stable. 30．The last paragraph is written to ______. A．note the limitations of the finding B．point out further research directions C．illustrate the benefits of a new approach D．sum up the changes made in E3SM 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $