Unit 1 Relationships 语法（过去完成时+词汇运用）导学案-2026-2027学年高中英语北师大版选择性必修第一册

Unit 1 Relationships 语法（过去完成时＋词汇运用）导学案 北师大版高中英语 · 选择性必修第一册 Unit 1 Relationships 一、核心知识：过去完成时（Past Perfect） （一）基本意义 过去完成时表示在过去某一动作或时间之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。它不能单独使用，必须以另一个过去动作或明确的过去时间为参照点。 （二）基本结构 肯定式：主语 + had + 过去分词（done）　　否定式：主语 + had not (hadn't) + 过去分词 疑问式：Had + 主语 + 过去分词？　　被动式：had been + 过去分词（如 Two bridges had been washed away.） （三）三大使用场景 ① 有“过去参照点”：句中另有一个一般过去时的动作作参照。 例：She had heard stories about his bad behaviour before he came into my class.（课文原句） ② 时间状语提示： by the time ..., by then, by last month, before, after, when, until 等常作标志。 ③ 固定句型： It was the first time (that) ... had done（课文原句：That was really the first time I had tried to explain science to an audience.）； hardly / scarcely ... when ... 与 no sooner ... than ...；by the time 引导时间状语从句，主句用过去完成时。 （四）易错提醒 ① 没有过去参照点就不用过去完成时——只叙述一件过去的事，用一般过去时即可。 ② 几个按时间顺序接连发生的过去动作，用 and / then 连接时通常都用一般过去时： He finished his homework and (then) went to bed. ③ intend / hope / plan / want / mean 等动词的过去完成时表示“过去本打算而未实现”： I had intended to visit him, but I was too busy. ④ hardly ... when / no sooner ... than 位于句首时，主句用过去完成时并部分倒装： No sooner had he finished his speech than the hall burst into applause（掌声）. ⑤ when / after / before 引导的从句本身用一般过去时，主句动作若先于从句则用过去完成时： When I arrived, the meeting had begun. （五）一般过去时与过去完成时对比 例句 时态 含义 The film began when they arrived at the cinema. 一般过去时 他们到达电影院后，电影（才）开始。 The film had begun when they arrived at the cinema. 过去完成时 他们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。 第一部分 语法练习 A ------ 词形转换（用括号内单词的适当形式填空，每空一词） 1. By the time the guests arrived, we (already finish) ______ decorating the classroom for the Teachers' Day party. 2. When I got to the station, the train (leave) ______, so I had to wait for another hour. 3. It was the first time that he (speak) ______ in front of the whole school. 4. She (just put) ______ down the phone when the doorbell rang. 5. No sooner had she opened the email than she (realize) ______ the good news was true. 6. They had never (see) ______ snow before they moved to Harbin in 2015. 7. Mr Li apologized at the meeting because he (not read) ______ my report before it started. 8. Hardly had the students sat down when the teacher (come) ______ in with a big box. 9. I (mean) ______ to visit my primary school last week, but I was down with the flu（流感）. 10. By last term, our school reading club (attract) ______ more than one hundred members. 语法练习 B ------ 单句语法填空（在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式） 1. By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film ______ (begin). 2. It was the first time that she ______ (speak) English with a foreigner（外国人）. 3. He had just finished his homework ______ his friends called him. 4. They ______ (plan) to visit the museum last Sunday, but it rained heavily. 5. When I got to the station, I realized I ______ (leave) my ticket at home. 语法练习 C ------ 翻译句子（根据中文意思完成句子，注意使用括号内的句式） 1. 等我到达车站时，火车已经开走了。（by the time） 2. 这是他第一次在全年级面前演讲。（It was the first time that ...） 3. 他刚坐下，校长就走进了教室。（no sooner ... than ...，注意倒装） 4. 我本想上周去看望我的小学老师，但我得了重感冒。（had intended to do） 5. 会议已经开始了，他们才到达礼堂。（用一般过去时与过去完成时各表达一个动作） 语法练习 D ------ 语篇填空（在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式） Last month, our school invited an old friend back to campus. Professor Zhang, 1.______ taught us physics ten years ago, returned to give a talk on “The Teachers Who Shape Us”. Before he 2.______ (step) onto the stage, the hall 3.______ (already fill) with students. Many of them 4.______ never (hear) his name, but they soon understood why our head teacher called him “the man who changed this school”. Professor Zhang told us that he 5.______ (work) in a mountain school for eight years before he came to our city. By the time he retired, he 6.______ (teach) more than 3,000 students. “The letters you wrote to me after you graduated were the gift I 7.______ (always treasure),” he said. When he finished, the whole hall burst into applause. 8.______ was the first time that we 9.______ (feel) so close to a teacher we barely knew. That evening, many students posted messages online, saying that the talk 10.______ (remind) them to thank their own teachers. 第二部分 A. 阅读理解 ------ “Silver-Haired Teachers” Return to the Classroom In September 2026, 68-year-old retired physics teacher Zhou Huaqing began his third year at a rural school in southwest China. He is one of more than 6,000 retired teachers across the country who have returned to classrooms under the national “silver-age teacher” （银龄教师）programme. Launched in 2020, the programme encourages experienced teachers to support rural schools for one to three years. Mr Zhou's school, in a mountain village, had only six teachers for over 200 students before he arrived. “Many of my students are left-behind children（留守儿童）whose parents work in faraway cities,” he said. “They need more than lessons. They need someone to talk to.” Every evening, he stays in his small dormitory room until nine o'clock, answering questions and listening to the children's stories about their day. Research supports what Mr Zhou sees. A 2025 study by Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学）found that rural students with stable, long-term mentors（人生导师）showed higher confidence and were more likely to plan for high school. “A good teacher's influence lasts long after the school bell,” said Professor Li Ming, who led the study. “These retired teachers bring something money cannot buy: patience and time.” The programme is not without challenges. Living conditions are basic, and some volunteers miss their families in big cities. Yet most choose to stay longer than planned. When a reporter asked Mr Zhou why, he smiled and pointed to a wall of thank-you notes from former students. “They say I gave them my time,” he said. “The truth is, they gave me a reason to get up every morning.” 根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。 1. Why did Zhou Huaqing come to the mountain village school?　 A. To do research for a university.　B. To support rural schools under a national programme.　 C. To visit his former students.　D. To write about left-behind children. 2. What do we know about the school before Mr Zhou arrived?　 A. It had too many teachers.　B. It was seriously short of teachers.　 C. It had been closed for years.　D. It was famous for its science labs. 3.The underlined word “They” in Paragraph 2 refers to “______”.　 A. the lessons　B. the parents　C. the left-behind children　D. the cities 4.What did Professor Li Ming's study find?　 A. Rural students generally lack confidence.　B. Retired teachers should work longer hours.　 C. Long-term mentors raise rural students' confidence and ambitions.　D. Money is the key to rural education. 5.Which is the best title for the passage?　 A. A Retired Teacher's New Hobby　B. Silver-Haired Teachers, Golden Hearts　 C. The History of Mountain Schools　D. Advice on Becoming a Volunteer Teacher B. 七选五 ------ How to Rekindle（使重燃）an Old Friendship Many students find that close friendships fade（变淡）after graduation: messages become shorter, and meetings become rare. The good news is that most old friendships can be brought back to life if you approach them the right way. 1.______　Send a short message asking how they are, and mention a small detail you remember — a favourite song, a shared joke. This shows that you remember the person, not just the idea of them. Second, be honest about the gap. If you have not been in touch for years, say so. 2.______　People usually appreciate honesty far more than a perfect excuse（借口）. Third, create a new shared memory. Invite your friend to do something you both used to enjoy, or try something new together. 3.______　It does not have to be expensive; a long walk and a cup of tea can be enough. Fourth, do not rush. 4.______　Trust and closeness take time to rebuild, especially if one of you once felt hurt. A good friendship is a marathon（马拉松）, not a sprint（短跑）. 5.______　Perhaps your first message gets no reply, or the first meeting feels a little awkward（尴尬的）. That is completely normal. Keep the door open — a friendship worth keeping is worth the wait. 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 A. First, break the silence with a simple, warm message. B. Old friends never disagree, so you have nothing to worry about. C. If the reply is slow or the meeting feels awkward, do not give up. D. A shared activity gives you something to talk about besides the past. E. Explain that life got busy, and that you have often thought of them. F. It may have taken years for the friendship to cool; allow time for it to warm up again. G. True friends stay close every day without any effort at all. C. 完形填空 ------ The Girl Who Raised Her Hand（记叙文） 先通读短文，掌握其大意，然后从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 When our English teacher Ms Liu announced a speech contest, I lowered my head and stared at my desk. In her first writing class, she had asked me to share my essay, and my mind 1.______ completely blank. From that day on, I decided never to speak in her class again. 2.______, Ms Liu did not give up on me. After class, she talked to me face to face and 3.______ my real problem: I was not a poor speaker — I simply lacked 4.______. She suggested a “Friday minute”: a one-minute talk in front of her after school. I agreed, 5.______ the first talk took place in the empty classroom with Ms Liu as the only listener. Week by week, the audience 6.______ — from one teacher to five classmates, and then to the whole group. On the day of the contest, my hands were 7.______ as I walked onto the stage. I began with the words she had taught me: “I am nervous today, but I will 8.______ my fear.” To my surprise, the words 9.______ out of my mouth, clear and smooth. When I finished, the hall burst into warm 10.______. I didn't win the first prize, but Ms Liu's hug told me I had won something greater. That term I 11.______ understood what she meant by “feedback is a gift”: negative comments show us where to 12.______, and encouragement gives us the courage to keep going. Now I believe her words that there is no such thing as a bad student, only students 13.______ have not yet found their strengths. Thanks to her, I finally found 14.______. In my notebook she wrote: “Mistakes are proof that you are 15.______.” 1. A. went　B. felt　C. turned　D. kept 2. A. Besides　B. However　C. Therefore　D. Otherwise 3. A. repeated　B. identified　C. copied　D. avoided 4. A. interest　B. patience　C. confidence　D. talent 5. A. because　B. until　C. unless　D. although 6. A. dropped　B. grew　C. left　D. hid 7. A. warm　B. steady　C. loose　D. shaking 8. A. face　B. refuse　C. follow　D. test 9. A. failed　B. flowed　C. rushed　D. broke 10. A. silence　B. anger　C. applause　D. laughter 11. A. hardly　B. gradually　C. recently　D. suddenly 12. A. give up　B. improve　C. turn down　D. look back 13. A. which　B. whom　C. who　D. whose 14. A. mine　B. hers　C. ours　D. theirs 15. A. lying　B. joking　C. cheating　D. trying D. 词汇考查 ------ 用括号内所给词的适当形式填空 1. We were deeply moved by her (brave) ______ in fighting for equal education. 2. He (associate) ______ himself with a group of young volunteers last year. 3. I felt quite (stress) ______ before the interview, but my teacher's words helped me calm down. 4. Her (confident) ______ grew as she kept practising her presentation. 5. Online friendships can be just as real as those formed in (personally) ______. 6. The old man is kind and (considerate) ______; he always thinks of others first. 7. Our monitor is (constant) ______ reminding us of the deadline for the poster. 8. The head teacher asked me to give a short (present) ______ at the parents' meeting. 9. It is (worth) ______ to spend time listening to your friends' problems. 10. Too much screen time leaves students tired and (distract) ______ in class. 第三部分 书面表达 题目：你校学生会（the Student Union）将于 12 月举办校园英语戏剧节（English Drama Festival）。请你以学生会的名义给外教 Ms Green 写一封正式的英文邀请邮件，邀请她担任戏剧节决赛评委。 要点提示： 1. 写信目的及活动信息：决赛于 12 月 20 日下午 2:00—5:00 在学校报告厅（lecture hall）举行； 2. 说明评委职责：观看各班的英语短剧演出，记录优点与不足，并与其他评委讨论评选结果； 3. 请求对方回复，并邀请她于赛前参加一次简短的评委碰头会。 要求：词数 80—100；注意正式信件的语气与格式。 评分点（自查清单）： ① 内容完整：写明活动名称、时间地点、邀请目的、评委职责及回复请求，要点无遗漏； ② 语言准确：时态与人称正确，正式表达得当（如 I am writing on behalf of ... / You would be responsible for ... / Would you have time to ... / I sincerely hope ...）； ③ 连贯得体：使用恰当的衔接词，结尾礼貌； ④ 格式规范：称呼、正文分段、落款齐全，词数符合要求。 参考答案与解析 语法练习 A 1. had already finished　2. had left　3. had spoken　4. had just put　5. realised　6. seen　7. hadn't read / had not read　8. came　9. had meant　10. had attracted 1. had already finished【解析】by the time + 一般过去时从句，主句用过去完成时；already 置于 had 与过去分词之间。 2. had left【解析】“到达车站”是过去参照点，“火车开走”先于该动作，用过去完成时。 3. had spoken【解析】It was the first time that ... 句型中，that 从句用过去完成时。 4. had just put【解析】when 从句用一般过去时，主句动作先于从句，用过去完成时。 5. realised【解析】no sooner ... than ... 结构中，主句用过去完成时，than 引导的从句用一般过去时。 6. seen【解析】had never seen；never 与过去完成时连用，see 的过去分词为 seen。 7. hadn't read【解析】“没读报告”先于“会上道歉”，用过去完成时的否定式。 8. came【解析】hardly ... when ... 结构中，when 从句用一般过去时；hardly 所在主句用过去完成时并已倒装。 9. had meant【解析】had meant / intended to do 表示“过去本打算而未实现”，与 but 后的内容呼应。 10. had attracted【解析】by last term 是过去完成时的标志。 语法练习 B　答案：1. had begun　2. had spoken　3. when　4. had planned　5. had left 1. had begun【解析】by the time 引导一般过去时的从句，主句动作“电影开始”先于“到达”，用过去完成时。 2. had spoken【解析】It was the first time that ... 句型中，that 从句用过去完成时。 3. when【解析】无提示词；主句用了过去完成时 had finished，空处引导时间状语从句，用 when（刚完成作业，朋友们就打来电话）。 4. had planned【解析】had planned / intended to do 表示“过去本打算而未实现”，与 but 后的转折呼应。 5. had left【解析】“意识到”是过去的参照动作，“把票落在家里”先于它发生，用过去完成时。 语法练习 C（翻译句子） 1. By the time I arrived at the station, the train had (already) left. 2. It was the first time that he had given a speech in front of the whole grade. 3. No sooner had he sat down than the head teacher came into the classroom. 4. I had intended to visit my primary school teacher last week, but I caught a bad cold. 5. The meeting had (already) begun when they arrived at the hall. 1.【解析】by the time 引导一般过去时的从句，主句用过去完成时；already 置于 had 与过去分词之间（可省略）。 2.【解析】It was the first time that ... 句型中，that 从句用过去完成时 had given；“在全年级面前”译为 in front of the whole grade。 3.【解析】no sooner 位于句首，主句用过去完成时并部分倒装（had he sat down），than 从句用一般过去时；“走进教室”译为 came into the classroom。 4.【解析】had intended to do 表示“过去本打算而未实现”，与 but 后的转折呼应；“得重感冒”译为 caught a bad cold。 5.【解析】when 从句（arrived）为一般过去时作参照点，“会议开始”先于“到达”，主句用过去完成时 had begun，体现两个动作的先后。 语法练习 D　答案：1. who　2. stepped　3. had already been filled　4. had; heard　5. had worked　6. had taught　7. had always treasured　8. It　9. had felt　10. had reminded 词性覆盖一览：谓语动词 6 个（含过去完成时）、关系词 1 个、连词 1 个、代词 1 个、形式主语 1 个，实词与虚词搭配符合高考配比。 1. who【解析】引导非限制性定语从句，先行词 Professor Zhang 指人，关系词在从句中作主语。 2. stepped【解析】before 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时；主句“坐满”用过去完成时，形成参照。 3. had already filled【解析】“走上讲台”是过去参照点，“礼堂坐满”先于该动作，用过去完成时。 4. had; heard【解析】由 never 及上下文可知“从未听说过他的名字”先于“很快明白”，用过去完成时。 5. had worked【解析】before he came to our city 提供参照点，“在山区工作八年”先于“来到城市”。 6. had taught【解析】by the time he retired 是过去完成时的典型标志。 7. had always treasured【解析】“珍藏礼物”先于主句 was，用过去完成时；always 置于 had 与过去分词之间。 8. It【解析】It was the first time that ... 句型中 it 作形式主语，注意句首大写。 9. had felt【解析】同上句型，that 从句用过去完成时。 10. had reminded【解析】宾语从句中，“提醒”先于主句 said 的过去动作，用过去完成时保持时态呼应。 第二部分 A. 阅读理解　答案：1—5　B B C C B 1. B。细节理解题。第一段 “one of more than 6,000 retired teachers ... under the national ‘silver-age teacher’ programme ... encourages experienced teachers to support rural schools” 直接对应 B。干扰项分析：A 张冠李戴（做研究的是北京师范大学的教授，不是周老师）；C、D 均无原文依据。 2. B。细节理解题。第二段 “had only six teachers for over 200 students” 说明该校师资严重不足。干扰项分析：A 偷换对象（200 多人是学生数，不是教师数）；C、D 无中生有。 3. C。指代判断题。They 指代上句 “They need more than lessons” 的主语 they，再往上追溯即本段中的 “left-behind children”。A 是“需要”的宾语而非主语；B、D 仅为定语修饰成分。 4. C。细节理解题。第三段研究结论 “rural students with stable, long-term mentors showed higher confidence and were more likely to plan for high school” 与 C 同义。干扰项分析：A 以偏概全（研究对象是“有稳定导师的”学生）；B 无中生有；D 与末句 “something money cannot buy” 相悖。 5. B。标题归纳题。全文围绕退休教师以时间与耐心回馈乡村教育展开，“银发”与“金心”的对照抓核心关系。干扰项分析：A 以偏概全（只涉及周老师个人生活）；C 无中生有；D 偏离主旨（文章重在银龄教师的影响，而非求职指导）。 第二部分 B. 七选五　答案：1—5　A E D F C（多余选项：B、G） 1. A。后文 Second / Third / Fourth 表明本空为第一步；空后 “Send a short message ...” 复现 A 中 message，且 A 中 First 与行文顺序一致。 2. E。段中衔接空。前句 “say so” 指“承认多年未联系”，E 具体说明该怎么说，they 指代对方，衔接自然。 3. D。本段主旨为“创造新的共同回忆”，前句 “do something ... together” 复现 D 中 a shared activity，D 进一步说明其作用，并引出空后 “It does not have to be expensive”。 4. F。本段主题为 do not rush，F 中 allow time 与空后 “take time to rebuild” 复现呼应；与段尾 “marathon, not a sprint” 意义一致。 5. C。C 先给态度（回复慢或见面尴尬也不要放弃），空后 “gets no reply ... feels awkward. That is completely normal” 对 C 进行解释，复现词 reply / awkward。 干扰项分析：B、G 均为绝对化表述（never disagree / without any effort at all），与全文“重建友谊需要努力与时间”的主旨相反，且只满足一半语境，无法填入任何空格。 第二部分 C. 完形填空　答案：1—5　A B B C A　6—10　B D A B C　11—15　B B C A D 1. A go blank（脑子一片空白）；felt 不与 blank 连用表示此意；turned 后多接颜色类表语；stayed 与 blank 语义矛盾。 2. B空前“我决定不再发言”与空后“刘老师没有放弃我”构成转折。 3. B identify 确认（问题所在），呼应 face to face 谈话的结果；repeated 重复、copied 抄写、avoided 避免均不合语境。 4. C呼应文末 “found their strengths / found mine”，此处指“缺乏信心”。 5. A空后解释“同意”的原因——首场演练只有老师一位观众。 6. B由 “from one teacher to five classmates, and then to the whole group” 可知观众逐步增加。 7. D与下文 “I am nervous today” 呼应，紧张时双手发抖。 8. A face my fear 直面恐惧，与勇气主题呼应。 9. B与 “clear and smooth” 呼应，话语“流畅地涌出”；failed 与语境相反。 10. C演讲获得成功，全场爆发出热烈的掌声；silence / anger / laughter 均与情感线矛盾。 11. B“那一学期我渐渐明白”，与一学期的成长过程呼应；suddenly 与过程性描述不符。 12. B负面反馈指出需要改进之处；give up、turn down 与“礼物”的比喻相悖。 13. C定语从句先行词 students 指人，关系词在从句中作主语，用 who。 14. A mine = my own strengths，呼应上句 “their own strengths”。 15. D呼应本单元金句 “Mistakes are proof that you are trying”。 第二部分 D. 词汇考查 1. bravery　2. associated　3. stressed　4. confidence　5. person　6. considerate　7. constantly　8. presentation　9. worthwhile　10. distracted 1. bravery【解析】形容词性物主代词 her 后接名词，brave → bravery。 2. associated【解析】last year 提示一般过去时；associate oneself with 与……交往。 3. stressed【解析】feel 后接形容词作表语，修饰人，意为“感到紧张的”。 4. confidence【解析】形容词性物主代词 her 后接名词；confidence 不可数。 5. person【解析】in person 亲自，固定短语。 6. considerate【解析】is 后接形容词作表语，与 kind 并列，意为“体贴的”。 7. constantly【解析】修饰动词 reminding 用副词，意为“不断地”。 8. presentation【解析】a short 后接可数名词单数；give a presentation 做报告。 9. worthwhile【解析】It is worthwhile to do sth 值得做某事。 10. distracted【解析】leave sb + 形容词作宾语补足语，修饰人，意为“注意力分散的”。 第三部分 书面表达（评分说明） 本题只设评分点，不提供范文。阅卷时按以下四个维度给分： ① 内容要点（活动信息、邀请目的、评委职责、回复请求，四项齐全且细节充分）； ② 语言质量（时态准确、正式句式使用恰当、无重大语法错误）； ③ 连贯与得体（段落清晰、衔接自然、语气礼貌）； ④ 格式与词数（称呼、落款完整，80—100 词）。 【参考范文】 Dear Ms Green, I am writing on behalf of the Student Union to invite you to be a judge at the final of the English Drama Festival, to be held from 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm on December 20 in the school lecture hall. You would be responsible for watching the short plays performed by each class, noting their strengths and weaknesses, and discussing the results with the other judges. Would you have time to attend a brief judges' meeting before the competition? I sincerely hope you can accept our invitation. Please reply at your earliest convenience. Yours sincerely, The Student Union 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $