Unit 2 Sports culture（复习讲义）英语译林版选择性必修第二册

牛津译林版选择性必修第二册Unit 2 Sports culture（复习讲义) 复习要点 1. 主题语境：体育与体育文化——从奥运会史话、体育精神（sportsmanship）到体育习语，围绕“公平竞赛、挑战自我、追求卓越”三条主线展开复习，积累话题词汇与地道表达。 2. 词汇短语：掌握 motivate, demonstrate, proceed, applaud, compete, rank, ambition, fellow, consist, call on, in perspective, move the goalposts, score an own goal, in the ballpark, throw sb a curveball, below the belt, throw in the towel 等主题词汇及体育习语的用法。 3. 语法：系统梳理过去进行时与过去完成时的被动语态——由“was/were + being + done”与“had been + done”构成的时态语态叠加。 4. 句型：学习议论文写作（写作体育精神），掌握“提出观点—论证—总结”的三段式结构，能运用过渡句使行文衔接自然。 复习重难点 重点：过去进行时被动语态与过去完成时被动语态的形式与用法辨析；议论文三段式结构的展开与论证。 难点：过去完成时被动语态（had been done）与一般过去时被动语态（was/were done）的区别；过渡句在议论文论证段落之间的转换作用；体育习语的正确理解与情境迁移。 单元词汇 知识点1：solidarity n. 团结，齐心协力 — Every four years, thousands of highly trained and talented athletes gather together in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play, ready to test their abilities against each other in the hope of being recognized as the best of the best. 每隔四年，数千名训练有素、技艺高超的运动员怀着友谊、团结与公平竞赛的精神聚在一起，准备与彼此较量，渴望被认定为其中的佼佼者。 用法归纳 ① solidarity n. 团结，齐心协力：in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play 怀着友谊、团结与公平竞赛的精神。 ② 常见搭配：a sense of solidarity 团结感；show solidarity with sb 与某人团结一心；in solidarity with 与……一致。 ③ 近形辨析：solidarity 强调“众人为同一目标团结一致”；unity 强调“和谐统一、整体一致”；cooperation 强调“互相配合合作”。 ④ 形容词：solidary adj. 团结一致的；类似的搭配还有 united adj. 联合的、团结的（教材 Joint efforts 同源）。 词汇拓展 solidarity n. 团结，齐心协力 → solidary adj. 团结一致的；in the spirit of 怀着……的精神；joint effort 共同努力 即时练习 ① The players showed great ________ （solid）to each other after the earthquake struck their training base. ② 翻译：全世界的运动员在友谊、团结与公平竞赛的精神下聚在一起。（提示：in the spirit of ...） ③ 微写作：在公平竞赛的精神下，无论对手胜负，我都尊重他的努力。 知识点2：compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争 — Every four years, thousands of highly trained and talented athletes gather together in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play, ready to test their abilities against each other in the hope of being recognized as the best of the best. 每隔四年，数千名训练有素、技艺高超的运动员怀着友谊、团结与公平竞赛的精神聚在一起，准备与彼此较量，渴望被认定为其中的佼佼者。 用法归纳 ① compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争：compete against sb 与某人比赛；compete with sb 与某人竞争；compete for sb/sth 为某人／某物而竞争；compete in a sports meet 参加运动会。 ② 名词：competition n. 比赛，竞争；competitor n. 参赛者，竞争者。“Young athletes aged between 15 and 18 compete in a wide range of sports”. ③ 辨析：compete 侧重“争取参与竞争”这一动作，可用于体育与经济、外交等各类竞争；contest 多指“就某项裁决、争议展开争夺”，常与法律、权利搭配。 ④ 拓展：compete ... 与 compete with 的区别在于前者强调双方互相对抗（compete against），后者强调双方相互竞争（compete with），高考写作中可互换使用。 词汇拓展 compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争 → competition n. 竞争；比赛 → competitor n. 竞争者；参赛者 → competitive adj. 竞争的；好胜的；advantageous 有利的 即时练习 ① We may have to ________ （竞争）with robots for jobs in the future. ② The two teams ________ （compete）each other in the final match. ③ 微写作：我们校队将与另外五支队伍在接力赛中角逐；决赛中，二班的选手与五班最强的队伍展开了较量。 知识点3：diverse adj. 多种多样的，不同的 — For over a century, people from diverse backgrounds have made joint efforts to help realize Coubertin's dream. 一个多世纪以来，来自不同背景的人们为实现顾拜旦的梦想付出了共同努力。 用法归纳 ① diverse adj. 多种多样的，不同的：diverse backgrounds 不同背景；a diverse culture 多元的文化。 ② 常见搭配：be diverse in sth. 在某方面多种多样；a diverse range of 多种多样的……（教材 Connecting skills B1：The Youth Olympic Games give talented teenagers a chance to connect with fellow athletes from diverse backgrounds）。 ③ 名词：diversity n. 多样性；生物多样性（biology 中的 biological diversity）。 ④ 近义辨析：diverse 强调“种类多、彼此不同”；various 强调“数量多、涵盖面广”；different 泛指“有差异的”。三者中 diverse 语义最强，适合形容构成复杂、多元的群体。 词汇拓展 diverse adj. 多种多样的 → diversity n. 多样性；diversely adv. 多样地；racial adj. 种族的（教材 different racial origins 不同种族出身） 即时练习 ① The Olympic Games bring together athletes from ________ (各种各样的)cultural backgrounds. ② 翻译：来自不同种族、不同文化的人们和平共处。（提示：racial origins, live side by side in peace） ③ 微写作：我的城市是一个多元文化交汇之地：同一条街上就能找到中餐、意大利餐和韩国餐。 知识点4：motivate vt. 激励，激发 — Motivated by the Olympic motto “Faster, Higher, Stronger”, many well-known athletes, both male and female, have devoted themselves to achieving sporting excellence and pushing the boundaries of human achievement. 受奥运格言“更快、更高、更强”的激励，许多男女知名运动员都致力于追求卓越，不断突破人类的极限。 用法归纳 ① motivate vt. 激励，激发：motivate sb to do sth 激励某人做某事；be motivated by ... 受……激励（教材原句中Motivated by 置于句首作状语）。 ② 名词：motivation n. 动机，积极性；motivating adj. 激励人的。教材 Workbook A5：What has motivated her to be a volunteer? — A desire to help others. ③ 辨析：motivate 强调“激发动力”，宾语通常是人；encourage 强调“给予鼓励使其敢于尝试”，宾语也可以是事物或动作。 ④ 常见搭配：be motivated by a sense of ... 出于……的动机而；motivate sb to work harder 激励某人更加努力。 词汇拓展 motivate vt. 激励，激发 → motivation n. 动机；motivated adj. 受激励的；ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心，雄心，壮志；motto n. 格言，座右铭 即时练习 ① What has ________ （motivate）her to be a volunteer? — A desire to help others. ② The coach's ________ （motivate）speech gave the team the strength to go on. ③ 微写作：让我坚持训练的是变得比昨天更好的愿望。 知识点5：motto n. (pl. mottoes) 格言，座右铭 — Motivated by the Olympic motto “Faster, Higher, Stronger”, many well-known athletes, both male and female, have devoted themselves to achieving sporting excellence and pushing the boundaries of human achievement. 受奥运格言“更快、更高、更强”的激励，许多男女知名运动员都致力于追求卓越，不断突破人类的极限。 用法归纳 ① motto n. (pl. mottoes / mottos) 格言，座右铭：the Olympic motto 奥运格言；a life motto 人生格言。 ② 与近义词辨析：motto 多指“简短而凝练的格言、座右铭”，常印在徽标、旗帜或书页上；slogan 多指“宣传口号、标语”，带有号召色彩；saying 指“俗语、谚语”，多指流传的口头说法。 ③ 与熟语搭配：in the spirit of the Olympic motto 秉承奥运格言的精神；act in accordance with one's motto 按自己的座右铭行事。 词汇拓展 motto n. 格言，座右铭 → slogan n. 标语，口号；saying n. 俗语，谚语；ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心 即时练习 ① The Olympic ________ （格言）“Faster, Higher, Stronger” is a call to keep improving. ② The slogan of the Games was ________ （motto）to the idea of a shared dream. ③ 微写作：我的格言是“跑自己的赛”。我选它是因为我不想把自己的进步和别人比。 知识点6：demonstrate vt. 表现，表露；证实，证明；示范，演示 — He came to public attention during the 1960 Rome Olympics, when he won the light heavyweight gold medal for the USA, demonstrating great talent and personality in the process. 他在1960年罗马奥运会上为美国夺得轻重量级金牌而声名鹊起，并在这一过程中展现出非凡的才华与个性。 用法归纳 ① demonstrate vt. 表现，表露；证实，证明；示范，演示（vi. 游行示威）：demonstrate great talent 展现非凡才华；demonstrate one's ability 展示某人的能力。 ② 常见搭配：demonstrate that ... 证明……；demonstrate the truth 证明真相；demonstrate a method 演示一种方法；demonstrate against sth 示威反对某事（此时为 vi.）。 ③ 近义辨析：demonstrate 侧重“用行动或证据加以证明”，常接具体行为或结果；show 泛指“显示、表明”，用法最广；prove 侧重“通过论证证实”，多用于结论性判断。 ④ 名词：demonstration n. 示范；表演；示威。 词汇拓展 demonstrate vt. 表现，证明；示范 → demonstration n. 示范；表演；示威；talent n. 天赋，才能；talent for sth. 做某事的天赋 即时练习 ① His performance at the games ________ （证明）the importance of daily training. ② The teacher ________ （demonstrate）the new experiment procedure to the whole class. ③ 微写作：我通过每月记录跑步成绩来展示自己的进步。 知识点7：proceed vi. 接着做，继而做；继续从事（或进行）；行进，前往 — He came to public attention during the 1960 Rome Olympics, when he won the light heavyweight gold medal for the USA, demonstrating great talent and personality in the process. Afterwards, this young man proceeded to become the world heavyweight champion in 1964, and later changed his name to the one we all know—Muhammad Ali. 他在1960年罗马奥运会上为美国夺得轻重量级金牌而声名鹊起，并在这一过程中展现出非凡的才华与个性。此后，这位青年于1964年进而成为世界重量级冠军，后来还改成了我们都熟知的名字——穆罕默德·阿里。 用法归纳 1 proceed vi. 接着做，继而做；继续从事（或进行）；行进，前往。 ② 常见搭配：proceed to do sth 接着做某事；proceed with sth 继续进行某事；proceed to the next question 进入下一个话题。教材 Workbook A6：After the chairman outlined his plan, he ______ to explain it in detail. 空缺处填 proceeded。 ③ 辨析：proceed 强调“时间上的先后衔接，接着做”；continue 强调“动作的持续、中断后再接上”；carry on 与 continue 意思相近，多用于口语。 ④ 同根词：process n. 过程，程序；步骤（动词 process 意为“处理、加工”）。 词汇拓展 proceed vi. 接着做；进行；前往 → process n. 过程；程序（vt. 处理）→ successive adj. 连续的，接连的 即时练习 ① After the chairman outlined his plan, he ________ （proceed）to explain it in detail. ② Having finished the first question, she ________ （继续）to the second one. ③ 微写作：交上报告后，我接着与搭档一起复盘我的错误。 知识点8：applaud vt. & vi. 称赞，赞许；鼓掌 情景导学 — Another sportsperson that should be applauded is Jessica Ennis-Hill. Her story is a remarkable example of how hard work and devotion can lead to sporting excellence. 另一位值得称赞的运动员是杰西卡·恩尼斯-希尔。她的故事生动地说明，勤奋与奉献如何带来运动上的卓越。 用法归纳 ① applaud vt. & vi. 称赞，赞许；鼓掌：applaud sb/sth 称赞某人／某事；applaud sb for sth 因某事称赞某人；applaud a performance 为表演鼓掌。 ② 名词：applause n. 掌声；喝采；赞颂（不可数）：win applause 赢得掌声；be greeted with applause 受到掌声欢迎。 ③ 辨析：applaud 强调“公开地赞赏、鼓掌”，对象可以是人也可以是事物；acclaim 强调“一致称赞、盛赞”，多用于作品、成就；praise 泛指“表扬”，最普通。 ④ 易混：applaud 与 clapping 的区别——applaud 是完整动词（含称赞义），clap 只是“拍（手）”。 词汇拓展 applaud vt. & vi. 称赞；鼓掌 → applause n. 掌声；赞颂（不可数）；deserve vt. 应得，值得：deserve applause 应得掌声 即时练习 ① The judge could not help but ________ （称赞）the young gymnast's perfect performance. ② 微写作：在我看来，永不言弃的精神最值得称赞。 知识点9：consistent adj. 一致的，始终如一的；连续的 — In an interview she revealed that the secret of her consistent good performance was the training that she never missed. 在一次采访中她透露，她稳定出色发挥的秘诀在于从不间断的训练。 用法归纳 ① consistent adj. 一致的，始终如一的；连续的：consistent good performance 稳定出色的表现；be consistent with sth. 与某事一致（教材 Workbook D7：complain that the boss's behaviour is not consistent 前后不一）。 ② 名词：consistency n. 一致性；连贯性。形容词 consistent 修饰名词时，注意其所在语境：consistent with 表示“与……相符”，consistent in 表示“在……方面始终如一”。 ③ 近义辨析：consistent 强调“前后不矛盾、始终如一”；constant 强调“持续不断、频率高”；continuous 强调“连续不间断”（多修饰时间或物体）。 ④ 反义：inconsistent adj. 不一致的；不协调的。 词汇拓展 consistent adj. 一致的；始终如一的 → consistency n. 一致性；连贯性 → constant adj. 不断的；恒定的 即时练习 ① Her performance last season was far more ________ （始终如一的）than the year before. ② The results of the two experiments are not ________（consistency） with each other. ③ 微写作：我固定学习计划表，这样即使在忙碌的几周里习惯也能保持如一。 知识点10：persuade vt. 说服；使信服（persuasion n. 说服，劝说） 情景导学 — In other words, it tries to persuade people to buy a product or service.换句话说，广告试图说服人们购买某种产品或服务。 — Based on the psychology behind creating a desire to buy, advertisers have developed ways of persuading people into purchasing their products or services.基于制造购买欲望的心理学原理，广告商已经发展出各种说服人们购买其产品或服务的方法。 用法归纳 ① persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事：persuade people to buy a product。 ② persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事：persuade consumers of the value of the product。 ③ persuade sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事（into 后接动名词）：persuade people into purchasing。 ④ 名词：persuasion n. 说服，劝说；形容词：persuasive adj. 有说服力的。 ⑤ 近义辨析：persuade 强调“说服对方改变想法或采取行动”；convince 强调“使某人相信某事”（convince sb. of sth. / convince sb. that ...）。 词汇拓展 persuade vt. 说服；使信服 → persuasion n. 说服，劝说；persuasive adj. 有说服力的 即时练习 ① The advertisement is designed to persuade consumers ________ (buy) the product. ② His explanation persuaded me ________ the truth of the story. ③ 微写作：用 persuade sb. to do sth. 写一句话，说明广告的推销目的。（这则广告旨在说服青少年购买这款新型运动饮料。） 知识点11：call on sb to do sth 正式邀请某人做某事；请求某人做某事 The 2008 Beijing Olympics called on the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity with the slogan “One World, One Dream”. 2008年北京奥运会以“同一个世界，同一个梦想”为口号，号召全世界加入奥林匹克精神，为人类建设更美好的未来。 用法归纳 ① call on sb to do sth 正式邀请／请求／号召某人做某事：call on the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit 号召全世界加入奥林匹克精神。教材 Wordlist 词条：call on sb to do sth 正式邀请某人做某事；请求某人做某事。 ② 辨析（三个易混动词短语）： ○ call on sb to do sth　正式邀请／请求某人做某事（对象可以是陌生人，如上门请人帮忙）。 ○ call for sth / call for sb to do sth　要求、需要（不针对具体的人，如 The situation calls for immediate action. 形势要求立即采取行动。）。 ○ call on / call in / call out　拜访某人；召集某人；叫喊。如 call on a friend 拜访朋友，call out a name 喊出一个名字。 ③ 名词：call n. 打电话；喊叫；访问。注意 call on 作动词短语与 call 作名词时意义完全不同。 词汇拓展 call on sb to do sth 正式邀请某人做某事；call for sth 要求，需要；opponent n. 对手，竞争者；反对者 即时练习 ① After the accident occurred, they ________ （正式邀请）the police department to thoroughly investigate it. ② This is a situation that ________ （要求）immediate action. ③ 微写作：我号召每一位学生加入跑步俱乐部，每周与我们一起训练两次。 知识点12：rank vi. & vt. 属于某等级，把…分级；排列，使排成行　n. 地位，级别；等级；排，列；军衔 In addition to hosting the Olympics for the first time, China also ranked first in the medal table. This success is truly remarkable if you consider that just 24 years before, at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Xu Haifeng won our country's first-ever gold medal. 除了首次举办奥运会之外，中国还位列奖牌榜首位。考虑到就在二十四年前的1984年洛杉矶奥运会上，许海峰为中国赢得了首枚奥运金牌，这一成就确实了不起。 用法归纳 ① rank vi. & vt. 属于某等级；把……分级；排列，使排成行。n. 地位，级别；等级；排，列；军衔。本单元义为“名列（名次）”：rank first in the medal table 在奖牌榜上名列第一。 ② 常见搭配：rank among / among the top ... 在……中名列……；rank third in the world 世界排名第三；be ranked second 位列第二。 ③ 辨析：rank 作动词强调“排出名次”；rate 强调“评定等级、估价”，常指给等级或打分（rate sb highly 高度评价某人）。 ④ 名词搭配：a high rank 高的名次；hold the world No. 1 rank 保持世界第一的位置。 词汇拓展 rank vi. & vt. / n. 分级；名列；排，列 → trend n. 趋势，趋向（教材 the upward trend for Chinese sport 中国体育的上升趋势）→ election n. 选举，推选；当选 即时练习 ① China ________ （rank）first in the medal table with 30 gold medals. ② 翻译：中国体育的上升趋势自那时起势不可挡。（提示：the upward trend ... unstoppable） ③ 微写作： 我们学校篮球队上学期排名第二，现在已升到第一。 知识点13：ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心，雄心，壮志 — As Coubertin believed, “With the Olympic Games, each generation celebrates its advent, its joy of living, its faith in the future, its ambition and its will to ascend.” 正如顾拜旦所相信的，“有了奥运会，每一代人都会庆祝它的到来、生活的欢乐、对未来的信念、自己的雄心与上升的意志。” 用法归纳 ① ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心，雄心，壮志。His great ambition is to become a scientist. ② 常见搭配：have / possess an ambition to do sth 有做某事的雄心；the ambition to be a scientist 成为科学家的志向；political ambition 政治野心（此处含贬义）。 ③ 同根词：ambitious adj. 有雄心的；有野心的（ambitious plans / an ambitious young athlete）。注意 ambitious 语气比 ambition 更中性，而 ambition 在英语语境中常暗含“野心”的负面意味，故评价运动员时宜用 ambitious。 ④ 辨析：ambition 侧重“长远的志向、目标”；aspiration 侧重“热切愿望、心愿”；goal 侧重“具体要达到的目标”；dream 侧重“梦想”，可实现也可不现实。 词汇拓展 ambition n. 追求的目标；野心 → ambitious adj. 有雄心的；有野心的；ambitiously adv. 有雄心地 即时练习 ① His great ________ （雄心）is to become a scientist. ② The young athlete is ________（ambition）: she never stops training. ③ 微写作：我的志向是成为体育记者，而在了解每篇报道背后的辛劳之后，这份志向更强烈了。 知识点14：faith n. 信心；宗教信仰 — As Coubertin believed, “With the Olympic Games, each generation celebrates its advent, its joy of living, its faith in the future, its ambition and its will to ascend.”（Reading）正如顾拜旦所相信的，“有了奥运会，每一代人都会庆祝它的到来、生活的欢乐、对未来的信念、自己的雄心与上升的意志。” 用法归纳 ① faith n. 信心；宗教信仰。 ② 常见搭配：have faith in sb/sth 相信（某人／某事）；lose faith in sb/sth 不再相信；keep / maintain faith 保持信念。 ③ 辨析（三个近义名词）： ○ faith 名词，指“信心、信念”，常与 in 连用：have faith in oneself 相信自己。 ○ belief 名词，指“（对某事的）信念、看法”，可数：a firm belief in ... 对……的坚定信念。 ○ confidence 名词，指“（基于能力的）自信、把握”：have confidence in doing sth 有信心做某事。 ④ 常见派生：faithful adj. 忠诚的；faithfully adv. 忠诚地。 词汇拓展 faith n. 信心；信仰 → faithful adj. 忠实的；confidence n. 信心，自信；belief n. 信念，看法 即时练习 ① 翻译：无论发生什么，我们都应该对自己有信心。（提示：faith） ② Despite several defeats, he still has ________ （信心）in himself. ③ 微写作：我相信努力的价值，所以即使没人看，我也坚持训练。 知识点15：ascend vi. & vt. 上升，升高，登高 — As Coubertin believed, “With the Olympic Games, each generation celebrates its advent, its joy of living, its faith in the future, its ambition and its will to ascend.” 正如顾拜旦所相信的，“有了奥运会，每一代人都会庆祝它的到来、生活的欢乐、对未来的信念、自己的雄心与上升的意志。” 用法归纳 ① ascend vi. & vt. 上升，升高，登高。 ② 常见搭配：ascend to sth 上升到……；ascend the throne 登上王位；the will to ascend 上升的意志。 ③ 反义词与相关词：descend vi. 下降；descendant n. 后代；transcend vt. 超越（字面“跨过”，引申为“超越”）。ascend 的名词为 ascent n. 上升；攀登（注意与 descend / descent 配对）。 ④ 辨析：rise vi. 上升（不及物，不及 rise to sth）；raise vt. 举起，使升高（及物，宾语为具体物）；lift vt. 举起（通常指较轻的物件）。三者不可互换。 词汇拓展 ascend vi. & vt. 上升，登高 → ascent n. 上升；攀登；descend vi. 下降；下来 → boundary n. 边界，分界线（教材 pushing the boundaries of human achievement 突破人类极限） 即时练习 ① 翻译：这家公司的员工有时会抱怨老板的行为前后不一致。（提示：complain; consistent） ② 翻译：实话实说，应付愤怒的顾客是件难事。这需要特殊的培训。（提示：handle） ③ 微写作： 体育教给你上升的意志——即使看不到顶峰，也要继续前行。 知识点16：walk on air 欢天喜地，得意扬扬 情景导学 — More often than not, winning has the victor walking on air, lost in the glory of the moment, while the loser is left with a bitter taste and a feeling of failure. 很多时候，获胜让胜者欢天喜地、得意扬扬，沉浸在胜利的荣光里，而败者则只剩下一丝苦味和失败感。 用法归纳 ① walk on air 意为“欢天喜地，得意扬扬”，是英语中源自日常生活的习语，用于形容人因喜事而极度兴奋、仿佛“飘在云端”：The winners were still walking on air hours after the final. 决赛结束几小时后，优胜者依然喜不自胜。 ② 近义习语：on cloud nine 欣喜若狂；over the moon 非常高兴；be on top of the world 欣喜若狂。注意 walk on air 强调“因胜利或喜事而飘飘然”，程度较前两者更常见于体育报道。 ③ 反义习语：walk on water（如履平地，形容能力超群）；keep one's feet on the ground 脚踏实地（与 walk on air 构成对照，写作中可对比使用）。 词汇拓展 walk on air 欢天喜地，得意扬扬 → on cloud nine 欣喜若狂；keep one's feet on the ground 脚踏实地；glory n. 荣光；辉煌（教材 lost in the glory of the moment） 即时练习 ① Lisa ________ （欢天喜地）when she got the new job. ② 用 walk on air 写一句话，描述你得知被某所大学录取时的感受。 知识点17：keep sth in perspective 正确客观地看待 情景导学 — Almost nobody likes to come second, and sometimes it is difficult to keep everything in perspective. 几乎没有人喜欢屈居亚军，而有时候要把一切看得客观、不失偏颇是很困难的。 用法归纳 ① keep sth in perspective 意为“正确客观地看待（某事）”，in perspective 是关键，意为“放在恰当的视角中”：It is hard to keep everything in perspective when you are under pressure. 身处压力之下，很难把一切客观看待。 ② 常见搭配：keep sth in perspective 客观看待某事；put sth in perspective 使某事显现出相对重要性；see sth in perspective 透视地看某事；in perspective 相比之下（作状语）。 ③ 相关词：perspective n. 观点；视角（尤指看待事物的方式）；in perspective with ... 与……相比。 ④ 辨析：in perspective（客观看待，重方法）与 in prospect（前景中，意为 in prospect of 有……希望）仅一字母之差，须格外留心。 词汇拓展 keep sth in perspective 正确客观地看待 → put / see sth in perspective 使/看出某事的相对重要性 → perspective n. 观点，视角 即时练习 ① You need to ________ everything ________ perspective to draw a logical conclusion. ② It is hard to keep things ________ when the results are disappointing. ③ 微写作：考试失利后，我努力客观看待整件事——一次考试并不能定义我的能力。 知识点18：opponent n. 对手，竞争者；反对者 情景导学 — Whether you come first or last, it is important to remember that at any sporting event, you face two opponents: your fellow competitors and yourself. 无论你得第一还是最后，都要记住：在任何体育赛事中，你都要面对两个对手——你的 fellow competitors（与你同场竞技的选手）和你自己。 用法归纳 ① opponent n. 对手，竞争者；反对者：defeat / beat an opponent 击败对手；a strong opponent 强劲的对手；political opponent 政治对手。 ② 同根词：oppose v. 反对；反对派（opposition n.）；opposed adj. 反对的（be opposed to sth 反对某事）。 ③ 辨析：opponent 多指“在某场比赛或竞争中与自己对阵的人”，也可指“观点上的反对者”；rival 多指“实力相当、长期竞争的对手”，如 business rivals 商业对手；competitor 泛指“参赛者、竞争者”。 ④ 相关表达：the opposing team 对手队（教材 Extended reading）；facing an opponent 面对对手；be no match for sb 不是某人的对手。 词汇拓展 opponent n. 对手；反对者 → opposing adj. 对抗的；相反的（the opposing team 对手队）→ oppose v. 反对（be opposed to 反对）→ rival n. 实力相当的对手 即时练习 ① Even at the age of 34, she was still a strong ________ （对手）for every young player. ② 微写作：在赛道上我最强的对手不是某个人，而是时钟；每次我试图战胜它，都对自己的极限有了新的认识。 知识点19：humility n. 谦逊，谦虚（辨析 grace n. 高雅，体面；dignity n. 尊严，体面） 情景导学 — There is an old and very wise saying, repeated many times, “Win with humility, lose with grace, and do both with dignity.” 有一句被反复引用的至理名言：“胜时谦逊，败时优雅，两者皆保持尊严。” 用法归纳 ① humility n. 谦逊，谦虚（不可数），由 humble adj.（谦逊的）派生：with humility 谦逊地；false humility 假谦虚。 ② grace n. 高雅，文雅；优美；风度，体面：with grace 优雅地；a graceful decline 优雅谢幕。本句 lose with grace 意为“败得体面、有风度”。 ③ dignity n. 尊严；自尊；高贵（不可数）：with dignity 有尊严地；human dignity 人的尊严；stand up for one's dignity 捍卫自己的尊严。本句 do both with dignity 意为“无论胜负都保持尊严”。 ④ 三词辨析（本单元高频考点）： ○ humility 侧重“谦逊、不骄傲”的内在品质，重在态度谦虚。 ○ grace 侧重“优雅、风度”的外在举止，常指举止得体、有格调。 ○ dignity 侧重“尊严、不失身份”的自我维护，重在不被践踏。三者可共现但不可互换。 词汇拓展 humility n. 谦逊 → humble adj. 谦逊的；卑微的；grace n. 优雅；风度 → graceful adj. 优雅的；dignity n. 尊严；dignified adj. 有尊严的 即时练习 ① The champion bowed to his opponent with ________（谦逊） and received a warm hug. ② Losing the final, our team showed great ________ （尊严）and left the court with confidence. ③ 微写作：我努力败得有尊严：与胜者握手、向裁判致谢，然后不加辩解地离场。 知识点20：unselfish adj. 无私的，忘我的 情景导学 — Monti's remarkable, unselfish decision to help a fellow competitor, in the final stage of an Olympic event, is an example to us all. He did not come first but he walked away a true hero. 蒙蒂在奥运赛事最后阶段无私地帮助同伴的决定令人赞叹，是我们所有人的榜样。他没有获得第一名，却赢得了一个真正的英雄之名。 用法归纳 ① unselfish adj. 无私的，忘我的（反义：selfish adj. 自私的）：an unselfish decision 无私的决定；an unselfish act 无私的行为。 ② 构词：un- 前缀表示否定（un- + self → unselfish）。同类词：unhappy 不快乐的、unfair 不公平的、unwilling 不情愿的、unbelievable 难以置信的。 ③ 近义辨析：unselfish 侧重“忘我、不计个人得失”；generous 侧重“慷慨、大方”（多指给予财物）；selfless 与 unselfish 意义相同，但自我评价时用 unselfish 更稳妥。 ④ 相关表达：selflessly adv. 无私地；selflessness n. 无私；selfishness n. 自私。 词汇拓展 unselfish adj. 无私的，忘我的 → selfish adj. 自私的；generous adj. 慷慨的；bobsleigh n. 大雪橇（供两人或两人以上比赛用，教材 Integrated skills 案例） 即时练习 ① Monti's remarkable, ________ （无私的）decision to help a fellow competitor became a legend. ② 用 un- 前缀填空：It is ________ （fair）to blame others when you are wrong. ③ 微写作：我见过最无私的一幕，是一名跑者把水瓶递给了因脱水难受的对手。 知识点21：move the goalposts 改变条件（或规则） 情景导学 — If someone “moves the goalposts” in everyday life, it means they unfairly change the rules or requirements for something. An insurance salesman who is about to reach his annual sales target, only for the company to make the target higher, could rightly complain about the company moving the goalposts. 如果有人在日常生活中“移动球门”，意思就是他们不公平地改变了某事的规则或要求。一名快要完成年度销售目标的保险推销员，仅因公司把目标调高，完全有理由抱怨公司在“移动球门”。 用法归纳 ① move the goalposts 意为“改变条件（或规则）”，字面源自足球比赛中“移动球门柱”，引申为“在别人即将达成目标时改变标准 unfairly（不公平地）”，含强烈负面意味。 ② 常见用法：complain that sb moved the goalposts 抱怨某人临时变卦；stop moving the goalposts 别再改规则了。 ③ 相关词：goalpost n. 球门柱；move the goalposts 在英式英语中作动词短语，也说 move the goal posts；goal n. 目标；进球（由运动引申而来，教材 Extended reading 讲 goal 与 net 的用法）。 ④ 易混习语： ○ move the goalposts　改变条件（临时提高标准，不讲信用）。 ○ score / score a goal　进球（字面义）。 ○ score an own goal　进乌龙球；无意中做让自己吃亏的事（见知识点 21）。 词汇拓展 move the goalposts 改变条件（或规则）→ goalpost n. 球门柱；goal n. 目标；进球；opposing adj. 对抗的（the opposing team's goal 对手方球门） 知识点22：move the goalposts 改变条件（或规则） 情景导学 — If someone “moves the goalposts” in everyday life, it means they unfairly change the rules or requirements for something. An insurance salesman who is about to reach his annual sales target, only for the company to make the target higher, could rightly complain about the company moving the goalposts. 如果有人在日常生活中“移动球门”，意思就是他们不公平地改变了某事的规则或要求。一名快要完成年度销售目标的保险推销员，仅因公司把目标调高，完全有理由抱怨公司在“移动球门”。 用法归纳 ① move the goalposts 意为“改变条件（或规则）”，字面源自足球比赛中“移动球门柱”，引申为“在别人即将达成目标时改变标准 unfairly（不公平地）”，含强烈负面意味。 ② 常见用法：complain that sb moved the goalposts 抱怨某人临时变卦；stop moving the goalposts 别再改规则了。 ③ 相关词：goalpost n. 球门柱；move the goalposts 在英式英语中作动词短语，也说 move the goal posts；goal n. 目标；进球（由运动引申而来，教材 Extended reading 讲 goal 与 net 的用法）。 ④ 易混习语： ○ move the goalposts　改变条件（临时提高标准，不讲信用）。 ○ score / score a goal　进球（字面义）。 ○ score an own goal　进乌龙球；无意中做让自己吃亏的事。 词汇拓展 move the goalposts 改变条件（或规则）→ goalpost n. 球门柱；goal n. 目标；进球；opposing adj. 对抗的（the opposing team's goal 对手方球门） 知识点23：in the ballpark 差不多；a ballpark estimate 大致相近的估计 情景导学 — The venue where a baseball game is played is called a ballpark. So, even if we do not know exactly where the ball is during the game, we can assume that it is somewhere in the ballpark. For this reason, people use the expression “in the ballpark” or “a ballpark estimate” to talk about rough estimates. （Extended reading）棒球比赛进行的场地称为 ballpark（棒球场）。因此，即使我们不知道比赛进行时球在的确切位置，也可以断定它就在棒球场里的某个地方。正因如此，人们用 “in the ballpark” 或 “a ballpark estimate” 来谈论大致的估计。 用法归纳 ① in the ballpark 意为“差不多、大致（在同一范围内）”，用于粗略估计：The number of applicants is in the ballpark of 500. 报名人数大约在500人上下。 ② a ballpark estimate 意为“大致相近的估计”：Can you give me a ballpark estimate of the cost? 你能给我一个大致费用估算吗？ ③ 与具体义的区别：作名词复数时 ballpark 指“棒球场”（美式英语），a 棒球场；但作习语时 in the ballpark / a ballpark estimate 意为“粗略估计”，二者不可混淆。 ④ 近义表达：roughly / approximately adv. 大约；around prep. 大约；give sb a rough idea of ... 给某人一个关于……的大致概念。 词汇拓展 in the ballpark 差不多，在同一范围内 → a ballpark estimate 大致相近的估计 → ballpark n. 棒球场；变动范围 → venue n. 活动场地 知识点24：throw sb a curveball 给某人出难题 情景导学 — Curveballs are balls that suddenly turn in the air, and these are of course difficult for the other team to handle. We use this expression to describe things that are unexpected and difficult to respond to. 曲线球是那种在空中突然转向的球，对手球队自然难以应付。我们用这一表达来形容“出乎意料且难以应对的事情”。 用法归纳 ① throw sb a curveball 字面义为“给某人投一个曲线球”，引申为“给某人出难题、出乎意料的难题”。What will you do if someone throws a curveball ? ② 常见用法：throw sb a curveball；a curveball (n.) 一个意外的难题：The schedule change really threw us a curveball. 日程变动真给我们出了个难题。 ③ 辨析：throw sb a curveball 侧重“出乎意料地为难人”；pose a challenge 侧重“构成挑战”（中性或正面）；make things difficult for sb 泛指“使某人处境困难”。 ④ 关联表达：相关词 curveball n. 曲线球；turn 常用动词；教材引文中的 turn in the air 指球在空中的突然转向。 词汇拓展 throw sb a curveball 给某人出难题 → curveball n. 曲线球；意外的难题 → unexpected adj. 出乎意料的 → handle vt. 处理，应付（教材 difficult for the other team to handle） 知识点25：three strikes and you are out 三振出局 情景导学 — “Three strikes and you are out” is another idiom that comes from baseball. “三振出局”也是源自棒球的习语。 — As it suggests, in baseball this means that a batter (the person with the baseball bat in his or her hands) is out after making three unsuccessful attempts to hit the ball. This idiom is often used to talk about situations where people fail after wasting three chances.顾名思义，在棒球中这意味着击球手（手持球棒击球的人）三次未能击中球后即被判出局。该习语常用来描述“三次机会被浪费掉之后仍告失败”的情形。 用法归纳 ① three strikes and you are out 意为“三振出局”，引申为“三次机会都错过后彻底失败”。教材 Wordlist 词条：three strikes and you are out 三振出局。 ② 常见用法：The warning signs were there, but they had already had three strikes and they were out. 警示信号早已出现，但他们已犯了三次错误，无可挽回。 ③ 延伸用法：give sb three strikes 给某人三次机会；three-strike rule 三振出局规则（棒球正式规则）。 ④ 相关表达：strike n. 好球（击球次数）；strike out vi. 三振出局（动词形式）；foul n. 界外球；batter n. 击球手（教材原句 the person with the baseball bat in his or her hands）。 词汇拓展 three strikes and you are out 三振出局 → strike out vi. 三振出局 → batter n. 击球手 → attempt n. 尝试（教材 making three unsuccessful attempts） 知识点26：话题词汇拓展——体育赛事、运动员与体育精神 下列词汇与短语为本单元高频话题词汇，建议按“赛事与项目—运动员与赛事组织—体育精神与评价”三条线归类记忆，并尝试用于本单元写作与 Project 任务。 类别 词汇（英文） 中文释义 体育赛事与项目（sports and events） Olympic Games; sports calendar; the Tour de France; Formula 1; marathon; half-marathon; track and field; long jump; 110-metre hurdles; relay; bobsleigh; league; ball games; water sports; Youth Olympic Games 奥运会；体育赛程；法国环自行车赛；世界一级方程式赛车；马拉松赛跑；半程马拉松赛跑；田径运动；跳远；男子110米跨栏；接力赛；大雪橇；联赛；球类运动；水上运动；青年奥运会 运动员与赛事组织（sportsperson and organisation） athlete; sportsperson; amateur; opponent; fellow competitor; rival; the International Olympic Committee (IOC); the organising committee; referee; coach; chairman; sponsor; audience 运动员；运动员；业余爱好者；对手；同场竞技者；实力相当的对手；国际奥委会；组委会；裁判；教练；主席；赞助商；观众 体育精神与评价（sportsmanship and comment） sportsmanship; fair play; true hero; win with humility; lose with grace; do both with dignity; unselfish; determination; willpower; devotion; hard work; remarkable; exceptional; be committed to; do one’s best; never give up 体育精神；公平竞赛；真正的英雄；胜时谦逊；败时优雅；两者皆保持尊严；无私的；决心；意志力；奉献；努力；非凡的；杰出的；致力于；尽力而为；永不放弃 常用短语（key phrases） in the spirit of ...; keep sth in perspective; call on sb to do sth; move the goalposts; score an own goal; in the ballpark; a ballpark estimate; throw sb a curveball; three strikes and you are out; below the belt; throw in the towel; walk on air; dozens of; a variety of; a couple of; make way for sth; be worthy of ... 怀着……的精神；正确客观地看待；正式邀请某人做某事；改变条件（规则）；进乌龙球／做让自己吃亏的事；差不多；大致相近的估计；给某人出难题；三振出局；不公正的、伤人的；认输、承认失败；欢天喜地、得意扬扬；许多；各种各样的；两三个；为……腾出空间；值得…… 常用动词与描述（verbs and description） gather; host; compete; rank; motivate; demonstrate; proceed; applaud; call on; devote oneself to; push the boundaries of; realise; recognise; rank first in the medal table; be overcome with joy; be committed to; break a record; beat / defeat; take part in; cheer on; sign a contract 聚集；主办；参加比赛；名列；激励；展现；接着做；称赞；号召；献身于；突破……极限；意识到；认可；位居奖牌榜第一；欣喜若狂；致力于；打破纪录；击败；参加；加油助威；签合同 拓展表达（背默） ● In the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play, athletes from all over the world gather to compete. 怀着友谊、团结与公平竞赛的精神，来自世界各地的运动员聚在一起参赛。 ● Winning is not everything; what matters is how you play the game. 获胜并非一切，重要的是你如何比赛。 ● A true sportsperson wins with humility and loses with grace. 真正的体育健儿胜时谦逊，败时优雅。 ● Sport teaches you character, it teaches you to play by the rules. 体育教人品格，教人遵守规则。 ● When life throws you a curveball, do not throw in the towel. 当生活给你出难题时，不要认输。 ● Play the game for the joy of it, and the result will take care of itself. 为快乐而比赛，结果自会水到渠成。 即时练习（微写作） 郎平被誉为中国女排的“铁榔头”（教材原文 the “Iron Hammer”）。她1960年出生于天津，加入中国女排并在1978年亚运会摘得银牌。2013年被任命为主教练时，球队当时仍在沿用她自己当年学到的那套执教风格。在她的带领下，新一代球员被耐心培养，最终在2016年里约奥运会上夺得了金牌。 单元语法：过去进行时与过去完成时的被动语态 本单元 Grammar and usage 板块的语法重点是过去进行时与过去完成时的被动语态（Passive voice in the past continuous and past perfect tenses），复习时要特别注意：这里的被动语态不是一般现在时的被动（be + done），而是“在过去某一时间点正在进行”或“在过去某一时间之前已完成”的动作。 教材原句观察（Grammar and usage） — My heart was beating rapidly in my chest as I found a shady place to rest my tired body.（Grammar and usage）当我找到一处阴凉的地方让我疲惫的身体休息时，我的心在胸腔里急速跳动。 — Six weeks ago, my friends told me that a city half-marathon for amateurs was being organized to help raise money for charity, and encouraged me to take part.（Grammar and usage）六周前，我的朋友告诉我，一场为业余选手举办的城市半程马拉松正在筹办，目的是为慈善筹款，并鼓励我参加。 — I ran my race relaxed and confident, even though my limits were being tested like never before. （Grammar and usage）我放松而自信地跑完了这场比赛，尽管我的极限正受到前所未有的考验。 — I was happy to learn that a lot of money had been raised for charity.（Grammar and usage）得知为慈善筹集了很大一笔钱，我感到很高兴。 1. 构成形式 过去进行时的被动语态：was / were + being + 过去分词；过去完成时的被动语态：had been + 过去分词。否定式分别为 was / were not being done 与 had not been done；疑问式为 Was / Were ... being done? 与 Had ... been done? 2. 常见用法 （1）过去进行时的被动语态：表示过去某一时间点或某段时间正在进行的被动动作，强调“正在进行”。常与 at that time / at 4:30 a.m. / when ... 连用。 ○ By the time Cathy and I, together with other volunteers, arrived at 4:30 a.m., tables ______ on both sides of the road.（教材 B2 填空，第 (1) 空填 had been placed）到凯西和我与其他志愿者早上四点半到达时，道路两旁已经摆好了桌子。 ○ At that moment, the swimming pool ______ thoroughly.（教材 B1，第 (2) 空填 was being cleaned）那时，游泳池正在被彻底清扫。 （2）过去完成时的被动语态：表示在过去的某一时间或时间点之前已经完成的被动动作，即“过去的过去”。常与 by the end of / by the time / before / after 等连用。 ○ After all the preparations ______, the exciting half-marathon began.（教材 B2 填空，第 (4) 空填 had been made）所有的准备工作完成之后，激动人心的半程马拉松开始了。 ○ Photos of the riders ______ before they got on their horses.（教材 B1，第 (5) 空填 had been taken）骑手们的照片在他们上马之前就已经拍好了。 特别提醒（易错点归纳） ① 过去完成时的被动语态 had been done 不能孤立使用，必须有“过去某一时间”作为参照（如 by then, by the time ..., before they got on their horses）。 ② 过去完成时的被动（had been done）与一般过去时的被动（was / were done）的区别：前者强调“过去的过去”，后者强调“过去某时发生”。如 The litter was littered around by the wind（当时正在发生）与 The photos had been taken earlier（更早完成）不可混用。 ③ 只有及物动词才有被动语态。arrive / happen / take place / belong to / happen to 等不及物动词没有被动语态，不能写成 was arrived / was happened。 ④ 注意区分主动的进行时与被动的进行时：The team was preparing.（团队当时正准备，主语是动作发出者）与 The stadium was being prepared.（体育场当时正在被筹备，主语是动作承受者）。 3. 与相关时态的转换 ○ 过去进行时的被动 → 一般过去时的被动：was being done → was done（去掉 being，保留 was/were + done）。 ○ 过去完成时的被动 → 一般过去时的被动：had been done → was/were done（had been 改为 was/were）。 ○ 一般过去时的被动 → 过去进行时的被动：was done → was being done（注意：加上 being 后动作的时间点会被进一步锁定为“那一刻正在进行”）。 4. 记忆口诀 “过去某刻正在做，被动加 being；过去某刻早完成，had been 顶上；主语是动作承受者，句中别忘加 by。”即：was / were + being + done 表“过去某刻正在被动进行”；had been + done 表“过去某刻之前已完成”；动作的承受者作主语时，过去分词后通常要加 by + 施动者。 即时练习（单句语法填空） 在空白处填入括号内动词的适当形式（被动语态，时态为过去进行时或过去完成时）。 1. When I arrived at the stadium, the equipment ______ (check) one last time. 2. At eight o'clock last night, the report ______ (write) by a young reporter. 3. The old stadium ______ (build) over thirty years ago, and it ______ (renovate) last year. 4. She knew she had trained hard, so she was not surprised that her muscles ______ (test)when she entered the final. 5. The 2022 Winter Olympics ______ (choose) as the host city years before the Games took place. 6. It was widely reported that the athletes ______ (train)under strict rules during the closed camp. 7. The gold medals ______ (make)of pure gold, so they ______ (design)specially for each event. 8. When the coach arrived, the medical room ______ (prepare)and the doctor ______ (wait)outside. 单元句型与写作：体育精神议论文 本单元 Integrated skills 板块要求写一篇关于 sportsmanship（体育精神）的议论文。教材 Planning your writing 板块明确要求：先引出话题并表明立场，再详细阐明对体育精神的理解，必要时可加入相反意见并说明你为何反对，最后总结全文。下面按这一三段式结构梳理可迁移的写作句型。 一、三段式结构与教材提示 结构 内容要点 教材提示 Introduction 引出 sportsmanship 话题，明确表明你对体育精神的立场（take a clear stand） Introduce the topic and state the main idea Body 详细阐明你对体育精神的理解，必要时举例支持；也可加入相反意见并说明为何反对 Develop the body with examples and an opposing opinion Conclusion 提醒读者你写了什么，用不同措辞表达主旨（不要照搬原句） Sum up in a different way 二、常用句型公式 1. 表明立场（首段必备）： ● Sportsmanship, to me, means playing by the rules and treating your opponent with respect. ● When I talk about sportsmanship, I actually mean respecting both the game and the people in it. ● I firmly believe that winning matters far less than how we win. 2. 引入他人观点并反驳（正文常用）： ● Some people believe that winning is all that matters, and they do not care how it is achieved. ● It is often said that the only thing a champion needs is victory. ● Opponents of this view argue that ...（引入反方） 3. 表达让步与转折（体现思辨层次）： ● Though winning is very important in sport, I believe that ...（教材给出的过渡句范例） ● Admittedly, victory brings glory; however, ... ● Granted that talent and hard work matter, ... 4. 举例论证（正反皆可）： ● Take ... as an example. / Take Monti as an example. ● A case in point is ... 一个恰当的例子是…… ● As Coubertin believed, “...” 引出名言支撑观点 5. 收束全文（末段必备）： ● To sum up, sportsmanship is not about how fast you run, but about who you are when you stop. ● All in all, true sportspersons win with humility and lose with grace. ● In a word, what matters most in sport is not the medal but the spirit behind it. 拓展（教材 Learning about writing techniques）：教材要求“使用过渡句来总结已写内容并引出下文的论点”，例如在提出“有人认为获胜就是一切”之后，可自然过渡到相反观点：Though winning is very important in sport, I believe that ... 本单元可直接迁移的过渡手段还包括：However / Nevertheless（转折）、Admittedly / Granted that（让步）、Take ... as an example（举例）、To sum up / All in all（总结）。 三、语篇示例（学生可直接仿写） 体育精神：不仅仅是胜利 当人们谈论体育时，脑海中浮现的第一个词往往是“胜利”。有些人认为胜利才是最重要的，冠军只是站在领奖台最高阶梯上的那个人。然而，当我说体育精神最重要时，我实际上指的是我们的比赛方式，而不仅仅是我们取得的结果。 以尤金尼奥·蒙蒂为例。在1964年冬奥会两人雪车决赛中，他得知一名英国选手损坏了他的雪橇一部分。他毫不犹豫地取下了自己雪车的同一部分，借给了对手。他虽然没有夺冠，但他以真正的英雄身份离开了。这样的时刻展现的不是天赋，而是品格。诚然，每个运动员都想赢，但我认为通过伤害他人获得的胜利远不及有尊严地接受失败的价值。 总之，体育精神不是跑多快，而是你停下时的你是谁。正如顾拜旦所信，每一代人都有自己的雄心和向上的意志，而体育教会我们以一种永不踩到他人的方式攀登。 （时间：45分钟） 1、 单词拼写 1．Instead of c________ about the long queue, Tom waited patiently and read a book. 2．She stayed calm and managed to h________ the difficult situation without any help. 3．Daily exercise helps teenagers build up a strong _________ (体质). He has to avoid staying up late and take regular exercise. 4．When we say someone meets his match, it means he’ll no longer be able to beat his o________ with ease. 5．D________ (表现) the power of teamwork is the main goal of this group activity. 6．The sports meeting was c_______________ because of the heavy rain. 7．The athlete’s _________ (夙愿，目标) to win the gold medal came true at last. 8．Park visitors must stay within the marked ________ (边界) so that they do not disturb protected wildlife. 9．While he has encountered countless setbacks and doubts along the way, the original dream of bringing clean energy to remote villages still m__________ (激发，激励) him to keep moving forward without hesitation. 10．If you are _________ (一致的，持续的) in your efforts, you will make steady progress. 11．Chongqing No.1 Secondary School offers d________ (各种各样的) after-school activities for their students. (根据中英文提示单词拼写) 12．The climate here has been changing ________ (逐渐地) over the past fifty years, which concerns many scientists. 13．“Let the cat out of the bag” is an i__________ meaning to tell a secret by mistake. 14．I left as early as was __________(一致，相符) with politeness in order not to upset the host. 15．Research has found that having access to ________ (不同的) teachers is beneficial for children. 2、 阅读理解 Passage A Volleyball became my sport for two reasons. Primarily, my parents wanted me to try out a sport that could make me enjoy workouts; I also knew that my mom loved playing it in Venezuela during her youth. I thought maybe I could feel the same. Indeed, I fell in love with it after just a couple of practices. Between practices, I would stretch (伸出) my arms out, hold my hands together and push my wrists down to try to build muscle memory of the perfect platform. I would catch the ball, focusing on forming a triangular (三角形的) shape each time, with my right hand guiding the movement. Each time I’d release the ball upwards, I knew I was one try closer to getting it right. I worked tirelessly because I wanted to get better. I wanted to be great one day. However, I lacked the head start most girls had. I started playing years after many other girls had. I was thrown into the deep end when the club where I practiced placed me on their most competitive team for my age group mid-season. Most of the girls did not welcome me. While this competition within and between teams was sometimes productive, it proved to be unhealthy. It was dangerous when it reached a tipping point. By the end of my freshman year of high school, I’d reached my breaking point. Over four years, I only touched a volleyball a couple of times and only in casual settings. When the opportunity came to play with one of my best friends in a series of friendly matches, I hesitated. I eventually agreed, making it a point not to be so hard on myself. Volleyball finally brought the same enjoyment that had made me fall in love with it. I look forward to every opportunity I have to play now. I expect there will be more volleyball matches. 16．Why did the author choose to play volleyball? A．To find joy in exercise. B．To copy her mother’s experience. C．To be a great player. D．To prove herself to others. 17．What did the author do to improve her volleyball skills? A．She practiced the correct hand position. B．She stretched her arms for strength. C．She released the ball higher each time. D．She caught the ball to check her hand shape. 18．What can be drawn from the author’s team experience? A．It improved her skills quickly. B．It kept her away from volleyball. C．It taught her to handle teammates. D．It proved that hard work pays off. 19．What does the text indicate? A．Early practice guarantees better performance. B．Joy returns when you ease up on yourself. C．A strict coach makes a great player. D．Pressure sometimes breaks a person. Passage B As the 2026 FIFA World Cup kicked off across the United States, Canada and Mexico, another competition has been quietly emerging — off the field. Several Chinese large language models including Qwen, DeepSeek and Kimi have stepped up to predict match results, turning the world’s largest sporting event into an unexpected testing ground for AI-powered reasoning and data analysis. Several AI platforms have come up with creative campaigns. For instance, Moonshot AI’s Kimi has launched a 1-trillion-token reward for correctly predicting match winners and the final champion. However, the World Cup has also exposed the limitations of current AI models when it comes to analyzing and predicting the results of sporting events. For example, before the Group C match between Brazil and Morocco, major large language models confidently predicted a Brazilian victory, based on historical records and data. The match ended in a 1-1 draw. “As one of the most-watched sporting events across the globe, the World Cup offers AI companies a rare opportunity to showcase the computing power and analytical skills to a wider audience, but soccer matches are influenced by many factors in the physical world, and such variables (变量) are highly uncertain and difficult to quantify using fixed AI models, making precise predictions challenging.” said Guo Tao, a member of the Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence and a senior expert in AI. Asked why tech companies are rolling out AI prediction features for sports when the accuracy rate is relatively low, experts said the trend partly reflects the growing pressure of competition across the industry. While artificial intelligence has grown extremely powerful in the digital world, the physical world — with all its unpredictability — remains largely beyond its reach. As the AI technology matures, simply competing on the size parameter (参数) is not enough, so the market should pay less attention to how large a model is and more attention to whether it can deliver valuable services in real-world situations and solve practical problems for users. 20．Why is the 2026 FIFA World Cup seen as “an unexpected testing ground” for AI? A．It lets AI platforms test match prediction. B．It is a big sports event hosted by three nations. C．It provides big rewards for new AI models. D．It helps AI correct sports data errors. 21．What can be learned from the Brazil-Morocco match result? A．Most football games end in draws unexpectedly. B．AI fails to collect enough sports statistics. C．Statistical data mean nothing to match analysis. D．Historical data cannot guarantee accurate predictions. 22．What is Guo Tao’s attitude toward AI’s ability to predict sports events? A．optimistic B．skeptical C．disapproving D．objective 23．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．AI can predict all real-world events accurately. B．Big AI models are useless in modern market. C．Practical service ability for AI matters more. D．Model size still decides an AI model’s value. 3、 完形填空 As a foreign visitor to Dalian, I was a far cry from wrapping my head around local football fans. To my outsider’s eyes, their thunderous chants and nonstop jumping seemed way 24 , totally beyond my expectations. Frankly, I secretly 25 whether they had lost their minds. Little did I realize I was wandering into uncharted territory the moment I 26 for the North Stand of Suoyuwan Stadium. Immersed in the roaring sea of cheers, I suddenly froze -a gigantic tifo (巨幅画布) of Stanciu 27 right before my eyes. Fans ranging from grey-haired elders to teenagers displayed impressive teamwork. The breathtaking display knocked my 28 off. At first, I felt a touch 29 , like an outsider crashing a private party. I hesitated for a while, then soon 30 my feet, bouncing wildly to the beat. I yelled “Sha-la-la” several times 31 and no longer cared how silly I looked. I once assumed football was merely about powerful 32 and goals. Yet here, the sport managed to carry on its magic across borders and generations. Total strangers built an unexpected 33 , bound by pure excitement. Many fans travelled a long way to get here, their muddy sneakers telling stories of the journey. The atmosphere 34 filled every corner of the stand. It finally 35 for me: football is far more than a competitive game and passion for this beautiful game simply has no boundary. Looking back on this unforgettable experience that has 36 my understanding about sports, I 37 to keep this precious memory deep in my heart, since it serves as living 38 that sport is a universal language tearing down walls. 24．A．heart-in-mouth B．over-the-top C．state-of-the-art D．once-in-a-lifetime 25．A．predicted B．defined C．wondered D．concluded 26．A．headed B．walked C．drove D．rushed 27．A．unfolded B．uncovered C．unwrapped D．unlocked 28．A．hat B．arms C．socks D．head 29．A．awe-inspiring B．confused C．awkward D．thrilled 30．A．carried on B．burst onto C．gave way D．took off 31．A．in time B．in turn C．in place D．in a row 32．A．beliefs B．aims C．efforts D．shots 33．A．association B．promise C．system D．routine 34．A．merely B．steely C．perfectly D．hardly 35．A．reminded B．clicked C．displayed D．dawned 36．A．restored B．sharpened C．guaranteed D．exchanged 37．A．hesitate B．attempt C．pretend D．resolve 38．A．sample B．symbol C．signal D．proof 四、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 On April 19, 2026, the Beijing E-Town Half Marathon for humanoid robots took place, 39 attracted great attention. 40 ordinary races, this 21.0975-kilometer event included both autonomous and remote-controlled robots. 41 (surprising), the first robot to cross the finish line was not the final champion. The Jueying Chitu team, using a remote-controlled robot called “Lightning”, 42 (finish) with a net time of 48 minutes and 19 seconds, consistently running faster than 7 m/s. However, according to the competition rules, the 43 (result) of remote-controlled teams were multiplied (乘) by a weighting factor of 1.2 (1.2 的加权系数), giving them an adjusted time of about 57 minutes. As a result, 44 champion title went to the Qitian Dasheng team, which used an autonomous robot also 45 (name) “Lightning.” Their official finishing time was 50 minutes and 26 seconds. The rules also included time penalties (处罚): Battery replacement outside stations was allowed only in emergencies, with a 5-minute penalty for the first time and 10 minutes for the second. Replacing a robot led to even 46 (heavy) penalties. Interestingly, any autonomous team 47 (conduct) unauthorized human intervention (违规干预) more than three times would be automatically reclassified as a remote-controlled team. This special robot marathon not only shows the rapid development of humanoid robot technology, but also reflects the fairness and strictness of 48 (science) competition rules. 6 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 牛津译林版选择性必修第二册Unit 2 Sports culture（复习讲义) 复习要点 1. 主题语境：体育与体育文化——从奥运会史话、体育精神（sportsmanship）到体育习语，围绕“公平竞赛、挑战自我、追求卓越”三条主线展开复习，积累话题词汇与地道表达。 2. 词汇短语：掌握 motivate, demonstrate, proceed, applaud, compete, rank, ambition, fellow, consist, call on, in perspective, move the goalposts, score an own goal, in the ballpark, throw sb a curveball, below the belt, throw in the towel 等主题词汇及体育习语的用法。 3. 语法：系统梳理过去进行时与过去完成时的被动语态——由“was/were + being + done”与“had been + done”构成的时态语态叠加。 4. 句型：学习议论文写作（写作体育精神），掌握“提出观点—论证—总结”的三段式结构，能运用过渡句使行文衔接自然。 复习重难点 重点：过去进行时被动语态与过去完成时被动语态的形式与用法辨析；议论文三段式结构的展开与论证。 难点：过去完成时被动语态（had been done）与一般过去时被动语态（was/were done）的区别；过渡句在议论文论证段落之间的转换作用；体育习语的正确理解与情境迁移。 单元词汇 知识点1：solidarity n. 团结，齐心协力 — Every four years, thousands of highly trained and talented athletes gather together in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play, ready to test their abilities against each other in the hope of being recognized as the best of the best. 每隔四年，数千名训练有素、技艺高超的运动员怀着友谊、团结与公平竞赛的精神聚在一起，准备与彼此较量，渴望被认定为其中的佼佼者。 用法归纳 ① solidarity n. 团结，齐心协力：in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play 怀着友谊、团结与公平竞赛的精神。 ② 常见搭配：a sense of solidarity 团结感；show solidarity with sb 与某人团结一心；in solidarity with 与……一致。 ③ 近形辨析：solidarity 强调“众人为同一目标团结一致”；unity 强调“和谐统一、整体一致”；cooperation 强调“互相配合合作”。 ④ 形容词：solidary adj. 团结一致的；类似的搭配还有 united adj. 联合的、团结的（教材 Joint efforts 同源）。 词汇拓展 solidarity n. 团结，齐心协力 → solidary adj. 团结一致的；in the spirit of 怀着……的精神；joint effort 共同努力 即时练习 ① The players showed great ________ （solid）to each other after the earthquake struck their training base. ② 翻译：全世界的运动员在友谊、团结与公平竞赛的精神下聚在一起。（提示：in the spirit of ...） ③ 微写作：在公平竞赛的精神下，无论对手胜负，我都尊重他的努力。 参考答案：① solidarity　② Thousands of athletes from all over the world gather together in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.③In the spirit of fair play, I respect every opponent's effort, whether he wins or loses. 【解析】① 空前有形容词 great，需名词，指“团结”，填 solidarity。② in the spirit of 意为“怀着……的精神”，后接并列名词 friendship, solidarity and fair play，注意首字母小写（除句首）与逗号并列的排版。 知识点2：compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争 — Every four years, thousands of highly trained and talented athletes gather together in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play, ready to test their abilities against each other in the hope of being recognized as the best of the best. 每隔四年，数千名训练有素、技艺高超的运动员怀着友谊、团结与公平竞赛的精神聚在一起，准备与彼此较量，渴望被认定为其中的佼佼者。 用法归纳 ① compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争：compete against sb 与某人比赛；compete with sb 与某人竞争；compete for sb/sth 为某人／某物而竞争；compete in a sports meet 参加运动会。 ② 名词：competition n. 比赛，竞争；competitor n. 参赛者，竞争者。“Young athletes aged between 15 and 18 compete in a wide range of sports”. ③ 辨析：compete 侧重“争取参与竞争”这一动作，可用于体育与经济、外交等各类竞争；contest 多指“就某项裁决、争议展开争夺”，常与法律、权利搭配。 ④ 拓展：compete ... 与 compete with 的区别在于前者强调双方互相对抗（compete against），后者强调双方相互竞争（compete with），高考写作中可互换使用。 词汇拓展 compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争 → competition n. 竞争；比赛 → competitor n. 竞争者；参赛者 → competitive adj. 竞争的；好胜的；advantageous 有利的 即时练习 ① We may have to ________ （竞争）with robots for jobs in the future. ② The two teams ________ （compete）each other in the final match. ③ 微写作：我们校队将与另外五支队伍在接力赛中角逐；决赛中，二班的选手与五班最强的队伍展开了较量。 参考答案：① compete　② competed ③Our school team will compete with five other teams in the relay. In the final, the runners from Class Two competed against the strongest team from Class Five. 【解析】① 时间状语 in the future 指将来，动词用原形 compete，with 表“与……竞争”。② last month 已过，用一般过去时 competed。③ 注意 compete with 与 compete against 均可表示“与……竞争”，但 compete with 更强调“与……并存/竞争”，compete against 更强调“与……对抗”，写作中可交替使用以避免重复。 知识点3：diverse adj. 多种多样的，不同的 — For over a century, people from diverse backgrounds have made joint efforts to help realize Coubertin's dream. 一个多世纪以来，来自不同背景的人们为实现顾拜旦的梦想付出了共同努力。 用法归纳 ① diverse adj. 多种多样的，不同的：diverse backgrounds 不同背景；a diverse culture 多元的文化。 ② 常见搭配：be diverse in sth. 在某方面多种多样；a diverse range of 多种多样的……（教材 Connecting skills B1：The Youth Olympic Games give talented teenagers a chance to connect with fellow athletes from diverse backgrounds）。 ③ 名词：diversity n. 多样性；生物多样性（biology 中的 biological diversity）。 ④ 近义辨析：diverse 强调“种类多、彼此不同”；various 强调“数量多、涵盖面广”；different 泛指“有差异的”。三者中 diverse 语义最强，适合形容构成复杂、多元的群体。 词汇拓展 diverse adj. 多种多样的 → diversity n. 多样性；diversely adv. 多样地；racial adj. 种族的（教材 different racial origins 不同种族出身） 即时练习 ① The Olympic Games bring together athletes from ________ (各种各样的)cultural backgrounds. ② 翻译：来自不同种族、不同文化的人们和平共处。（提示：racial origins, live side by side in peace） ③ 微写作：我的城市是一个多元文化交汇之地：同一条街上就能找到中餐、意大利餐和韩国餐。 参考答案：① diverse　② People of different racial origins and from different cultures live side by side in peace.③My city is a place where diverse cultures meet: you can find Chinese food, Italian food and Korean food on the same street.【解析】① 修饰 backgrounds，需形容词；此处强调背景的多元，用 diverse 比 various 更贴切（后者侧重数量）。② racial origins 指“种族出身”，教材原文为 people of different racial origins and from different cultures；live side by side in peace 意为“和平共处”。 知识点4：motivate vt. 激励，激发 — Motivated by the Olympic motto “Faster, Higher, Stronger”, many well-known athletes, both male and female, have devoted themselves to achieving sporting excellence and pushing the boundaries of human achievement. 受奥运格言“更快、更高、更强”的激励，许多男女知名运动员都致力于追求卓越，不断突破人类的极限。 用法归纳 ① motivate vt. 激励，激发：motivate sb to do sth 激励某人做某事；be motivated by ... 受……激励（教材原句中Motivated by 置于句首作状语）。 ② 名词：motivation n. 动机，积极性；motivating adj. 激励人的。教材 Workbook A5：What has motivated her to be a volunteer? — A desire to help others. ③ 辨析：motivate 强调“激发动力”，宾语通常是人；encourage 强调“给予鼓励使其敢于尝试”，宾语也可以是事物或动作。 ④ 常见搭配：be motivated by a sense of ... 出于……的动机而；motivate sb to work harder 激励某人更加努力。 词汇拓展 motivate vt. 激励，激发 → motivation n. 动机；motivated adj. 受激励的；ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心，雄心，壮志；motto n. 格言，座右铭 即时练习 ① What has ________ （motivate）her to be a volunteer? — A desire to help others. ② The coach's ________ （motivate）speech gave the team the strength to go on. ③ 微写作：让我坚持训练的是变得比昨天更好的愿望。 参考答案：① motivated　② motivating③What motivates me to keep training is the desire to be better than I was yesterday. 【解析】① has 后需过去分词作表语（被动含义），且 what has done 为主动语态，故填 motivated，意为“激励（她）”。② 修饰 speech，需形容词作定语，表示“能起激励作用的”，用 motivating。③ 注意 motivate 的宾语必须是人（或一群人），不能说 What motivated me to ... 是 the running。 知识点5：motto n. (pl. mottoes) 格言，座右铭 — Motivated by the Olympic motto “Faster, Higher, Stronger”, many well-known athletes, both male and female, have devoted themselves to achieving sporting excellence and pushing the boundaries of human achievement. 受奥运格言“更快、更高、更强”的激励，许多男女知名运动员都致力于追求卓越，不断突破人类的极限。 用法归纳 ① motto n. (pl. mottoes / mottos) 格言，座右铭：the Olympic motto 奥运格言；a life motto 人生格言。 ② 与近义词辨析：motto 多指“简短而凝练的格言、座右铭”，常印在徽标、旗帜或书页上；slogan 多指“宣传口号、标语”，带有号召色彩；saying 指“俗语、谚语”，多指流传的口头说法。 ③ 与熟语搭配：in the spirit of the Olympic motto 秉承奥运格言的精神；act in accordance with one's motto 按自己的座右铭行事。 词汇拓展 motto n. 格言，座右铭 → slogan n. 标语，口号；saying n. 俗语，谚语；ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心 即时练习 ① The Olympic ________ （格言）“Faster, Higher, Stronger” is a call to keep improving. ② The slogan of the Games was ________ （motto）to the idea of a shared dream. ③ 微写作：我的格言是“跑自己的赛”。我选它是因为我不想把自己的进步和别人比。 参考答案：① motto　② motto ③（示例）My motto is “Run your own race.” I choose it because I do not want to compare my progress with anyone else's. 【解析】① 与 Olympic 搭配且用引号标出，意为“奥运格言”，填 motto（格言、座右铭），不可用 slogan（口号，口号带有宣传色彩）。② 句意强调“契合共同梦想这一理念”，仍用 motto 更为准确，说明 motto 侧重凝练、经典，而 slogan 侧重宣传号召。 知识点6：demonstrate vt. 表现，表露；证实，证明；示范，演示 — He came to public attention during the 1960 Rome Olympics, when he won the light heavyweight gold medal for the USA, demonstrating great talent and personality in the process. 他在1960年罗马奥运会上为美国夺得轻重量级金牌而声名鹊起，并在这一过程中展现出非凡的才华与个性。 用法归纳 ① demonstrate vt. 表现，表露；证实，证明；示范，演示（vi. 游行示威）：demonstrate great talent 展现非凡才华；demonstrate one's ability 展示某人的能力。 ② 常见搭配：demonstrate that ... 证明……；demonstrate the truth 证明真相；demonstrate a method 演示一种方法；demonstrate against sth 示威反对某事（此时为 vi.）。 ③ 近义辨析：demonstrate 侧重“用行动或证据加以证明”，常接具体行为或结果；show 泛指“显示、表明”，用法最广；prove 侧重“通过论证证实”，多用于结论性判断。 ④ 名词：demonstration n. 示范；表演；示威。 词汇拓展 demonstrate vt. 表现，证明；示范 → demonstration n. 示范；表演；示威；talent n. 天赋，才能；talent for sth. 做某事的天赋 即时练习 ① His performance at the games ________ （证明）the importance of daily training. ② The teacher ________ （demonstrate）the new experiment procedure to the whole class. ③ 微写作：我通过每月记录跑步成绩来展示自己的进步。 参考答案：① demonstrated　② demonstrated③I try to demonstrate my progress by recording my running times once a month. 【解析】① 讲过去发生的事，用一般过去时 demonstrated；demonstrate the importance 意为“证明……的重要性”。② demonstrate 在此意为“演示、示范”，与 experiment procedure 连用，与 show off（炫耀）不同，show off 侧重“故意炫耀以引人注意”。 知识点7：proceed vi. 接着做，继而做；继续从事（或进行）；行进，前往 — He came to public attention during the 1960 Rome Olympics, when he won the light heavyweight gold medal for the USA, demonstrating great talent and personality in the process. Afterwards, this young man proceeded to become the world heavyweight champion in 1964, and later changed his name to the one we all know—Muhammad Ali. 他在1960年罗马奥运会上为美国夺得轻重量级金牌而声名鹊起，并在这一过程中展现出非凡的才华与个性。此后，这位青年于1964年进而成为世界重量级冠军，后来还改成了我们都熟知的名字——穆罕默德·阿里。 用法归纳 1 proceed vi. 接着做，继而做；继续从事（或进行）；行进，前往。 ② 常见搭配：proceed to do sth 接着做某事；proceed with sth 继续进行某事；proceed to the next question 进入下一个话题。教材 Workbook A6：After the chairman outlined his plan, he ______ to explain it in detail. 空缺处填 proceeded。 ③ 辨析：proceed 强调“时间上的先后衔接，接着做”；continue 强调“动作的持续、中断后再接上”；carry on 与 continue 意思相近，多用于口语。 ④ 同根词：process n. 过程，程序；步骤（动词 process 意为“处理、加工”）。 词汇拓展 proceed vi. 接着做；进行；前往 → process n. 过程；程序（vt. 处理）→ successive adj. 连续的，接连的 即时练习 ① After the chairman outlined his plan, he ________ （proceed）to explain it in detail. ② Having finished the first question, she ________ （继续）to the second one. ③ 微写作：交上报告后，我接着与搭档一起复盘我的错误。 参考答案：① proceeded　② proceeded ③After handing in my report, I proceeded to review my mistakes with my partner. 【解析】① After 引导的时间状语从句中 outlined 用一般过去时，主句 he ______ 亦用过去式，故填 proceeded；proceed to do sth 是固定搭配。② Having finished 为现在分词完成时，proceeded 与 finished 时态呼应，强调“接着做”的先后关系。 知识点8：applaud vt. & vi. 称赞，赞许；鼓掌 情景导学 — Another sportsperson that should be applauded is Jessica Ennis-Hill. Her story is a remarkable example of how hard work and devotion can lead to sporting excellence. 另一位值得称赞的运动员是杰西卡·恩尼斯-希尔。她的故事生动地说明，勤奋与奉献如何带来运动上的卓越。 用法归纳 ① applaud vt. & vi. 称赞，赞许；鼓掌：applaud sb/sth 称赞某人／某事；applaud sb for sth 因某事称赞某人；applaud a performance 为表演鼓掌。 ② 名词：applause n. 掌声；喝采；赞颂（不可数）：win applause 赢得掌声；be greeted with applause 受到掌声欢迎。 ③ 辨析：applaud 强调“公开地赞赏、鼓掌”，对象可以是人也可以是事物；acclaim 强调“一致称赞、盛赞”，多用于作品、成就；praise 泛指“表扬”，最普通。 ④ 易混：applaud 与 clapping 的区别——applaud 是完整动词（含称赞义），clap 只是“拍（手）”。 词汇拓展 applaud vt. & vi. 称赞；鼓掌 → applause n. 掌声；赞颂（不可数）；deserve vt. 应得，值得：deserve applause 应得掌声 即时练习 ① The judge could not help but ________ （称赞）the young gymnast's perfect performance. ② 微写作：在我看来，永不言弃的精神最值得称赞。 参考答案：① applaud　②In my opinion, the spirit of never giving up deserves the greatest applause. 【解析】① could not help but do sth 意为“忍不住做某事”，后接动词原形，故填 applaud。 知识点9：consistent adj. 一致的，始终如一的；连续的 — In an interview she revealed that the secret of her consistent good performance was the training that she never missed. 在一次采访中她透露，她稳定出色发挥的秘诀在于从不间断的训练。 用法归纳 ① consistent adj. 一致的，始终如一的；连续的：consistent good performance 稳定出色的表现；be consistent with sth. 与某事一致（教材 Workbook D7：complain that the boss's behaviour is not consistent 前后不一）。 ② 名词：consistency n. 一致性；连贯性。形容词 consistent 修饰名词时，注意其所在语境：consistent with 表示“与……相符”，consistent in 表示“在……方面始终如一”。 ③ 近义辨析：consistent 强调“前后不矛盾、始终如一”；constant 强调“持续不断、频率高”；continuous 强调“连续不间断”（多修饰时间或物体）。 ④ 反义：inconsistent adj. 不一致的；不协调的。 词汇拓展 consistent adj. 一致的；始终如一的 → consistency n. 一致性；连贯性 → constant adj. 不断的；恒定的 即时练习 ① Her performance last season was far more ________ （始终如一的）than the year before. ② The results of the two experiments are not ________（consistency） with each other. ③ 微写作：我固定学习计划表，这样即使在忙碌的几周里习惯也能保持如一。 参考答案：① consistent　② consistent ③I keep a fixed study schedule so that my habits stay consistent even during busy weeks. 【解析】① 由 than 可知需形容词作表语，且与下文“训练从不间断”呼应，用 consistent（始终如一）。② consistent with sth. 是固定搭配，意为“与某事相符、一致”。 知识点10：persuade vt. 说服；使信服（persuasion n. 说服，劝说） 情景导学 — In other words, it tries to persuade people to buy a product or service.换句话说，广告试图说服人们购买某种产品或服务。 — Based on the psychology behind creating a desire to buy, advertisers have developed ways of persuading people into purchasing their products or services.基于制造购买欲望的心理学原理，广告商已经发展出各种说服人们购买其产品或服务的方法。 用法归纳 ① persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事：persuade people to buy a product。 ② persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事：persuade consumers of the value of the product。 ③ persuade sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事（into 后接动名词）：persuade people into purchasing。 ④ 名词：persuasion n. 说服，劝说；形容词：persuasive adj. 有说服力的。 ⑤ 近义辨析：persuade 强调“说服对方改变想法或采取行动”；convince 强调“使某人相信某事”（convince sb. of sth. / convince sb. that ...）。 词汇拓展 persuade vt. 说服；使信服 → persuasion n. 说服，劝说；persuasive adj. 有说服力的 即时练习 ① The advertisement is designed to persuade consumers ________ (buy) the product. ② His explanation persuaded me ________ the truth of the story. ③ 微写作：用 persuade sb. to do sth. 写一句话，说明广告的推销目的。（这则广告旨在说服青少年购买这款新型运动饮料。） 参考答案：① to buy ② of ③This advertisement is designed to persuade teenagers to buy the new sports drink. 【解析】① persuade sb. to do sth. 中 to 为不定式符号，填 to buy。② persuade sb. of sth. 意为“使某人相信某事”，填 of。 知识点11：call on sb to do sth 正式邀请某人做某事；请求某人做某事 The 2008 Beijing Olympics called on the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity with the slogan “One World, One Dream”. 2008年北京奥运会以“同一个世界，同一个梦想”为口号，号召全世界加入奥林匹克精神，为人类建设更美好的未来。 用法归纳 ① call on sb to do sth 正式邀请／请求／号召某人做某事：call on the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit 号召全世界加入奥林匹克精神。教材 Wordlist 词条：call on sb to do sth 正式邀请某人做某事；请求某人做某事。 ② 辨析（三个易混动词短语）： ○ call on sb to do sth　正式邀请／请求某人做某事（对象可以是陌生人，如上门请人帮忙）。 ○ call for sth / call for sb to do sth　要求、需要（不针对具体的人，如 The situation calls for immediate action. 形势要求立即采取行动。）。 ○ call on / call in / call out　拜访某人；召集某人；叫喊。如 call on a friend 拜访朋友，call out a name 喊出一个名字。 ③ 名词：call n. 打电话；喊叫；访问。注意 call on 作动词短语与 call 作名词时意义完全不同。 词汇拓展 call on sb to do sth 正式邀请某人做某事；call for sth 要求，需要；opponent n. 对手，竞争者；反对者 即时练习 ① After the accident occurred, they ________ （正式邀请）the police department to thoroughly investigate it. ② This is a situation that ________ （要求）immediate action. ③ 微写作：我号召每一位学生加入跑步俱乐部，每周与我们一起训练两次。 参考答案：① called on　② calls for ③I call on every student to join the running club and train with us twice a week. 【解析】① 讲过去发生的事，用一般过去式 called on；call on sb to do sth 意为“正式邀请某人做某事”。② 强调“形势要求”，用 call for sth 意为“要求、需要”，不接具体的人。 知识点12：rank vi. & vt. 属于某等级，把…分级；排列，使排成行　n. 地位，级别；等级；排，列；军衔 In addition to hosting the Olympics for the first time, China also ranked first in the medal table. This success is truly remarkable if you consider that just 24 years before, at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Xu Haifeng won our country's first-ever gold medal. 除了首次举办奥运会之外，中国还位列奖牌榜首位。考虑到就在二十四年前的1984年洛杉矶奥运会上，许海峰为中国赢得了首枚奥运金牌，这一成就确实了不起。 用法归纳 ① rank vi. & vt. 属于某等级；把……分级；排列，使排成行。n. 地位，级别；等级；排，列；军衔。本单元义为“名列（名次）”：rank first in the medal table 在奖牌榜上名列第一。 ② 常见搭配：rank among / among the top ... 在……中名列……；rank third in the world 世界排名第三；be ranked second 位列第二。 ③ 辨析：rank 作动词强调“排出名次”；rate 强调“评定等级、估价”，常指给等级或打分（rate sb highly 高度评价某人）。 ④ 名词搭配：a high rank 高的名次；hold the world No. 1 rank 保持世界第一的位置。 词汇拓展 rank vi. & vt. / n. 分级；名列；排，列 → trend n. 趋势，趋向（教材 the upward trend for Chinese sport 中国体育的上升趋势）→ election n. 选举，推选；当选 即时练习 ① China ________ （rank）first in the medal table with 30 gold medals. ② 翻译：中国体育的上升趋势自那时起势不可挡。（提示：the upward trend ... unstoppable） ③ 微写作： 我们学校篮球队上学期排名第二，现在已升到第一。 参考答案：① ranked / ranks　② Since then the upward trend for Chinese sport has been unstoppable. ③Our school basketball team ranked second last term and has now risen to first. 【解析】① 教材原句为过去时，用 ranked；本题无明确时间标志时，若泛指现状可用 ranks。② 教材原句为 Since then the upward trend for Chinese sport has been unstoppable.，注意 since then 意为“从那时以来”，常与现在完成时连用。 知识点13：ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心，雄心，壮志 — As Coubertin believed, “With the Olympic Games, each generation celebrates its advent, its joy of living, its faith in the future, its ambition and its will to ascend.” 正如顾拜旦所相信的，“有了奥运会，每一代人都会庆祝它的到来、生活的欢乐、对未来的信念、自己的雄心与上升的意志。” 用法归纳 ① ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心，雄心，壮志。His great ambition is to become a scientist. ② 常见搭配：have / possess an ambition to do sth 有做某事的雄心；the ambition to be a scientist 成为科学家的志向；political ambition 政治野心（此处含贬义）。 ③ 同根词：ambitious adj. 有雄心的；有野心的（ambitious plans / an ambitious young athlete）。注意 ambitious 语气比 ambition 更中性，而 ambition 在英语语境中常暗含“野心”的负面意味，故评价运动员时宜用 ambitious。 ④ 辨析：ambition 侧重“长远的志向、目标”；aspiration 侧重“热切愿望、心愿”；goal 侧重“具体要达到的目标”；dream 侧重“梦想”，可实现也可不现实。 词汇拓展 ambition n. 追求的目标；野心 → ambitious adj. 有雄心的；有野心的；ambitiously adv. 有雄心地 即时练习 ① His great ________ （雄心）is to become a scientist. ② The young athlete is ________（ambition）: she never stops training. ③ 微写作：我的志向是成为体育记者，而在了解每篇报道背后的辛劳之后，这份志向更强烈了。 参考答案：① ambition　② ambitious ③My ambition is to become a sports journalist, and my ambition is even stronger now that I have learned how much work is behind each report. 【解析】① 系动词 is 后接名词，且 great 后需名词，填 ambition。② 修饰 athlete 需形容词，且句意强调“永不停止训练”，用 ambitious（不倦的、有雄心的）比 ambition 更贴切。注意 ambition 本身在英语中常含“野心”的贬义色彩，夸赞他人宜用 ambitious。 知识点14：faith n. 信心；宗教信仰 — As Coubertin believed, “With the Olympic Games, each generation celebrates its advent, its joy of living, its faith in the future, its ambition and its will to ascend.”（Reading）正如顾拜旦所相信的，“有了奥运会，每一代人都会庆祝它的到来、生活的欢乐、对未来的信念、自己的雄心与上升的意志。” 用法归纳 ① faith n. 信心；宗教信仰。 ② 常见搭配：have faith in sb/sth 相信（某人／某事）；lose faith in sb/sth 不再相信；keep / maintain faith 保持信念。 ③ 辨析（三个近义名词）： ○ faith 名词，指“信心、信念”，常与 in 连用：have faith in oneself 相信自己。 ○ belief 名词，指“（对某事的）信念、看法”，可数：a firm belief in ... 对……的坚定信念。 ○ confidence 名词，指“（基于能力的）自信、把握”：have confidence in doing sth 有信心做某事。 ④ 常见派生：faithful adj. 忠诚的；faithfully adv. 忠诚地。 词汇拓展 faith n. 信心；信仰 → faithful adj. 忠实的；confidence n. 信心，自信；belief n. 信念，看法 即时练习 ① 翻译：无论发生什么，我们都应该对自己有信心。（提示：faith） ② Despite several defeats, he still has ________ （信心）in himself. ③ 微写作：我相信努力的价值，所以即使没人看，我也坚持训练。 参考答案：① Whatever happens, we should have faith in ourselves.　② faith ③I have faith in the value of hard work, so I keep training even when no one is watching. 【解析】① 教材 Workbook D3 原句为“无论发生什么，我们都应该对自己有信心”，提示词为 faith，故用 have faith in ourselves；注意 faith in 后接人/物，而 confidence in 后可接人或 doing 形式。② have faith in 为固定搭配，意为“相信、信任”。 知识点15：ascend vi. & vt. 上升，升高，登高 — As Coubertin believed, “With the Olympic Games, each generation celebrates its advent, its joy of living, its faith in the future, its ambition and its will to ascend.” 正如顾拜旦所相信的，“有了奥运会，每一代人都会庆祝它的到来、生活的欢乐、对未来的信念、自己的雄心与上升的意志。” 用法归纳 ① ascend vi. & vt. 上升，升高，登高。 ② 常见搭配：ascend to sth 上升到……；ascend the throne 登上王位；the will to ascend 上升的意志。 ③ 反义词与相关词：descend vi. 下降；descendant n. 后代；transcend vt. 超越（字面“跨过”，引申为“超越”）。ascend 的名词为 ascent n. 上升；攀登（注意与 descend / descent 配对）。 ④ 辨析：rise vi. 上升（不及物，不及 rise to sth）；raise vt. 举起，使升高（及物，宾语为具体物）；lift vt. 举起（通常指较轻的物件）。三者不可互换。 词汇拓展 ascend vi. & vt. 上升，登高 → ascent n. 上升；攀登；descend vi. 下降；下来 → boundary n. 边界，分界线（教材 pushing the boundaries of human achievement 突破人类极限） 即时练习 ① 翻译：这家公司的员工有时会抱怨老板的行为前后不一致。（提示：complain; consistent） ② 翻译：实话实说，应付愤怒的顾客是件难事。这需要特殊的培训。（提示：handle） ③ 微写作： 体育教给你上升的意志——即使看不到顶峰，也要继续前行。 参考答案：① Employees of this company sometimes complain that the boss's behaviour is not consistent from one day to the next.　② To be honest, handling an angry customer is difficult and calls for special training. ③ Sport teaches you the will to ascend — to keep moving even when the summit is not in sight. 【解析】① 教材 Workbook D7 提示词为 complain 与 consistent，句中“前后不一致”用 not consistent 表达；complain that ... 是 complain 的重要句型，后接宾语从句。② 教材 Workbook D6 提示词为 handle，“应付……是件难事”可译为 handling an angry customer is difficult，其中 handle 作动词意为“处理、应付”，动名词 handling 作主语；“需要特殊培训”用 calls for special training。 知识点16：walk on air 欢天喜地，得意扬扬 情景导学 — More often than not, winning has the victor walking on air, lost in the glory of the moment, while the loser is left with a bitter taste and a feeling of failure. 很多时候，获胜让胜者欢天喜地、得意扬扬，沉浸在胜利的荣光里，而败者则只剩下一丝苦味和失败感。 用法归纳 ① walk on air 意为“欢天喜地，得意扬扬”，是英语中源自日常生活的习语，用于形容人因喜事而极度兴奋、仿佛“飘在云端”：The winners were still walking on air hours after the final. 决赛结束几小时后，优胜者依然喜不自胜。 ② 近义习语：on cloud nine 欣喜若狂；over the moon 非常高兴；be on top of the world 欣喜若狂。注意 walk on air 强调“因胜利或喜事而飘飘然”，程度较前两者更常见于体育报道。 ③ 反义习语：walk on water（如履平地，形容能力超群）；keep one's feet on the ground 脚踏实地（与 walk on air 构成对照，写作中可对比使用）。 词汇拓展 walk on air 欢天喜地，得意扬扬 → on cloud nine 欣喜若狂；keep one's feet on the ground 脚踏实地；glory n. 荣光；辉煌（教材 lost in the glory of the moment） 即时练习 ① Lisa ________ （欢天喜地）when she got the new job. ② 用 walk on air 写一句话，描述你得知被某所大学录取时的感受。 参考答案：① walked on air　② When I got admitted to my dream university, I felt as if I were walking on air for the whole evening. 【解析】① 教材 Workbook B2 原句为 Lisa ______ when she got the new job.，需动词短语作谓语；因发生在过去（got），故用 walked on air。② 表示“仿佛飘在云端”的兴奋状态，用 walk on air 最贴切。 知识点17：keep sth in perspective 正确客观地看待 情景导学 — Almost nobody likes to come second, and sometimes it is difficult to keep everything in perspective. 几乎没有人喜欢屈居亚军，而有时候要把一切看得客观、不失偏颇是很困难的。 用法归纳 ① keep sth in perspective 意为“正确客观地看待（某事）”，in perspective 是关键，意为“放在恰当的视角中”：It is hard to keep everything in perspective when you are under pressure. 身处压力之下，很难把一切客观看待。 ② 常见搭配：keep sth in perspective 客观看待某事；put sth in perspective 使某事显现出相对重要性；see sth in perspective 透视地看某事；in perspective 相比之下（作状语）。 ③ 相关词：perspective n. 观点；视角（尤指看待事物的方式）；in perspective with ... 与……相比。 ④ 辨析：in perspective（客观看待，重方法）与 in prospect（前景中，意为 in prospect of 有……希望）仅一字母之差，须格外留心。 词汇拓展 keep sth in perspective 正确客观地看待 → put / see sth in perspective 使/看出某事的相对重要性 → perspective n. 观点，视角 即时练习 ① You need to ________ everything ________ perspective to draw a logical conclusion. ② It is hard to keep things ________ when the results are disappointing. ③ 微写作：考试失利后，我努力客观看待整件事——一次考试并不能定义我的能力。 参考答案：① keep ... in　② in perspective③After failing the test, I tried to keep the whole thing in perspective: one exam does not define my ability. 【解析】① 教材 Workbook B3 原句为 You need to ______ everything ______ to draw a logical conclusion.，两个空填 keep ... in，构成 keep sth in perspective 固定搭配。② 修饰 things 需用介词短语，填 in perspective。 知识点18：opponent n. 对手，竞争者；反对者 情景导学 — Whether you come first or last, it is important to remember that at any sporting event, you face two opponents: your fellow competitors and yourself. 无论你得第一还是最后，都要记住：在任何体育赛事中，你都要面对两个对手——你的 fellow competitors（与你同场竞技的选手）和你自己。 用法归纳 ① opponent n. 对手，竞争者；反对者：defeat / beat an opponent 击败对手；a strong opponent 强劲的对手；political opponent 政治对手。 ② 同根词：oppose v. 反对；反对派（opposition n.）；opposed adj. 反对的（be opposed to sth 反对某事）。 ③ 辨析：opponent 多指“在某场比赛或竞争中与自己对阵的人”，也可指“观点上的反对者”；rival 多指“实力相当、长期竞争的对手”，如 business rivals 商业对手；competitor 泛指“参赛者、竞争者”。 ④ 相关表达：the opposing team 对手队（教材 Extended reading）；facing an opponent 面对对手；be no match for sb 不是某人的对手。 词汇拓展 opponent n. 对手；反对者 → opposing adj. 对抗的；相反的（the opposing team 对手队）→ oppose v. 反对（be opposed to 反对）→ rival n. 实力相当的对手 即时练习 ① Even at the age of 34, she was still a strong ________ （对手）for every young player. ② 微写作：在赛道上我最强的对手不是某个人，而是时钟；每次我试图战胜它，都对自己的极限有了新的认识。 参考答案：① opponent　②My strongest opponent on the track is not a person but the clock; every time I try to beat it, I learn something new about my own limits. 知识点19：humility n. 谦逊，谦虚（辨析 grace n. 高雅，体面；dignity n. 尊严，体面） 情景导学 — There is an old and very wise saying, repeated many times, “Win with humility, lose with grace, and do both with dignity.” 有一句被反复引用的至理名言：“胜时谦逊，败时优雅，两者皆保持尊严。” 用法归纳 ① humility n. 谦逊，谦虚（不可数），由 humble adj.（谦逊的）派生：with humility 谦逊地；false humility 假谦虚。 ② grace n. 高雅，文雅；优美；风度，体面：with grace 优雅地；a graceful decline 优雅谢幕。本句 lose with grace 意为“败得体面、有风度”。 ③ dignity n. 尊严；自尊；高贵（不可数）：with dignity 有尊严地；human dignity 人的尊严；stand up for one's dignity 捍卫自己的尊严。本句 do both with dignity 意为“无论胜负都保持尊严”。 ④ 三词辨析（本单元高频考点）： ○ humility 侧重“谦逊、不骄傲”的内在品质，重在态度谦虚。 ○ grace 侧重“优雅、风度”的外在举止，常指举止得体、有格调。 ○ dignity 侧重“尊严、不失身份”的自我维护，重在不被践踏。三者可共现但不可互换。 词汇拓展 humility n. 谦逊 → humble adj. 谦逊的；卑微的；grace n. 优雅；风度 → graceful adj. 优雅的；dignity n. 尊严；dignified adj. 有尊严的 即时练习 ① The champion bowed to his opponent with ________（谦逊） and received a warm hug. ② Losing the final, our team showed great ________ （尊严）and left the court with confidence. ③ 微写作：我努力败得有尊严：与胜者握手、向裁判致谢，然后不加辩解地离场。 参考答案：① humility　② dignity ③I try to lose with dignity: I shake hands with the winner, thank the referee and leave without an excuse. 【解析】① 本句强调“胜而不骄”，是内在态度的谦虚，用 humility；若强调“举止优雅、不失礼数”，则用 grace。② 强调“失败时不失身份与风度”，用 dignity 更准确。这是本单元 Integrated skills 板块的核心词汇辨析点，也是写作中表达“体育精神”的高频 trio 搭配。 知识点20：unselfish adj. 无私的，忘我的 情景导学 — Monti's remarkable, unselfish decision to help a fellow competitor, in the final stage of an Olympic event, is an example to us all. He did not come first but he walked away a true hero. 蒙蒂在奥运赛事最后阶段无私地帮助同伴的决定令人赞叹，是我们所有人的榜样。他没有获得第一名，却赢得了一个真正的英雄之名。 用法归纳 ① unselfish adj. 无私的，忘我的（反义：selfish adj. 自私的）：an unselfish decision 无私的决定；an unselfish act 无私的行为。 ② 构词：un- 前缀表示否定（un- + self → unselfish）。同类词：unhappy 不快乐的、unfair 不公平的、unwilling 不情愿的、unbelievable 难以置信的。 ③ 近义辨析：unselfish 侧重“忘我、不计个人得失”；generous 侧重“慷慨、大方”（多指给予财物）；selfless 与 unselfish 意义相同，但自我评价时用 unselfish 更稳妥。 ④ 相关表达：selflessly adv. 无私地；selflessness n. 无私；selfishness n. 自私。 词汇拓展 unselfish adj. 无私的，忘我的 → selfish adj. 自私的；generous adj. 慷慨的；bobsleigh n. 大雪橇（供两人或两人以上比赛用，教材 Integrated skills 案例） 即时练习 ① Monti's remarkable, ________ （无私的）decision to help a fellow competitor became a legend. ② 用 un- 前缀填空：It is ________ （fair）to blame others when you are wrong. ③ 微写作：我见过最无私的一幕，是一名跑者把水瓶递给了因脱水难受的对手。 参考答案：① unselfish　② unfair ③The most unselfish moment I saw was a runner who handed his water bottle to a rival suffering from dehydration. 【解析】① 修饰 decision 需形容词，且与“帮助同伴”呼应，填 unselfish。② unfair 意为“不公平的”，即 it is unfair to blame others when you are wrong 意为“错了却责怪别人是不公平的”。 知识点21：move the goalposts 改变条件（或规则） 情景导学 — If someone “moves the goalposts” in everyday life, it means they unfairly change the rules or requirements for something. An insurance salesman who is about to reach his annual sales target, only for the company to make the target higher, could rightly complain about the company moving the goalposts. 如果有人在日常生活中“移动球门”，意思就是他们不公平地改变了某事的规则或要求。一名快要完成年度销售目标的保险推销员，仅因公司把目标调高，完全有理由抱怨公司在“移动球门”。 用法归纳 ① move the goalposts 意为“改变条件（或规则）”，字面源自足球比赛中“移动球门柱”，引申为“在别人即将达成目标时改变标准 unfairly（不公平地）”，含强烈负面意味。 ② 常见用法：complain that sb moved the goalposts 抱怨某人临时变卦；stop moving the goalposts 别再改规则了。 ③ 相关词：goalpost n. 球门柱；move the goalposts 在英式英语中作动词短语，也说 move the goal posts；goal n. 目标；进球（由运动引申而来，教材 Extended reading 讲 goal 与 net 的用法）。 ④ 易混习语： ○ move the goalposts　改变条件（临时提高标准，不讲信用）。 ○ score / score a goal　进球（字面义）。 ○ score an own goal　进乌龙球；无意中做让自己吃亏的事（见知识点 21）。 词汇拓展 move the goalposts 改变条件（或规则）→ goalpost n. 球门柱；goal n. 目标；进球；opposing adj. 对抗的（the opposing team's goal 对手方球门） 知识点22：move the goalposts 改变条件（或规则） 情景导学 — If someone “moves the goalposts” in everyday life, it means they unfairly change the rules or requirements for something. An insurance salesman who is about to reach his annual sales target, only for the company to make the target higher, could rightly complain about the company moving the goalposts. 如果有人在日常生活中“移动球门”，意思就是他们不公平地改变了某事的规则或要求。一名快要完成年度销售目标的保险推销员，仅因公司把目标调高，完全有理由抱怨公司在“移动球门”。 用法归纳 ① move the goalposts 意为“改变条件（或规则）”，字面源自足球比赛中“移动球门柱”，引申为“在别人即将达成目标时改变标准 unfairly（不公平地）”，含强烈负面意味。 ② 常见用法：complain that sb moved the goalposts 抱怨某人临时变卦；stop moving the goalposts 别再改规则了。 ③ 相关词：goalpost n. 球门柱；move the goalposts 在英式英语中作动词短语，也说 move the goal posts；goal n. 目标；进球（由运动引申而来，教材 Extended reading 讲 goal 与 net 的用法）。 ④ 易混习语： ○ move the goalposts　改变条件（临时提高标准，不讲信用）。 ○ score / score a goal　进球（字面义）。 ○ score an own goal　进乌龙球；无意中做让自己吃亏的事。 词汇拓展 move the goalposts 改变条件（或规则）→ goalpost n. 球门柱；goal n. 目标；进球；opposing adj. 对抗的（the opposing team's goal 对手方球门） 知识点23：in the ballpark 差不多；a ballpark estimate 大致相近的估计 情景导学 — The venue where a baseball game is played is called a ballpark. So, even if we do not know exactly where the ball is during the game, we can assume that it is somewhere in the ballpark. For this reason, people use the expression “in the ballpark” or “a ballpark estimate” to talk about rough estimates. （Extended reading）棒球比赛进行的场地称为 ballpark（棒球场）。因此，即使我们不知道比赛进行时球在的确切位置，也可以断定它就在棒球场里的某个地方。正因如此，人们用 “in the ballpark” 或 “a ballpark estimate” 来谈论大致的估计。 用法归纳 ① in the ballpark 意为“差不多、大致（在同一范围内）”，用于粗略估计：The number of applicants is in the ballpark of 500. 报名人数大约在500人上下。 ② a ballpark estimate 意为“大致相近的估计”：Can you give me a ballpark estimate of the cost? 你能给我一个大致费用估算吗？ ③ 与具体义的区别：作名词复数时 ballpark 指“棒球场”（美式英语），a 棒球场；但作习语时 in the ballpark / a ballpark estimate 意为“粗略估计”，二者不可混淆。 ④ 近义表达：roughly / approximately adv. 大约；around prep. 大约；give sb a rough idea of ... 给某人一个关于……的大致概念。 词汇拓展 in the ballpark 差不多，在同一范围内 → a ballpark estimate 大致相近的估计 → ballpark n. 棒球场；变动范围 → venue n. 活动场地 知识点24：throw sb a curveball 给某人出难题 情景导学 — Curveballs are balls that suddenly turn in the air, and these are of course difficult for the other team to handle. We use this expression to describe things that are unexpected and difficult to respond to. 曲线球是那种在空中突然转向的球，对手球队自然难以应付。我们用这一表达来形容“出乎意料且难以应对的事情”。 用法归纳 ① throw sb a curveball 字面义为“给某人投一个曲线球”，引申为“给某人出难题、出乎意料的难题”。What will you do if someone throws a curveball ? ② 常见用法：throw sb a curveball；a curveball (n.) 一个意外的难题：The schedule change really threw us a curveball. 日程变动真给我们出了个难题。 ③ 辨析：throw sb a curveball 侧重“出乎意料地为难人”；pose a challenge 侧重“构成挑战”（中性或正面）；make things difficult for sb 泛指“使某人处境困难”。 ④ 关联表达：相关词 curveball n. 曲线球；turn 常用动词；教材引文中的 turn in the air 指球在空中的突然转向。 词汇拓展 throw sb a curveball 给某人出难题 → curveball n. 曲线球；意外的难题 → unexpected adj. 出乎意料的 → handle vt. 处理，应付（教材 difficult for the other team to handle） 知识点25：three strikes and you are out 三振出局 情景导学 — “Three strikes and you are out” is another idiom that comes from baseball. “三振出局”也是源自棒球的习语。 — As it suggests, in baseball this means that a batter (the person with the baseball bat in his or her hands) is out after making three unsuccessful attempts to hit the ball. This idiom is often used to talk about situations where people fail after wasting three chances.顾名思义，在棒球中这意味着击球手（手持球棒击球的人）三次未能击中球后即被判出局。该习语常用来描述“三次机会被浪费掉之后仍告失败”的情形。 用法归纳 ① three strikes and you are out 意为“三振出局”，引申为“三次机会都错过后彻底失败”。教材 Wordlist 词条：three strikes and you are out 三振出局。 ② 常见用法：The warning signs were there, but they had already had three strikes and they were out. 警示信号早已出现，但他们已犯了三次错误，无可挽回。 ③ 延伸用法：give sb three strikes 给某人三次机会；three-strike rule 三振出局规则（棒球正式规则）。 ④ 相关表达：strike n. 好球（击球次数）；strike out vi. 三振出局（动词形式）；foul n. 界外球；batter n. 击球手（教材原句 the person with the baseball bat in his or her hands）。 词汇拓展 three strikes and you are out 三振出局 → strike out vi. 三振出局 → batter n. 击球手 → attempt n. 尝试（教材 making three unsuccessful attempts） 知识点26：话题词汇拓展——体育赛事、运动员与体育精神 下列词汇与短语为本单元高频话题词汇，建议按“赛事与项目—运动员与赛事组织—体育精神与评价”三条线归类记忆，并尝试用于本单元写作与 Project 任务。 类别 词汇（英文） 中文释义 体育赛事与项目（sports and events） Olympic Games; sports calendar; the Tour de France; Formula 1; marathon; half-marathon; track and field; long jump; 110-metre hurdles; relay; bobsleigh; league; ball games; water sports; Youth Olympic Games 奥运会；体育赛程；法国环自行车赛；世界一级方程式赛车；马拉松赛跑；半程马拉松赛跑；田径运动；跳远；男子110米跨栏；接力赛；大雪橇；联赛；球类运动；水上运动；青年奥运会 运动员与赛事组织（sportsperson and organisation） athlete; sportsperson; amateur; opponent; fellow competitor; rival; the International Olympic Committee (IOC); the organising committee; referee; coach; chairman; sponsor; audience 运动员；运动员；业余爱好者；对手；同场竞技者；实力相当的对手；国际奥委会；组委会；裁判；教练；主席；赞助商；观众 体育精神与评价（sportsmanship and comment） sportsmanship; fair play; true hero; win with humility; lose with grace; do both with dignity; unselfish; determination; willpower; devotion; hard work; remarkable; exceptional; be committed to; do one’s best; never give up 体育精神；公平竞赛；真正的英雄；胜时谦逊；败时优雅；两者皆保持尊严；无私的；决心；意志力；奉献；努力；非凡的；杰出的；致力于；尽力而为；永不放弃 常用短语（key phrases） in the spirit of ...; keep sth in perspective; call on sb to do sth; move the goalposts; score an own goal; in the ballpark; a ballpark estimate; throw sb a curveball; three strikes and you are out; below the belt; throw in the towel; walk on air; dozens of; a variety of; a couple of; make way for sth; be worthy of ... 怀着……的精神；正确客观地看待；正式邀请某人做某事；改变条件（规则）；进乌龙球／做让自己吃亏的事；差不多；大致相近的估计；给某人出难题；三振出局；不公正的、伤人的；认输、承认失败；欢天喜地、得意扬扬；许多；各种各样的；两三个；为……腾出空间；值得…… 常用动词与描述（verbs and description） gather; host; compete; rank; motivate; demonstrate; proceed; applaud; call on; devote oneself to; push the boundaries of; realise; recognise; rank first in the medal table; be overcome with joy; be committed to; break a record; beat / defeat; take part in; cheer on; sign a contract 聚集；主办；参加比赛；名列；激励；展现；接着做；称赞；号召；献身于；突破……极限；意识到；认可；位居奖牌榜第一；欣喜若狂；致力于；打破纪录；击败；参加；加油助威；签合同 拓展表达（背默） ● In the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play, athletes from all over the world gather to compete. 怀着友谊、团结与公平竞赛的精神，来自世界各地的运动员聚在一起参赛。 ● Winning is not everything; what matters is how you play the game. 获胜并非一切，重要的是你如何比赛。 ● A true sportsperson wins with humility and loses with grace. 真正的体育健儿胜时谦逊，败时优雅。 ● Sport teaches you character, it teaches you to play by the rules. 体育教人品格，教人遵守规则。 ● When life throws you a curveball, do not throw in the towel. 当生活给你出难题时，不要认输。 ● Play the game for the joy of it, and the result will take care of itself. 为快乐而比赛，结果自会水到渠成。 即时练习（微写作） 郎平被誉为中国女排的“铁榔头”（教材原文 the “Iron Hammer”）。她1960年出生于天津，加入中国女排并在1978年亚运会摘得银牌。2013年被任命为主教练时，球队当时仍在沿用她自己当年学到的那套执教风格。在她的带领下，新一代球员被耐心培养，最终在2016年里约奥运会上夺得了金牌。 参考答案：Lang Ping is known as the “Iron Hammer” of Chinese volleyball. Born in Tianjin in 1960, she joined the Chinese women's volleyball team and won the silver medal at the Asian Games in 1978. When she was later appointed head coach in 2013, the team was still being coached in the style that she had herself learned. Under her leadership, a new generation of players were trained so patiently that they eventually won the gold medal at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. 【解析】本段严格按本单元语法重点展开：第一句为主动语态交代称号与出生信息；第二句用 join ... and won 的并列过去式叙述运动员时期的成绩；第三句 When 引导时间状语从句，主句 the team was still being coached 用过去进行时的被动语态（was being + 过去分词）表示“当时正被教练”；第四句用过去完成时的被动语态 were trained 与定语从句 that they eventually won ... 衔接，既表明“训练发生在夺冠之前”，又符合教材 Grammar and usage 板块“语料为半程马拉松博文”的要求。注意全文时态由运动员时期到执教时期自然推进，主旨句使用了 know ... as 固定搭配。 单元语法：过去进行时与过去完成时的被动语态 本单元 Grammar and usage 板块的语法重点是过去进行时与过去完成时的被动语态（Passive voice in the past continuous and past perfect tenses），复习时要特别注意：这里的被动语态不是一般现在时的被动（be + done），而是“在过去某一时间点正在进行”或“在过去某一时间之前已完成”的动作。 教材原句观察（Grammar and usage） — My heart was beating rapidly in my chest as I found a shady place to rest my tired body.（Grammar and usage）当我找到一处阴凉的地方让我疲惫的身体休息时，我的心在胸腔里急速跳动。 — Six weeks ago, my friends told me that a city half-marathon for amateurs was being organized to help raise money for charity, and encouraged me to take part.（Grammar and usage）六周前，我的朋友告诉我，一场为业余选手举办的城市半程马拉松正在筹办，目的是为慈善筹款，并鼓励我参加。 — I ran my race relaxed and confident, even though my limits were being tested like never before. （Grammar and usage）我放松而自信地跑完了这场比赛，尽管我的极限正受到前所未有的考验。 — I was happy to learn that a lot of money had been raised for charity.（Grammar and usage）得知为慈善筹集了很大一笔钱，我感到很高兴。 1. 构成形式 过去进行时的被动语态：was / were + being + 过去分词；过去完成时的被动语态：had been + 过去分词。否定式分别为 was / were not being done 与 had not been done；疑问式为 Was / Were ... being done? 与 Had ... been done? 2. 常见用法 （1）过去进行时的被动语态：表示过去某一时间点或某段时间正在进行的被动动作，强调“正在进行”。常与 at that time / at 4:30 a.m. / when ... 连用。 ○ By the time Cathy and I, together with other volunteers, arrived at 4:30 a.m., tables ______ on both sides of the road.（教材 B2 填空，第 (1) 空填 had been placed）到凯西和我与其他志愿者早上四点半到达时，道路两旁已经摆好了桌子。 ○ At that moment, the swimming pool ______ thoroughly.（教材 B1，第 (2) 空填 was being cleaned）那时，游泳池正在被彻底清扫。 （2）过去完成时的被动语态：表示在过去的某一时间或时间点之前已经完成的被动动作，即“过去的过去”。常与 by the end of / by the time / before / after 等连用。 ○ After all the preparations ______, the exciting half-marathon began.（教材 B2 填空，第 (4) 空填 had been made）所有的准备工作完成之后，激动人心的半程马拉松开始了。 ○ Photos of the riders ______ before they got on their horses.（教材 B1，第 (5) 空填 had been taken）骑手们的照片在他们上马之前就已经拍好了。 特别提醒（易错点归纳） ① 过去完成时的被动语态 had been done 不能孤立使用，必须有“过去某一时间”作为参照（如 by then, by the time ..., before they got on their horses）。 ② 过去完成时的被动（had been done）与一般过去时的被动（was / were done）的区别：前者强调“过去的过去”，后者强调“过去某时发生”。如 The litter was littered around by the wind（当时正在发生）与 The photos had been taken earlier（更早完成）不可混用。 ③ 只有及物动词才有被动语态。arrive / happen / take place / belong to / happen to 等不及物动词没有被动语态，不能写成 was arrived / was happened。 ④ 注意区分主动的进行时与被动的进行时：The team was preparing.（团队当时正准备，主语是动作发出者）与 The stadium was being prepared.（体育场当时正在被筹备，主语是动作承受者）。 3. 与相关时态的转换 ○ 过去进行时的被动 → 一般过去时的被动：was being done → was done（去掉 being，保留 was/were + done）。 ○ 过去完成时的被动 → 一般过去时的被动：had been done → was/were done（had been 改为 was/were）。 ○ 一般过去时的被动 → 过去进行时的被动：was done → was being done（注意：加上 being 后动作的时间点会被进一步锁定为“那一刻正在进行”）。 4. 记忆口诀 “过去某刻正在做，被动加 being；过去某刻早完成，had been 顶上；主语是动作承受者，句中别忘加 by。”即：was / were + being + done 表“过去某刻正在被动进行”；had been + done 表“过去某刻之前已完成”；动作的承受者作主语时，过去分词后通常要加 by + 施动者。 即时练习（单句语法填空） 在空白处填入括号内动词的适当形式（被动语态，时态为过去进行时或过去完成时）。 1. When I arrived at the stadium, the equipment ______ (check) one last time. 2. At eight o'clock last night, the report ______ (write) by a young reporter. 3. The old stadium ______ (build) over thirty years ago, and it ______ (renovate) last year. 4. She knew she had trained hard, so she was not surprised that her muscles ______ (test)when she entered the final. 5. The 2022 Winter Olympics ______ (choose) as the host city years before the Games took place. 6. It was widely reported that the athletes ______ (train)under strict rules during the closed camp. 7. The gold medals ______ (make)of pure gold, so they ______ (design)specially for each event. 8. When the coach arrived, the medical room ______ (prepare)and the doctor ______ (wait)outside. 参考答案：1. was being checked　2. was being written　3. was built; had been renovated　4. were being tested　5. had been chosen　6. were being trained　7. are made; were designed　8. had been prepared; was waiting 【解析】1. at the moment of arriving（过去某刻）→ 过去进行时被动。2. at eight o'clock last night（过去某刻）→ 过去进行时被动。3. over thirty years ago 与 last year 两个过去时间点，前者用一般过去时被动 was built，后者作为更早参照用过去完成时被动 had been renovated。4. when she entered（过去某刻）→ 过去进行时被动；muscles 为复数，故用 were。5. years before the Games took place（过去的过去）→ 过去完成时被动。6. during the closed camp 指过去某段时间正在进行的被动动作 → 过去进行时被动。7. are made 表一般事实（客观规律，不用过去时）；were designed 与 as ... 构成时间对比，用过去完成时被动表“（那时之前）已被设计”。8. had been prepared（更早完成）与 was waiting（过去某刻正在等）——注意 waiting 在此为主动语态，施动者是 the doctor，不能误写为 was being waited。 单元句型与写作：体育精神议论文 本单元 Integrated skills 板块要求写一篇关于 sportsmanship（体育精神）的议论文。教材 Planning your writing 板块明确要求：先引出话题并表明立场，再详细阐明对体育精神的理解，必要时可加入相反意见并说明你为何反对，最后总结全文。下面按这一三段式结构梳理可迁移的写作句型。 一、三段式结构与教材提示 结构 内容要点 教材提示 Introduction 引出 sportsmanship 话题，明确表明你对体育精神的立场（take a clear stand） Introduce the topic and state the main idea Body 详细阐明你对体育精神的理解，必要时举例支持；也可加入相反意见并说明为何反对 Develop the body with examples and an opposing opinion Conclusion 提醒读者你写了什么，用不同措辞表达主旨（不要照搬原句） Sum up in a different way 二、常用句型公式 1. 表明立场（首段必备）： ● Sportsmanship, to me, means playing by the rules and treating your opponent with respect. ● When I talk about sportsmanship, I actually mean respecting both the game and the people in it. ● I firmly believe that winning matters far less than how we win. 2. 引入他人观点并反驳（正文常用）： ● Some people believe that winning is all that matters, and they do not care how it is achieved. ● It is often said that the only thing a champion needs is victory. ● Opponents of this view argue that ...（引入反方） 3. 表达让步与转折（体现思辨层次）： ● Though winning is very important in sport, I believe that ...（教材给出的过渡句范例） ● Admittedly, victory brings glory; however, ... ● Granted that talent and hard work matter, ... 4. 举例论证（正反皆可）： ● Take ... as an example. / Take Monti as an example. ● A case in point is ... 一个恰当的例子是…… ● As Coubertin believed, “...” 引出名言支撑观点 5. 收束全文（末段必备）： ● To sum up, sportsmanship is not about how fast you run, but about who you are when you stop. ● All in all, true sportspersons win with humility and lose with grace. ● In a word, what matters most in sport is not the medal but the spirit behind it. 拓展（教材 Learning about writing techniques）：教材要求“使用过渡句来总结已写内容并引出下文的论点”，例如在提出“有人认为获胜就是一切”之后，可自然过渡到相反观点：Though winning is very important in sport, I believe that ... 本单元可直接迁移的过渡手段还包括：However / Nevertheless（转折）、Admittedly / Granted that（让步）、Take ... as an example（举例）、To sum up / All in all（总结）。 三、语篇示例（学生可直接仿写） 体育精神：不仅仅是胜利 当人们谈论体育时，脑海中浮现的第一个词往往是“胜利”。有些人认为胜利才是最重要的，冠军只是站在领奖台最高阶梯上的那个人。然而，当我说体育精神最重要时，我实际上指的是我们的比赛方式，而不仅仅是我们取得的结果。 以尤金尼奥·蒙蒂为例。在1964年冬奥会两人雪车决赛中，他得知一名英国选手损坏了他的雪橇一部分。他毫不犹豫地取下了自己雪车的同一部分，借给了对手。他虽然没有夺冠，但他以真正的英雄身份离开了。这样的时刻展现的不是天赋，而是品格。诚然，每个运动员都想赢，但我认为通过伤害他人获得的胜利远不及有尊严地接受失败的价值。 总之，体育精神不是跑多快，而是你停下时的你是谁。正如顾拜旦所信，每一代人都有自己的雄心和向上的意志，而体育教会我们以一种永不踩到他人的方式攀登。 Sportsmanship: More Than Winning When people talk about sport, the first word that comes to mind is often “winning”. Some people believe that winning is all that matters, and that a champion is simply the person who stands on the highest step of the podium. However, when I say sportsmanship matters most, I actually mean the way we play, not only the result we get. Take Eugenio Monti as an example. During the two-man bobsleigh final at the 1964 Winter Olympic Games, he learned that one of the British competitors had broken a part of his bobsleigh. Without hesitation, he removed the same part of his own bobsleigh and lent it to his opponent. He did not come first, but he walked away a true hero. It is not talent but character that such a moment reveals. Granted that every athlete wants to win, I believe that a victory achieved by hurting others is worth far less than a defeat accepted with dignity. To sum up, sportsmanship is not about how fast you run, but about who you are when you stop. As Coubertin believed, each generation has its own ambition and will to ascend, and sport is what teaches us to climb in a way that never steps on anyone else. 【解析】本文严格按教材“Introduction—Main body—Conclusion”三段式结构展开：第一段用 When people talk about ... 引出话题，用 Some people believe that ... 引入他人观点，再用 When I say ..., I actually mean ...（教材 Tip: Providing clarification in conversation 中明确给出的澄清句式）表明自己的立场。第二段用 Take ... as an example 引出蒙蒂的例子支撑观点，再以 It is not talent but character that ... 强化论证，最后用 Granted that ... / I believe that ... 完成让步与反驳。第三段用 To sum up 自然收束，并用间接引语 As Coubertin believed 引出教材原句呼应全文。全文贯穿 Integrated skills 板块的核心表达：win with humility, lose with grace, and do both with dignity。 （时间：45分钟） 1、 单词拼写 1．Instead of c________ about the long queue, Tom waited patiently and read a book. 【答案】complaining/omplaining 【详解】句意：汤姆没有抱怨排长队，而是耐心地等着并读了一本书。根据句意和首字母提示可知，空处应填动名词complaining，意为“抱怨”，作介词of的宾语。 2．She stayed calm and managed to h________ the difficult situation without any help. 【答案】handle/andle 【详解】句意：她保持冷静，在没有任何帮助的情况下成功处理好了这个困境。根据句意和首字母提示可知，空处应填动词handle，意为“处理；应对”，manage to do sth.意为“设法做成某事”，to后接动词原形。 3．Daily exercise helps teenagers build up a strong _________ (体质). He has to avoid staying up late and take regular exercise. 【答案】 constitution 【详解】句意：日常锻炼有助于青少年建立强壮的体质。他必须避免熬夜并进行规律的锻炼。根据汉语提示“体质”可知，对应的英文单词为constitution。此处在句中作动词短语build up的宾语，且前面有不定冠词a，故使用单数名词形式。 4．When we say someone meets his match, it means he’ll no longer be able to beat his o________ with ease. 【答案】opponent/pponent 【详解】句意：当我们说某人遇到了对手，这意味着他将不再能够轻易地击败对手。根据句意及首字母提示可知，此处应用名词opponent“对手”，作动词beat的宾语，根据his可知，此处特指“他的对手”，填单数形式。 5．D________ (表现) the power of teamwork is the main goal of this group activity. 【答案】Demonstrating/ emonstrating 【详解】句意：展现团队合作的力量是这项集体活动的主要目标。根据首字母提示D以及提示的汉语“表现”可知，此处为动词Demonstrate，在句中作主语，用动名词形式。 6．The sports meeting was c_______________ because of the heavy rain. 【答案】cancelled/ancelled/canceled/anceled 【详解】句意：因为大雨，运动会取消了。根据句意及首字母提示，应用动词cancel表达“取消”之意，本句为一般过去时被动语态，空处应填过去分词cancelled/canceled。 7．The athlete’s _________ (夙愿，目标) to win the gold medal came true at last. 【答案】ambition 【详解】句意：这位运动员赢得金牌的夙愿终于实现了。根据句意及汉语提示，应用名词ambition表示“夙愿，目标”之意，在句中作主语。 8．Park visitors must stay within the marked ________ (边界) so that they do not disturb protected wildlife. 【答案】boundaries 【详解】句意：公园游客必须待在标明的边界内，以免打扰受保护的野生动物。根据提示的汉语，表示“边界”为名词boundary，不同区域有多条边界，使用名词复数boundaries。 9．While he has encountered countless setbacks and doubts along the way, the original dream of bringing clean energy to remote villages still m__________ (激发，激励) him to keep moving forward without hesitation. 【答案】motivates/otivates 【详解】句意：虽然一路上他遇到了无数挫折和质疑，但为偏远村庄带来清洁能源的最初梦想仍然激励着他毫不犹豫地继续前行。“激发，激励”使用动词motivate，由still及语境可知用一般现在时，主语the original dream为第三人称单数，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式motivates。 10．If you are _________ (一致的，持续的) in your efforts, you will make steady progress. 【答案】consistent 【详解】句意：如果你坚持不懈地努力，就会取得稳步的进步。根据汉语提示“一致的，持续的”可知，此处为形容词consistent，在句中作表语。 11．Chongqing No.1 Secondary School offers d________ (各种各样的) after-school activities for their students. (根据中英文提示单词拼写) 【答案】diverse/iverse 【详解】句意：重庆一中为学生提供各种各样的课外活动。根据中文提示“各种各样的”以及首字母d可知，应填入形容词diverse，在句中作定语，修饰名词短语after-school activities。 12．The climate here has been changing ________ (逐渐地) over the past fifty years, which concerns many scientists. 【答案】gradually 【详解】句意：在过去的五十年里，这里的气候一直在逐渐变化，这让许多科学家感到担忧。空处修饰谓语动词has been changing，结合汉语提示“逐渐地”可知，空处应填副词gradually，作状语。 13．“Let the cat out of the bag” is an i__________ meaning to tell a secret by mistake. 【答案】idiom 【详解】句意：“泄露秘密”是一个错误地讲出秘密的习语。idiom成语，习语；土话。 14．I left as early as was __________(一致，相符) with politeness in order not to upset the host. 【答案】consistent 【详解】考查形容词。句意：为了不打扰主人，我尽早礼貌地离开了。be consistent with“符合；与……一致”，故填consistent。 15．Research has found that having access to ________ (不同的) teachers is beneficial for children. 【答案】diverse 【详解】句意：研究发现，接触不同的老师对孩子们是有益的。根据汉语意思提示可知，此处为形容词diverse“不同的”作定语修饰teachers，符合语境。 2、 阅读理解 Passage A Volleyball became my sport for two reasons. Primarily, my parents wanted me to try out a sport that could make me enjoy workouts; I also knew that my mom loved playing it in Venezuela during her youth. I thought maybe I could feel the same. Indeed, I fell in love with it after just a couple of practices. Between practices, I would stretch (伸出) my arms out, hold my hands together and push my wrists down to try to build muscle memory of the perfect platform. I would catch the ball, focusing on forming a triangular (三角形的) shape each time, with my right hand guiding the movement. Each time I’d release the ball upwards, I knew I was one try closer to getting it right. I worked tirelessly because I wanted to get better. I wanted to be great one day. However, I lacked the head start most girls had. I started playing years after many other girls had. I was thrown into the deep end when the club where I practiced placed me on their most competitive team for my age group mid-season. Most of the girls did not welcome me. While this competition within and between teams was sometimes productive, it proved to be unhealthy. It was dangerous when it reached a tipping point. By the end of my freshman year of high school, I’d reached my breaking point. Over four years, I only touched a volleyball a couple of times and only in casual settings. When the opportunity came to play with one of my best friends in a series of friendly matches, I hesitated. I eventually agreed, making it a point not to be so hard on myself. Volleyball finally brought the same enjoyment that had made me fall in love with it. I look forward to every opportunity I have to play now. I expect there will be more volleyball matches. 16．Why did the author choose to play volleyball? A．To find joy in exercise. B．To copy her mother’s experience. C．To be a great player. D．To prove herself to others. 17．What did the author do to improve her volleyball skills? A．She practiced the correct hand position. B．She stretched her arms for strength. C．She released the ball higher each time. D．She caught the ball to check her hand shape. 18．What can be drawn from the author’s team experience? A．It improved her skills quickly. B．It kept her away from volleyball. C．It taught her to handle teammates. D．It proved that hard work pays off. 19．What does the text indicate? A．Early practice guarantees better performance. B．Joy returns when you ease up on yourself. C．A strict coach makes a great player. D．Pressure sometimes breaks a person. 【答案】16．A 17．A 18．B 19．B 【导语】本文主要讲述了作者从爱上排球、因高压竞争而放弃，到最终重新找回排球乐趣的经历。 【详解】16．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Primarily, my parents wanted me to try out a sport that could make me enjoy workouts; I also knew that my mom loved playing it in Venezuela during her youth. I thought maybe I could feel the same. (首先，我的父母想让我尝试一项能让我享受锻炼的运动；我也知道妈妈年轻时在委内瑞拉喜欢打排球。我想也许我也会有同样的感受。)”可知，作者选择打排球是为了在锻炼中找到快乐。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Between practices, I would stretch (伸出) my arms out, hold my hands together and push my wrists down to try to build muscle memory of the perfect platform. I would catch the ball, focusing on forming a triangular (三角形的) shape each time, with my right hand guiding the movement. (在训练间隙，我会伸直手臂，双手合拢，向下压手腕，试图建立完美接球平台的肌肉记忆。我会接住球，每次都专注于形成一个三角形，用右手引导动作。)”可知，作者通过练习正确的手部姿势来提高排球技术。 18．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“While this competition within and between teams was sometimes productive, it proved to be unhealthy. It was dangerous when it reached a tipping point. By the end of my freshman year of high school, I’d reached my breaking point. (虽然队伍内部和队伍之间的这种竞争有时是有成效的，但事实证明它是不健康的。当它达到临界点时就很危险了。到高一年级结束时，我已经达到了崩溃的边缘。)”以及最后一段中的“Over four years, I only touched a volleyball a couple of times and only in casual settings. (四年多来，我只碰过几次排球，而且都是在随意的场合。)”可推断出，作者的团队经历让她远离了排球。 19．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“I eventually agreed, making it a point not to be so hard on myself. Volleyball finally brought the same enjoyment that had made me fall in love with it. (我最终同意了，并且特意不给自己太大压力。排球终于带来了当初让我爱上它的那种快乐。)”可推断出，当你不苛求自己时，快乐就会回来。 Passage B As the 2026 FIFA World Cup kicked off across the United States, Canada and Mexico, another competition has been quietly emerging — off the field. Several Chinese large language models including Qwen, DeepSeek and Kimi have stepped up to predict match results, turning the world’s largest sporting event into an unexpected testing ground for AI-powered reasoning and data analysis. Several AI platforms have come up with creative campaigns. For instance, Moonshot AI’s Kimi has launched a 1-trillion-token reward for correctly predicting match winners and the final champion. However, the World Cup has also exposed the limitations of current AI models when it comes to analyzing and predicting the results of sporting events. For example, before the Group C match between Brazil and Morocco, major large language models confidently predicted a Brazilian victory, based on historical records and data. The match ended in a 1-1 draw. “As one of the most-watched sporting events across the globe, the World Cup offers AI companies a rare opportunity to showcase the computing power and analytical skills to a wider audience, but soccer matches are influenced by many factors in the physical world, and such variables (变量) are highly uncertain and difficult to quantify using fixed AI models, making precise predictions challenging.” said Guo Tao, a member of the Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence and a senior expert in AI. Asked why tech companies are rolling out AI prediction features for sports when the accuracy rate is relatively low, experts said the trend partly reflects the growing pressure of competition across the industry. While artificial intelligence has grown extremely powerful in the digital world, the physical world — with all its unpredictability — remains largely beyond its reach. As the AI technology matures, simply competing on the size parameter (参数) is not enough, so the market should pay less attention to how large a model is and more attention to whether it can deliver valuable services in real-world situations and solve practical problems for users. 20．Why is the 2026 FIFA World Cup seen as “an unexpected testing ground” for AI? A．It lets AI platforms test match prediction. B．It is a big sports event hosted by three nations. C．It provides big rewards for new AI models. D．It helps AI correct sports data errors. 21．What can be learned from the Brazil-Morocco match result? A．Most football games end in draws unexpectedly. B．AI fails to collect enough sports statistics. C．Statistical data mean nothing to match analysis. D．Historical data cannot guarantee accurate predictions. 22．What is Guo Tao’s attitude toward AI’s ability to predict sports events? A．optimistic B．skeptical C．disapproving D．objective 23．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．AI can predict all real-world events accurately. B．Big AI models are useless in modern market. C．Practical service ability for AI matters more. D．Model size still decides an AI model’s value. 【答案】20．A 21．D 22．D 23．C 【导语】文章以2026年美加墨世界杯为背景，介绍通义千问、深度求索、Kimi等中国大语言模型纷纷尝试预测赛事结果，世界杯意外成为检验AI推理与数据分析能力的试验场；文章同时指出AI体育赛事预测存在明显局限，现实赛场变量难以量化，专家表示行业不应盲目比拼模型参数规模，而应聚焦AI在现实场景中提供实用服务、解决实际问题的能力。 【详解】20．细节理解题。根据第一段“Several Chinese large language models including Qwen, DeepSeek and Kimi have stepped up to predict match results, turning the world’s largest sporting event into an unexpected testing ground for AI-powered reasoning and data analysis.(包括通义千问、深度求索、Kimi在内的多款中国大语言模型已经开始预测赛事结果，将这项全球规模最大的体育赛事转变成了人工智能推理和数据分析能力的意外试验场。)”可知，2026年世界杯被视作人工智能意外试验场的原因是它让人工智能平台测试赛事预测能力。 21．推理判断题。根据第三段“For example, before the Group C match between Brazil and Morocco, major large language models confidently predicted a Brazilian victory, based on historical records and data. The match ended in a 1-1 draw.(举例来说，在巴西对阵摩洛哥的C组小组赛开始前，各大主流大语言模型依托历史记录与数据，笃定预测巴西取胜。比赛最终以1比1平局收场。)”可知，历史数据无法保证预测结果精准。 22．推理判断题。根据第四段“‘As one of the most-watched sporting events across the globe, the World Cup offers AI companies a rare opportunity to showcase the computing power and analytical skills to a wider audience, but soccer matches are influenced by many factors in the physical world, and such variables (变量) are highly uncertain and difficult to quantify using fixed AI models, making precise predictions challenging.’ said Guo Tao, a member of the Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence and a senior expert in AI.(中国人工智能学会会员、人工智能高级专家郭涛表示：‘作为全球收看人数最多的体育赛事之一，世界杯为人工智能企业提供了一个难得的机会，向更广泛的受众展示算力与分析能力，但是足球比赛会受到现实世界当中诸多因素的影响，并且这类变量具备高度不确定性，很难依靠固定的人工智能模型实现量化，这就让精准预测具备很大难度。’)”可知，郭涛既认可世界杯为人工智能企业提供了展示算力与分析能力的机会，也客观点明足球赛事受现实多重因素影响、变量不确定性强，没有片面否定或一味看好，态度是客观的。 23．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As the AI technology matures, simply competing on the size parameter is not enough, so the market should pay less attention to how large a model is and more attention to whether it can deliver valuable services in real-world situations and solve practical problems for users.(随着人工智能技术走向成熟，仅仅比拼参数规模是不够的，因此市场应当少关注模型体量大小，更多关注人工智能能否在现实场景中提供有价值的服务、为用户解决实际问题。)”可知，人工智能的实用服务能力更加重要。 3、 完形填空 As a foreign visitor to Dalian, I was a far cry from wrapping my head around local football fans. To my outsider’s eyes, their thunderous chants and nonstop jumping seemed way 24 , totally beyond my expectations. Frankly, I secretly 25 whether they had lost their minds. Little did I realize I was wandering into uncharted territory the moment I 26 for the North Stand of Suoyuwan Stadium. Immersed in the roaring sea of cheers, I suddenly froze -a gigantic tifo (巨幅画布) of Stanciu 27 right before my eyes. Fans ranging from grey-haired elders to teenagers displayed impressive teamwork. The breathtaking display knocked my 28 off. At first, I felt a touch 29 , like an outsider crashing a private party. I hesitated for a while, then soon 30 my feet, bouncing wildly to the beat. I yelled “Sha-la-la” several times 31 and no longer cared how silly I looked. I once assumed football was merely about powerful 32 and goals. Yet here, the sport managed to carry on its magic across borders and generations. Total strangers built an unexpected 33 , bound by pure excitement. Many fans travelled a long way to get here, their muddy sneakers telling stories of the journey. The atmosphere 34 filled every corner of the stand. It finally 35 for me: football is far more than a competitive game and passion for this beautiful game simply has no boundary. Looking back on this unforgettable experience that has 36 my understanding about sports, I 37 to keep this precious memory deep in my heart, since it serves as living 38 that sport is a universal language tearing down walls. 24．A．heart-in-mouth B．over-the-top C．state-of-the-art D．once-in-a-lifetime 25．A．predicted B．defined C．wondered D．concluded 26．A．headed B．walked C．drove D．rushed 27．A．unfolded B．uncovered C．unwrapped D．unlocked 28．A．hat B．arms C．socks D．head 29．A．awe-inspiring B．confused C．awkward D．thrilled 30．A．carried on B．burst onto C．gave way D．took off 31．A．in time B．in turn C．in place D．in a row 32．A．beliefs B．aims C．efforts D．shots 33．A．association B．promise C．system D．routine 34．A．merely B．steely C．perfectly D．hardly 35．A．reminded B．clicked C．displayed D．dawned 36．A．restored B．sharpened C．guaranteed D．exchanged 37．A．hesitate B．attempt C．pretend D．resolve 38．A．sample B．symbol C．signal D．proof 【答案】 24．B 25．C 26．A 27．A 28．C 29．C 30．B 31．D 32．D 33．A 34．C 35．B 36．B 37．D 38．D 【导语】文章讲述作者作为外国游客初看大连球迷狂热表现感到不解，后在球场被巨幅画布和热烈氛围震撼，最终融入其中。作者由此感悟足球超越国界，是打破隔阂的通用语言。 【详解】24．考查形容词短语。句意：在我这个局外人眼里，他们雷鸣般的呐喊和不停的跳跃似乎太过夸张，完全超出了我的预期。A. heart-in-mouth提心吊胆的；B. over-the-top过火的，夸张的；C. state-of-the-art最先进的；D. once-in-a-lifetime千载难逢的。根据下文“totally beyond my expectations”及前文“thunderous chants and nonstop jumping”可知，作者起初觉得球迷的行为过于激烈、夸张。 25．考查动词。句意：坦白说，我暗自纳闷他们是不是疯了。A. predicted预测；B. defined定义；C. wondered纳闷，想知道；D. concluded得出结论。根据后文“whether they had lost their minds(是否疯了)”可知，这是作者内心的疑问和猜测，而非确定的结论。 26．考查动词。句意：当我前往梭鱼湾球场北看台的那一刻，我几乎没意识到自己正踏入一片未知的领域。A. headed前往，朝……走；B. walked步行；C. drove驾驶；D. rushed冲。根据后文“for the North Stand of Suoyuwan Stadium”可知，作者前往梭鱼湾球场北看台；head for 是固定搭配，意为“前往某地”，符合语境中作者去球场的动作。 27．考查动词。句意：沉浸在欢呼的海洋中，我突然愣住了——一幅Stanciu的巨幅画布就在我眼前展开。A. unfolded展开；B. uncovered揭开；C. unwrapped拆开包装；D. unlocked解锁。根据前文“a gigantic tifo (巨幅画布) of Stanciu”可知，巨幅画布在球场展示时通常是“展开”，unfold符合语境。 28．考查名词。句意：这令人叹为观止的展示让我目瞪口呆。A. hat帽子；B. arms手臂；C. socks袜子；D. head头。根据前文“The breathtaking display”可知，展示让作者目瞪口呆。knock one’s socks off为固定短语，意为“使……大吃一惊/印象深刻”，符合语境。 29．考查形容词。句意：起初，我感到有点尴尬，就像一个闯入私人派对的局外人。A. awe-inspiring令人敬畏的；B. confused困惑的；C. awkward尴尬的；D. thrilled激动的。根据后文“like an outsider crashing a private party(像闯入私人派对的局外人)”可知，作者作为外来者，最初的感觉是不自在、尴尬。 30．考查动词短语。句意：我犹豫了一会儿，然后很快猛地站起身来，随着节奏疯狂地蹦跳起来。A. carried on继续；B. burst onto突然进入/爆发；C. gave way让路；D. took off起飞/脱下。根据后文“bouncing wildly to the beat”可知，作者随着节拍疯狂跳了起来，burst onto one’s feet 形象地描绘了从犹豫到突然投入、跳起来的动作，符合“bouncing wildly”的语境。 31．考查介词短语。句意：我连续喊了几次“Sha-la-la”，不再在乎自己看起来有多傻。A. in time及时；B. in turn依次；C. in place在适当位置；D. in a row连续地。根据前文“I yelled “Sha-la-la” several times”可知，作者连续喊了几次口号，表示“连续地”用in a row。 32．考查名词。句意：我曾以为足球仅仅关乎有力的射门和进球。A. beliefs信念；B. aims目标；C. efforts努力；D. shots射门。根据后文的“goals”可知，此处并列的足球技术动作，shots，意为“射门”符合语境。 33．考查名词。句意：素不相识的人们意外地建立了联系，仅因纯粹的兴奋而紧密相连。A. association联系，关联；B. promise承诺；C. system 系统；D. routine 常规。根据后文“bound by pure excitement”可知，陌生人之间因共同热爱产生了情感上的联系。 34．考查副词。句意：气氛完美地弥漫在看台的每个角落。A. merely仅仅；B. steely钢铁般地；C. perfectly完美地；D. hardly几乎不。根据后文“filled every corner”可知，氛围无处不在，完美地弥漫在看台的每个角落，用perfectly修饰filled表示程度之深、之完美，符合语境。 35．考查动词。句意：终于，我明白了：足球远不止是一项竞技运动，对这项美丽运动的热爱是无边无际的。A. reminded提醒；B. clicked豁然开朗，被理解；C. displayed展示；D. dawned破晓。根据后文“football is far more than a competitive game and passion for this beautiful game simply has no boundary.”可知，此处是作者明白的道理；It clicked (for sb.)为固定短语，意为“(某人)突然明白了/理解了”，符合语境。 36．考查动词。句意：回顾这段难忘的经历，它让我对体育有了更深刻的理解。我决心将这一珍贵的记忆深藏于心，因为它生动地证明了体育是一种打破隔阂的通用语言。A. restored恢复；B. sharpened加深，使敏锐；C. guaranteed保证；D. exchanged交换。根据后文的“my understanding about sports”可知，这段难忘的经历，加深了作者对体育有了更深刻的理解。sharpen one’s understanding 意为“加深理解”，符合语境。 37．考查动词。句意同上。A. hesitate犹豫；B. attempt尝试；C. pretend假装；D. resolve下定决心。根据“keep this precious memory deep in my heart”可知，这是作者坚定的意愿将记忆深藏心底。resolve to do sth.意为“决心做某事”，符合语境。 38．考查名词。句意同上。A. sample样本；B. symbol象征；C. signal信号；D. proof证据，证明。根据前文作者从误解到融入的经历，以及后文“that sport is a universal language tearing down walls.”可知，这段经历是体育无国界的有力证据。serve as proof意为“作为……的证明”，符合语境。 四、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 On April 19, 2026, the Beijing E-Town Half Marathon for humanoid robots took place, 39 attracted great attention. 40 ordinary races, this 21.0975-kilometer event included both autonomous and remote-controlled robots. 41 (surprising), the first robot to cross the finish line was not the final champion. The Jueying Chitu team, using a remote-controlled robot called “Lightning”, 42 (finish) with a net time of 48 minutes and 19 seconds, consistently running faster than 7 m/s. However, according to the competition rules, the 43 (result) of remote-controlled teams were multiplied (乘) by a weighting factor of 1.2 (1.2 的加权系数), giving them an adjusted time of about 57 minutes. As a result, 44 champion title went to the Qitian Dasheng team, which used an autonomous robot also 45 (name) “Lightning.” Their official finishing time was 50 minutes and 26 seconds. The rules also included time penalties (处罚): Battery replacement outside stations was allowed only in emergencies, with a 5-minute penalty for the first time and 10 minutes for the second. Replacing a robot led to even 46 (heavy) penalties. Interestingly, any autonomous team 47 (conduct) unauthorized human intervention (违规干预) more than three times would be automatically reclassified as a remote-controlled team. This special robot marathon not only shows the rapid development of humanoid robot technology, but also reflects the fairness and strictness of 48 (science) competition rules. 【答案】 39．which 40．Unlike 41．Surprisingly 42．finished 43．results 44．the 45．named 46．heavier 47．conducting 48．scientific 【导语】本文以 2026 年北京亦庄人形机器人半程马拉松赛为线索，介绍赛事规则、比赛结果，展现人形机器人技术的快速发展以及赛事科学严谨的竞赛规则。 【详解】39．考查定语从句。句意：2026年4月19日，北京亦庄人形机器人半程马拉松赛举办，该赛事吸引了大量关注。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词指代前面整件事，关系代词在从句中作主语，用which。 40．考查介词。句意：和普通赛事不同，这场21.0975公里的赛事同时包含自主机器人与遥控机器人参赛。根据后文赛事特殊性，此处表达“不同于”，介词unlike放在句首首字母大写。 41．考查副词。句意：令人意外的是，第一个冲过终点线的机器人并不是最终冠军。副词修饰后面整个句子，surprising的副词形式为Surprisingly，句首首字母大写。 42．考查动词时态。句意：绝影赤兔队使用一台名为 “闪电” 的遥控机器人，净成绩 48 分 19 秒，持续以每秒 7 米以上的速度奔跑。全文叙述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，finish的过去式是finished。 43．考查名词复数。句意：但根据比赛规则，遥控队伍的成绩要乘以 1.2 的加权系数，调整后的成绩约为 57 分钟。后面谓语动词为were，主语要用复数形式。 44．考查冠词。句意：最终，冠军称号归于齐天大圣队，该队伍使用一台同样命名为 “闪电” 的自主机器人。此处特指本次赛事的冠军头衔，用定冠词the。 45．考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。name和robot之间是被动关系，过去分词named作后置定语，表示 “被命名为”。 46．考查形容词比较级。句意：更换机器人则会受到更为严厉的处罚。副词even后常修饰形容词比较级，heavy的比较级为heavier。 47．考查非谓语动词。句意：有意思的是，任何自主队伍如果违规人为干预超过三次，将会自动被归类为遥控队伍。conduct和autonomous team之间是主动关系，现在分词conducting作后置定语。 48．考查形容词。句意：这场特别的机器人马拉松不仅展示人形机器人技术的飞速发展，也体现科学竞赛规则的公平性与严谨性。修饰名词competition rules需要形容词，science的形容词形式是scientific。 6 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $