Unit 6 Grammar in Use 讲义 2026-2027学年英语仁爱科普版八年级上册

Unit 6 Earth and Beyond　Grammar in Use 课时基本信息 课　　题 Unit 6 Earth and Beyond — Grammar in Use（后缀 -ness 名词；形容词比较级与最高级） 课　　型 语法课（第四课时·45分钟） 年　　级 八年级上册 版　　本 仁爱科普版（2024）英语八年级上册 教学重难点 【教学重点】 掌握后缀 -ness 构词（形容词+ness→抽象名词，表性质状态程度品质）：直接加（dark→darkness）/辅音+y 变 i 加（happy→happiness）/特例 shy→shyness,掌握形容词比较级与最高级规则变化五条（直接 er-est/去 e 加 r-st/变 y 为 i/双写辅音/more the most）+不规则四组（good-better-best 等）+三大句型（than/much 修饰/the+最高级 in of） 【教学难点】 掌握 -y 结尾形容词变 -ness（happiness）、much 修饰比较级、最高级 the 的用法等易错点,结合语境综合运用语法完成句子和语段输出（the+比较级，the+比较级 句型） 词汇速览 related /rɪˈleɪtɪd/ adj. 相关的；有联系的（be related to... 与……有关——Your sleep is related to your health. 你的睡眠与健康有关；A planet's temperature is related to its distance from the Sun.）；relate v. 联系（relate A to B 把 A 与 B 联系起来——Kids may relate happiness to delicious food.） fill /fɪl/ v. 填满；装满；使充满（fill A with B 用 B 把 A 装满——Please fill the glass with water.；be filled with... 被装满（被动）——The box is filled with old photos.；fill in 填写——Please fill in your name and address.） due /djuː/ adj. 由于；预定的；到期的（be due to... 由于，因为，接名词/代词/doing 不接句子——His success is due to hard work. 成功归功于努力；be due to do sth 预定做某事——They are due to start their space trip next month.） （一）导入 · 三个太空句子找规律 【过渡语】新单元语法课——三个太空句子，加粗词都是「形容词变身」。 例句三组：①Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific exploration.（细心与责任心在科学探索中起重要作用——careful+ness→carefulness）②Fitness of the body and mind is of key importance for scientists to live and work in space.（身心健康对科学家太空工作至关重要——fit+ness→fitness）③The brightness of a star is related to its size. The larger, the brighter.（恒星亮度与大小有关；越大越亮——bright+ness→brightness） 【提示框】 carefulness/fitness/brightness 都是「形容词+ness」变成的名词——本课第一条语法线。 （二）线一 · 后缀 -ness 规则 【过渡语】-ness 加在形容词后构成抽象名词——三条加法规则。 总规律：-ness 是非常重要的名词后缀，加在形容词之后，构成抽象名词。表示性质、状态、程度、品质。 三条规则：①一般形容词直接加 -ness：dark（黑暗的）→darkness 黑暗／cold（寒冷的）→coldness 寒冷；②辅音字母+y 结尾：把 y 改为 i 再加 -ness——lazy（懒惰的）→laziness 懒惰／happy（快乐的）→happiness 快乐；③特例：shy（害羞的）→shyness 害羞（虽是辅音+y，但 y 不变直接加） 【知识点】 ▶-ness 三条加法：直接加（dark→darkness）/变 y 为 i（happy→happiness）/特例 y 不变（shy→shyness）——与 -y 加法、现在分词规则同族。 【提示框】 happiness 是英语高频名词（U4s1 减压课复现）——happy 变 y 为 i 是最高频考法。 -ness 三条规则页 （三）填空操练 · 四空定形 Fill in the blanks（business/weakness/happiness/darkness）：1. The high cost is a big weakness in space exploration.（高空探索的大弱点——weak+ness）2. The development of the space industry will bring more business and create more jobs.（带来更多商机——busy 系 business）3. So many stars shine in the darkness. What a beautiful night!（黑暗中闪耀——dark+ness） 4. Nature can fill our lives with real joy, peace and happiness.（真正的快乐和平与幸福——happy 变 y 为 i） ▶四空四名词：weakness（弱项）/business（商业）/darkness（黑暗）/happiness（幸福）——三条规则各就各位。 【提示框】 第 2 空 business（商机/商业）是 busy 的同族名词，拼写别受 busy 干扰。 （四）语篇填空 · 金星水星四空 语篇：Venus and Mercury are two of the closest planets to the Sun. Because of its closeness to the Sun and its smallness in size, Mercury is difficult for us to see on Earth.（因为离太阳近且体积小——closeness/smallness）Venus, on the other hand, is known for its brightness and it's beautiful.（金星以亮度闻名——brightness） Venus is the hottest planet while the surface temperature on Mercury can drop down to -173℃ at night. Its coldness is due to its thin air.（水星夜间骤降至 -173℃；寒冷源于稀薄空气——coldness is due to） ▶四名词成链：closeness（近）→smallness（小）→brightness（亮）→coldness（冷）——金星亮、水星冷且小的特征全用 -ness 名词表达。 【提示框】 Its coldness is due to its thin air.（它的寒冷是由于稀薄空气）——be due to+n. 表原因，回扣本课词汇。 （五）线二 · 对话观察三种级 【过渡语】构词收官上第二条线——一段对话里，比较级与最高级同框。 对话：What are the differences between Mercury and Earth? Mercury is smaller than Earth and it is closer to the Sun than Earth.（比较级+than×2）Yes, I know that! It is the closest planet to the Sun.（最高级）Yes, so it's also much hotter than Earth.（much 修饰比较级） 【知识点】 ▶三种级同框：smaller/closer（比较级）+the closest（最高级）+much hotter（much 修饰比较级）——一段对话完成三级展示。 （六）规则精讲 · 原级比较级最高级 定义：原级=形容词本来形式，描述事物本身特征；比较级=两者之间对比「更……」，标志词 than；最高级=三者及以上「最……」，前面一般加 the。 规则变化五条：①一般单音节直接加 er/est：small—smaller—smallest；②不发音 e 结尾直接加 r/st：large—larger—largest；③辅音字母+y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 er/est：heavy—heavier—heaviest／dry—drier—driest；④重读闭音节辅元辅结尾双写末尾辅音加 er/est：big—bigger—biggest／hot—hotter—hottest；⑤多音节部分双音节前加 more/the most：wonderful—more wonderful—the most wonderful 【知识点】 ▶规则变化五条：直接加/去 e 加/变 y 为 i/双写/more——与 -y 加法和动词分词规则同族，三条构词规则一脉相承。 （七）不规则变化与句型 不规则变化（必须记忆）：good/well—better—best；bad/ill—worse—worst；many/much—more—most；little—less—least；far—farther（距离更远）/further（程度更进一步）—farthest/furthest 比较级句型三条：①A+be+比较级+than+B——Neptune is much colder than Earth.；②much/a lot/a little 修饰比较级表程度——Venus is a little smaller than Earth.；③the+比较级，the+比较级 越……越……——The closer the planet is to the Sun, the hotter it becomes. 最高级句型三条：①the+最高级+in+范围（Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.）；②the+最高级+of+对象（Mercury is the smallest of the eight planets.）；③one of+the+最高级+名词复数（Mars is one of the most interesting planets for scientists.） 【知识点】 ▶不规则四组硬记：good/better/best｜bad/worse/worst｜many/much/more/most｜little/less/least｜far farther/further（距离 vs 程度）；比较级三大句型（than/much 修饰/the...the...）+最高级三大句型（in 范围/of 对象/one of+复数）。 （八）表格填空 · 六行变形 【过渡语】句型记全——表格六行变形，五条规则一条不规则各就各位。 Complete the table：add -er/-est：bright—brighter—brightest；add -r/-st：large—larger—largest；change -y into -i：dry—drier—driest；double the last consonant：hot—hotter—hottest；add more/the most：wonderful—more wonderful—the most wonderful；irregular：far—farther/further—farthest/furthest 【知识点】 ▶六行判据：bright 直接加/large 去 e/dry 变 y 为 i/hot 双写/wonderful 用 more/far 不规则——先判规则行再落笔。 【提示框】 dry 的比较级 drier 不双写（-y 结尾走变 y 为 i 规则）；hot 双写 t（重读闭音节辅元辅）——两词对比记。 （九）语篇填空 · 死亡谷六空 Read the text：The Death Valley is known as the hottest (hot) place on the earth and the driest (dry) place in North America.（地球最热、北美最干——双最高级）In 1913, the highest (high) air temperature of 134°F (56.7℃) reached a record here.（最高气温创纪录）In summer, the average rainfall in the Death Valley is less (little) than 5cm.（降雨不足 5 厘米——little→less） But winter and spring are wetter (wet) and the weather is more comfortable.（冬春更湿润）Higher places are cooler (cool) than the lower areas in the valley.（高处比低处凉爽） ▶六空三最高级+三比较级：hottest/driest/highest（最高级创纪录）+less（little 不规则）/wetter/cooler（比较级对比）——「极值用最高级、对比用比较级」在语篇中自然分工。 【提示框】 reach a record（创纪录）；less than 5cm（不足 5 厘米）——little 的比较级 less 修饰不可数 rainfall。 （十）词汇精讲 · 三词三搭配 【过渡语】语篇做完回词汇——三个词三组搭配。 ①related adj. 相关的：be related to...（Your sleep is related to your health.／A planet's temperature is related to its distance from the Sun.）；relate A to B 把 A 与 B 联系起来（Kids may relate happiness to delicious food.）。②fill v. 填满：fill A with B（Please fill the glass with water.）／be filled with 被动（The box is filled with old photos.）／fill in 填写（fill in your name and address.） ③due adj.：be due to+n./doing 由于（His success is due to hard work.）；be due to do 预定做某事（They are due to start their space trip next month.） 【知识点】 ▶三词三考点：be related to 固定 to；fill A with B 与 be filled with 主动被动；be due to+n.（原因）vs be due to do（预定）——单选三题全落在这三点。 （十一）随堂检测 限时独立完成随堂检测（本课语法与词汇），完成后同桌互批，逐题核对订正。 一、1. A　2. B　3. C　二、4. the darker　5. is filled with　6. the fastest of 一、单项选择 1. The new satellite is ______ to reach the outer space next year. A. due　B. fill　C. related　D. caused 2. This star is ______ brighter than most stars we can see. A. more　B. much　C. very　D. many 3. The ______ you practise, the ______ progress you will make. （　　） A. more; great　B. much; greater　C. more; greater　D. most; greatest 二、根据句意补全句子 4. 离光源越远，物体看起来就越暗。 The farther you are from the light source, ________ ________ the object looks. 5. 这个袋子装满了各种各样的岩石样本。 The bag _______ _______ _______ different rock samples. 6. 在所有卫星当中，这颗是运行最快的。 This satellite runs _______ _______ _______ all the satellites. （十二）小结与作业 Summary 两条：①后缀 -ness 三条加法（直接/变 y 为 i/特例 shy）——carefulness/happiness/shyness；②比较级最高级——规则五条+不规则四组+比较级三句型（than/much 修饰/the...the...）+最高级三句型（in 范围/of 对象/one of+复数）；词汇 related/fill/due。 Homework 分层——Need to do：Finish the exercises about this lesson.（完成练习）Write 5 sentences about space using comparative or superlative forms.（用比较级最高级写 5 句太空句子）Choose to do：Make a short oral report about one planet and share it next class.（行星口头报告） 【提示框】 五句自查：比较级句至少 2 句（含 much 修饰）、最高级句至少 2 句（含 one of 结构）——句型覆盖即合格。 语言点归纳 课堂总结 本课为单元语法课（第四课时），两条语法线并进。线一——后缀 -ness 构词：例句三组：①Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific exploration.（细心与责任心在科学探索中起重要作用——careful+ness）②Fitness of the body and mind is of key importance for scientists to live and work in space.（身心健康对科学家太空生活工作至关重要——fit+ness）③The brightness of a star is related to its size. The larger, the brighter.（恒星亮度与大小有关——bright+ness）。规则：-ness 是重要的名词后缀，加在形容词之后构成抽象名词，表示性质、状态、程度、品质——①一般形容词直接加：dark→darkness／cold→coldness；②辅音字母+y 结尾：变 y 为 i 再加（lazy→laziness／happy→happiness 快乐）；③特例：shy→shyness（辅音+y 但 y 不变直接加）。填空四空（business/weakness/happiness/darkness）：1. The high cost is a big weakness in space exploration.（高空探索的大弱点）2. The development of the space industry will bring more business and create more jobs.（带来更多商机）3. So many stars shine in the darkness. What a beautiful night!（黑暗中闪耀——感叹句）4. Nature can fill our lives with real joy, peace and happiness.（真正的快乐和平与幸福）。语篇填空四空（closeness/smallness/brightness/coldness）《Venus and Mercury》：Venus and Mercury are two of the closest planets to the Sun. Because of its closeness to the Sun and its smallness in size, Mercury is difficult for us to see on Earth.（因为离太阳近且体积小——closeness/smallness）Venus, on the other hand, is known for its brightness and it's beautiful.（以亮度闻名）Venus is the hottest planet while the surface temperature on Mercury can drop down to -173℃ at night. Its coldness is due to its thin air.（寒冷源于稀薄空气——coldness is due to）。线二——形容词比较级与最高级：对话观察——What are the differences between Mercury and Earth? Mercury is smaller than Earth and it is closer to the Sun than Earth. Yes, I know that! It is the closest planet to the Sun. Yes, so it's also much hotter than Earth.（smaller than/closer than/the closest/much hotter——三种级同框）。定义：原级=形容词本来形式；比较级=两者对比「更……」，标志词 than；最高级=三者及以上「最……」，前加 the。规则变化五条：①一般单音节直接加 er/est（small—smaller—smallest）；②不发音 e 结尾直接加 r/st（large—larger—largest）；③辅音字母+y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 er/est（heavy—heavier—heaviest）；④重读闭音节辅元辅结尾双写末尾辅音加 er/est（big—bigger—biggest／hot—hotter—hottest）；⑤多音节部分双音节前加 more/the most（wonderful—more wonderful—the most wonderful）。不规则变化四组（必须记忆）：good/well—better—best；bad/ill—worse—worst；many/much—more—most；little—less—least；far—farther（距离更远）/further（程度更进一步）—farthest/furthest。比较级重点句型三条：①A+be+比较级+than+B（Neptune is much colder than Earth.）；②much/a lot/a little 修饰比较级表程度（Venus is a little smaller than Earth.）；③the+比较级，the+比较级 越……越……（The closer the planet is to the Sun, the hotter it becomes. 行星离太阳越近温度越高）。最高级重点句型三条：①the+最高级+in+范围（Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.）；②the+最高级+of+对象（Mercury is the smallest of the eight planets.）；③one of+the+最高级+名词复数（Mars is one of the most interesting planets for scientists.）。表格填空六行：bright—brighter—brightest／large—larger—largest／dry—drier—driest／hot—hotter—hottest／wonderful—more wonderful—the most wonderful／far—farther/further—farthest/furthest。语篇填空六空《The Death Valley 死亡谷》：The Death Valley is known as the hottest (hot) place on the earth and the driest (dry) place in North America.（最热与最干——最高级）In 1913, the highest (high) air temperature of 134°F (56.7℃) reached a record here.（最高气温创纪录）In summer, the average rainfall in the Death Valley is less (little) than 5cm.（降雨不足 5 厘米——little 比较级 less）But winter and spring are wetter (wet) and the weather is more comfortable.（冬春更湿润）Higher places are cooler (cool) than the lower areas in the valley.（高处比低处凉爽）。词汇精讲三个：related（be related to/relate A to B）；fill（fill A with B/be filled with/fill in）；due（be due to+n./doing 因为；be due to do 预定）。随堂检测：单项选择三题（is due to reach the outer space/much brighter than most stars/The more; the greater 比较级对）+根据句意补全句子三题（The farther...the darker 越远越暗/is filled with different rock samples/the fastest of all the satellites 最高级+of）。Homework 分层：Need to do——Finish the exercises about this lesson.（完成练习）Write 5 sentences about space using comparative or superlative forms.（用比较级或最高级写 5 句太空句子）Choose to do——Make a short oral report about one planet and share it next class.（做一颗行星口头报告下节课分享）。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $