精品解析：上海市格致中学2026-2027学年高二年级第一学期10月月考英语试卷

格致中学二〇二六学年度第一学期第一次测验 高二年级英语试卷 (测试100分钟内完成，总分115分，试后交答题卷) I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Love Your Lungs From 29 June to 5 July it’s Love Your Lungs week, which is all about understanding how important lungs are. Thanks to our brilliant bodies, breathing is ___1___ everyone does all day, every day without even thinking about it. However, did you know that there are special ways of breathing, called breathwork, ___2___ can help you regulate your emotions, concentrate better and keep calm? What happens when you breathe? “___3___ you breathe in, your body pulls fresh oxygen from the air into your lungs. That oxygen travels into your blood and ___4___ (carry) all around your body to give energy to your brain, muscles and organs,” explains Dr William Van Gordon, an associate professor at the University of Derby who studies ___5___ people think, feel and behave. “When you breathe out, you push out a waste gas called carbon dioxide,” he says. “It’s like your body’s clever built‑in air exchange system that keeps you alive and energised every second.” What is breathwork? Breathwork is a breathing technique that ___6___ (use) for centuries in Eastern medicine (a natural way of healing people). “Breathwork is when you pay special attention to your breathing to help your body and mind,” explains Dr Van Gordon. “Sometimes you might gently watch your breath as it flows in and out naturally. Other times you change how you breathe on purpose – for example by slowing it down, making it deeper or holding it for a short time. Many children and teenagers use it before tests, sports or just to have a quick reset. It’s a simple but effective tool,” he says. There are lots of different types of breathing exercises you can do ___7___ the funnily named lion’s breath and humming bee breath. What are the benefits? Dr Van Gordon says breathwork can help you to “feel calmer and___8___ (worried) when you’re stressed, angry or nervous; focus better at school or with homework; fall asleep more easily at night; feel more energised during the day; and lower your heart rate and feel relaxed”. Breathwork has been proven ___9___ (work). One study found that children who did daily breathing exercises in primary school performed better in maths. In the US, some members of a special military unit, the Navy SEALS, use it to help them stay calm in dangerous and stressful situations. So next time you’re feeling worried, try the breathing technique ___10___ (recommend) above. 【答案】1. something##what 2. which 3. Every time##Each time 4. is carried 5. how 6. has been used 7. including##like 8. less worried 9. to work 10. recommended 【解析】 【导语】本文主要讲的是呼吸的原理、呼吸训练的定义、练习方法以及它在调节情绪、提升专注力等方面的好处，并用实例证明呼吸训练的有效性。 【1题详解】 考查不定代词和表语从句。句意：多亏了我们奇妙/出色的身体，呼吸是所有人每天、每时每刻无需思考就会做的事。空格处引导表语从句，从句中缺少宾语，此处表示“呼吸是我们每天、每时每刻都无需思考就能完成的自然行为”，因此用what引导表语从句；空格处也可表达“某种事情或某种东西”，用不定代词something。 【2题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：然而，你知道吗？有一些特殊的呼吸方式，叫做呼吸调节训练（呼吸练习），它可以帮助调节情绪、提升专注力并保持冷静。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词special ways of breathing, called breathwork是物，因此用关系代词which引导定语从句。 【3题详解】 考查时间状语从句。句意：德比大学副教授威廉・范・戈登博士（研究人的思维、感受与行为）解释说：“每次吸气时，身体会从空气中汲取新鲜氧气送入肺部。氧气进入血液，被输送到全身各处，为大脑、肌肉和器官供能。”由you breathe in可知，空格处表达“每次”，用every time/each time，引导时间状语从句。 【4题详解】 考查时态、被动语态和主谓一致。句意：德比大学副教授威廉・范・戈登博士（研究人的思维、感受与行为）解释说：“每次吸气时，身体会从空气中汲取新鲜氧气送入肺部。氧气进入血液，被输送到全身各处，为大脑、肌肉和器官供能。”That oxygen和carry之间是逻辑动宾关系，且描述客观事实，因此空格处用一般现在时的被动语态，主语That oxygen是不可数名词，因此空格处是is carried。 【5题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：德比大学副教授威廉・范・戈登博士（研究人的思维、感受与行为）解释说：“每次吸气时，身体会从空气中汲取新鲜氧气送入肺部。氧气进入血液，被输送到全身各处，为大脑、肌肉和器官供能。”空格处引导宾语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，句子表示“人们如何思维、感受与行为”，空格处表示“如何”，因此用how引导宾语从句。 【6题详解】 考查时态、被动语态和主谓一致。句意：呼吸调节训练是一种呼吸技巧，在东方自然疗法中已有数百年应用历史。由for centuries可知，句子用现在完成时，that指代的先行词technique和use之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此空格处用现在完成时的被动语态，that指代的先行词technique是单数，因此空格处是has been used。 【7题详解】 考查介词。句意：呼吸练习有很多种类，其中还有名字很有趣的狮式呼吸和蜂鸣式呼吸。the funnily named lion’s breath and humming bee breath是举例，空格处表达“包括”，用including，也可表达“像”，用like。 【8题详解】 考查比较级。句意：范・戈登博士说，当你压力大、愤怒或者紧张时，呼吸训练可以帮你“平复情绪、减少焦虑；在学校或写作业时提升专注力；夜晚更容易入睡；白天精力更充沛；降低心率，放松身心。”and表并列，由calmer可知，空格处用比较级，此处表示“减少焦虑”，用比较级less worried。 【9题详解】 考查动词不定式。句意：呼吸训练的效果已经得到证实。be proven to do是固定短语，意为“被证明……”，因此空格处是to work。 【10题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：所以下次感到焦虑时，可以试试上面推荐的呼吸方法。try是谓语，空格处用非谓语动词，technique和recommend之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此用过去分词表被动，作后置定语。 Section B (A) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. exposure B. captured C. enduring D. enormous E. individual F. dotted G. labor H. crafted I. command J. deserve K. primitive Time Fears the Terracotta Army (兵马俑) America's midlands are ____11____with small towns and suburbs. Driving along one of the area's major highways, you can pass dozens of small communities in a day. I often wonder what life is like in these places as I drive past them. Some people have probably never left their community, which is the whole world to them. Others may have little knowledge of, or interest in, anything from the distant past. For them, history begins with their grandparents’ stories from half a century before, and anything prior to that comes from book learning. Maybe this is the way it should be: In a relatively egalitarian (主张人人平等的) society, we mostly pay attention to our own little worlds. Consider how different the world was for the men who ____12____ the Terracotta Army, that vast array of life-size sculptures of soldiers buried around the tomb of Qin Shi Huang. I recently visited the historic site in Xi’an for the second time, and as I watched tourists crowd around against the guard rail protecting the pit, I was struck by the emperor's power to ____13____ our attention after more than 2,000 years. The great people of history like Qin Shi Huang bring us into a larger world, one where time is measured in dynasties rather than generations. There is an old saying: “Man fears time, but time fears the pyramids.” Indeed, in our little worlds, time can destroy everything. However, in the world the pharaohs created — with the help of numerous workers — the pyramids stand the test of time and speak to later generations about the ____14____ ingenuity (聪慧巧思) of the ancient Egyptians, who were able to build these massive structures using only ____15____tools. The Terracotta Army was forgotten by history until some farmers uncovered it 50 years ago. How could such a(n) ____16____ achievement be forgotten for so long? For ages, thousands of lifelike sculptures of soldiers had stood ready for combat under the earth, each of which was carefully sculpted. Although they were mass-produced, they are highly ____17____portraits. Looking at the several dozen that are on display, I was amazed by the amount of human ____18____ that must have gone into creating them. Just like the pyramids, the Terracotta Army is a testament to both the immense power rulers wielded in shaping their world and the artistic creativity of our ancestors. While we can’t see the original color of the soldiers today because ____19____ to the air destroyed the pigments (颜料), we can still see the beauty through early photographs, which ____20____ the brilliant colors when the sculptures were first uncovered. There is much to appreciate about these ancient wonders. Their continued existence speaks volumes. 【答案】11. F 12. H 13. I 14. C 15. K 16. D 17. E 18. G 19. A 20. B 【解析】 【导语】作者参观兵马俑有感，借与金字塔类比，赞叹古代遗迹展现的统治者力量、先民智慧，感慨岁月对文物色彩带来的损毁。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：美国中部遍布着小镇和郊区。此空应填过去分词，根据“with small towns and suburbs”可知，此处描述中部地区遍布城镇。dot，表“遍布，布满”，固定搭配be dotted with表示“点缀、遍布”，符合“美国中部城镇分布状况”的语境。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：想一想那些制作兵马俑的人所处的世界是多么不一样，那一大片真人大小的士兵雕塑埋葬在秦始皇陵墓周围。此空应填动词作定语从句的谓语，根据“the Terracotta Army, that vast array of life-size sculptures of soldiers”可知，此处指工匠打造兵马俑。craft，表“精心制作”，讲述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时crafted，符合“古代工匠雕琢兵马俑”的语境。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：我第二次参观西安这处历史遗址，看着游客挤在保护坑的护栏旁，我被这位皇帝历经两千多年仍然能够吸引我们注意力的力量所震撼。此空应填动词，根据“our attention after more than 2,000 years”可知，此处指秦始皇的影响力博得后人关注。command，表“赢得，博得”，不定式to后接动词原形，command one’s attention表示“吸引某人注意”，符合“秦始皇的影响力跨越千年”的语境。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：然而，在法老借助无数劳工所创造的世界里，金字塔经受住了时间的考验，向后代诉说古埃及人经久不衰的聪慧巧思，他们仅凭原始工具就建成这些巨型建筑。此空应填形容词修饰名词ingenuity，根据“stand the test of time and speak to later generations”可知，此处指智慧历经岁月流传。enduring，表“持久的，经久不衰的”，符合“古埃及智慧流传后世”的语境。 【15题详解】 考查形容词。句意：然而，在法老借助无数劳工所创造的世界里，金字塔经受住了时间的考验，向后代诉说古埃及人经久不衰的聪慧巧思，他们仅凭原始工具就建成这些巨型建筑。此空应填形容词修饰名词tools，根据“build these massive structures using only”可知，此处指当时落后简陋的工具。primitive，表“原始的，简陋的”，符合“古埃及建造工具条件有限”的语境。 【16题详解】 考查形容词。句意：如此巨大的一项成就怎么会被遗忘这么久？此空应填形容词修饰名词achievement，根据引文“be forgotten for so long”以及兵马俑宏大的规模可知，此处形容这项成就规模宏大。enormous，表“巨大的，庞大的”，符合“兵马俑是宏大的历史成就”的语境。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：尽管它们是批量生产的，但却是极具个人特色的肖像。此空应填形容词修饰名词portraits，根据“each of which was carefully sculpted”可知，每尊陶俑面貌各不相同，具有个体特征。individual，表“个人的，独特的”，符合“陶俑各具面貌特征”的语境。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：看着展出的几十尊陶俑，我对创作它们所投入的大量人力劳动感到惊叹。此空应填名词，根据“that must have gone into creating them”可知，此处指建造耗费的人力。labor，表“劳动，劳力”，human labor表示“人力劳动”，符合“修建陶俑耗费大量人力”的语境。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：虽然我们如今看不到士兵原本的色彩，因为暴露在空气中毁坏了颜料，但是我们仍然可以通过早期照片欣赏它的美，这些照片捕捉到雕塑刚出土时绚丽的色彩。此空应填名词，根据“to the air destroyed the pigments”可知，此处指陶俑接触空气。exposure，表“暴露”，固定搭配exposure to表示“暴露于……”，符合“接触空气导致颜料损毁”的语境。 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：同上。此空应填动词作定语从句的谓语，根据“the brilliant colors when the sculptures were first uncovered”可知，照片记录下刚出土时的色彩。capture，表“捕捉，拍摄记录”，讲述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时captured，符合“老照片留存出土时色彩”的语境。 (B) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. illustrations B. considerably C. issued D. addition E. obligation F. revised G. completely H. respects I. dropped J. original K. amounting Preface (前言) to the Second Edition Authors are never ____21____ finished with their books. They may turn in their manuscripts on the agreed‑upon day, but deep down they know if they only had more time, they could say it better. ____22____ editions give the author a chance to test his own claims; if you really could have said it better, here’s your chance. Readers will have to judge whether the first or this second edition of The Art of Crossing Cultures says it better, but this new edition does say some things differently — and some new things altogether. The conceptual framework of the ____23____ is still here, as is the model of cultural adjustment, now called “cultural effectiveness,” though the model itself has been modified in important ____24____. There are now 7 chapters instead of 9; chapters 5 and 6 have been combined, and the last chapter has been ____25____, having been replaced by this author’s own The Art of Coming Home (also being ____26____in a revised edition) and because it did not seem to fit with this edition’s more singular focus on the overseas experience. Other changes include a ____27____ expanded first chapter on culture shock, the use of more ____28____ from the world of business, and the ____29____of a new appendix (附录) of quotations on the overseas experience. Finally, the chapter titles have become decidedly less interesting or imaginative. While “The Howling of Tigers, The Hissing of Serpents” (old title) is certainly more evocative (引发情感的) than “Culture Shock” (new title), it is not nearly as descriptive, as chapter titles have some ____30____ to be. Make no mistake: tigers still howl and serpents still hiss in these pages, but no longer in chapter titles. 【答案】21. G 22. F 23. J 24. H 25. I 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. D 30. E 【解析】 【导语】本文是《跨文化交际的艺术》第二版前言，主要介绍本书再版的修改缘由，阐述第二版在章节数量、内容框架、配图、附录、章节标题等方面做出的各类调整与改动。 【21题详解】 考查副词。句意：作者永远不会完全写完他们的书籍。本句主谓结构完整，空格修饰形容词finished，需要填入副词；根据下文“They may turn in their manuscripts on the agreed‑upon day, but deep down they know if they only had more time, they could say it better.”可知，作者的书稿永远达不到彻底完结的状态，completely意为“完全地”。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。句意：修订版给作者提供了检验自己观点的机会；如果你确实可以把内容表述得更好，这就是你的机会。空格修饰名词editions，需要填入形容词；根据上文标题“Preface to the Second Edition”以及下文“this new edition does say some things differently”可知，此处指修订版本，revised意为“修订的”，revised editions表示“修订版”。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：原版的概念框架仍然保留，文化适应模型也是如此，该模型现在被称作“文化效能”，尽管这个模型本身在很多重要方面进行了修改。空格前有定冠词the，需要填入名词；根据上文“Readers will have to judge whether the first or this second edition of The Art of Crossing Cultures says it better”可知，这里指初版、原版书籍，original此处作名词表示“原版（书籍）”。 【24题详解】 考查名词。句意同上。important修饰名词；根据上文“the model itself has been modified”可知，本句表达模型本身在不少关键点上做出改动，respects表示“方面”，in important respects意为“在很多重要方面”。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：现在全书共7章，而不是9章；第5章和第6章被合并，最后一章已经被删去，因为它被作者本人的《回家的艺术》（该书也正在发行修订版）替代，同时这一章似乎和本版本更加专注海外经历的核心主题不匹配。本句为现在完成时被动语态have been done，空格需要填入过去分词；根据上文“There are now 7 chapters instead of 9; chapters 5 and 6 have been combined”及后文“having been replaced by this author’s own The Art of Coming Home”可知，章节数量由9章变为7章，这一章被另一本书替代，说明最后一章被删除，dropped表示“删除、剔除”。 【26题详解】 考查动词。句意同上。本句为进行时被动语态being done，空格填入过去分词；根据上下文对书籍改版的介绍可知，括号内修饰另一本著作，这本书也在出版修订版本，issued意为“发行、出版”，符合书籍出版语境。 【27题详解】 考查副词。句意：其他改动包括第一章关于文化冲击的内容大幅扩充，采用更多来自商业领域的图例，并且新增了一个关于海外经历引言的附录。空格修饰形容词expanded，需要副词；根据上文“Other changes include”可知，本段列举第二版做出的各项改动，第一章内容有所扩充，这里表达扩充幅度很大，considerably意为“相当地，大幅度地”，considerably expanded表示“大幅扩充的”。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意同上。more后面接可数名词复数；根据上文“Other changes include”可知，本句列举本书新增内容，结合书籍文本特征，书中会增加案例插图，illustrations意为“插图、图例、实例”，符合语境。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意同上。此处为the +名词+of结构；根据下文“a new appendix (附录) of quotations on the overseas experience”可知，本句列举修改项目，提到新增附录，这里表达附录的增加，addition表示“增加，新增部分”，the addition of表示“……的新增”。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：虽然《虎啸蛇嘶》（旧标题）当然比《文化冲击》（新标题）更有感染力，但它远不如后者描述性强，因为章节标题有一定的说明义务。some后面接名词；根据上文“While “The Howling of Tigers, The Hissing of Serpents” (old title) is certainly more evocative (引发情感的) than “Culture Shock” (new title), it is not nearly as descriptive”可知，旧标题感染力强但描述性不足，章节标题理应具备描述内容的责任，have some obligation to do表示“有一定义务做某事”，obligation意为“义务，职责”。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In the era of globalization, an increasing number of companies and organizations are sending expatriates into the field, including numerous smaller companies that never previously saw the ___31___. In a 2017 survey of 264 U.S.-based multinational corporations, more than half of the respondents indicated they had increased their number of expatriate (侨居的，外派的) employees in the ___32___ year, and two‑thirds said they expected their numbers to increase again by the year 2018. With an ever‑increasing number of companies earning more revenue from overseas than from ___33___ operations, first‑hand knowledge and experience of foreign markets and conditions has become essential for today’s managers and executives. For the ___34___ reason, the career path to senior management positions in most global companies now includes at least one overseas assignment. These assignments used to be for the ___35___ and the unconventional; now they’re de rigueur (必备的) for almost anyone who aims for a ___36___ role in a company with foreign operations. The Windham International survey identified the three leading causes of “assignment failure”: partner dissatisfaction, family concerns, and the inability to ___37___. All three causes suggest that successfully crossing cultures is a major ___38___ for most expatriates. “If left to luck,” Robert Kohls has observed, “your chances of having a really satisfying experience living abroad would be about one in seven”. The costs of cross‑cultural failure, for individuals and their organizations, have been ___39___. There are personal costs and family costs; financial, professional, and emotional costs; and costs to one’s career prospects, to one’s self‑esteem, and to one’s marriage and family. The ___40___ may pay a steep price as well — in recruitment and selection costs, in training costs, moving costs, compromised careers, and all the costs associated with lost opportunities, damaged relationships, low morale, reduced productivity, and perhaps even damage to the company or organization’s reputation in the country or region. Nor are the costs of a failed assignment ___41___entirely by the individual expat and his or her parent company or organization. Most expats occupy high profile, senior positions, where the decisions they make directly or indirectly affect the lives of large numbers of people. They may start projects, initiate reforms, begin overhauls of various procedures or systems — and then bail out (抽身而退) and leave the local people ___42___. Local people often have to make job or career changes, which affect their whole family, based on initiatives or changes begun by the new head of this or chief of that — who then departs abruptly for home. The comings and goings of expats touch many local lives, in ways often not ___43___ by those who are not around when the dust settles. There are two typical ___44___for expatriates who fail to effectively cross cultures: either they go home early from their overseas assignment, or, more commonly, they stay on, with greatly diminished effectiveness, often doing themselves, their families, and their organizations irreparable ___45___. Either way, it’s an outcome no one desires. 31. A. problem B. result C. need D. destination 32. A. following B. current C. prior D. recent 33. A. global B. domestic C. private D. chained 34. A. complicated B. same C. principal D. opposite 35. A. adventurous B. experienced C. amateur D. skilled 36. A. technical B. professional C. leadership D. temporary 37. A. return B. cooperate C. compete D. adapt 38. A. opportunity B. challenge C. reward D. routine 39. A. well-deserved B. well-established C. well-balanced D. well-documented 40. A. organization B. employee C. government D. individual 41. A. created B. avoided C. borne D. cut 42. A. stuck B. confused C. exhausted D. misled 43. A. criticized B. appreciated C. measured D. mentioned 44. A. endings B. strategies C. benefits D. suggestions 45. A. good B. credit C. harm D. wrong 【答案】31. C 32. C 33. B 34. B 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. B 39. D 40. A 41. C 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. C 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍了全球化背景下企业外派人员日趋普遍，跨文化适应失败会给个人、企业以及当地民众带来多重代价，外派失败通常有两种结局，这都是各方不愿看到的结果。 【31题详解】 考查名词。句意：在全球化时代，越来越多公司和机构向外派遣外派人员，包括许多以前从未看到这种需求的小型公司。A. problem问题；B. result结果；C. need需求；D. destination目的地。根据上文“an increasing number of companies and organizations are sending expatriates into the field,”可知，很多小公司从前没有看到外派的这种需求。 【32题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在一项2017年针对264家美国跨国公司的调查中，超半数受访者表示他们在过去一年增加了外派员工的数量，三分之二的人称预计2018年该数字会再度上涨。A. following接下来的；B. current当前的；C. prior先前的；D. recent最近的。根据上文“In a 2017 survey of 264 U.S.-based multinational corporations,”以及下文“they expected their numbers to increase again by the year 2018.”可知，调查时间是2017，说明增长发生在调查开展的此前一年，prior year表示“上一年、先前一年”。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：由于越来越多公司从海外获得的收益高于国内业务，对外国市场和条件的第一手知识和经验对当今的管理者和高管来说变得至关重要。A. global全球的；B. domestic国内的；C. private私人的；D. chained连锁的。根据上文“With an ever‑increasing number of companies earning more revenue from overseas”可知，此处与overseas形成语义对比，overseas对应domestic“国内的”。 【34题详解】 考查形容词。句意：出于同样的原因，在大多数跨国公司，通往高级管理岗位的职业道路现在至少包含一次海外外派任务。A. complicated复杂的；B. same同样的；C. principal主要的；D. opposite相反的。根据上文“first‑hand knowledge and experience of foreign markets and conditions has become essential for today’s managers and executives.”以及下文“the career path to senior management positions in most global companies now includes at least one overseas assignment.”可知，海外经验对管理者必不可少，晋升高管也需要海外任职，这是出于同一个缘由，for the same reason意为“出于同样原因”。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这类外派任务过去只面向敢于冒险和不走寻常路的人；如今对于几乎所有想在有海外业务的企业获得领导岗位的人来说已经成为必备条件。A. adventurous爱冒险的；B. experienced有经验的；C. amateur业余的；D. skilled技术熟练的。根据下文“and the unconventional”以及语境可知，过去外派属于比较有挑战性的经历，适合敢于冒险的人。 【36题详解】 考查形容词。句意同上。A. technical技术的；B. professional职业的；C. leadership领导的；D. temporary临时的。根据上文“For the ____ reason, the career path to senior management positions in most global companies now includes at least one overseas assignment.”可知，对想要获得领导岗位的人来说，海外派遣已经成为必备条件。 【37题详解】 考查动词。句意：温德姆国际的调查找出外派任务失败的三大主要原因：伴侣不满、家庭顾虑以及无法适应。A. return返回；B. cooperate合作；C. compete竞争；D. adapt适应。根据下文“All three causes suggest that successfully crossing cultures is a major ____ for most expatriates.”可知，跨文化核心就是适应异域环境，inability to adapt表示“无法适应”。 【38题详解】 考查名词。句意：这三点都表明，成功实现跨文化交流对大多数外派人员来说是一项重大挑战。A. opportunity机会；B. challenge挑战；C. reward回报；D. routine惯例。根据上文“The Windham International survey identified the three leading causes of “assignment failure”: partner dissatisfaction, family concerns, and the inability to ____.”以及下文“your chances of having a really satisfying experience living abroad would be about one in seven”可知，上文列出造成外派失败的三类因素，说明跨文化这件事是外派人员要面对的挑战。 【39题详解】 考查形容词。句意：跨文化失败给个人和所属机构带来的代价已有充分记录。A. well‑deserved当之无愧的；B. well‑established地位稳固的；C. well‑balanced均衡的；D. well‑documented有充分记录的。根据下文“There are personal costs and family costs; financial, professional, and emotional costs; and costs to one’s career prospects, to one’s self‑esteem, and to one’s marriage and family.”以及之后列举的各种各样具体的损失代价可知，这些代价是被充分记录下来的。 【40题详解】 考查名词。句意：组织也可能付出高昂的代价，包括招聘和选拔成本、培训成本、搬家成本、职业生涯受损，以及与失去机会、关系受损、士气低落、生产力下降相关的所有成本，甚至可能损害公司或组织在该国或地区的声誉。A. organization机构；B. employee雇员；C. government政府；D. individual个人。根据上文“There are personal costs and family costs; financial, professional, and emotional costs;”以及下文“and perhaps even damage to the company or organization’s reputation in the country or region.”可知，本句的as well提示转换对象，讲组织、企业要承担的损失。 【41题详解】 考查动词。句意：外派失败的代价也并不完全是由外派人员本人及其母公司或组织承担。A. created创造；B. avoided避免；C. borne承受，承担；D. cut削减。根据上文“Nor are the costs of a failed assignment”可知，此处表示承担外派失败的代价，bear the cost为固定搭配，意为“承担代价”。 【42题详解】 考查形容词。句意：他们开启项目、推行改革，着手修订流程制度，然后抽身而退，让当地人陷入困境。A. stuck困住的，陷入困境的；B. confused困惑的；C. exhausted筋疲力尽的；D. misled被误导的。根据上文“They may start projects, initiate reforms, begin overhauls of various procedures or systems — and then bail out (抽身而退)”以及下文“Local people often have to make job or career changes, which affect their whole family, based on initiatives or changes begun by the new head of this or chief of that — who then departs abruptly for home.”可知，当地人被丢下，陷入进退两难的处境，leave sb. stuck表示“使某人陷入困境”。 【43题详解】 考查动词。句意：外籍人士的来来往往触动了许多当地人的生活，而当尘埃落定时，那些不在周围的人往往不会理解这种方式。A. criticized批评；B. appreciated理解；C. measured估量，衡量；D. mentioned提及。根据上文“Local people often have to make job or career changes, which affect their whole family, based on initiatives or changes begun by the new head of this or chief of that — who then departs abruptly for home.”可知，此处描述外派人员变动带来的实际影响，不在周围的人无法理解这些实际后果。 【44题详解】 考查名词。句意：无法有效实现跨文化适应的外派人员有两种典型结局：要么他们从海外派遣中提前回家，要么更常见的是，他们留下来，效率大大降低，往往对自己、家人和组织造成不可挽回的伤害。A. endings结局；B. strategies策略；C. benefits益处；D. suggestions建议。根据下文“either they go home early from their overseas assignment, or, more commonly, they stay on, with greatly diminished effectiveness, often doing themselves, their families, and their organizations irreparable ____.”可知，此处列举的是两种最终结果。 【45题详解】 考查名词。句意同上。A. good好处；B. credit赞誉；C. harm伤害；D. wrong错误。根据上文“more commonly, they stay on, with greatly diminished effectiveness, often doing themselves, their families, and their organizations irreparable”以及语境可知，留下来效率降低，对自己、家人和组织造成不可挽回的伤害。 Section B Directions: Read the following two passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) It is no secret that we all have secrets. Maintaining them can be draining, but not for the reason most researchers have long assumed. A new study redefines “secrecy” itself and offers a new explanation for its known link to depression, anxiety and poor overall health. The researchers suggest that secrecy is primarily the intention to conceal information, regardless of any active concealment around others. And that hurts us by making us feel inauthentic (不真实的), even when we are alone. Michael Slepian, a psychologist at Columbia Business School, and his colleagues recently reported their findings in a paper published online in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. In six studies, they queried a total of 1,200 Americans via the Internet — as well as 312 people picnicking in New York City’s Central Park — regarding 38 categories of behavior or identity that are often kept secret. For five of these studies, respondents said they were currently hiding information in about 13 of these categories on average including about five for which they had a secret they were keeping from everyone. The most common secrets were extra relational thoughts thinking about another person while already in a relationship, and romantic desire while being single. People said that when they were not interacting with anyone, they thought about their secrets about twice as often as they actively concealed them in conversation. The more often their minds wandered to a secret, the more they reported that it damaged their well-being and the less healthy they said they were. Surprisingly, active concealment did not affect well-being at all — in contrast to previous assumptions. Four additional studies, all involving couples and conducted online, produced similar findings. If you must keep a secret, Slepian suggests avoiding residing on it by practicing mindfulness or by discussing the forbidden topic in anonymous (匿名的) online forums. 46. According to the passage, why is it “draining” in paragraph 1 to maintain a secret? A. Because we have too many secrets to conceal at the same time. B. Because we don’t want other people to see us as being inauthentic. C. Because we may suffer depression and anxiety while having secrets. D. Because we tend to feel bad about the idea that we want to hide something. 47. Which of the following is true regarding Michael Slepian’s studies? A. All six studies are conducted and completed online. B. All the participants of these studies are couples in real life. C. All the respondents were hiding some kind of information. D. All the findings are in accordance to the previous assumptions. 48. Which of the following conditions may cause the most anxiety according to the studies? A. When people are thinking about someone other than their partner. B. When people are actively hiding their secrets in conversation. C. When people are having romantic desires while being single D. When people are quietly thinking about their secrets alone. 【答案】46. D 47. C 48. D 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍一项新研究，重新定义保密为隐藏信息的意图，指出频繁回想秘密会损害身心健康，而对话中主动隐瞒并不会。研究者通过多组实验证实该结论，并给出了处理秘密的相关建议。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“The researchers suggest that secrecy is primarily the intention to conceal information, regardless of any active concealment around others. And that hurts us by making us feel inauthentic (不真实的), even when we are alone. (研究人员提出，保密主要是隐藏信息的意图，不管是否在他人面前主动隐瞒。这种意图会让我们觉得自己不真实，从而伤害我们，即使独处时也是如此。)”可知，保守秘密耗费精力是因为想要隐瞒事情的想法使人感觉糟糕。 【47题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“In six studies, they queried a total of 1,200 Americans via the Internet — as well as 312 people picnicking in New York City’s Central Park — regarding 38 categories of behavior or identity that are often kept secret. (在六项研究中，他们通过网络询问了总共1200名美国人，还采访了在纽约中央公园野餐的312人，调查38类常被保密的行为或身份信息。)”和“For five of these studies, respondents said they were currently hiding information in about 13 of these categories on average including about five for which they had a secret they were keeping from everyone. (其中五项研究显示，受访者称，他们平均会隐瞒其中约13类信息，其中大约有五个秘密是对所有人都隐瞒的。)”可知，所有受访者都在隐瞒某些信息。 【48题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“People said that when they were not interacting with anyone, they thought about their secrets about twice as often as they actively concealed them in conversation. The more often their mind wandered to a secret, the more they reported that it damaged their well-being and the less healthy they said they were. (人们说，当不和任何人交流时，想到秘密的频率大约是在对话中主动隐瞒秘密频率的两倍。人们越是频繁地想到秘密，就越会表示这损害了自身健康，自我健康评价越低。)”可推断，独自暗自思索秘密最容易引发焦虑。 (B) Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains The book mainly presents us with the American Indian leaders of the past. It features many profiles and biographies including Sitting Bull, Red Cloud, Little Crow and Lozen Quanah etc. written by author Charles Eastman, and I’m sure you will be interested in it. Name: Sitting Bull Birth: 1831 Death: 12-15-1890 He was a great hero and is respected by many American Indians. In a 1997 documentary — The Great Tribes, he was known as a holy man, a composer of songs and an artist. Under him, the Sioux and Cheyenne Nations unified. He was advised to go on a European tour in 1887, but he turned it down to defend these two nations from being separated again. He led his people during years of resistance to United States government policies and was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. Name: Crazy Horse Birth: 1842 Death: 9-5-1877 Crazy Horse was a legendary warrior and a gentle leader as well as a brave man who stood for the highest ideal of the Sioux, celebrated for his battle skills as well as his efforts to preserve Native American traditions and way of life. Resisting efforts to force the Sioux on to reservations, he fought alongside Sitting Bull and others in the American-Indian Wars. Charles Eastman described him in his book Indian Heroes as “a man of deeds and not of words”. Name: Red Cloud Birth: 1822 Death: 12-10-1909 He was against the movement of the white settlers into the Black Hills. In 1868, he refused to sign a treaty, which stated that the Black Hills didn’t belong to people. The treaty also stated that these areas couldn’t be entered without the government’s permission. According to Eastman’s book Indian Heroes, he was said to have fought against the treaty, forcing the government to give in and pull out of the area. Name: Lozen Quanah Birth: late 1840s Death: 1890 Known as the youngest sister of Red Cloud, she devoted herself to the people. She was described in Peter Aleshire’s Warrior Woman as a heroine good at riding horses and using a bow and arrow to drive attackers away. This skill was considered to be “one of the most honored skills among the Indians”. 49. Sioux and Cheyenne in the passage are ________. A. colonized lands B. names of tribal groups C. two countries D. two nationalities 50. Which of the following is NOT true about Crazy Horse? A. He was friendly to his soldier. B. He showed great courage. C. He was a great speaker. D. He valued the conventions. 51. From the passage we can infer that________. A. Sitting Bull disliked traveling B. Indian Heroes was a book on Indian history C. in the 1880s Indian soldiers were armed with bows and arrows D. in the 1850s Indian women were not allowed to ride horses 52. The main purpose of the passage is to ________. A. show Indians’ lives to readers B. describe great Indian heroes and heroines C. summarize the history of the Indians D. introduce a history book 【答案】49. B 50. C 51. C 52. D 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍书籍《印第安英雄》，简要介绍书中四位杰出印第安男女领袖的生平事迹与卓越贡献，展现印第安英雄风采。 【49题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Under him, the Sioux and Cheyenne Nations unified.(在他的带领下，苏族和夏延族实现了统一。)”可知，Sioux和Cheyenne是印第安部落族群名称。 【50题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Charles Eastman described him in his book Indian Heroes as “a man of deeds and not of words”.(查尔斯・伊斯特曼在《印第安英雄》一书中将他描述为“一个行胜于言的人”。)”可知，疯马并非擅长演讲的人。 【51题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“Known as the youngest sister of Red Cloud, she devoted herself to the people. She was described in Peter Aleshire’s Warrior Woman as a heroine good at riding horses and using a bow and arrow to drive attackers away.(她是红云最小的妹妹，全心奉献给族人。彼得・阿尔希尔在《女战士》中描述她是一名擅长骑马、使用弓箭击退袭击者的女英雄。)”可推断，在19世纪80年代印第安士兵使用弓箭作为武器。 【52题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文特别是根据第一段“The book mainly presents us with the American Indian leaders of the past. It features many profiles and biographies including Sitting Bull, Red Cloud, Little Crow and Lozen Quanah etc. written by author Charles Eastman, and I’m sure you will be interested in it.(这本书主要向我们介绍了昔日的美洲印第安领袖，收录了由查尔斯・伊斯特曼撰写的坐牛、红云、小克劳、洛岑・夸纳等人的简介与传记，相信你会对这本书感兴趣。)”可知，文章旨在介绍一本关于印第安英雄的书籍。 (C) The Occupy Wall Street protest movement has raised serious questions about the role of capitalist institutions, particularly corporations in American society. Well before the first protester set foot in Zucotti Park, a heckler(扰乱分子) urged Mitt Romney to tax corporations rather than people. Romney’s response-- “Corporations are people” stirred a brief but intense controversy. Now thousands of demonstrators have in effect joined the heckler, denouncing(抨击) corporations as “enemies of the people.” Far more important than questions about what corporations are is the question of what attitude we should have toward them. Should we, as corporate public relations statements often suggest, think of them as friends (if we buy and are satisfied with their products) or as family (if we work for them)? Does it make sense to be loyal to a corporation as either a customer or as an employee？More generally, even granted that corporations are not fully persons in the way that individuals are, do they have some important moral standing in our society？ My answer to all these questions is no, because corporations have no core dedication to fundamental human values. Such corporations exist as instruments of profit for their shareholders. In fact, left to themselves, they can be serious threats to human values that conflict with the goal of corporate profit. Corporations are a particular threat to truth, a value essential in a democracy, which places a premium on the informed decisions of individual citizens. The corporate threat is most apparent in advertising, which explicitly aims at convincing us to prefer a product regardless of its actual merit. Their defining goal is to generate profit. There are cases when telling the truth is the best means to advance corporate profits. In 1982, when seven people in Chicago died from poisoned Tylenol, Johnson & Johnson appealed to its credo, which makes concern for its customers primary corporate goal，and told the entire truth about what had happened. This honesty turned a potential public-relations disaster into a triumph. But Johnson & Johnson’s impressive corporate credo ends by saying, “Our final responsibility is to our stockholders and must make solid profit. The credo is unclear about what happens when there is a conflict between responsible action and long-term profit. None of this means that corporations are evil or that socialism should replace the free-enterprise system. As Michel Foucault said of all power structures, it’s not that corporations are bad but that they are dangerous. The self-serving corporate speech that fills our media and halls of government is particularly dangerous for our democracy. At least for this reason, the Occupy Wall Street protesters are right to distrust corporations. 53. Mitt Romney most probably believes that ___________. A. individuals should pay more taxes than corporations B. corporations should not be forced to pay more taxes C. people should care more about corporations’ development D. corporations should enjoy all the legal rights as people do 54. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, it can be inferred that corporations ___________. A. should be set as moral examples of the society B. take employees’ faithfulness as part of their goals C. contribute little to the most essential human values D. are actually means by which people share profits 55. The 1982 event is cited in Paragraph 3 to illustrate that _____________ A. corporations always make profits at the expense of people’s health B. customers should always keep an eye on the quality of any product C. corporations take economic profit as their priority essentially D. corporation profit is always in contradiction with customer interests 56. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Corporations, People and Truth B. Corporations Are Different from People C. Corporations Are Untrustworthy D. The Occupy Wall Street Protest 【答案】53. B 54. C 55. C 56. A 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，由“占领华尔街”运动入手，介绍了企业、个人和真理（价值观）之间的关系——企业和人不一样，它没有对人类基本价值观的核心贡献，只是作为股东的利润工具而存在，它们甚至会对人类价值观构成威胁。 【53题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“a heckler(扰乱分子) urged Mitt Romney to tax corporations rather than people. Romney’s response-- “Corporations are people” stirred a brief but intense controversy.”可知，一名扰乱分子敦促米特·罗姆尼对公司征税，而不是对人征税，罗姆尼的回答是“公司也是人”，言外之意，公司和人一样，也不应该对公司征税，由此可知，米特•罗姆尼很可能认为企业不应被迫缴纳更多税款，故B项正确。 【54题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二、三段内容，特别是第三段中的“My answer to all these questions is no, because corporations have no core dedication to fundamental human values.”可知，我对所有这些问题的答案都是否定的，因为企业没有对人类基本价值观的核心贡献，由此可知，企业对人类最基本的价值观贡献甚少，故C项正确。 【55题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“fining goal is to generate profit.”可知，企业的明确目标就是创造利润，而引用了1982年的事件就是为了证明这一点，即：公司在本质上以经济利益为优先，故C项正确。 【56题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第三段中的“corporations have no core dedication to fundamental human values. Such corporations exist as instruments of profit for their shareholders. In fact, left to themselves, they can be serious threats to human values ”可知，本文由“占领华尔街”运动入手，介绍了企业、个人和真理之间的关系——企业和人不一样，它没有对人类基本价值观的核心贡献，只是作为股东的利润工具而存在，甚至会对人类价值观构成威胁，故A项正确。 【点睛】文章标题形式的主旨大意题难度在于要具有高度的概括性，准确全面地反映出文章内容，因此抓住文章主题是关键，例如本篇第4题，通读全文，特别是根据第三段中的“corporations have no core dedication to fundamental human values. Such corporations exist as instruments of profit for their shareholders. In fact, left to themselves, they can be serious threats to human values ”可知，本文由“占领华尔街”运动入手，介绍了企业、个人和真理（价值观）之间的关系——企业和人不一样，它没有对人类基本价值观的核心贡献，只是作为股东的利润工具而存在，甚至会对人类价值观构成威胁，因此文章标题一定要体现出企业、个人和真理三个方面，故A项正确。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A Different Type of Phone Book Although books are still popular with teenagers, most of them spend more of their leisure time staring at their phone than reading a paperback. And the more versatile phones become, the more reasons young people have for looking at them. ___57___ Instead of publishing whole book at once, they produce very short chapters, which they send once a week to their readers by text message. Some even claim that this style of writing represents a new literary genre: the ‘cell phone novel’. Although the idea originated in Japan, cell phone novels have also sprung up in the rest of East Asia, Europe and Africa. Many are written by high school or university students who are very familiar with the topics that teenagers are interested in. Common themes are love, tragedy and betrayal, and the stories often deal with difficult or controversial issues. Twenty-one-year-old Rin said that she started her novel If You during her final year at high school and explained that was the tragic love story of two childhood friends. Rin wrote her novel over a six-month period in spare moments, often while commuting on the train. _____58_____Readers then voted her novel the best that year and she was offered book contract. Her book sold 40,000 copies and was number five in the Japanese bestseller list. Rin said that her mother had had no idea that she had been writing a novel and was therefore very surprised when she saw a book with her daughter’s name on it. The style of cell phone novels has evolved to suit the medium. Chapters have no more than 200 words, and often just 50-100 words. _____59_____ The text mostly consists of dialogue and the language is direct, conveying a lot in a few words. Many cell phone novelists had never written fiction before and many of their readers have never read normal novel. Other rules have evolved; for example, authors only have one name and that is a pseudonym or pen name. In 2009, a young Japanese writer called Takatsu, who lives in Canada, began writing the first English language cell phone novel, Secondhand Memories. Each instalment appeared on textnovel.com, a website dedicated to cell phone stories. Takatsu had read an English translation of Rin’s story If You and had been impressed by its simple and emotional language. It was a feature he deliberately copied when he started writing Secondhand Memories. _____60_____ He now believes that, in English, cell phone novels have a powerful and poetic identity of their own. Takatsu sees himself, and the other writers who contribute to textnovel.com, as part of a literary movement which blends drama, technology, pop culture and social media. Cell phone novels encourage young people to engage in fiction, even those who would not normally pick up a book. They could be described as teen novels for the 21st century. A. Books are sometimes regarded as old-fashioned and difficult to read. B. In response to this trend, some smart young authors have changed the way they write. C. However, as the story progressed, the style gradually evolved into something different. D. She typed out installments on her phone and uploaded them onto a popular website for cell phone authors. E. No money is made from cell phone novels unless they are published as books. F. Sentences are short and there are no descriptions of anything or anybody because there isn’t space. 【答案】57. B 58. D 59. F 60. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍一种不同类型的电话簿。 【57题详解】 上文提示“手机变得越多功能，年轻人就越有理由关注它们。”承接上文，B项In response to this trend, some smart young authors have changed the way they write.（为了应对这种趋势，一些聪明的年轻作家改变了他们的写作方式。）切题。故选B项。 【58题详解】 上文提示“琳在六个月的业余时间里写了这部小说，通常是在乘火车上下班的时候写。”再根据下文提示“随后，读者们投票选她的小说为当年的最佳作品，她也获得了出书合同。”承接上下文，D项She typed out installments on her phone and uploaded them onto a popular website for cell phone authors.（她在自己的手机上打印了几篇文章，并把它们上传到一个很受欢迎的手机作者网站上。）切题。故选D项。 【59题详解】 上文提示“章节不超过200字，通常只有50-100字。”再根据下文提示“文本以对话为主，语言直接，言简意赅。”承接上下文，F项Sentences are short and there are no descriptions of anything or anybody because there isn’t space.（句子很短，没有对任何事物或任何人的描述，因为没有空间。）切题。故选F项。 【60题详解】 上文提示“当他开始写《二手回忆》时，他故意模仿了这个特点。”再根据下文提示“他现在认为，在英语中，手机小说有一种强大而诗意的身份。”承接上下文，C项However, as the story progressed, the style gradually evolved into something different.（然而，随着故事的进展，风格逐渐演变成不同的东西。）切题。该项中的However与上文构成转折关系，故选C项。 III. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 61. 约翰夫妇决定领养这个可怜的、亟需被照顾的孤儿。(tend) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The Johns decided to adopt this poor orphan who was in urgent need of tending/being tended (to)/who required to be tended (to) urgently. 【解析】 【详解】句子为主从复合句，主句主语“约翰夫妇”译为The Johns，“决定做某事”用固定短语decide to do sth.，句子描述过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时，谓语动词用decide的过去式decided；“领养”用动词adopt；“这个可怜的孤儿”译为this poor orphan，“亟需被照顾的”用定语从句修饰orphan，译为who was in urgent need of tending或who was in urgent need of being tended (to)或who required to be tended (to) urgently。 62. 我们希望每个人都能参与讨论，但并非一定要提出新的观点。(contribute to) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】We hope everyone can contribute to the discussion, who don’t necessarily have to bring up/ raise/ put forward/ contribute new ideas./, but they don’t necessarily have to…./ but not everyone has to ….. 【解析】 【详解】该句描述的是个人意愿，使用一般现在时，“我们希望”为 we hope，hope后接省略that引导的宾语从句；“能参与讨论”为can contribute to the discussion；“并非一定”为who引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词为everyone，所以此处译为doesn’t necessarily have to；“提出新的观点”为bring up/ raise/ put forward/ contribute new ideas；“但并非一定要提出新的观点”翻译为非限制性定语从句who doesn’t necessarily have to bring up/ raise/ put forward/ contribute new ideas；“但并非一定”也可以翻译成并列句but they don’t necessarily have to…./ but not everyone has to …..。 63. 直到他亲自和我联系，我才知道他的公司由于原料供应不足而遭受了巨大损失。（It…）(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It was not until he contacted me in person that I learned that his company had suffered great losses due to the insufficient supply of raw materials. 【解析】 【详解】句子描述过去的事情，用一般过去时。“It was not until + 时间状语从句+ that + 主句” 是not…until… 的强调句，用来强调 “直到……才……”。“联系”用动词contacted作从句谓语，为一般过去时，“亲自”用in person作方式状语；I作主句主语，“知道”用learned作主句谓语，为一般过去时；后面that引导宾语从句，“他的公司”用his company作宾语从句主语，“had suffered”作宾语从句谓语，为过去完成时，表示“遭受损失”发生在“了解到”之前，“巨大损失”用great losses作宾语；“由于”用due to表示，“原料供应不足”即“不充足原材料供应”，其中insufficient表示“不充足的”，supply表示“供应”，raw materials表示“原材料”，即用the insufficient supply of raw materials作介词宾语， 64. 让大家大松一口气的是，就在该罪犯即将消灭证据时，警方及时出手，保护了证据，确认了他是杀人凶手。（identify） （汉译英） ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】To everyone’s relief, when the criminal was about to destroy the evidence, the police stepped in/acted/took action in time, protected the evidence and identified him as the murderer. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“让大家大松一口气的是”应用To everyone’s relief，作评注性状语；表示“就在该罪犯即将消灭证据时”应用when the criminal was about to destroy the evidence，时间状语从句；表示“警方”应用the police，作主句主语；表示“及时出手”应用stepped in/acted/took action in time，作谓语；表示“保护了证据”应用protected the evidence，并列谓语；表示“确认了”应用identified，并列谓语，使用一般过去时描述过去发生的一系列动作；表示“他是杀人凶手”应用him as the murderer，作identify的复合宾语。 IV. Guided Writing 65. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学的李华。学校即将举办一年一度的校园文化节。文化节组委会在确定活动主题时陷入纠结：本次文化节应当以校园传统活动（比如诗词朗诵、手工艺展、校史剧）为核心，还是以新兴娱乐项目（比如短视频、电竞等）为主？现面向全体师生征集意见。请你给校园文化节组委会写一封信，须包括： 1）你的选择 2）你的理由 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Dear Committee members, I’m Li Hua from Mingqi High School. Knowing that you are struggling to decide the theme of the annual school culture festival, I’m writing to share my opinions. Personally, I firmly suggest that we should take traditional campus activities as the core of the festival. Firstly, traditional activities like poetry recitation, handcraft exhibitions and school history plays carry profound cultural meanings. They help us inherit traditional culture and deepen our love for our school. Secondly, these offline group activities encourage us to communicate and cooperate with classmates, enriching our campus life. In contrast, trendy entertainment projects such as short videos and e-sports are more relaxing but lack educational value, and may distract students from cultural accumulation. I hope my suggestion will be helpful to you. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生给校园文化节组委会写一封信，就校园文化节主题的选择发表自己的观点。 【详解】1.词汇积累 传统的：traditional → conventional 激励：encourage → motivate 合作：cooperate → collaborate 时髦的：trendy → fashionable 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Firstly, traditional activities like poetry recitation, handcraft exhibitions and school history plays carry profound cultural meanings. 拓展句：Firstly, traditional activities that include poetry recitation, handcraft exhibitions and school history plays carry profound cultural meanings. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Personally, I firmly suggest that we should take traditional campus activities as the core of the festival. (运用了that引导的宾语从句。) 【高分句型2】Secondly, these offline group activities encourage us to communicate and cooperate with classmates, enriching our campus life. (运用了现在分词enriching作状语。) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 格致中学二〇二六学年度第一学期第一次测验 高二年级英语试卷 (测试100分钟内完成，总分115分，试后交答题卷) I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Love Your Lungs From 29 June to 5 July it’s Love Your Lungs week, which is all about understanding how important lungs are. Thanks to our brilliant bodies, breathing is ___1___ everyone does all day, every day without even thinking about it. However, did you know that there are special ways of breathing, called breathwork, ___2___ can help you regulate your emotions, concentrate better and keep calm? What happens when you breathe? “___3___ you breathe in, your body pulls fresh oxygen from the air into your lungs. That oxygen travels into your blood and ___4___ (carry) all around your body to give energy to your brain, muscles and organs,” explains Dr William Van Gordon, an associate professor at the University of Derby who studies ___5___ people think, feel and behave. “When you breathe out, you push out a waste gas called carbon dioxide,” he says. “It’s like your body’s clever built‑in air exchange system that keeps you alive and energised every second.” What is breathwork? Breathwork is a breathing technique that ___6___ (use) for centuries in Eastern medicine (a natural way of healing people). “Breathwork is when you pay special attention to your breathing to help your body and mind,” explains Dr Van Gordon. “Sometimes you might gently watch your breath as it flows in and out naturally. Other times you change how you breathe on purpose – for example by slowing it down, making it deeper or holding it for a short time. Many children and teenagers use it before tests, sports or just to have a quick reset. It’s a simple but effective tool,” he says. There are lots of different types of breathing exercises you can do ___7___ the funnily named lion’s breath and humming bee breath. What are the benefits? Dr Van Gordon says breathwork can help you to “feel calmer and___8___ (worried) when you’re stressed, angry or nervous; focus better at school or with homework; fall asleep more easily at night; feel more energised during the day; and lower your heart rate and feel relaxed”. Breathwork has been proven ___9___ (work). One study found that children who did daily breathing exercises in primary school performed better in maths. In the US, some members of a special military unit, the Navy SEALS, use it to help them stay calm in dangerous and stressful situations. So next time you’re feeling worried, try the breathing technique ___10___ (recommend) above. Section B (A) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. exposure B. captured C. enduring D. enormous E. individual F. dotted G. labor H. crafted I. command J. deserve K. primitive Time Fears the Terracotta Army (兵马俑) America's midlands are ____11____with small towns and suburbs. Driving along one of the area's major highways, you can pass dozens of small communities in a day. I often wonder what life is like in these places as I drive past them. Some people have probably never left their community, which is the whole world to them. Others may have little knowledge of, or interest in, anything from the distant past. For them, history begins with their grandparents’ stories from half a century before, and anything prior to that comes from book learning. Maybe this is the way it should be: In a relatively egalitarian (主张人人平等的) society, we mostly pay attention to our own little worlds. Consider how different the world was for the men who ____12____ the Terracotta Army, that vast array of life-size sculptures of soldiers buried around the tomb of Qin Shi Huang. I recently visited the historic site in Xi’an for the second time, and as I watched tourists crowd around against the guard rail protecting the pit, I was struck by the emperor's power to ____13____ our attention after more than 2,000 years. The great people of history like Qin Shi Huang bring us into a larger world, one where time is measured in dynasties rather than generations. There is an old saying: “Man fears time, but time fears the pyramids.” Indeed, in our little worlds, time can destroy everything. However, in the world the pharaohs created — with the help of numerous workers — the pyramids stand the test of time and speak to later generations about the ____14____ ingenuity (聪慧巧思) of the ancient Egyptians, who were able to build these massive structures using only ____15____tools. The Terracotta Army was forgotten by history until some farmers uncovered it 50 years ago. How could such a(n) ____16____ achievement be forgotten for so long? For ages, thousands of lifelike sculptures of soldiers had stood ready for combat under the earth, each of which was carefully sculpted. Although they were mass-produced, they are highly ____17____portraits. Looking at the several dozen that are on display, I was amazed by the amount of human ____18____ that must have gone into creating them. Just like the pyramids, the Terracotta Army is a testament to both the immense power rulers wielded in shaping their world and the artistic creativity of our ancestors. While we can’t see the original color of the soldiers today because ____19____ to the air destroyed the pigments (颜料), we can still see the beauty through early photographs, which ____20____ the brilliant colors when the sculptures were first uncovered. There is much to appreciate about these ancient wonders. Their continued existence speaks volumes. (B) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. illustrations B. considerably C. issued D. addition E. obligation F. revised G. completely H. respects I. dropped J. original K. amounting Preface (前言) to the Second Edition Authors are never ____21____ finished with their books. They may turn in their manuscripts on the agreed‑upon day, but deep down they know if they only had more time, they could say it better. ____22____ editions give the author a chance to test his own claims; if you really could have said it better, here’s your chance. Readers will have to judge whether the first or this second edition of The Art of Crossing Cultures says it better, but this new edition does say some things differently — and some new things altogether. The conceptual framework of the ____23____ is still here, as is the model of cultural adjustment, now called “cultural effectiveness,” though the model itself has been modified in important ____24____. There are now 7 chapters instead of 9; chapters 5 and 6 have been combined, and the last chapter has been ____25____, having been replaced by this author’s own The Art of Coming Home (also being ____26____in a revised edition) and because it did not seem to fit with this edition’s more singular focus on the overseas experience. Other changes include a ____27____ expanded first chapter on culture shock, the use of more ____28____ from the world of business, and the ____29____of a new appendix (附录) of quotations on the overseas experience. Finally, the chapter titles have become decidedly less interesting or imaginative. While “The Howling of Tigers, The Hissing of Serpents” (old title) is certainly more evocative (引发情感的) than “Culture Shock” (new title), it is not nearly as descriptive, as chapter titles have some ____30____ to be. Make no mistake: tigers still howl and serpents still hiss in these pages, but no longer in chapter titles. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In the era of globalization, an increasing number of companies and organizations are sending expatriates into the field, including numerous smaller companies that never previously saw the ___31___. In a 2017 survey of 264 U.S.-based multinational corporations, more than half of the respondents indicated they had increased their number of expatriate (侨居的，外派的) employees in the ___32___ year, and two‑thirds said they expected their numbers to increase again by the year 2018. With an ever‑increasing number of companies earning more revenue from overseas than from ___33___ operations, first‑hand knowledge and experience of foreign markets and conditions has become essential for today’s managers and executives. For the ___34___ reason, the career path to senior management positions in most global companies now includes at least one overseas assignment. These assignments used to be for the ___35___ and the unconventional; now they’re de rigueur (必备的) for almost anyone who aims for a ___36___ role in a company with foreign operations. The Windham International survey identified the three leading causes of “assignment failure”: partner dissatisfaction, family concerns, and the inability to ___37___. All three causes suggest that successfully crossing cultures is a major ___38___ for most expatriates. “If left to luck,” Robert Kohls has observed, “your chances of having a really satisfying experience living abroad would be about one in seven”. The costs of cross‑cultural failure, for individuals and their organizations, have been ___39___. There are personal costs and family costs; financial, professional, and emotional costs; and costs to one’s career prospects, to one’s self‑esteem, and to one’s marriage and family. The ___40___ may pay a steep price as well — in recruitment and selection costs, in training costs, moving costs, compromised careers, and all the costs associated with lost opportunities, damaged relationships, low morale, reduced productivity, and perhaps even damage to the company or organization’s reputation in the country or region. Nor are the costs of a failed assignment ___41___entirely by the individual expat and his or her parent company or organization. Most expats occupy high profile, senior positions, where the decisions they make directly or indirectly affect the lives of large numbers of people. They may start projects, initiate reforms, begin overhauls of various procedures or systems — and then bail out (抽身而退) and leave the local people ___42___. Local people often have to make job or career changes, which affect their whole family, based on initiatives or changes begun by the new head of this or chief of that — who then departs abruptly for home. The comings and goings of expats touch many local lives, in ways often not ___43___ by those who are not around when the dust settles. There are two typical ___44___for expatriates who fail to effectively cross cultures: either they go home early from their overseas assignment, or, more commonly, they stay on, with greatly diminished effectiveness, often doing themselves, their families, and their organizations irreparable ___45___. Either way, it’s an outcome no one desires. 31. A. problem B. result C. need D. destination 32. A. following B. current C. prior D. recent 33. A. global B. domestic C. private D. chained 34. A. complicated B. same C. principal D. opposite 35. A. adventurous B. experienced C. amateur D. skilled 36. A. technical B. professional C. leadership D. temporary 37. A. return B. cooperate C. compete D. adapt 38. A. opportunity B. challenge C. reward D. routine 39. A. well-deserved B. well-established C. well-balanced D. well-documented 40. A. organization B. employee C. government D. individual 41. A. created B. avoided C. borne D. cut 42. A. stuck B. confused C. exhausted D. misled 43. A. criticized B. appreciated C. measured D. mentioned 44. A. endings B. strategies C. benefits D. suggestions 45. A. good B. credit C. harm D. wrong Section B Directions: Read the following two passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) It is no secret that we all have secrets. Maintaining them can be draining, but not for the reason most researchers have long assumed. A new study redefines “secrecy” itself and offers a new explanation for its known link to depression, anxiety and poor overall health. The researchers suggest that secrecy is primarily the intention to conceal information, regardless of any active concealment around others. And that hurts us by making us feel inauthentic (不真实的), even when we are alone. Michael Slepian, a psychologist at Columbia Business School, and his colleagues recently reported their findings in a paper published online in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. In six studies, they queried a total of 1,200 Americans via the Internet — as well as 312 people picnicking in New York City’s Central Park — regarding 38 categories of behavior or identity that are often kept secret. For five of these studies, respondents said they were currently hiding information in about 13 of these categories on average including about five for which they had a secret they were keeping from everyone. The most common secrets were extra relational thoughts thinking about another person while already in a relationship, and romantic desire while being single. People said that when they were not interacting with anyone, they thought about their secrets about twice as often as they actively concealed them in conversation. The more often their minds wandered to a secret, the more they reported that it damaged their well-being and the less healthy they said they were. Surprisingly, active concealment did not affect well-being at all — in contrast to previous assumptions. Four additional studies, all involving couples and conducted online, produced similar findings. If you must keep a secret, Slepian suggests avoiding residing on it by practicing mindfulness or by discussing the forbidden topic in anonymous (匿名的) online forums. 46. According to the passage, why is it “draining” in paragraph 1 to maintain a secret? A. Because we have too many secrets to conceal at the same time. B. Because we don’t want other people to see us as being inauthentic. C. Because we may suffer depression and anxiety while having secrets. D. Because we tend to feel bad about the idea that we want to hide something. 47. Which of the following is true regarding Michael Slepian’s studies? A. All six studies are conducted and completed online. B. All the participants of these studies are couples in real life. C. All the respondents were hiding some kind of information. D. All the findings are in accordance to the previous assumptions. 48. Which of the following conditions may cause the most anxiety according to the studies? A. When people are thinking about someone other than their partner. B. When people are actively hiding their secrets in conversation. C. When people are having romantic desires while being single D. When people are quietly thinking about their secrets alone. (B) Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains The book mainly presents us with the American Indian leaders of the past. It features many profiles and biographies including Sitting Bull, Red Cloud, Little Crow and Lozen Quanah etc. written by author Charles Eastman, and I’m sure you will be interested in it. Name: Sitting Bull Birth: 1831 Death: 12-15-1890 He was a great hero and is respected by many American Indians. In a 1997 documentary — The Great Tribes, he was known as a holy man, a composer of songs and an artist. Under him, the Sioux and Cheyenne Nations unified. He was advised to go on a European tour in 1887, but he turned it down to defend these two nations from being separated again. He led his people during years of resistance to United States government policies and was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. Name: Crazy Horse Birth: 1842 Death: 9-5-1877 Crazy Horse was a legendary warrior and a gentle leader as well as a brave man who stood for the highest ideal of the Sioux, celebrated for his battle skills as well as his efforts to preserve Native American traditions and way of life. Resisting efforts to force the Sioux on to reservations, he fought alongside Sitting Bull and others in the American-Indian Wars. Charles Eastman described him in his book Indian Heroes as “a man of deeds and not of words”. Name: Red Cloud Birth: 1822 Death: 12-10-1909 He was against the movement of the white settlers into the Black Hills. In 1868, he refused to sign a treaty, which stated that the Black Hills didn’t belong to people. The treaty also stated that these areas couldn’t be entered without the government’s permission. According to Eastman’s book Indian Heroes, he was said to have fought against the treaty, forcing the government to give in and pull out of the area. Name: Lozen Quanah Birth: late 1840s Death: 1890 Known as the youngest sister of Red Cloud, she devoted herself to the people. She was described in Peter Aleshire’s Warrior Woman as a heroine good at riding horses and using a bow and arrow to drive attackers away. This skill was considered to be “one of the most honored skills among the Indians”. 49. Sioux and Cheyenne in the passage are ________. A. colonized lands B. names of tribal groups C. two countries D. two nationalities 50. Which of the following is NOT true about Crazy Horse? A. He was friendly to his soldier. B. He showed great courage. C. He was a great speaker. D. He valued the conventions. 51. From the passage we can infer that________. A. Sitting Bull disliked traveling B. Indian Heroes was a book on Indian history C. in the 1880s Indian soldiers were armed with bows and arrows D. in the 1850s Indian women were not allowed to ride horses 52. The main purpose of the passage is to ________. A. show Indians’ lives to readers B. describe great Indian heroes and heroines C. summarize the history of the Indians D. introduce a history book (C) The Occupy Wall Street protest movement has raised serious questions about the role of capitalist institutions, particularly corporations in American society. Well before the first protester set foot in Zucotti Park, a heckler(扰乱分子) urged Mitt Romney to tax corporations rather than people. Romney’s response-- “Corporations are people” stirred a brief but intense controversy. Now thousands of demonstrators have in effect joined the heckler, denouncing(抨击) corporations as “enemies of the people.” Far more important than questions about what corporations are is the question of what attitude we should have toward them. Should we, as corporate public relations statements often suggest, think of them as friends (if we buy and are satisfied with their products) or as family (if we work for them)? Does it make sense to be loyal to a corporation as either a customer or as an employee？More generally, even granted that corporations are not fully persons in the way that individuals are, do they have some important moral standing in our society？ My answer to all these questions is no, because corporations have no core dedication to fundamental human values. Such corporations exist as instruments of profit for their shareholders. In fact, left to themselves, they can be serious threats to human values that conflict with the goal of corporate profit. Corporations are a particular threat to truth, a value essential in a democracy, which places a premium on the informed decisions of individual citizens. The corporate threat is most apparent in advertising, which explicitly aims at convincing us to prefer a product regardless of its actual merit. Their defining goal is to generate profit. There are cases when telling the truth is the best means to advance corporate profits. In 1982, when seven people in Chicago died from poisoned Tylenol, Johnson & Johnson appealed to its credo, which makes concern for its customers primary corporate goal，and told the entire truth about what had happened. This honesty turned a potential public-relations disaster into a triumph. But Johnson & Johnson’s impressive corporate credo ends by saying, “Our final responsibility is to our stockholders and must make solid profit. The credo is unclear about what happens when there is a conflict between responsible action and long-term profit. None of this means that corporations are evil or that socialism should replace the free-enterprise system. As Michel Foucault said of all power structures, it’s not that corporations are bad but that they are dangerous. The self-serving corporate speech that fills our media and halls of government is particularly dangerous for our democracy. At least for this reason, the Occupy Wall Street protesters are right to distrust corporations. 53. Mitt Romney most probably believes that ___________. A. individuals should pay more taxes than corporations B. corporations should not be forced to pay more taxes C. people should care more about corporations’ development D. corporations should enjoy all the legal rights as people do 54. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, it can be inferred that corporations ___________. A. should be set as moral examples of the society B. take employees’ faithfulness as part of their goals C. contribute little to the most essential human values D. are actually means by which people share profits 55. The 1982 event is cited in Paragraph 3 to illustrate that _____________ A. corporations always make profits at the expense of people’s health B. customers should always keep an eye on the quality of any product C. corporations take economic profit as their priority essentially D. corporation profit is always in contradiction with customer interests 56. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Corporations, People and Truth B. Corporations Are Different from People C. Corporations Are Untrustworthy D. The Occupy Wall Street Protest Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A Different Type of Phone Book Although books are still popular with teenagers, most of them spend more of their leisure time staring at their phone than reading a paperback. And the more versatile phones become, the more reasons young people have for looking at them. ___57___ Instead of publishing whole book at once, they produce very short chapters, which they send once a week to their readers by text message. Some even claim that this style of writing represents a new literary genre: the ‘cell phone novel’. Although the idea originated in Japan, cell phone novels have also sprung up in the rest of East Asia, Europe and Africa. Many are written by high school or university students who are very familiar with the topics that teenagers are interested in. Common themes are love, tragedy and betrayal, and the stories often deal with difficult or controversial issues. Twenty-one-year-old Rin said that she started her novel If You during her final year at high school and explained that was the tragic love story of two childhood friends. Rin wrote her novel over a six-month period in spare moments, often while commuting on the train. _____58_____Readers then voted her novel the best that year and she was offered book contract. Her book sold 40,000 copies and was number five in the Japanese bestseller list. Rin said that her mother had had no idea that she had been writing a novel and was therefore very surprised when she saw a book with her daughter’s name on it. The style of cell phone novels has evolved to suit the medium. Chapters have no more than 200 words, and often just 50-100 words. _____59_____ The text mostly consists of dialogue and the language is direct, conveying a lot in a few words. Many cell phone novelists had never written fiction before and many of their readers have never read normal novel. Other rules have evolved; for example, authors only have one name and that is a pseudonym or pen name. In 2009, a young Japanese writer called Takatsu, who lives in Canada, began writing the first English language cell phone novel, Secondhand Memories. Each instalment appeared on textnovel.com, a website dedicated to cell phone stories. Takatsu had read an English translation of Rin’s story If You and had been impressed by its simple and emotional language. It was a feature he deliberately copied when he started writing Secondhand Memories. _____60_____ He now believes that, in English, cell phone novels have a powerful and poetic identity of their own. Takatsu sees himself, and the other writers who contribute to textnovel.com, as part of a literary movement which blends drama, technology, pop culture and social media. Cell phone novels encourage young people to engage in fiction, even those who would not normally pick up a book. They could be described as teen novels for the 21st century. A. Books are sometimes regarded as old-fashioned and difficult to read. B. In response to this trend, some smart young authors have changed the way they write. C. However, as the story progressed, the style gradually evolved into something different. D. She typed out installments on her phone and uploaded them onto a popular website for cell phone authors. E. No money is made from cell phone novels unless they are published as books. F. Sentences are short and there are no descriptions of anything or anybody because there isn’t space. III. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 61. 约翰夫妇决定领养这个可怜的、亟需被照顾的孤儿。(tend) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 62. 我们希望每个人都能参与讨论，但并非一定要提出新的观点。(contribute to) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 63. 直到他亲自和我联系，我才知道他的公司由于原料供应不足而遭受了巨大损失。（It…）(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 64. 让大家大松一口气的是，就在该罪犯即将消灭证据时，警方及时出手，保护了证据，确认了他是杀人凶手。（identify） （汉译英） ________________________________________________________________ IV. Guided Writing 65. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学的李华。学校即将举办一年一度的校园文化节。文化节组委会在确定活动主题时陷入纠结：本次文化节应当以校园传统活动（比如诗词朗诵、手工艺展、校史剧）为核心，还是以新兴娱乐项目（比如短视频、电竞等）为主？现面向全体师生征集意见。请你给校园文化节组委会写一封信，须包括： 1）你的选择 2）你的理由 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $