专题02 动词时态（期中复习讲义）高一英语上学期沪外版

专题02 动词时态 01 期中考情透视 02 复习目标锚定 03 知识体系构建 04 核心考点精讲 考点一 一般现在时 / 考点二 一般过去时 / 考点三 一般将来时 / 考点四 过去将来时 考点五 现在进行时 / 考点六 过去进行时 / 考点七 将来进行时 / 考点八 现在完成进行时 考点九 现在完成时 / 考点十 过去完成时 / 考点十一 将来完成时 05 限时分层演练 基础固本练 / 综合进阶练 本专题核心考点覆盖8大基础时态，以及被动语态与时态的融合辨析；命题常结合语法填空、阅读长难句、选词填空、写作句式、翻译题等上海高中期中高频题型设置语境。整体以基础判断为核心，但现在完成时vs一般过去时、过去完成时的“过去的过去”判定、将来进行时用法、时态与被动语态叠加是拉开分数的重难点。上海考题侧重真实语境，极少单纯考机械变形，重在依托上下文时间逻辑判断时态。 识记 熟记时态基本结构；牢记各类时态标志性时间状语；掌握不同时态下被动语态的基本构成。 理解 精准辨析易混时态：一般过去时与现在完成时、过去完成时与一般过去时、将来进行时与一般将来时；理清不同时态对应的时间逻辑，读懂语境暗含的时间先后关系。 应用 语法填空、翻译题中依据语境精准选定时态并正确变形；快速识别阅读长难句中的时态，辅助理解动作先后；写作中选用合适时态，写出逻辑连贯、时态统一的简单句、并列句、复合句。 知识点01 一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时 一、一般现在时 1．一般现在时的构成方式 谓语动词一般使用原形。be动词要依据人称发生变化：第一人称单数搭配am，第三人称单数选用is，其余所有人称统一使用are。have的第三人称单数形式为has。实义动词第三人称单数变形规则如下： (1)绝大多数动词，直接在词尾添加­s； (2)单词末尾为­s、x、sh、ch或者字母o，词尾添加­es pass—passes（词尾s） box—boxes（词尾x） brush—brushes（词尾sh） watch—watches（词尾ch） go—goes（词尾o） (3)单词结尾结构为“辅音字母＋y”，需要把y改写为i，再加­es fry—fries 2．一般现在时的适用场景 (1)用来描述经常性、反复发生或是长期稳定存在的行为、状态。常搭配表频率的词汇短语：always，every time，now and then，occasionally，often，seldom，never，sometimes，usually，every day/night等。 Wild birds visit this wetland and search for water insects every spring. 野生鸟类每年春天都会来到这片湿地，搜寻水生昆虫。 (2)描述按照固定时刻表预先排定的将来事件。该用法只适用于go，arrive，leave，start，stay，return，begin，come这类表示位移、启程含义的动词。 Read the posted schedule quickly! The sightseeing ship sets off at 8:40. 快速看一眼张贴的行程表！这艘观光游船八点四十分启航。 (3)放置在时间、条件或者让步状语从句当中，用来表达将来含义。 If the frost disappears tomorrow, we will plant saplings on the hillside. 如果明天霜冻消退，我们就去山坡上栽种树苗。 二、一般过去时 1．一般过去时的构成方式 一般过去时依靠动词过去式体现时态含义。规则动词过去式变化规则： (1)大部分动词，直接在词尾加上ed； (2)单词以字母e结尾，仅在末尾添加d vote—voted (3)单词结尾为“辅音字母+y”，变y为i再加ed justify—justified (4)重读闭音节或者/r/音节收尾，词尾仅有单个辅音字母，双写末尾辅音字母再加ed drag—dragged 2．一般过去时的适用场景 既可以描述过去一段时期内反复出现的习惯性动作，常搭配often，usually，seldom这类频度副词；也用来描述过去某个特定时间发生的动作或是存在的状态，事件本身和当下没有关联，常搭配yesterday，the other day，last week，the day before yesterday等过去时间标志词。 In 1963, this botanist became the first person to discover this rare flower species. 1963年，这位植物学家成为发现该稀有花卉品种的第一人。 三、一般将来时 1．一般将来时的构成方式 由“shall/will + 动词原形”构成。shall多用于第一人称，will可以适用于全部人称。 2．一般将来时的适用场景 用来描述站在当下视角，之后会发生的行为或状态，常搭配tomorrow，next year，in+一段时间这类将来时间状语。“will+动词原形”还能够表达说话瞬间临时做出的决定。 —Do you know when the pottery exhibition opens? ——你知道陶艺展几点开展吗？ —I am not sure. Wait a minute. I will check the notice board outside the hall. ——我不太清楚，请稍等，我去大厅外的公告牌查看一下。 3．其他表达将来含义的结构和用法 (1)“be going to +动词原形”，表示事先计划打算开展的行动，或是依托眼前迹象预判即将发生的事情。 Look! Heavy dark clouds cover the mountain tops. I think a violent storm is going to hit the valley. 你看！厚重乌云笼罩山顶，一场强风暴马上就要袭击山谷。 Whether in remote villages or big cities, clean energy facilities are going to become far more common within the next decade. 不管是偏远乡村还是大型城市，清洁能源设备在未来十年将会更加普及。 (2)“be to +动词原形”，表示按照约定、计划，或是职责义务必须完成、即将发生的动作。 You are to hand in your field observation notes before nine o’clock. 你需要在九点之前上交野外观察记录。 (3)“be about to +动词原形”，表示马上就要着手做某事，这个结构不能搭配具体的将来时间点。 Anna was about to lock the wooden cabin door when a squirrel jumped onto the windowsill. 安娜正要锁上木屋房门，一只松鼠跳到了窗台上。 四、过去将来时 1．过去将来时的构成方式 should/would＋动词原形 was/were going to＋动词原形 was/were about to＋动词原形 was/were to＋动词原形 部分动词的过去进行形式同样可以表达该含义 2．过去将来时的适用场景 立足于过去某个时间点，描述在当时视角下将要发生的事件。 He told the group he would reach the campsite by nine o’clock. 他告诉小队，他会在九点前抵达营地。 I was about to turn off the desk lamp when I heard a soft knock on my window. 我正要关掉台灯，这时听见有人轻轻敲窗户。 She guessed it was going to snow later that afternoon. 她当时猜想那天傍晚会下雪。 还可以表达过去原本计划，但最终没有落实的事情。 I was going to join the river rafting activity, but I hurt my ankle accidentally. 我本来打算参加漂流活动，但是不小心扭伤了脚踝。 知识点02 现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时 一、现在进行时 (1)描述说话这一刻正在开展的动作，或是现阶段持续进行的事情，不一定在说话的瞬间正在发生。 —I hear you are volunteering at the city animal shelter. How do you find this work? ——听说你在市动物收容所做志愿者，这份工作感觉怎么样？ —It takes lots of energy and I often feel tired, yet I love staying with the rescued animals. ——工作耗费很多精力，我常常觉得疲惫，但我很喜欢和这些获救小动物待在一起。 (2)描述提前规划、安排好，即将发生的动作，常使用go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，have，wear，run out等动词。 The canned food for the rescue team is running out. We must send new supplies before nothing remains. 救援队的罐头食物快要耗尽，我们必须在物资用完前送去新补给。 二、过去进行时 (1)描述过去某个时刻或者某段时间之内正在进行的动作，常搭配过去时间状语从句，还有at that time，at that moment，at this time yesterday，at ten o’clock yesterday等时间标志。 He must have sensed that I was watching him. He turned around and whispered, “Why are you looking at me like that?” 他肯定察觉到我在看他，转过身低声问道：“你为什么这样看着我？” (2)描述过去两件动作里，长时间持续的那一个，经常搭配when、while引导的时间状语从句。 Tom was repairing old bicycles in his workshop when the power cut happened. 停电的时候，汤姆正在工坊里修理旧自行车。 三、将来进行时 描述将来某个时间点、某一段时间内正在持续进行的动作，常搭配at this time tomorrow，by then，from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow等时间状语。结构：will/shall be＋现在分词 Sarah cannot join the board discussion at 3 p.m. this afternoon because she will be giving a training lesson then. 萨拉无法参加今天下午三点的会议讨论，因为那个时段她正在上培训课。 四、现在完成进行时 一、现在完成进行时的构成 只要求掌握现在完成进行时。结构：have/has been＋现在分词。 二、现在完成进行时的适用场景 (1)动作从过去某个时间启动，一直延续到当下，还有可能继续持续下去；常用时间短语：all this morning，this month，these few days，since和for引导的状语。 —Excuse me, which performance are you waiting for? ——打扰一下，你们在等候哪一场演出？ —The folk band’s show. We have been standing in line for more than four hours. ——这支民间乐队的演出，我们已经排队四个多小时。 (2)动作不一定一刻不停，而是断断续续反复发生。 The local artists have been preparing for the street art festival, and their hard work will bring amazing results. 本地艺术家一直在筹备街头艺术节，他们的辛苦付出将会带来精彩的成果。 知识点03 现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时 一、现在完成时 (1)描述过去发生的动作，到说话时刚刚结束，对当下留有影响。常用标志词：already，just，yet，never，before，lately，recently，in the last(past) few days/years，up to now，till now，so far等。 He has received five invitations to local painting competitions over this month. 这个月他已经收到五场本地绘画赛事的参赛邀请。 During the last decade, people have built thousands of eco-parks across the country. 过去十年间，全国各地修建了数千座生态公园。 (2)描述动作或者状态从过去某一刻开始，延续到现在，有可能继续持续。常用搭配：since+时间点；for+时间段。 —I remember you played the cello beautifully when we were in college. Can you play a short piece? ——我记得大学时你的大提琴演奏十分优美，能演奏一小段吗？ —Sorry, I haven’t touched the cello for over ten years. ——不好意思，我已经十多年没有碰过大提琴了。 (3)在时间、条件状语从句内，可以使用现在完成时表达将来某个时间之前已经完成的动作。 Could you come over to my office once you have finished your market survey? 你完成市场调研之后，可以来我的办公室一趟吗？ 二、过去完成时 (1)描述发生在过去某个动作/时间点之前就完成的事件，也就是常说的“过去的过去”。有的句子会配有对应的时间状语，做语法填空时，很多情况需要依靠上下文判断时态。 While hiking along the mountain trail, I met Owen, whom I hadn’t seen for almost twelve years. 沿着山间小径徒步时，我偶遇欧文，我们将近十二年未曾见面。 (2)描述动作从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另外一个时间。常用短语：before，by then，by that time，by the end of，by the time＋从句等。 By that time, she had learned Spanish for five years. 到那个时候为止，她已经学习五年西班牙语。 Before that day, she had known nothing about this secret plan. 在那天之前，她对这个秘密计划一无所知。 (3)hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend这类表达愿望、计划的动词，如果使用过去完成时，代表过去原本打算实现，但是最后没能实现的想法。 I had planned to visit you last month, but a sudden business trip stopped me. 上个月我本打算拜访你，但是一场临时出差打乱了计划。 3．经常用到完成时态的固定句型 (1)This/It /That is the first /...time＋that sb.has/have done； This/It /That was the first /...time＋that sb.had done 这是某人第几次做某事。 (2)It(This)is/was the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句谓语要用完成时态。 (3)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb.did； It was/ had been＋一段时间＋since sb.had done sth.自从……已经多久了。 (4)hardly(scarcely)...when.../ no sooner...than...( 一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句使用一般过去时。 Hardly had we arrived at the campsite when a heavy storm broke out. 我们刚抵达营地，狂风暴雨就突然来袭。 It was eight years since we had enjoyed such a relaxing trip. 我们已经八年没有拥有这么轻松的旅途了。 三、将来完成时 将来完成时，用来表示到将来某个时间节点之前，动作已经完成，或是持续到该时间。常搭配“before+将来时间”、“by+将来时间”，也可以搭配before、by the time引导的一般现在时从句。结构：will /shall +have ＋过去分词。 By the time we drive back home, the children will have fallen asleep. 等我们开车到家的时候，孩子们就已经睡着了。 When you arrive at seven tonight, I shall have finished writing my travel journal. 今晚七点你过来时，我将会写完旅行日记。 By next summer, that teacher will have taught geography for twenty years. 到明年夏天，那位老师的地理教龄就满二十年了。 基础固本练（限时：15分钟） 一、单句语法填空 1．In the classroom (be) forty Chinese students and twenty American teachers now. 2．The old photo on the desk (remind) her of her happy childhood and she decides to make a video call to her old friends. 3．This type of wild plant (grow) well in dry areas and can survive long periods without any rainfall in nature. 4．Right now, a large amount of material (gather) for our school’s time capsule. 5．Don’t walk into that office! The schedule for the conference (prepare) there. 6．At present, environmental experts (study) how rising temperatures affect the living habits of deep‑sea creatures. 7．Last night, he (argue) with the people who made those negative comments. 8．The speech we looked forward to (wind) up with thunderous applause. 9．The Sanxingdui ruins (belong) to the Shu Kingdom that existed at least 4,800 years ago and lasted more than 2,000 years. 10．I (read) a novel when my teacher entered the classroom. 11．She (stare) out of the window silently when I entered the room yesterday. 12．My elder sister will (graduation) from university next summer and plans to become an English teacher. 13．With the development of technology, researchers (find) more effective methods to clean polluted underground water in the near future. （所给词的适当形式填空） 14．The student said that he (admire) those experts who protected old cultural sites. 15．She said that she (visit) the historic site with her foreign friends, but she fell ill. 16．Good evening, everybody. Professor King (deliver) his lecture in a moment, but let me introduce him first. 17．The price of the imported kiwi fruits (rise) to 100 yuan per kilo over the last two years. No wonder that middle-aged lady is always complaining about the high living cost. 18．For more than 30 years, scientists (keep) records of the behaviour of this group of monkeys living in the rainforest. 19．By the time he graduated from college, he (publish) at least three books. 20．He (suffer) from a bad headache for nearly a week without a good rest. 二、翻译 21．对待长者的态度在特定的中国文化中非常重要。（importance） _________________________________________________________________________________ 22．当下人工智能蓬勃发展，因此理性运用技术、防范潜在风险至关重要。(boom) （汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________________ 23．老师很惊喜地发现他演讲时没有看稿。(refer) _____________________________________________________________ 24．被学校开除是他们预料不到的。（expel） ____________________________________________________________________________ 25．我提醒我女儿下个礼拜三她要代表全班把这个礼物送给他们的数学老师。(behalf) ________________________________________________ 26．这个花园受损严重，这些修复师需要1年才能恢复它的昔日辉煌。(restore) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 27．虽然身处异国二十载，但他依然认为家乡的味道是无可取代的。（replace） ___________________________________________________________________ 28．尽管为太空探索付出了巨大努力，天文学家们意识到他们对宇宙依然一无所知。（ignorant） _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 29．这位科学家三个月来忙于做实验，但是结果却不尽如人意。(turn out) ______________________________________________________________________________ 30．当你看到陌生人遇到困难时，你有主动提供帮助的习惯吗？(offer) ________________________________________________________________ 综合进阶练（限时：15分钟） 一、语法填空 （25-26高一下·上海·期中）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. India is a country with lots of languages. Dozens of different regional languages are spoken in India, 1 share many characteristics such as grammatical structure and vocabulary. Apart from these languages, Hindi, the national, official, and main link language, 2 (use) mostly widely for communication in India. The homeland of Hindi is mainly in the north, but it is spoken and widely understood in all urban centers of India. In the southern states of India, Hindi is not so popularly used. Therefore, English, an associate official language in this country, remains a 3 (share) language to a great degree. Since the early 1600s, the English language 4 (hold) a position on the Indian subcontinent. In India, English serves two purposes. First, it provides a linguistic (语言学的) tool for the administrative link of the country, 5 (cause) people who speak different languages to become united. Secondly, it serves as a language of 6 (wide) communication compared with other languages, including a large variety of different people covering a vast area. The importance of the ability to speak or write English has recently increased significantly because English has become the established standard. Learning English language has become popular 7 business, commerce and cultural reasons and especially for Internet communications throughout the world. The phenomenon that English has been used by many information and technology industries and recognized as being standard has stimulated a huge expansion of Internet-related activity. English has special national status in India. One 8 see a Hindi-speaking teacher giving their students instructions during an educational tour about where 9 (meet) and when their bus would leave, all in English. Men and women who cannot comprehend and interpret instructions in English, 10 educated, are sometimes unemployable. There would appear to be no disagreement in the community about the importance of English language skills. 二、阅读理解 （25-26高一下·上海·阶段检测）Probably the number one complaint about reading Shakespeare is that it doesn’t always read like “normal” English. It’s a natural and reasonable accusation. Shakespeare wrote for an audience over 400 years ago. Think about how word meanings and expressions change over a relatively short time; four centuries bring with them a lot of differences. The Renaissance and England’s emerging status as a sea power exposed the language to an ever-increasing range of cultures and languages. At the same time, there was no real standardization in English. Formal dictionaries and grammar textbooks simply did not exist. “Proper” education focused much more on classical Latin than on oral English. Because of this neglect, English had a certain flexibility to it, of which Shakespeare took advantage. So how can a reader today bridge that gap between then and now? There are two critical issues to address: word usage and grammar. Once you understand these fundamental concepts, Shakespeare becomes a lot more accessible. First and foremost, there have been numerous vocabulary changes in English since Shakespeare was writing. While many words are still recognizable today, others have shifted in their meaning or dropped altogether from usage. Often the context in which a word is used will help you determine its meaning. Furthermore, a good book edition with detailed footnotes will help you, as well as a good dictionary. The more you read the works of Shakespeare, the more familiar you will become with the words. Another great way to get an understanding of the language is to watch his works in performance. A good actor can really make the language come to life by adding emotions into the lines he speaks. It is said that even in Shakespeare’s day, the audience probably wouldn’t have understood 10% more than you; they also relied on visuals and emotions to understand. Grammar is where the flexibility of Shakespeare’s English is often most apparent. Parts of speech are frequently switched, such as nouns or adjectives becoming verbs. Shakespeare habitually wrote sentences where verbs and subjects don’t always agree. Moreover, the sentence construction adds to confusion, with inversions of the basic subject-verb-object order. While we would say, “John caught the ball,” Shakespeare might express the same idea with sentences like “John the ball caught,” or “The ball John caught.” 1．Which of the following is NOT cited as a reason for the non-standardized nature of English in Shakespeare’s time? A．More educational focus on classical Latin. B．External cultural and linguistic influences on the language. C．Shakespeare’s tendency to take advantage of English flexibility. D．Lack of grammar textbooks and widely-recognized dictionaries. 2．Which of the following advice may help you with reading Shakespeare? A．Rely on your visuals and emotions while reading. B．Guess the meaning of some words out of the context. C．Buy a book edition without explanations and footnotes. D．Consult an authoritative dictionary for unfamiliar words. 3．Which of the following is NOT a typical example of Shakespeare’s flexible use of grammar? A．He childed as I fathered. B．I should be false persuaded. C．Love all, trust a few, and do wrong to none. D．Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines. 4．What is the primary purpose of the passage? A．To detail the historical events that influenced Shakespeare’s writing style. B．To compare the vocabulary of Elizabethan English with that of modern English. C．To explain the linguistic challenges in reading Shakespeare and suggest ways to overcome them. D．To emphasize the superiority of watching Shakespeare’s plays over reading them and popularize the performances. 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 动词时态 01 期中考情透视 02 复习目标锚定 03 知识体系构建 04 核心考点精讲 考点一 一般现在时 / 考点二 一般过去时 / 考点三 一般将来时 / 考点四 过去将来时 考点五 现在进行时 / 考点六 过去进行时 / 考点七 将来进行时 / 考点八 现在完成进行时 考点九 现在完成时 / 考点十 过去完成时 / 考点十一 将来完成时 05 限时分层演练 基础固本练 / 综合进阶练 本专题核心考点覆盖8大基础时态，以及被动语态与时态的融合辨析；命题常结合语法填空、阅读长难句、选词填空、写作句式、翻译题等上海高中期中高频题型设置语境。整体以基础判断为核心，但现在完成时vs一般过去时、过去完成时的“过去的过去”判定、将来进行时用法、时态与被动语态叠加是拉开分数的重难点。上海考题侧重真实语境，极少单纯考机械变形，重在依托上下文时间逻辑判断时态。 识记 熟记时态基本结构；牢记各类时态标志性时间状语；掌握不同时态下被动语态的基本构成。 理解 精准辨析易混时态：一般过去时与现在完成时、过去完成时与一般过去时、将来进行时与一般将来时；理清不同时态对应的时间逻辑，读懂语境暗含的时间先后关系。 应用 语法填空、翻译题中依据语境精准选定时态并正确变形；快速识别阅读长难句中的时态，辅助理解动作先后；写作中选用合适时态，写出逻辑连贯、时态统一的简单句、并列句、复合句。 知识点01 一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时 一、一般现在时 1．一般现在时的构成方式 谓语动词一般使用原形。be动词要依据人称发生变化：第一人称单数搭配am，第三人称单数选用is，其余所有人称统一使用are。have的第三人称单数形式为has。实义动词第三人称单数变形规则如下： (1)绝大多数动词，直接在词尾添加­s； (2)单词末尾为­s、x、sh、ch或者字母o，词尾添加­es pass—passes（词尾s） box—boxes（词尾x） brush—brushes（词尾sh） watch—watches（词尾ch） go—goes（词尾o） (3)单词结尾结构为“辅音字母＋y”，需要把y改写为i，再加­es fry—fries 2．一般现在时的适用场景 (1)用来描述经常性、反复发生或是长期稳定存在的行为、状态。常搭配表频率的词汇短语：always，every time，now and then，occasionally，often，seldom，never，sometimes，usually，every day/night等。 Wild birds visit this wetland and search for water insects every spring. 野生鸟类每年春天都会来到这片湿地，搜寻水生昆虫。 (2)描述按照固定时刻表预先排定的将来事件。该用法只适用于go，arrive，leave，start，stay，return，begin，come这类表示位移、启程含义的动词。 Read the posted schedule quickly! The sightseeing ship sets off at 8:40. 快速看一眼张贴的行程表！这艘观光游船八点四十分启航。 (3)放置在时间、条件或者让步状语从句当中，用来表达将来含义。 If the frost disappears tomorrow, we will plant saplings on the hillside. 如果明天霜冻消退，我们就去山坡上栽种树苗。 二、一般过去时 1．一般过去时的构成方式 一般过去时依靠动词过去式体现时态含义。规则动词过去式变化规则： (1)大部分动词，直接在词尾加上ed； (2)单词以字母e结尾，仅在末尾添加d vote—voted (3)单词结尾为“辅音字母+y”，变y为i再加ed justify—justified (4)重读闭音节或者/r/音节收尾，词尾仅有单个辅音字母，双写末尾辅音字母再加ed drag—dragged 2．一般过去时的适用场景 既可以描述过去一段时期内反复出现的习惯性动作，常搭配often，usually，seldom这类频度副词；也用来描述过去某个特定时间发生的动作或是存在的状态，事件本身和当下没有关联，常搭配yesterday，the other day，last week，the day before yesterday等过去时间标志词。 In 1963, this botanist became the first person to discover this rare flower species. 1963年，这位植物学家成为发现该稀有花卉品种的第一人。 三、一般将来时 1．一般将来时的构成方式 由“shall/will + 动词原形”构成。shall多用于第一人称，will可以适用于全部人称。 2．一般将来时的适用场景 用来描述站在当下视角，之后会发生的行为或状态，常搭配tomorrow，next year，in+一段时间这类将来时间状语。“will+动词原形”还能够表达说话瞬间临时做出的决定。 —Do you know when the pottery exhibition opens? ——你知道陶艺展几点开展吗？ —I am not sure. Wait a minute. I will check the notice board outside the hall. ——我不太清楚，请稍等，我去大厅外的公告牌查看一下。 3．其他表达将来含义的结构和用法 (1)“be going to +动词原形”，表示事先计划打算开展的行动，或是依托眼前迹象预判即将发生的事情。 Look! Heavy dark clouds cover the mountain tops. I think a violent storm is going to hit the valley. 你看！厚重乌云笼罩山顶，一场强风暴马上就要袭击山谷。 Whether in remote villages or big cities, clean energy facilities are going to become far more common within the next decade. 不管是偏远乡村还是大型城市，清洁能源设备在未来十年将会更加普及。 (2)“be to +动词原形”，表示按照约定、计划，或是职责义务必须完成、即将发生的动作。 You are to hand in your field observation notes before nine o’clock. 你需要在九点之前上交野外观察记录。 (3)“be about to +动词原形”，表示马上就要着手做某事，这个结构不能搭配具体的将来时间点。 Anna was about to lock the wooden cabin door when a squirrel jumped onto the windowsill. 安娜正要锁上木屋房门，一只松鼠跳到了窗台上。 四、过去将来时 1．过去将来时的构成方式 should/would＋动词原形 was/were going to＋动词原形 was/were about to＋动词原形 was/were to＋动词原形 部分动词的过去进行形式同样可以表达该含义 2．过去将来时的适用场景 立足于过去某个时间点，描述在当时视角下将要发生的事件。 He told the group he would reach the campsite by nine o’clock. 他告诉小队，他会在九点前抵达营地。 I was about to turn off the desk lamp when I heard a soft knock on my window. 我正要关掉台灯，这时听见有人轻轻敲窗户。 She guessed it was going to snow later that afternoon. 她当时猜想那天傍晚会下雪。 还可以表达过去原本计划，但最终没有落实的事情。 I was going to join the river rafting activity, but I hurt my ankle accidentally. 我本来打算参加漂流活动，但是不小心扭伤了脚踝。 知识点02 现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时 一、现在进行时 (1)描述说话这一刻正在开展的动作，或是现阶段持续进行的事情，不一定在说话的瞬间正在发生。 —I hear you are volunteering at the city animal shelter. How do you find this work? ——听说你在市动物收容所做志愿者，这份工作感觉怎么样？ —It takes lots of energy and I often feel tired, yet I love staying with the rescued animals. ——工作耗费很多精力，我常常觉得疲惫，但我很喜欢和这些获救小动物待在一起。 (2)描述提前规划、安排好，即将发生的动作，常使用go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，have，wear，run out等动词。 The canned food for the rescue team is running out. We must send new supplies before nothing remains. 救援队的罐头食物快要耗尽，我们必须在物资用完前送去新补给。 二、过去进行时 (1)描述过去某个时刻或者某段时间之内正在进行的动作，常搭配过去时间状语从句，还有at that time，at that moment，at this time yesterday，at ten o’clock yesterday等时间标志。 He must have sensed that I was watching him. He turned around and whispered, “Why are you looking at me like that?” 他肯定察觉到我在看他，转过身低声问道：“你为什么这样看着我？” (2)描述过去两件动作里，长时间持续的那一个，经常搭配when、while引导的时间状语从句。 Tom was repairing old bicycles in his workshop when the power cut happened. 停电的时候，汤姆正在工坊里修理旧自行车。 三、将来进行时 描述将来某个时间点、某一段时间内正在持续进行的动作，常搭配at this time tomorrow，by then，from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow等时间状语。结构：will/shall be＋现在分词 Sarah cannot join the board discussion at 3 p.m. this afternoon because she will be giving a training lesson then. 萨拉无法参加今天下午三点的会议讨论，因为那个时段她正在上培训课。 四、现在完成进行时 一、现在完成进行时的构成 只要求掌握现在完成进行时。结构：have/has been＋现在分词。 二、现在完成进行时的适用场景 (1)动作从过去某个时间启动，一直延续到当下，还有可能继续持续下去；常用时间短语：all this morning，this month，these few days，since和for引导的状语。 —Excuse me, which performance are you waiting for? ——打扰一下，你们在等候哪一场演出？ —The folk band’s show. We have been standing in line for more than four hours. ——这支民间乐队的演出，我们已经排队四个多小时。 (2)动作不一定一刻不停，而是断断续续反复发生。 The local artists have been preparing for the street art festival, and their hard work will bring amazing results. 本地艺术家一直在筹备街头艺术节，他们的辛苦付出将会带来精彩的成果。 知识点03 现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时 一、现在完成时 (1)描述过去发生的动作，到说话时刚刚结束，对当下留有影响。常用标志词：already，just，yet，never，before，lately，recently，in the last(past) few days/years，up to now，till now，so far等。 He has received five invitations to local painting competitions over this month. 这个月他已经收到五场本地绘画赛事的参赛邀请。 During the last decade, people have built thousands of eco-parks across the country. 过去十年间，全国各地修建了数千座生态公园。 (2)描述动作或者状态从过去某一刻开始，延续到现在，有可能继续持续。常用搭配：since+时间点；for+时间段。 —I remember you played the cello beautifully when we were in college. Can you play a short piece? ——我记得大学时你的大提琴演奏十分优美，能演奏一小段吗？ —Sorry, I haven’t touched the cello for over ten years. ——不好意思，我已经十多年没有碰过大提琴了。 (3)在时间、条件状语从句内，可以使用现在完成时表达将来某个时间之前已经完成的动作。 Could you come over to my office once you have finished your market survey? 你完成市场调研之后，可以来我的办公室一趟吗？ 二、过去完成时 (1)描述发生在过去某个动作/时间点之前就完成的事件，也就是常说的“过去的过去”。有的句子会配有对应的时间状语，做语法填空时，很多情况需要依靠上下文判断时态。 While hiking along the mountain trail, I met Owen, whom I hadn’t seen for almost twelve years. 沿着山间小径徒步时，我偶遇欧文，我们将近十二年未曾见面。 (2)描述动作从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另外一个时间。常用短语：before，by then，by that time，by the end of，by the time＋从句等。 By that time, she had learned Spanish for five years. 到那个时候为止，她已经学习五年西班牙语。 Before that day, she had known nothing about this secret plan. 在那天之前，她对这个秘密计划一无所知。 (3)hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend这类表达愿望、计划的动词，如果使用过去完成时，代表过去原本打算实现，但是最后没能实现的想法。 I had planned to visit you last month, but a sudden business trip stopped me. 上个月我本打算拜访你，但是一场临时出差打乱了计划。 3．经常用到完成时态的固定句型 (1)This/It /That is the first /...time＋that sb.has/have done； This/It /That was the first /...time＋that sb.had done 这是某人第几次做某事。 (2)It(This)is/was the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句谓语要用完成时态。 (3)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb.did； It was/ had been＋一段时间＋since sb.had done sth.自从……已经多久了。 (4)hardly(scarcely)...when.../ no sooner...than...( 一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句使用一般过去时。 Hardly had we arrived at the campsite when a heavy storm broke out. 我们刚抵达营地，狂风暴雨就突然来袭。 It was eight years since we had enjoyed such a relaxing trip. 我们已经八年没有拥有这么轻松的旅途了。 三、将来完成时 将来完成时，用来表示到将来某个时间节点之前，动作已经完成，或是持续到该时间。常搭配“before+将来时间”、“by+将来时间”，也可以搭配before、by the time引导的一般现在时从句。结构：will /shall +have ＋过去分词。 By the time we drive back home, the children will have fallen asleep. 等我们开车到家的时候，孩子们就已经睡着了。 When you arrive at seven tonight, I shall have finished writing my travel journal. 今晚七点你过来时，我将会写完旅行日记。 By next summer, that teacher will have taught geography for twenty years. 到明年夏天，那位老师的地理教龄就满二十年了。 基础固本练（限时：15分钟） 一、单句语法填空 1．In the classroom (be) forty Chinese students and twenty American teachers now. 【答案】are 【详解】句意：现在教室里有四十名中国学生和二十名美国教师。 这是一个倒装句，主语是后面的“forty Chinese students and twenty American teachers”，为复数形式；根据时间状语now可知，此处描述当前的状态，应用一般现在时，be动词用are。 2．The old photo on the desk (remind) her of her happy childhood and she decides to make a video call to her old friends. 【答案】reminds 【详解】句意：桌上的这张老照片让她想起快乐的童年，于是她决定给老朋友们打个视频电话。 本句由and连接并列分句，后面分句decides为一般现在时，前面分句也用一般现在时，主语the old photo是单数名词，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式reminds。 3．This type of wild plant (grow) well in dry areas and can survive long periods without any rainfall in nature. 【答案】grows 【详解】句意：这种野生植物在干旱地区生长良好，在自然界中可以在没有任何降雨的情况下长时间存活。此处的grow强调主语的长势，为不及物动词，没有被动语态，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语为This type of wild plant，谓语动词用单三形式grows。 4．Right now, a large amount of material (gather) for our school’s time capsule. 【答案】is being gathered 【详解】句意：眼下，大量材料正被收集起来，用于我们学校的时间胶囊。根据时间状语right now可知，此处描述目前正在进行的动作，应用现在进行时，且gather和主语是被动关系，因此使用现在进行时的被动语态，“a large amount of+不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由amount决定，因此使用is being gathered。 5．Don’t walk into that office! The schedule for the conference (prepare) there. 【答案】is being prepared 【详解】句意：不要走进那间办公室！会议的日程表正在那里被准备着。此处结合前文的祈使句Don’t walk into that office的语境，强调此刻正在发生的动作；同时主语the schedule for the conference和所给动词prepare之间是被动关系，表“日程表被准备”，因此需要使用现在进行时的被动语态结构，主语the schedule是单数，应用is being prepared。 6．At present, environmental experts (study) how rising temperatures affect the living habits of deep‑sea creatures. 【答案】are studying 【详解】句意：目前，环境专家正在研究气温上升如何影响深海生物的生活习性。分析句子结构，空格处为句子的谓语动词；根据“At present”（目前）可知，此处表示当前正在进行的动作，应用现在进行时；主语environmental experts为复数，be动词用are，study的现在分词为studying。 7．Last night, he (argue) with the people who made those negative comments. 【答案】argued 【详解】句意：昨晚他和那些发表负面评论的人争吵了。根据时间状语Last night可知，动作是在过去某个特定时间发生的，需要使用所给动词argue的过去式argued。 8．The speech we looked forward to (wind) up with thunderous applause. 【答案】wound/was wound 【详解】句意：我们期盼已久的演讲在雷鸣般的掌声中落下帷幕。we looked forward to是省略了关系代词的定语从句，用来修饰先行词The speech。空处作主句谓语。wind up表示“结束”，可以作及物动词短语，也可作不及物动词短语，作及物动词短语时，主语The speech和wind up之间是动宾关系，用被动语态，作不及物动词短语时，无被动语态。根据looked可知，表示过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，wind的过去式和过去分词均为wound。 9．The Sanxingdui ruins (belong) to the Shu Kingdom that existed at least 4,800 years ago and lasted more than 2,000 years. 【答案】belonged 【详解】句意：三星堆遗址属于至少距今4800年、持续了2000多年的蜀王国。空处作谓语，结合后面从句中的“existed”和“lasted”可知，归属关系也发生在过去，应用一般过去时，所以用过去式belonged。 10．I (read) a novel when my teacher entered the classroom. 【答案】was reading 【详解】句意：当老师走进教室的时候，我正在读一本小说。when引导时间状语从句，从句动词entered为一般过去时，描述过去某个时间点正在发生的动作，主句要用过去进行时；主语I对应的be动词用was，read变为现在分词reading。 11．She (stare) out of the window silently when I entered the room yesterday. 【答案】was staring 【详解】句意：昨天我走进房间的时候，她正默默地望着窗外。本句为固定句型：be doing…when…，从句entered为一般过去时；主句表示过去某个时间点正在发生某事。主语She是单数，be动词用was，stare的现在分词为staring。 12．My elder sister will (graduation) from university next summer and plans to become an English teacher. 【答案】graduate 【详解】句意：我的姐姐将于明年夏天大学毕业，并打算成为一名英语老师。 助动词will后面需要接动词原形。所给词graduation是名词，意为“毕业”，对应的动词形式是graduate。 13．With the development of technology, researchers (find) more effective methods to clean polluted underground water in the near future. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】will find 【详解】句意：随着技术的发展，研究人员将在不久的将来找到更有效的方法来清洁受污染的地下水。时间状语 in the near future表明此处用一般将来时will find。 14．The student said that he (admire) those experts who protected old cultural sites. 【答案】would admire/was going to admire 【详解】句意：这名学生说他会十分敬佩那些保护古老文化遗址的专家。主句谓语said是一般过去时，从句动作发生在过去的将来，要用过去将来时，主语为he，谓语用would admire或was going to admire。 15．She said that she (visit) the historic site with her foreign friends, but she fell ill. 【答案】was going to visit/would visit 【详解】句意：她说她要和外国朋友一起去参观历史遗址，但后来生病了。主句中said是一般过去时，宾语从句应使用表示过去的某种时态，结合句意从句表示将来，应用过去将来时。 16．Good evening, everybody. Professor King (deliver) his lecture in a moment, but let me introduce him first. 【答案】will deliver/will be delivering 【详解】句意：大家晚上好。金教授马上就要开展讲座了，请允许我先为大家介绍他。主语是Professor King，所填词作谓语，它们是主动的关系；in a moment是一般将来时的时间状语，谓语要用一般将来时的主动语态will deliver；同时，本题也可以用将来进行时will be delivering，侧重将来时段讲座正在进行。 17．The price of the imported kiwi fruits (rise) to 100 yuan per kilo over the last two years. No wonder that middle-aged lady is always complaining about the high living cost. 【答案】has risen 【详解】句意：在过去两年里，进口猕猴桃的价格已经涨到每公斤100元。难怪那位中年女士总是抱怨生活成本高。时间状语over the last two years是现在完成时的标志，主语the price为单数，rise的过去分词是risen，所以谓语动词为has risen。 18．For more than 30 years, scientists (keep) records of the behaviour of this group of monkeys living in the rainforest. 【答案】have kept 【详解】句意：30多年来，科学家们一直在记录生活在雨林中的这群猴子的行为。分析句子结构，空格处为句子的谓语动词；根据“For more than 30 years”（30多年来）可知，应用现在完成时；主语scientists为复数，助动词用have，keep的过去分词为kept。 19．By the time he graduated from college, he (publish) at least three books. 【答案】had published 【详解】句意：到他大学毕业的时候，他已经出版了至少三本书。 根据“By the time he graduated from college”可知，主句动作发生在毕业之前，是“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时had published。 20．He (suffer) from a bad headache for nearly a week without a good rest. 【答案】has been suffering 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：他已经严重头疼了快一个星期，一直没好好休息。根据for nearly a week without a good rest可知，此处使用现在完成进行时，强调动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，还可能继续下去，主语是He，助动词使用has。故填has been suffering。 二、翻译 21．对待长者的态度在特定的中国文化中非常重要。（importance） _________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Attitudes toward(s) the elders are of great importance in the particular culture of China. 【详解】“对待……的态度”用固定搭配attitudes toward(s)，“长者”用the elders指代老年群体；“非常重要”使用提示词importance，用固定结构be of great importance，本句陈述客观常识，用一般现在时，主语the attitudes为复数名词，be动词用are；“在特定的中国文化中”可表达为介词短语in the particular culture of China，作地点状语置于句末。 22．当下人工智能蓬勃发展，因此理性运用技术、防范潜在风险至关重要。(boom) （汉译英） __________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】At present, artificial intelligence is booming, so it is vital to use technology rationally and guard against potential risks. 【详解】根据句意以及句子提示词可知，表示“当下”应为介词短语At present；表示“人工智能”应为名词短语artificial intelligence，表示“蓬勃发展”为动词boom，此处为现在进行时is booming；表示“做某事至关重要”应为固定句型it is vital to do sth；表示“理性运用技术”应为动词短语use technology rationally；表示“防范潜在风险”应为动词短语guard against potential risks。 23．老师很惊喜地发现他演讲时没有看稿。(refer) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】The teacher was surprised to find that he didn’t refer to his draft when delivering the speech. 【详解】考查形容词，宾语从句，时态，固定短语，时间状语从句，主谓一致和省略。“老师”是the teacher，“很惊喜地做某事”是be surprised to do，句子描述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，主语the teacher是单数，be动词用was，“发现”是find，其后跟that引导的宾语从句，“他演讲时”用when引导的时间状语从句，“演讲”是deliver the speech，用过去进行时，主语he是单数，when引导的从句写成when he was  delivering the speech，从句中主语和主句主语一致，且从句中有be动词时，可省略从句中的主语和be动词，即省略he was，“看稿”是refer to his draft，“没有”用didn’t，因此整句话翻译为“The teacher was surprised to find that he didn’t refer to his draft when delivering the speech”。故答案为The teacher was surprised to find that he didn’t refer to his draft when delivering the speech. 24．被学校开除是他们预料不到的。（expel） ____________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Being expelled from school was beyond their expectation./That they were expelled from school was out of their expectation. 【详解】根据句意，该句讲述过去发生的事，整体使用一般过去时；表示“被学校开除”为be expelled from school，在句子中作主语，所以使用动名词，置于句首首字母大写，表示“是”为系动词，动名词短语作主语视为单数，所以谓语动词为was；表示“预料不到”为固定短语beyond their expectation作表语；或者“被学校开除”为主语从句，从句中不缺成分，且句意完整，所以使用that引导，置于句首，首字母大写；从句中表示“他们”为they作从句主语，表示“被……开除”为be expelled from，与主语为被动关系，此处为一般过去时被动语态结构，且主语为they，所以谓语动词为were expelled from，表示“学校”为school作宾语，所以主语从句为That they were expelled from school，主语从句整体视作单数概念，主句系动词选用was；表示“预料不到”为固定短语out of their expectation作表语。 25．我提醒我女儿下个礼拜三她要代表全班把这个礼物送给他们的数学老师。(behalf) ________________________________________________ 【答案】I reminded my daughter that she would present this gift to their math teacher on behalf of the whole class next Wednesday. 【详解】考查短语、动词和宾语从句。表示“提醒某人作某事”用remind sb. that...，其中that引导宾语从句，“提醒”这一动作发生在过去，应用过去式reminded；表示“我女儿”用my daughter；表示“把这个礼物送给某人”用present this gift to sb.，主句谓语是一般过去时reminded，宾语从句谓语应用过去将来时would present；表示“他们的数学老师”用their math teacher，作宾语；表示“代表”用短语on behalf of；表示“全班”用the whole class，作宾语；表示“下礼拜三”用next Wednesday，作时间状语。故翻译为I reminded my daughter that she would present this gift to their math teacher on behalf of the whole class next Wednesday. 26．这个花园受损严重，这些修复师需要1年才能恢复它的昔日辉煌。(restore) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The garden has been severely damaged, and it will take the restorers one year to restore its former glory. 【详解】考查时态、语态和固定句型。“花园”使用名词garden作主语，“严重”使用副词severely，“受损”使用动词damage，和主语之间是被动关系，且是描述过去发生的事情对现在的影响，应用现在完成时的被动语态，主语表示单数意义，助动词使用has；前后分句是并列关系，使用and连接，“某人需要多长时间做某事”使用固定句型it takes/took sb some time to do sth，it是形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，“这些修复师”使用名词复数restorers，“1年”译为one year，“恢复它的昔日辉煌”使用动词短语restore its former glory，该分句描述将来的事情，使用一般将来时。故翻译为The garden has been severely damaged, and it will take the restorers one year to restore its former glory. 27．虽然身处异国二十载，但他依然认为家乡的味道是无可取代的。（replace） ___________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Though he has lived abroad for twenty years, he still believes that the taste of his hometown cannot be replaced. 【详解】表示“虽然”译为though，引导让步状语从句，从句主语为he；表示“身处异国二十载”译为has lived abroad for twenty years，为现在完成时；主句主语为he；表示“依然认为”译为still believe，后跟宾语从句，从句不缺少成分和句意，故用that引导，陈述事实用一般现在时；表示“家乡的味道”译为the taste of his hometown；表示“无可取代”译为cannot be replaced。 28．尽管为太空探索付出了巨大努力，天文学家们意识到他们对宇宙依然一无所知。（ignorant） _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Although they had put great effort into space exploration/ Despite the huge effort they had put into space exploration, the astronomers realized that they were still ignorant of/about the universe. 【详解】考查让步状语、介词及时态。“尽管”可表达为although引导让步状语从句，从句在描述过去的事实，用一般过去时。或despite后接名词短语；“付出巨大努力”是put great effort into ；“太空探索”为“space exploration”。根据语境，“付出努力”发生在“意识到”之前，“意识到”用一般过去时realized，那么“付出努力”用过去完成时“had put” 。“对……一无所知”用“be ignorant of/about” 。故译为Although they had put great effort into space exploration/ Despite the huge effort they had put into space exploration, the astronomers realized that they were still ignorant of/about the universe. 29．这位科学家三个月来忙于做实验，但是结果却不尽如人意。(turn out) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The scientist has been busy doing experiments for three months, but the result turned out (to be) unsatisfactory. 【详解】考查固定搭配和时态。表示“这位科学家”用The scientist；表示“忙于做实验”用短语be busy doing experiments；表示“三个月来”用for three months，体现动作从过去持续到现在，谓语用现在完成进行时has been busy doing；表示“但是”用but；表示“结果”用the result ；表示“结果却不尽如人意”用固定搭配turn out (to be) unsatisfactory，此处turn out作谓语，用一般过去时。故翻译为The scientist has been busy doing experiments for three months, but the result turned out (to be) unsatisfactory. 30．当你看到陌生人遇到困难时，你有主动提供帮助的习惯吗？(offer) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Do you have the habit of offering help actively when you see strangers in trouble? 【详解】句子为含时间状语从句的主从复合句；询问日常行为习惯，用一般现在时。主句是一般疑问句，“有做某事的习惯”用have the habit of doing sth.，“主动提供帮助”译为offer help actively，offer作介词of的宾语，用动名词形式offering；“当你看到陌生人遇到困难时”用when引导时间状语从句，“看到某人处于困境”用see sb. in trouble，“陌生人”译为strangers。 综合进阶练（限时：15分钟） 一、语法填空 （25-26高一下·上海·期中）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. India is a country with lots of languages. Dozens of different regional languages are spoken in India, 1 share many characteristics such as grammatical structure and vocabulary. Apart from these languages, Hindi, the national, official, and main link language, 2 (use) mostly widely for communication in India. The homeland of Hindi is mainly in the north, but it is spoken and widely understood in all urban centers of India. In the southern states of India, Hindi is not so popularly used. Therefore, English, an associate official language in this country, remains a 3 (share) language to a great degree. Since the early 1600s, the English language 4 (hold) a position on the Indian subcontinent. In India, English serves two purposes. First, it provides a linguistic (语言学的) tool for the administrative link of the country, 5 (cause) people who speak different languages to become united. Secondly, it serves as a language of 6 (wide) communication compared with other languages, including a large variety of different people covering a vast area. The importance of the ability to speak or write English has recently increased significantly because English has become the established standard. Learning English language has become popular 7 business, commerce and cultural reasons and especially for Internet communications throughout the world. The phenomenon that English has been used by many information and technology industries and recognized as being standard has stimulated a huge expansion of Internet-related activity. English has special national status in India. One 8 see a Hindi-speaking teacher giving their students instructions during an educational tour about where 9 (meet) and when their bus would leave, all in English. Men and women who cannot comprehend and interpret instructions in English, 10 educated, are sometimes unemployable. There would appear to be no disagreement in the community about the importance of English language skills. 【答案】 1．which 2．is used 3．shared 4．has held 5．causing 6．wider 7．for 8．can 9．to meet 10．even if/even though 【导语】文章主要介绍了印度多语言并存的现状，以及英语在印度作为联系语言和行政工具的重要地位和作用。 1．考查定语从句。句意：印度境内使用数十种不同的地区语言，这些语言在语法结构和词汇等方面有许多共同特征。分析句子结构可知，空处到句末为非限制性定语从句，用which引导，修饰先行词regional languages，并在从句中作主语。 2．考查时态语态。句意：除了这些语言之外，印地语作为国家官方语言和主要联系语言，在印度被最广泛地用于交流。主语Hindi与所给动词use之间为被动关系，且描述事实，应用一般现在时的被动语态，主语Hindi为第三人称单数，应用is used。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：因此，英语作为该国的联系语言，在很大程度仍是一种共用的语言。分析句子结构可知，空处作定语修饰名词language，动词share与language之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词shared作定语。 4．考查时态。句意：自17世纪初以来，英语在印度次大陆一直占据着重要地位。根据时间状语Since the early 1600s可知，动作从过去持续到现在，应用现在完成时；主语the English language为第三人称单数，谓语动词应用has held。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：首先，它为国家的行政联系提供了语言工具，使讲不同语言的人们得以团结起来。句中已有谓语动词provides，空处应填非谓语动词。动词cause与前面整个主句之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词causing作结果状语。 6．考查形容词比较级。句意：其次，与其他语言相比，它作为一种更广泛的交流语言，服务于覆盖广大地区的各类不同人群。根据空后的compared with other languages可知，此处表示比较意义，应用形容词wide的比较级形式wider。 7．考查介词。句意：出于商业、贸易和文化原因，尤其是为了全世界的互联网交流，学习英语变得流行起来。空后business, commerce and cultural reasons表示原因，应用介词for表示“为了，因为”，for…reasons为固定搭配，意为“出于……原因”。 8．考查情态动词。句意：人们可以看到，一位讲印地语的老师在教育旅行中，用英语给学生们指示，如在哪里集合、巴士何时离开。空后为动词原形see，且此处表示一种普遍存在的能力或可能性，应用情态动词can。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：人们可以看到，一位讲印地语的老师在教育旅行中，用英语给学生们指示，如在哪里集合、巴士何时离开。此处为“疑问词+不定式”结构，作介词about的宾语，应用不定式to meet。 10．考查从属连词。句意：那些不能理解和解释英语指令的人，即使受过教育，有时也找不到工作。此处为even if/though引导的让步状语从句的省略结构，完整形式应为even if/though they are educated，表示假设性让步，且当让步状语从句的主语与主句主语Men and women一致时，可省略从句中主语和be动词。 二、阅读理解 （25-26高一下·上海·阶段检测）Probably the number one complaint about reading Shakespeare is that it doesn’t always read like “normal” English. It’s a natural and reasonable accusation. Shakespeare wrote for an audience over 400 years ago. Think about how word meanings and expressions change over a relatively short time; four centuries bring with them a lot of differences. The Renaissance and England’s emerging status as a sea power exposed the language to an ever-increasing range of cultures and languages. At the same time, there was no real standardization in English. Formal dictionaries and grammar textbooks simply did not exist. “Proper” education focused much more on classical Latin than on oral English. Because of this neglect, English had a certain flexibility to it, of which Shakespeare took advantage. So how can a reader today bridge that gap between then and now? There are two critical issues to address: word usage and grammar. Once you understand these fundamental concepts, Shakespeare becomes a lot more accessible. First and foremost, there have been numerous vocabulary changes in English since Shakespeare was writing. While many words are still recognizable today, others have shifted in their meaning or dropped altogether from usage. Often the context in which a word is used will help you determine its meaning. Furthermore, a good book edition with detailed footnotes will help you, as well as a good dictionary. The more you read the works of Shakespeare, the more familiar you will become with the words. Another great way to get an understanding of the language is to watch his works in performance. A good actor can really make the language come to life by adding emotions into the lines he speaks. It is said that even in Shakespeare’s day, the audience probably wouldn’t have understood 10% more than you; they also relied on visuals and emotions to understand. Grammar is where the flexibility of Shakespeare’s English is often most apparent. Parts of speech are frequently switched, such as nouns or adjectives becoming verbs. Shakespeare habitually wrote sentences where verbs and subjects don’t always agree. Moreover, the sentence construction adds to confusion, with inversions of the basic subject-verb-object order. While we would say, “John caught the ball,” Shakespeare might express the same idea with sentences like “John the ball caught,” or “The ball John caught.” 1．Which of the following is NOT cited as a reason for the non-standardized nature of English in Shakespeare’s time? A．More educational focus on classical Latin. B．External cultural and linguistic influences on the language. C．Shakespeare’s tendency to take advantage of English flexibility. D．Lack of grammar textbooks and widely-recognized dictionaries. 2．Which of the following advice may help you with reading Shakespeare? A．Rely on your visuals and emotions while reading. B．Guess the meaning of some words out of the context. C．Buy a book edition without explanations and footnotes. D．Consult an authoritative dictionary for unfamiliar words. 3．Which of the following is NOT a typical example of Shakespeare’s flexible use of grammar? A．He childed as I fathered. B．I should be false persuaded. C．Love all, trust a few, and do wrong to none. D．Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines. 4．What is the primary purpose of the passage? A．To detail the historical events that influenced Shakespeare’s writing style. B．To compare the vocabulary of Elizabethan English with that of modern English. C．To explain the linguistic challenges in reading Shakespeare and suggest ways to overcome them. D．To emphasize the superiority of watching Shakespeare’s plays over reading them and popularize the performances. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文主要讲的是阅读莎士比亚作品时遇到的语言障碍及其原因和应对方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The Renaissance and England’s emerging status as a sea power exposed the language to an ever-increasing range of cultures and languages. At the same time, there was no real standardization in English. Formal dictionaries and grammar textbooks simply did not exist. “Proper” education focused much more on classical Latin than on oral English. Because of this neglect, English had a certain flexibility to it, of which Shakespeare took advantage.(文艺复兴运动以及英国作为海上强国的崛起，使英语接触到了日益广泛的文化和语言。与此同时，英语并没有真正实现标准化。正式的词典和语法教科书根本不存在。“正统”教育更侧重于古典拉丁语，而非英语口语。正是由于这种忽视，英语具有一定的灵活性，而莎士比亚充分利用了这一点。)”可知，莎士比亚利用英语的灵活性是英语已经不标准化后的结果，莎士比亚利用英语的灵活性是他个人的写作特点，不是英语不标准的原因。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Furthermore, a good book edition with detailed footnotes will help you, as well as a good dictionary.(此外，一本带有详细脚注的好版本会对你有所帮助，一本好词典也是如此。)”可知，查阅权威词典来理解生词有助于你阅读莎士比亚的作品。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Grammar is where the flexibility of Shakespeare’s English is often most apparent. Parts of speech are frequently switched, such as nouns or adjectives becoming verbs. Shakespeare habitually wrote sentences where verbs and subjects don’t always agree. Moreover, the sentence construction adds to confusion, with inversions of the basic subject-verb-object order.(语法是莎士比亚英语灵活性最明显的体现之处。词性经常被转换，比如名词或形容词被用作动词。莎士比亚习惯性地写出主谓不一致的句子。此外，句子结构也增加了理解难度，基本的主谓宾语序被颠倒。)”可知，C选项“Love all, trust a few, and do wrong to none.(爱所有人，信任少数人，不辜负任何人。)”是标准主谓句式，语序正常、无词性活用、无倒装，常规现代英语句式，不属于灵活语法。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Probably the number one complaint about reading Shakespeare is that it doesn’t always read like “normal” English. It’s a natural and reasonable accusation.(人们最常抱怨阅读莎士比亚的一点，就是他的作品并不总是像“普通”英语那样。这确实是一个自然且合理的指责。)”和第二段“So how can a reader today bridge that gap between then and now? There are two critical issues to address: word usage and grammar. Once you understand these fundamental concepts, Shakespeare becomes a lot more accessible.(那么，今天的读者该如何跨越过去与现在之间的鸿沟呢？需要解决两个关键问题：词汇用法和语法。一旦你理解了这些基本概念，莎士比亚就会变得容易得多。)”可知，本文主要讲的是阅读莎士比亚作品时遇到的语言障碍及其原因和应对方法，因此写这篇文章主要的目的是解释阅读莎士比亚时遇到的语言挑战，并建议克服这些挑战的方法。 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $