Spider Silk A Natural Supermaterial and Its Development（阅读任务单）高二时文阅读说明文适中

高二时文阅读说明文适中 Spider Silk: A Natural Supermaterial and Its Development 蜘蛛丝：一种天然超级材料及其发展（阅读任务单） 走进语篇 话题 体裁 题型 词数 建议用时 难度 蜘蛛丝：一种天然超级材料及其发展 说明文 选择题 377 8分钟 适中 Spider silk is a natural supermaterial. By weight, it is five times stronger than steel and fully organic. It works as well as human-made materials like graphene and Kevlar but is much more eco-friendly. People have imagined using it to make bulletproof vests and ultra-light aircraft. However, spiders eat each other when raised together, making mass production nearly impossible until genetic engineering made a breakthrough. Today, transgenic silkworms can spin "supersilk", which is very similar to natural spider silk. Kraig Biocraft Laboratories uses 10,000 genetically modified silkworms in its Michigan research center and has built commercial farms in Vietnam, where silkworms grow well on mulberry leaves. These modified silkworms even glow green under ultraviolet light to be identified. Though not as strong as pure spider silk, it is stronger and more flexible than regular silk—and crucially, it can be produced in large amounts. Spider silk’s great performance comes from two key factors: spidroins (蜘蛛蛋白) and the complex spinning process. Spidroins are long amino acid chains (氨基酸) that can stretch and bind tightly. Humans have long tried to copy spider silk, but old methods were too labor-intensive. Synthetic fibers like nylon and Kevlar are bad for the environment, as they are non-degradable and toxic to produce. Early attempts to make spider silk without spiders failed. In the 1990s, scientists tried engineering E. coli (大肠杆菌), goats and alfalfa (苜蓿) but failed due to poor gene-editing tools. CRISPR-Cas9 changed this in the early 2010s. In 2023, Chinese researchers at Soochow University first produced full-length spider silk from transgenic silkworms, which is six times tougher than Kevlar. Now the biggest challenge is finding practical uses for supersilk. Early commercial tries failed: a 2015 spider silk parka shrank 50% when wet, and Kraig’s 2016 U.S. Army bulletproof vest test flopped. Companies are now turning to practical applications: Kraig focuses on luxury fashion, while Germany’s AMSilk uses silk proteins in eco-friendly detergents to replace harmful chemicals. "Spiders have had 400 million years to perfect silk," says one researcher. "We’re just starting to catch up." The quest for supersilk is no longer just about a stronger material, but building a more sustainable future with nature’s own designs. from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/spider-silk-silkworm-genetic-engineering有删减 牛刀小试 ( ) 1. Why was mass production of spider silk nearly impossible in the past? A. It was too difficult to collect spider silk from wild spiders. B. Spiders would eat each other when raised together. C. The spinning process of spiders was hard to copy. D. Spider silk was not strong enough for large-scale use. ( ) 2. What can we infer about "supersilk" from the passage? A. It is exactly the same as natural spider silk. B. It is weaker and less flexible than regular silk. C. It can be produced in large quantities easily. D. It was first produced by Chinese researchers in 2023. ( ) 3. What do we know about synthetic fibers like nylon and Kevlar? A. They are more eco-friendly than spider silk. B. They are easy to break down naturally. C. Their production is harmful to the environment. D. They are stronger than natural spider silk. ( ) 4. The underlined word "flopped" in Paragraph 5 probably means ______. A. succeeded B. failed C. improved D. continued 词汇聚焦 1. organic /ɔːˈɡænɪk/ adj. 有机的；自然的 2. eco-friendly /ˌiːkəʊ ˈfrendli/ adj. 环保的；对生态友好的 3. genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/ adj. 基因的；遗传的 4. transgenic /ˌtrænsˈdʒenɪk/ adj. 转基因的 5. flexible /ˈfleksəbl/ adj. 灵活的；柔韧的 6. toxic /ˈtɒksɪk/ adj. 有毒的 7. mass production 大规模生产 8. genetic engineering 基因工程 9. be similar to 与……相似 10. turn to 转向；求助于 词汇练习 一、根据首字母提示填空 1. This kind of new material is fully o________ and does no harm to the environment. 2. With the development of g________ engineering, scientists can produce supersilk with transgenic silkworms. 3. Silk is a f________ material that can be made into various clothes. 4. Some chemicals used in factories are t________ and pollute the air and water. 5. The company plans to start m________ production of the new product next year. 6. The two brothers look very similar to each other, and their hobbies are also s________. 二、根据汉语提示填空 1. 这种新型材料和天然蜘蛛丝非常相似，而且更柔韧。 This new material is very ________ ________ natural spider silk and even more flexible. 2. 由于技术落后，早期的大规模生产尝试失败了。 Due to backward technology, early attempts at ________ ________ failed. 3. 随着环保意识的提高，越来越多的公司转向了环保产品的研发。 With the improvement of environmental awareness, more and more companies ________ ________ ________ the research and development of eco-friendly products. 4. 基因工程的突破彻底改变了蜘蛛丝难以大规模生产的现状。 The breakthrough in ________ ________ has completely changed the situation that spider silk is hard to produce on a large scale. 长难句分析 Though not as strong as pure spider silk, it is stronger and more flexible than regular silk—and crucially, it can be produced in large amounts. 【分析】这是一个复合句，though引导的________（状语从句的省略形式），完整形式为 ；主句包含两个并列分句，由 连接，第二个分句中的crucially作________，强调“可以大规模生产”这一关键信息。 【译文】_____________________________________________________________________________________ 写作训练wen 假如你是李华，你校英文报正在征集以"Developing Super silk, Building a Sustainable Future"为题的英文稿件，请你结合本文内容写一篇短文投稿。要点如下： 1. 蜘蛛丝的特点及早期生产难题； 2. 超级蛛丝的研发及优势； 3. 超级蛛丝的应用前景及意义。 注意： 1. 词数100字左右； 2. 可适当加入细节，行文连贯； 3. 标题已给出。 Developing Super silk, Building a Sustainable Future _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 背景拓展 Spider silk is known as "nature’s supermaterial" for its extraordinary strength and flexibility. Compared with steel of the same weight, spider silk is five times stronger and more flexible, and it is fully organic and biodegradable, making it an ideal eco-friendly material. For a long time, due to the cannibalistic nature of spiders, it was difficult to produce spider silk on a large scale, which limited its application. With the development of genetic engineering, especially the application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, scientists have successfully used transgenic silkworms to produce supersilk. This technology not only solves the problem of mass production but also retains the excellent performance of natural spider silk. At present, supersilk has been tried in many fields such as fashion, medical treatment and environmental protection, and has broad application prospects. The development of supersilk is not only a breakthrough in material science but also a practice of using nature’s wisdom to build a sustainable future. It helps reduce the environmental pollution caused by synthetic fibers and provides a new direction for the development of green materials. In the future, with the continuous progress of technology, supersilk is expected to bring more surprises to human society. 译文 蜘蛛丝因其非凡的强度和柔韧性，被称为“自然界的超级材料”。与同等重量的钢材相比，蜘蛛丝的强度是其五倍，且更具柔韧性，同时它完全是有机的、可生物降解的，是一种理想的环保材料。长期以来，由于蜘蛛的同类相食特性，蜘蛛丝难以大规模生产，限制了其应用。 随着基因工程的发展，尤其是CRISPR-Cas9技术的应用，科学家成功利用转基因家蚕生产出了超级蛛丝。这项技术不仅解决了大规模生产的难题，还保留了天然蜘蛛丝的优良性能。目前，超级蛛丝已在时尚、医疗、环保等多个领域进行尝试，具有广阔的应用前景。 超级蛛丝的研发不仅是材料科学的突破，也是利用自然智慧构建可持续未来的实践。它有助于减少合成纤维带来的环境污染，为绿色材料的发展提供了新方向。未来，随着技术的不断进步，超级蛛丝有望为人类社会带来更多惊喜。 高二时文阅读说明文适中 Spider Silk: A Natural Supermaterial and Its Development 蜘蛛丝：一种天然超级材料及其发展（阅读任务单） 答案与解析 牛刀小试 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了蜘蛛丝作为天然超级材料的特点，以及由于蜘蛛的同类相食特性，其大规模生产长期面临困境，直到基因工程取得突破，转基因家蚕生产的“超级蛛丝”解决了这一难题，同时介绍了超级蛛丝的优势、研发历程及当前面临的实际应用挑战。 1. B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句"However, spiders eat each other when raised together, making mass production nearly impossible until genetic engineering made a breakthrough."可知，过去蜘蛛丝难以大规模生产的原因是蜘蛛被一起饲养时会互相捕食。A项“从野生蜘蛛身上收集蜘蛛丝太难”、C项“蜘蛛的吐丝过程难以复制”、D项“蜘蛛丝的强度不足以大规模使用”均与原文不符。故选B。 2. C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句"Though not as strong as pure spider silk, it is stronger and more flexible than regular silk—and crucially, it can be produced in large amounts."可推断，超级蛛丝可以大量生产。A项“与天然蜘蛛丝完全相同”错误（原文是very similar）；B项“比普通丝绸更弱、更不灵活”错误（原文是stronger and more flexible）；D项“2023年中国研究者首次生产”错误（原文是首次生产full-length spider silk，而非supersilk）。故选C。 3. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句"Synthetic fibers like nylon and Kevlar are bad for the environment, as they are non-degradable and toxic to produce."可知，尼龙和凯夫拉等合成纤维的生产对环境有害。A项“比蜘蛛丝更环保”错误；B项“容易自然分解”错误（原文是non-degradable）；D项“比天然蜘蛛丝更结实”原文未提及。故选C。 4. B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第五段第二句"Early commercial tries failed: a 2015 spider silk parka shrank 50% when wet, and Kraig’s 2016 U.S. Army bulletproof vest test flopped."可知，冒号后列举了早期商业尝试失败的两个例子，由此可推测flopped与failed同义，意为“失败”。A项“成功”、C项“改善”、D项“继续”均不符合语境。故选B。 词汇练习 一、 1. organic 2. genetic 3. flexible 4. toxic 5. mass 6. similar 二、 1. similar to 2. mass production 3. have turned to 4. genetic engineering 长难句分析 【分析】让步状语从句；Though it is not as strong as pure spider silk；and；状语 【译文】虽然不如纯蜘蛛丝结实，但它比普通丝绸更结实、更柔韧——而且至关重要的是，它可以大规模生产。 写作训练 Developing Super silk, Building a Sustainable Future Natural spider silk is much stronger than steel and highly elastic, which makes it a precious material. However, it was once difficult to produce on a large scale because spiders are aggressive and cannot be raised together in groups, limiting its practical use.​ With the development of gene-editing and bioengineering technology, scientists have successfully developed super silk. It inherits all the advantages of natural spider silk and effectively solves the production problem, being eco-friendly and easy to mass-produce at a low cost.​ Super silk has broad application prospects in fields like medicine and new materials. It can replace some non-degradable materials, helping reduce plastic pollution and promote sustainable development, which is of great significance for building a greener future. 参考译文 蜘蛛丝：一种天然超级材料及其发展 蜘蛛丝是一种天然的超级材料。按重量计算，它的强度是钢材的五倍，而且完全是有机的。它的性能和石墨烯、凯夫拉等人工材料相当，但更环保。人们曾设想用它来制造防弹背心和超轻型飞机。然而，蜘蛛被一起饲养时会互相捕食，这使得大规模生产几乎不可能，直到基因工程取得了突破。 如今，转基因家蚕能够吐出“超级蛛丝”，这种蛛丝与天然蜘蛛丝非常相似。克雷格生物工艺实验室在其密歇根研究中心使用了10000只转基因家蚕，并在越南建立了商业农场，那里的家蚕靠桑叶茁壮成长。这些转基因家蚕在紫外线下甚至会发出绿光，以此来识别它们。虽然不如纯蜘蛛丝结实，但它比普通丝绸更结实、更柔韧——而且至关重要的是，它可以大规模生产。 蜘蛛丝的优良性能源于两个关键因素：蜘蛛蛋白和复杂的吐丝过程。蜘蛛蛋白是长长的氨基酸链，能够拉伸并紧密结合。人类长期以来一直试图复制蜘蛛丝，但旧方法过于费力。尼龙和凯夫拉等合成纤维对环境有害，因为它们不可降解，且生产过程有毒。 早期不依靠蜘蛛生产蜘蛛丝的尝试都失败了。20世纪90年代，科学家试图通过基因工程改造大肠杆菌、山羊和苜蓿来生产蜘蛛蛋白，但由于基因编辑工具不够先进而失败。21世纪10年代初，CRISPR-Cas9技术改变了这一现状。2023年，苏州大学的中国研究人员首次利用转基因家蚕生产出了全长蜘蛛丝，其韧性是凯夫拉的六倍。 现在最大的挑战是为超级蛛丝寻找实际用途。早期的商业尝试失败了：2015年的一款蜘蛛丝派克大衣遇水收缩了50%，克雷格公司2016年为美国陆军进行的防弹背心测试也以失败告终。如今，各公司正转向实际应用：克雷格专注于奢侈品时尚领域，而德国的AMSilk公司则将蜘蛛蛋白用于环保洗涤剂，以替代有害化学物质。 “蜘蛛花了4亿年时间来完善蛛丝，”一位研究人员说，“我们才刚刚开始追赶。”对超级蛛丝的探索不再仅仅是为了一种更坚固的材料，而是为了利用自然自身的蓝图，构建一个更可持续的未来。 1 / 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $