Unit 5 Humans and Nature 语法 (后缀构词法+词汇搭配) 导学案-2026-2027学年高中英语北师大版必修第二册

北师大版高中英语 必修第二册 Unit 5 语法导学案 · 后缀构词法与词汇搭配 后缀构词法 ＋ 词汇搭配 Unit 5 Humans and Nature · 北师大版高中英语必修第二册 一、后缀构词法（Suffixes） 本单元 Lesson 3 Race to the Pole 的 Focus on Language 板块专门学习后缀构词。通过后缀，我们可以从熟悉的动词、形容词快速派生出名词、形容词和副词，成倍扩大词汇量。教材 Word Builder 中的 7 个词都出自这一课：preparation, situation, hopeless, cheerful, exploration, anxiousness, sadly。 1. 本单元五大后缀 后缀 构成词性 含义 例词 -tion 名词 动作、过程、状态 prepare→preparation 准备；explore→exploration 探索；invite→invitation 邀请；decide→decision 决定；educate→education 教育 -less 形容词 没有……的 hope→hopeless 无望的；care→careless 粗心的；help→helpless 无助的；end→endless 无尽的；home→homeless 无家可归的 -ful 形容词 充满……的 cheer→cheerful 高兴的；hope→hopeful 有希望的；care→careful 细心的；help→helpful 有帮助的；success→successful 成功的 -ness 名词 状态、性质 anxious→anxiousness 焦虑；kind→kindness 善良；dark→darkness 黑暗；weak→weakness 弱点 -ly 副词 ……地 sad→sadly 悲伤地；anxious→anxiously 焦虑地；careful→carefully 仔细地；happy→happily 高兴地 2. 易错提醒 ① -less 与 -ful 意义相反：hopeless（没有希望的）↔ hopeful（充满希望的）；careless（粗心的）↔ careful（细心的）。词根相同，方向相反。 ② 后缀可以叠加：hope → hopeless → hopelessness（-less 结尾的形容词后还可再接 -ness 构成名词），a sense of hopelessness 即“绝望感”。 ③ 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的形容词，变 -ly 时先把 y 变为 i：happy → happily, busy → busily, angry → angrily（shy → shyly 是常见例外）。 ④ 以 -ful / -less 结尾的词直接加 -ly：hopeful → hopefully, careless → carelessly。 ⑤ 注意拼写变化：decide → decision, invite → invitation, explain → explanation, pronounce → pronunciation。 ⑥ 以 -ly 结尾的不一定是副词：friendly, lonely, lively, lovely 都是形容词。 语法练习 A —— 构词练习（仿教材 Word Builder） 用所给后缀写出下列单词的派生词。 1. prepare (-tion) ____________ 2. situate (-tion) ____________ 3. hope (-less) ____________ 4. cheer (-ful) ____________ 5. explore (-tion) ____________ 6. anxious (-ness) ____________ 7. sad (-ly) ____________ 8. help (-ful) ____________ 9. end (-less) ____________ 10. kind (-ness) ____________ 11. happy (-ly) ____________ 12. success (-ful) ____________ 语法练习 B —— 用括号内单词的正确形式填空 1. Scott and Amundsen waited ______ (anxious) for spring during the Antarctic winter of 1911. 2. Amundsen got to the South Pole before Scott because he had done more ______ (prepare) before leaving for the Pole. 3. Scott and his team got into a difficult ______ (situate) because their sledges broke down. 4. Scott's team tried to stay ______ (cheer) despite all the difficulties they faced. 5. Scott experienced a great sense of ______ (hope) after realising that all his efforts to reach the South Pole were for nothing. 6. Scott wrote about their ______ (hope) situation in his diary. 7. The bad weather increases the danger of their ______ (explore). 8. The little boy waved ______ (cheer) to us from the boat. 9. After hours of walking in the snow, the team felt completely ______ (help). 10. She smiled ______ (hope) when she heard the good news. 二、词汇搭配 1. 常见搭配分类 类别 常见搭配与例句 动词＋名词 survive the storm 从风暴中幸存；face danger 面对危险；rescue survivors 营救幸存者；explore the pole 探索极地；observe wildlife 观察野生动物；protect the environment 保护环境。例：Only two sailors survived the storm. 动词＋介词 be caught in 遭遇；struggle against 与……搏斗；search for 寻找；depend on 依靠；warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事；set out (for) 出发（前往）；give up 放弃。例：The fishermen struggled against the huge waves for hours. 形容词＋介词 be curious about 对……好奇；be frightened of 害怕；be equal to 等于 / 胜任；be aware of 意识到；be responsible for 对……负责；be famous for 因……著名。例：We are all curious about what lives under the Antarctic ice. 2. 易错提醒 ① depend on / count on / insist on 中的 on 是介词，后接名词或动名词（doing），不能接动词原形。 ② “遭遇暴风雨”是 be caught in a storm，介词用 in，不用 by。 ③ be equal to 中的 to 是介词：be equal to doing sth.（胜任做某事）。 ④ set out to do sth. = 着手做某事；set out for + 地点 = 动身前往某地，注意区分。 语法练习 C —— 语法填空（后缀构词 + 词汇搭配） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In 1914, Ernest Shackleton set 1.______ to cross the Antarctic continent. The 2.______ (prepare) for the expedition took more than a year. But in January 1915, his ship Endurance was 3.______ (catch) in the ice of the Weddell Sea. In the freezing 4.______ (dark), the team waited 5.______ (anxious) as the ice slowly crushed the wooden ship. When the ship finally sank, the men found themselves in a 6.______ (hope) situation. Some even felt a sense of 7.______ (hopeless). Yet Shackleton never gave 8.______. "Difficulties are just things to overcome," he wrote 9. ______(cheer) in his diary. He warned his men 10.______ the danger of losing heart and urged them to struggle against the cold together. After sailing small boats through stormy seas, the whole team was rescued in August 1916 — one of history's greatest stories of survival. 第二部分 A. 阅读理解 —— Qinling Station Lights Up the Ice In February 2026, China's Qinling Station in Antarctica passed its final check and entered its first winter season. After the icebreaker Xuelong left on February 21, twenty members stayed behind to keep the station running through months of darkness and cold. Building the station was extremely difficult. Workers faced temperatures below -30℃ and winds of level 12. Every piece of material had to be special “green” building materials made for the polar environment. Why build in such a hard place? The station stands by the Ross Sea, where scientists can study the ice sheet and the Southern Ocean. The data collected there helps the world understand climate change. As one winter team member said, “Antarctica is a place where nature sets the rules. We are only visitors.” China's 42nd expedition lasted 160 days and achieved many firsts, including drilling through 3,413 metres of ice — a world record. For the young scientists at Qinling Station, the long polar night is not frightening. It is the price of standing where few people have ever stood. 根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。 1. When did Qinling Station enter its first winter season? A. In April 2026. B. In February 2026. C. In December 2025. D. In July 2026. 2. How many members stayed at the station for the winter? A. 160. B. 42. C. 20. D. 5. 3. The underlined word “green” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______. A. 绿色的 B. 环保的 C. 未成熟的 D. 昂贵的 4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Workers built the station in warm weather. B. The station stands by the Ross Sea. C. The Xuelong stayed for the whole winter. D. Drilling 3,413 metres of ice is quite common. 5. What does the sentence “We are only visitors” suggest? A. Scientists can change nature's rules. B. People should respect nature in Antarctica. C. Antarctica is a good place for tourists. D. The polar night is very short. B. 七选五 —— Surviving a Storm at Sea 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 The sea has always given humans food, trade and adventure. 1.______ Yet every year, storms catch thousands of boats far from land. When that happens, what you do in the first hour can mean the difference between life and death. First, stay calm. Fear uses up energy quickly. 2.______ Take deep breaths, count slowly, and give everyone a clear job: one person keeps position, another checks the radio. Second, make sure you can be seen and heard. Turn on all your lights, and use the radio to call for help. 3.______ If your radio fails, bang metal pots — the sound travels surprisingly far over water. Third, dress for the cold water, not the air. 4.______ Even in summer, cold water can kill in less than an hour. Put on life jackets and stay with the boat, which is much easier to find than a person alone in the waves. Finally, never give up hope. 5.______ Fishermen who have survived terrible storms often say the same thing: those who believe rescue is coming keep fighting longer. A. Many fishing boats carry special equipment for bad weather. B. But it also demands respect, especially when the weather changes. C. This is because a calm mind makes better decisions. D. Most deaths at sea are caused by cold water, not by the waves. E. Tell rescuers your exact position and the number of people on board. F. Search teams are trained to find boats that stay in one place. G. History shows people have survived days at sea by staying positive. C. 完形填空 —— A Narrow Escape（记叙文） 先通读短文，掌握其大意，然后从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Last summer, I went fishing with my grandfather before dawn. The sea was calm, and the sky 1.______ slowly turning pink. Suddenly, dark clouds 2.______ the sun. “A storm is coming,” Grandfather said. “Hold on 3.______!” The waves grew higher and higher. Our small boat was 4.______ up and down like a toy. I was so 5.______ that I could hardly move. Grandfather tied a rope around my waist and 6.______, “Whatever happens, don't let go!” Then a huge wave 7.______ the boat over. When I opened my eyes, I was in the 8.______. The rope had saved me. I looked around and saw Grandfather holding a piece of wood not far away. We shouted for help until our voices were 9.______. Hours later, a fishing boat appeared. The fishermen 10.______ us out of the water and wrapped us in warm blankets. I will never forget the night 11.______ we were saved, 12.______ I learned that the sea gives life but 13.______ asks for respect. Now I understand why Grandfather always 14.______ the weather before going out. Nature is beautiful, but it is never 15.______ to be careless with it. 1. A. is B. was C. were D. will be 2. A. covered B. opened C. painted D. followed 3. A. tight B. tightly C. tightness D. tighter 4. A. pushed B. thrown C. put D. carried 5. A. excited B. frightened C. interested D. surprised 6. A. laughed B. repeated C. shouted D. whispered 7. A. turned B. hit C. pulled D. moved 8. A. boat B. water C. house D. storm 9. A. lost B. gone C. weak D. hoarse 10. A. pulled B. pushed C. threw D. drove 11. A. where B. when C. why D. which 12. A. though B. for C. unless D. until 13. A. also B. never C. sometimes D. hardly 14. A. watches B. follows C. checks D. likes 15. A. safe B. dangerous C. easy D. right D. 词汇考查 —— 用括号内所给词的适当形式填空 1. What a narrow ______ (escape)! The fishermen were saved just before the boat sank. 2. The old man was too frightened ______ (move) when the wave hit the boat. 3. The children waited ______ (anxious) for their father to return from the sea. 4. There is a weather ______ (observe) station at the South Pole. 5. The two teams were equal in strength, so the final race was really ______ (excite). 6. He ______ (survive) the storm, but his boat was never found. 7. The ______ (dark) of the polar night can last for months. 8. Everyone should be responsible ______ protecting nature. 9. The little girl is curious ______ how fish breathe under water. 10. Not everyone has the chance ______ (explore) the Antarctic. E. 语法填空 —— The Universe Is Still Full of Mysteries 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In June 2026, the James Webb Space Telescope 1.______ (surprise) the world again. Scientists found some huge black holes are even bigger than 2.______ (expect). The 3.______ (discover) excited people everywhere. A black hole is a place 4.______ gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape. The finding has raised new 5.______ (question): which came first, the black hole or the galaxy around it? Researchers also watched a strange star 6.______ (care), hoping to find a “Dyson sphere”, an object built by 7.______ advanced life form. Not all scientists agree, 8.______ all agree the data is worth studying. For students like us, such news is a reminder that the universe is full of mysteries. If we keep our curiosity 9.______ (live) and study hard, perhaps one of 10.______ (we) will make an important discovery one day. 第三部分 书面表达 题目：请以 An Unforgettable Experience with Nature 为题，写一篇不少于 80 词的英语短文。 要点提示： 1. 讲述一次你与大自然亲密接触的经历（海上、山中、灾害天气等）； 2. 文中至少使用 3 处本单元搭配（如 be caught in, struggle against, give up, be curious about, be responsible for, set out 等）； 3. 全文至少使用 3 个本单元后缀构成的词（如 preparation, situation, hopeless, cheerful, exploration, anxiously, helpless, darkness 等）； 4. 以 “From this experience, I learned that ...” 结尾。 参考词汇：preparation, situation, hopeless, cheerful, exploration, anxious, endless, observe, escape, survive 参考答案与解析 语法练习 A 1. preparation 2. situation 3. hopeless 4. cheerful 5. exploration 6. anxiousness 7. sadly 8. helpful 9. endless 10. kindness 11. happily 12. successful 前 7 题即教材 Word Builder 中的单词；注意 prepare → preparation、explore → exploration 拼写中都有 -ation；happy → happily 要把 y 变为 i 再加 -ly。 语法练习 B 1. anxiously【解析】修饰动词 waited 用副词；anxious 直接加 -ly。 2. preparation【解析】more 后接名词，“更多的准备工作”；prepare → preparation。 3. situation【解析】形容词 difficult 后接名词；get into a difficult situation 陷入困境；situate → situation。 4. cheerful【解析】stay 为系动词，后接形容词作表语；stay cheerful 保持乐观。 5. hopelessness【解析】a sense of + 名词；“努力全部落空”带来的应是“绝望感” → hopeless → hopelessness（双后缀叠加）。 6. hopeless【解析】修饰名词 situation 用形容词；a hopeless situation 绝境。 7. exploration【解析】形容词性物主代词 their 后接名词；the danger of their exploration 探险的危险。 8. cheerfully【解析】修饰动词 waved 用副词；cheerful → cheerfully。 9. helpless【解析】felt 后接形容词作表语；“在大雪中走了几个小时后感到完全无助” → helpless。 10. hopefully【解析】修饰动词 smiled 用副词；“满怀希望地微笑” → hopefully。 语法练习 C 1. out (set out)　 2. preparation (-tion)　 3. caught (be caught in)　 4. darkness (-ness)　 5. anxiously (-ly)　 6. hopeless (-less)　 7. hopelessness （后缀叠加）　 8. up (give up)　 9. cheerfully (-ful+-ly)　 10. of (warn sb. of sth.) 第二部分 A. 阅读理解 答案：1—5 B C B B B 第1题：B。细节理解题。第1段第1句 “In February 2026 ... passed its final check and entered its first winter season” 直接对应。 第2题：C。细节理解题。第1段 “twenty members stayed behind” 对应 20 人；A 的 160 是考察队总天数，B 的 42 是考察队次第，均为张冠李戴。 第3题：B。词义猜测题。语境为“为极地环境特制的建筑材料”，结合环保常识，green 此处意为“环保的”。 第4题：B。细节判断题。第3段第2句 “The station stands by the Ross Sea” 对应 B。干扰项分析：A 与第2段 “temperatures below -30℃” 矛盾；C 与第1段 “After the icebreaker Xuelong left” 矛盾；D 与第4段 “a world record” 矛盾（创纪录 ≠ 常见）。 第5题：B。推理判断题。“Antarctica is a place where nature sets the rules. We are only visitors.” 意为大自然制定规则、人类只是访客，即人类应尊重自然。干扰项分析：A 与 nature sets the rules 相反；C 把 visitors 曲解为“游客”。 第二部分 B. 七选五 答案：1—5 B C E D G（多余选项：A、F） 1. B。空格前讲大海给予人类食物、贸易和冒险，空格后 “Yet every year, storms catch thousands of boats...” 笔锋一转讲风暴夺命，空格处需一个承上启下的转折句。B 项 “但它也要求（人类）敬畏，尤其是在天气变化时” 中的 But 与下文 Yet 构成双重转折，it 指代 the sea，衔接自然。 2. C。本段主题是 “First, stay calm.”。空格前说恐惧会迅速消耗能量，C 项 “这是因为冷静的头脑能做出更好的决定” 解释了为什么要保持冷静，与下文 “深呼吸、数数、分工” 的具体做法衔接。 3. E。本段主题是 “Second, make sure you can be seen and heard.”，空格前讲用无线电呼救，E 项 “告诉救援人员你们的准确位置和船上人数” 是无线电呼救时必须报告的内容，与下文 “If your radio fails...” 形成呼应。 4. D。本段主题是 “Third, dress for the cold water, not the air.”，空格后 “Even in summer, cold water can kill in less than an hour.” 进一步说明冷水致命，D 项 “海上死亡大多由冷水而非海浪造成” 承上启下，紧扣 cold water 这一关键词。 5. G。本段主题是 “Finally, never give up hope.”，G 项 “历史表明，保持乐观的人能在海上坚持数日” 与下文幸存者的话（相信救援会到来的人坚持得更久）直接呼应。 干扰项分析：A 项“许多渔船配有恶劣天气专用设备”——全文未提及“设备”，无对应线索；F 项“搜救队受过寻找原地停泊船只的训练”——虽与第四段 “stay with the boat” 话题相近，具强干扰性，但第四段空格处上下文均围绕 cold water 展开，F 项打断话题链条，且放在 5 空也无法呼应 hope。 第二部分 C. 完形填空 答案：1—5 B A A B B 6—10 C A B D A 11—15 B B A C A 1. B【解析】全文讲述过去的事，用一般过去时；主语 the sky 为单数 → was。 2. A【解析】乌云“遮住”太阳 → covered；opened 打开、painted 涂画、followed 跟随，均不合语境。 3. A【解析】hold on tight 固定表达“抓紧”，tight 此处为副词，与 tightly 同义但更常用、更口语；比较级 tighter 无比较对象。 4. B【解析】小船像玩具一样被“抛来抛去” → thrown；pushed 推、put 放、carried 携带，力度与画面感均不足。 5. B【解析】由 “could hardly move” 可知是“害怕” → frightened；excited 兴奋的、interested 感兴趣的，与语境相反。 6. C【解析】暴风雨中应是“大喊” → shouted；laughed 大笑、whispered 低语，与风暴场景矛盾；repeated 重复，不及 shouted 贴合。 7. A【解析】turn over 固定短语“打翻、掀翻” → turned。 8. B【解析】由下文 “The rope had saved me” 和 “holding a piece of wood” 可知“我”掉进了“水里” → water。 9. D【解析】呼喊了太长时间，嗓子“嘶哑” → hoarse；lost / gone 与 voices 搭配表示“消失”过于绝对，weak 不能作表语描述声音状态（常用 weak voice）。 10. A【解析】把我们从水里“拉”出来 → pulled；pushed 推、threw 扔、drove 驾驶，均不合救援动作。 11. B【解析】先行词 the night 表时间，从句完整 → when。 12. B【解析】for 此处为连词，意为“因为”，补充说明难忘的原因；though 虽然、unless 除非、until 直到，均不合逻辑。 13. A【解析】大海赐予生命，“也”要求尊重 → also，与 gives 形成平行结构；never / hardly 与文意相反。 14. C【解析】出海前“查看”天气 → checks the weather；watch the weather 多指持续观察，check 强调行前确认。 15. A【解析】It is never safe to be careless with nature. 对大自然粗心从来不“安全” → safe。 第二部分 D. 词汇考查 1. escape【解析】感叹句 What a narrow escape! “真是死里逃生！” 用名词 escape。 2. to move【解析】too ... to do sth. 太……而不能…… → to move。 3. anxiously【解析】修饰动词 waited 用副词；anxious → anxiously。 4. observation【解析】weather observation station 气象观测站，用名词 observation 作定语。 5. exciting【解析】修饰 the final race（物），用 exciting“令人激动的”；excited 用于人。 6. survived【解析】由 was never found 可知用一般过去时 survived。 7. darkness【解析】定冠词 the 后接名词；dark → darkness（-ness 后缀）。 8. for【解析】be responsible for 对……负责。 9. about【解析】be curious about 对……好奇。 10. to explore【解析】have the chance to do sth. 有机会做某事 → to explore。 第二部分 E. 语法填空（高考题型） 词性覆盖一览：谓语动词 1、非谓语动词 1、名词 2、形容词 1、副词 1、冠词 1、连词 2、代词 1，实词与虚词搭配均衡。 题号 答案 考点（词性） 解析 1 surprised 谓语动词（时态） 全文讲述 2026 年 6 月的新闻，用一般过去时；主语 the James Webb Space Telescope 为单数 → surprised。 2 expected 非谓语动词（过去分词） than expected 为省略结构，相当于 than they were expected (to be)，表被动 → expected。 3 discovery 名词（词性转换） 定冠词 The 后接名词；discover → discovery（本单元后缀 -tion）。 4 where 从属连词（关系副词） 先行词 a place 表地点，从句 “gravity is so strong...” 完整，缺地点状语 → where。 5 questions 名词（单复数） new 后接名词；question 为可数名词，前面无限定词，且冒号后列举多个问题 → 复数 questions。 6 carefully 副词 修饰动词 watched 用副词；care → careful → carefully（-ly 后缀）。 7 an 冠词 泛指“一种高级生命形式”，advanced 以元音音素开头 → an。 8 but 并列连词 前后两分句为转折关系：“并非所有科学家都认同，但所有人都认为数据值得研究” → but。 9 alive 形容词 keep + 宾语 + 形容词作宾语补足语，keep our curiosity alive 保持好奇心不灭；live 的形容词形式为 alive。 10 us 代词（宾格） one of + 代词宾格，介词 of 后作宾语 → us。 第三部分 参考范文 An Unforgettable Experience with Nature Last summer, I set out for a small island with my father before dawn. Our careful preparation included life jackets, food and a radio. At first the sea was calm, but at noon our boat was caught in a sudden storm. The waves, which were higher than our boat, threw us into the water again and again. I was so frightened that I wanted to give up. In that hopeless situation, a fishing boat appeared at the moment when we were losing hope, and the fishermen pulled us out of the water. I watched anxiously as they checked my father's arm. From this experience, I learned that we should always respect nature, which gives us life and beauty. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $