2026年中考英语时文阅读专练：（社会人物）2026年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓

中考英语时文阅读专练：（社会人物）2026年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓（可直接打印） 时文简讯： 北京时间10月5日，瑞典卡罗琳医学院宣布，2026年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖由美国科学家卡尔·戴塞罗思、德国科学家彼得·黑格曼与格奥尔格·内格尔共同获得，表彰他们在光门控离子通道和光遗传学领域的发现。 黑格曼与内格尔在单细胞绿藻中发现光敏蛋白通道视紫红质；戴塞罗思将其改造为神经细胞的光控开关。这项技术让科学家用光精准调控神经元，揭开记忆、情绪与大脑活动的奥秘，为抑郁症、阿尔茨海默病等脑疾病研究开辟新路，开启了神经科学研究的新时代。 一、阅读理解 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。 Optogenetics Pioneers Win 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Three scientists have been awarded the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for pioneering discoveries that laid the groundwork for optogenetics（光遗传学）, a transformative research tool that uses light to decode the complex inner mechanisms of the human brain. Announced on Oct. 5 at Sweden’s Karolinska Institutet, the prestigious award recognizes Karl Deisseroth of the United States, and German researchers Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel. The trio will share the 12-million-Swedish-krona prize equally. The story behind this breakthrough began with a simple biological question. Hegemann and Nagel set out to explore why single-celled green algae actively move toward light sources. Their landmark research identified channelrhodopsin（通道视紫红质）, a unique light-sensitive protein found on the surface of the algae. When exposed to blue light, this protein opens ion channels（离子通道） and generates electrical impulses. Any cell engineered to carry this protein becomes light-responsive. This key feature lays the core biological foundation for subsequent breakthroughs in brain research. Building on this fundamental discovery, Deisseroth, a Stanford University professor and practicing psychiatrist, extended this research to mammalian neuroscience. He inserted the gene encoding channelrhodopsin into the nerve cells of living rodents. With precise light stimulation, he achieved millisecond-level control over the activation and inhibition of brain neurons. This milestone marked the birth of optogenetics, which has now become a mainstay in neuroscience laboratories worldwide. “People normally use light to observe the world around them,” Deisseroth stated in an interview. “Our work reverses that logic. We harness light to precisely control biological activities within the brain.” For decades, scientists could only passively observe brain activity patterns. Today, however, optogenetics has completely changed the research paradigm, enabling researchers to map specific neural circuits that regulate memory, emotions and behaviors. It also helps clarify how damaged neural pathways trigger neurological and psychiatric disorders. Optogenetics opens promising avenues for future clinical treatment and creates unprecedented opportunities to study and address conditions including blindness, depression, dementia and schizophrenia. Even so, the technique remains primarily a laboratory research tool, yet it continues to provide researchers with powerful new ways to explore unanswered questions about the human brain. 1.What role did Hegemann and Nagel’s finding play in the development of optogenetics? A.It brought about immediate clinical treatment for brain diseases B. It provided the biological basis required for optogenetics C. It enabled real-time control over mammalian brain neurons D. It shifted the focus of all neuroscience research to algae 2.What can we infer about optogenetics from the text? A.It has been widely applied in clinical medical treatment B. It allows scientists to merely watch brain activities passively C. It makes active regulation of certain brain circuits technically possible D. It was invented jointly by three scientists in the same research team 3.The word “mainstay” underlined in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______. A.temporary attempt B. major pillar C. hidden risk D. minor branch 4.Why does the author mention rodents in paragraph 3? A.To show what kind of animals Deisseroth used in his experiment B. To illustrate where channelrhodopsin naturally occurs in nature C. To prove that rodents are the best animal model for mental disorders D. To compare mammalian brains with the brains of single-celled algae 5.Which of the following serves as the suitable title for the text? A.Karolinska Institutet Announces Winners of All Nobel Science Prizes B. Three Famous Scientists Who Specialize in Treating Brain Disorders C. New Medical Cures for Blindness and Mental Diseases Are On the Way D. Optogenetics: From Algae Discovery to Nobel-Winning Brain Research 二、完形填空 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Late one night, Karl Deisseroth was about to go to bed when the Nobel committee first tried to reach him by phone. He 1.____ the initial call, and the committee then dialed his wife’s phone instead. The Stanford professor and psychiatrist finally learned he had been 2.____ the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with two other researchers, for their groundbreaking work on optogenetics. The 3.____ news caught him completely off-guard. For roughly thirty seconds, he was too 4.____ to form any coherent sentences while speaking with officials from Stockholm. Once he gathered his thoughts, Deisseroth spent hours fielding media interviews and messages of 5.____ from colleagues all over the world. His children remained fast asleep throughout the long night. Beyond the late-night excitement lay Deisseroth’s 6.____ identity: he worked both as a laboratory scientist and a practicing doctor. He deeply 7.____ hope that discoveries like optogenetics would one day ease suffering for patients living with depression and autism. Still, he refused to let the sudden fame 8.____ his thoughts for long. When all the noise of telephone conversations began to 9., he turned his attention back to family duties. Early the next morning, his 10. as a father called. Before thinking further about his newly-won 11.____, he needed to get up and prepare lunch for his children heading off to school. To Deisseroth, scientific achievement should never 12.____ one’s ordinary life. No matter how high public acclaim might 13., he always tried to keep his feet firmly on the ground. This humble attitude has long 14. his career both in medicine and scientific research. Even after receiving science’s highest 15.____, he never forgot the simple responsibilities of daily life. A. rejected B. answered C. ignored D. missed A. awarded B. shown C. promised D. saved A. terrible B. shocking C. misleading D. disappointing A. ashamed B. curious C. astonished D. satisfied A. concern B. warning C. congratulations D. gratitude A. single B. dual C. public D. private A. held B. lost C. abandoned D. rejected A. comfort B. disturb C. occupy D. protect A. fade B. rise C. expand D. survive A. reputation B. role C. hobby D. dream A. salary B. position C. fortune D. honor A. reflect B. replace C. respect D. represent A. escape B. fall C. climb D. float A. shaped B. interrupted C. hidden D. limited A. fortune B. praise C. reward D. distinction 三、语篇填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded on Oct 6 to three scientists whose work led to a tool that uses light to help unravel how 1.____ brain works. Over decades, Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel 2.____ (carry) out research into light-gated ion channels and optogenetics. The Nobel Assembly lauded their work and said their tool is now being used in laboratories around the world 3.____ (reveal) the brain’s mysteries. The breakthrough began when Hegemann explored how a single-celled type of green algae can swim toward light. He and Nagel discovered a particular protein that, when 4.____ (illuminate) by blue light, opens a channel to create an electrical impulse. 5.____ (put) that protein into other cells makes them light-sensitive. Working with the gene that controls that protein, Deisseroth managed 6.____ (create) a light-controlled switch for nerve cells in the brains of living mice. Now a mainstay in neuroscience labs, the field has moved from using fixed maps of brain activity 7.____ building functional wiring diagrams. New experimental approaches 8.____ (arise) to explore neural complexity ever since. “The impact of optogenetics goes beyond the understanding of 9.____ (health) brain,” said Abdel El Manira, a member of the Nobel Assembly. “We have made remarkable advances in brain-related research, yet 10.____ still has countless secrets waiting for us to uncover.” 四、短文还原（个别省份中考题会出） 阅读下面短文，从短文后所给的选项中选出能填入短文空白处的最佳选项使短文通顺连贯，其中有两项是多余选项。 Stockholm: The announcement of the 2026 Nobel Prizes has begun. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been jointly awarded to Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel for their research on light-gated ion channels and optogenetics. This technique allows scientists to control nerve-cell activity using light. 1.______ Optogenetics is a scientific technique combining genetic modification and light to control the activity of specific nerve cells. With this tool, researchers are able to figure out how particular brain cells or neural circuits function in memory, emotions and behavior. 2.______ It all started from a single-celled alga called Chlamydomonas. While studying this organism, Hegemann and Nagel discovered a light-sensitive protein on its surface, later named Channelrhodopsin. When blue light hits this protein, its channel opens. Charged particles flow into the cell and produce an electrical signal, which laid the physical foundation for light-based control over neurons. 3.______ He transferred genes for Channelrhodopsin into rat nerve cells so these neurons could be activated by blue light. His paper published in 2005 showed the great potential of this technology. Two years later, he further proved that this light-controlled system could function within the brains of living rats. For a long time, scientists have struggled with a major puzzle inside human brains. Billions of neurons form extremely complicated networks. 4.______ Optogenetics solved this difficulty by enabling researchers to activate targeted groups of nerve cells with light and observe resulting changes in behavior or brain processes. Optogenetics is not merely limited to laboratory-based brain research. It also offers hope for medical treatment. Scientists are exploring its possible use to restart light-related cell activity among people with visual impairment. 5.______ Still, this technology has opened wide-ranging future possibilities for treating neurological diseases and vision-related disorders. A. The innovative technology originates from a simple aquatic organism. B. It has opened new possibilities for scientists to explore brain neural circuits. C. Deisseroth then pushed this laboratory-born discovery forward into neuroscience. D. However, such medical treatments remain in the research stage. E. It is extremely difficult for researchers to observe brain cells under microscopes. F. Pinpointing the exact function of specific neuron groups had long been a huge challenge. G. The new method enables doctors to cure most vision diseases in a short time. 答案解析 一、阅读理解（5道） 答案：1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.D 逐题解析 1.B 题干：Hegemann 和 Nagel 的发现在光遗传学发展中起到什么作用？ 原文定位：This key feature lays the core biological foundation for subsequent breakthroughs in brain research. 翻译：这一关键特性为后续大脑研究的突破奠定核心生物学基础。 A错：并没有立刻实现脑部疾病临床治疗；C是Deisseroth的成果；D错，研究重心没有全部转向藻类。 ✅中考考点：细节查找题，找准人名定位句。 2.C 题干：从文中我们可以推断关于光遗传学的信息？ 原文定位：optogenetics has completely changed the research paradigm, enabling researchers to map specific neural circuits that regulate memory, emotions and behaviors. 解析：光遗传学让科学家主动调控特定大脑神经环路成为可能。 A错：目前还主要是实验室工具，没有广泛临床应用；B是过去科学家只能被动观察；D错，三人不是同一个研究团队，是先后接力研究。 ✅中考考点：推理判断题，不能照搬原文表层，要合理推断，绝对词（merely/all）是常见陷阱。 3.B 题干：划线单词mainstay词义最接近？ mainstay：支柱，主体。major pillar 主要支柱。 A临时尝试；C隐藏风险；D次要分支。 ✅中考考点：词义猜测题，依托上下文“光遗传学诞生，现在全球神经实验室的____”推断褒义核心含义。 4.A 题干：第三段作者提到啮齿动物（rodents）目的？ 原文：He inserted the gene encoding channelrhodopsin into the nerve cells of living rodents. 解析：举例说明Deisseroth实验使用的实验动物。 B错，通道视紫红质是在藻类发现；C文中没有说啮齿动物是精神疾病最佳模型；D没有对比藻类和哺乳动物大脑。 ✅中考考点：写作目的题，举例的作用。 5.D 题干：最佳标题 全文主线：从藻类蛋白的发现，逐步发展成光遗传学这项诺奖大脑研究技术。 A只说了卡罗林斯卡学院宣布奖项，片面；B只介绍科学家，缺少核心研究optogenetics；C只讲疾病治疗，片面。 ✅中考考点：主旨大意/标题题，中考高频，标题必须包含文章核心主题词optogenetics，概括全文发展脉络。 二、完形填空 答案 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.D 中考考点：完形实词辨析（名词/动词/形容词）、上下文情感逻辑、固定搭配 Late one night, Karl Deisseroth was about to go to bed when the Nobel committee first tried to reach him by phone. He 1.____ the initial call, and the committee then dialed his wife’s phone instead. 1.D missed 错过。委员会最初打电话给他，他错过了来电，于是打给他妻子。reject拒绝；answer接听；ignore忽视。 The Stanford professor and psychiatrist finally learned he had been 2.____ the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with two other researchers, for their groundbreaking work on optogenetics. 2. A awarded 授予。be awarded the prize 获奖（固定搭配）。 The 3.____ news caught him completely off-guard. For roughly thirty seconds, he was too 4.____ to form any coherent sentences while speaking with officials from Stockholm. 3.B shocking 令人震惊的。获奖消息出人意料。terrible糟糕的；misleading误导；disappointing失望。 4. C astonished 震惊的。太震惊以至于说不出连贯的话。ashamed羞愧；curious好奇；satisfied满意。 Once he gathered his thoughts, Deisseroth spent hours fielding media interviews and messages of 5.____ from colleagues all over the world. 5. C congratulations 祝贺。收到世界各地同事的祝贺消息。concern关心；warning警告；gratitude感激。 Beyond the late-night excitement lay Deisseroth’s 6.____ identity: he worked both as a laboratory scientist and a practicing doctor. 6. B dual 双重的。后文：既是实验室科学家，又是执业医生→双重身份。single单一；public公开；private私人。 He deeply 7.____ hope that discoveries like optogenetics would one day ease suffering for patients living with depression and autism. 7. A held 怀有。hold hope 怀有希望（固定搭配）。lose失去；abandon抛弃；reject拒绝。 Still, he refused to let the sudden fame 8.____ his thoughts for long. 8. C occupy 占据。不让突如其来的名誉长时间占据他的思绪。comfort安慰；disturb打扰；protect保护。 When all the noise of telephone conversations began to 9.____, he turned his attention back to family duties. 9. A fade 消退。当电话的喧嚣慢慢褪去，他回归家庭责任。rise上升；expand扩张；survive存活。 Early the next morning, his 10.____ as a father called. Before thinking further about his newly-won 11.____, he needed to get up and prepare lunch for his children heading off to school. 10.B role 角色。父亲的角色。reputation名声；hobby爱好；dream梦想。 11. D honor 荣誉。新获得的诺奖荣誉。salary薪水；position职位；fortune财富。 To Deisseroth, scientific achievement should never 12.____ one’s ordinary life. 12. B replace 取代。科学成就永远不该取代普通人的日常生活。reflect反映；respect尊重；represent代表。 No matter how high public acclaim might 13.____, he always tried to keep his feet firmly on the ground. 13. C climb 攀升。无论公众赞誉有多高。escape逃离；fall下降；float漂浮。 This humble attitude has long 14.____ his career both in medicine and scientific research. 14. A shaped 塑造。谦逊态度塑造了他的职业生涯。interrupt打断；hide隐藏；limit限制。 Even after receiving science’s highest 15.____, he never forgot the simple responsibilities of daily life. 15. D distinction 荣誉，殊荣。科学界最高荣誉。fortune财富；praise表扬；reward回报。 三、语篇填空（语法填空，中考语法填空题型） 答案 1. the 2. have carried 3. to reveal 4. illuminated 5. Putting 6. to create 7. to 8. have arisen 9. healthy 10. it 逐空考点解析 The Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded Oct 6 to three scientists whose work led to a tool that uses light to help unravel how 1. the brain works. 1.the 定冠词。the brain 特指人类大脑。考点：冠词。 Over decades, Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel 2. have carried out research into light-gated ion channels and optogenetics. 2. have carried 现在完成时。over decades数十年来，现在完成时。考点：时态。 The Nobel Assembly lauded their work and said their tool is now being used in laboratories around the world 3. to reveal the brain’s mysteries. 3. to reveal 不定式作目的状语：用来揭示大脑奥秘。考点：非谓语to do。 The breakthrough began when Hegemann explored how a single-celled type of green algae can swim toward light. He and Nagel discovered a particular protein that, when 4. illuminated by blue light, opens a channel to create an electrical impulse. 4. illuminated 过去分词。when illuminated=when it is illuminated，被动。考点：非谓语过去分词。 5. Putting that protein into other cells makes them light-sensitive. 5. Putting 动名词作句子主语，谓语makes。考点：动名词作主语。 Working with the gene that controls that protein, Deisseroth managed 6. to create a light-controlled switch for nerve cells in the brains of living mice. 6. to create manage to do sth 固定搭配，设法做成。考点：非谓语to do固定短语。 Now a mainstay in neuroscience labs, the field has moved from using fixed maps of brain activity 7. to building functional wiring diagrams. 7. to from … to … 从……到……固定介词搭配。考点：介词固定短语。 New experimental approaches 8. have arisen to explore neural complexity ever since. 8. have arisen ever since 自从那时起，现在完成时。考点：时态。 “The impact of optogenetics goes beyond the understanding of 9. healthy brain,” said Abdel El Manira, a member of the Nobel Assembly. 9. healthy 形容词修饰名词brain。health名词→healthy形容词。考点：词性转换。 “We have made remarkable advances in brain-related research, yet 10. it still has countless secrets waiting for us to uncover.” 10. it 代词，指代human brain。考点：代词。 四、七选五（阅读还原） 答案：1.B 2.A 3.C 4.F 5.D 逐空解析 中考考点：篇章逻辑还原，关注代词、转折词however/also、段落主旨，段首、段中、段尾句功能。 1.B 前文：这项技术允许科学家用光控制神经细胞活动。后句介绍光遗传学是什么。B：它为科学家探索大脑神经环路打开新可能。承接上文介绍技术价值。 2.A 后文：It all started from a single-celled alga（起源于单细胞藻类）。A：这项创新技术源自简单水生生物。总起本段，和后文alga呼应。 3.C 本段介绍Deisseroth的研究，他把通道视紫红质基因转入大鼠神经细胞。C：Deisseroth随后把这个实验室发现推进到神经科学领域。本段主题人物。 4.F 前文：数十亿神经元构成极其复杂网络；后文：光遗传学解决了这个难题。F：长久以来，精确定位特定神经元组的确切功能是巨大挑战。this difficulty对应前面challenge。 5.D 前文：科学家探索在视力障碍人群中的应用；后文Still（然而）这项技术依然带来未来可能性。D：但是这类医疗治疗仍然处在研究阶段。however和后文still形成转折逻辑。 干扰项：E显微镜观察细胞困难，原文无；G“短时间治愈大多数眼病”，和原文表述矛盾。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $