专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，山东专用）高三英语上学期

函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题02阅读理解（说明文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.C3.D Passage 2 【答案】1.A2.D3.C4B 主题语境02人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 【答案】1.B2.D3.A 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.B3.D4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.C3.B4.A 主题语境04人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.C2.D3.C4.B 进阶提升 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.D3.C4.A 1/3 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.C3.A 主题语境02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.C3.C4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.C Passage 4 【答案】1.C2.D3.D4.A 主题语境03人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.B2.D3.A4.D 主题语境04人与自然-环境 【答案】1.B2.D3.B4.D 主题语境05人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.C3.C4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.B 拓展培优 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1.A2.B3.A4.D 213 函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 主题语境02人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 【答案】1.B2.C3.A4B 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1.D2.A3.A4.B 主题语境04人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.A 3/3 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·山东师范大学附属中学·期中）The Growth of Sustainable Agriculture Feeding the world’s population places significant pressure on our natural resources. In response, sustainable agriculture — a farming approach that meets current food and fiber needs while protecting the environment and supporting farmers’ livelihoods — is gaining crucial edge. The sustainable agriculture market is experiencing rapid expansion. Its value has grown from 16.75 billion in 2025. This strong growth is expected to continue, with the market expected to reach $23.97 billion by 2029, advancing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.4%. This growth is essentially driven by soaring consumer demand for organic products. Furthermore, innovations such as sustainable biostimulants (生物刺激素) are advancing farming practices. The market covers various products, including improved seeds, and biopesticides, which are used in farming systems like organic farming and precision agriculture. Geographically, North America was the largest market in 2024, while the Asia-Pacific region is forecast to be the fastest-growing. However, the growth forecast has been slightly adjusted. “The forecast of 9.4% growth over the next five years indicates a slight reduction,” the report notes, attaching this mainly to international trade tensions and customs duties, which could disturb the supply of key technologies. Despite these challenges, the overall trend is positive, signaling a steady global shift towards more resilient (有韧性的) and environmentally friendly food production systems. 1.What is the main purpose of the first paragraph? A. To present specific market information. B. To compare different farming methods. C. To define a concept and introduce the topic. D. To stress the challenges of population growth. 2.Which is the probable market size in 2027? A. 15.07 billion. B. 16.75 billion. C. 20.05 billion. D. 21.93 billion. 3.What is the main reason for the rising sustainable agriculture market? A. Growing variety of market products. B. Sufficient supply of key technologies. C. Constant international trade tensions. D. Increasing demand for organic products. 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，介绍了可持续农业的发展，包括其定义、全球市场规模增长、驱动因素、地域分布及面临的挑战等内容。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Feeding the world’s population places significant pressure on our natural resources. In response, sustainable agriculture — a farming approach that meets current food and fiber needs while protecting the environment and supporting farmers’ livelihoods — is gaining crucial edge.(养活世界人口给我们的自然资源带来了巨大压力。作为回应，可持续农业——一种在满足当前食物和纤维需求的同时保护环境并支持农民生计的农业方法——正获得关键优势。)”可知，第一段定义了可持续农业的概念并引出主题。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。从文中及图表可知：2024年15.07 billion，2025年16.75 billion，2029年23.97 billion，年复合增长率(CAGR)约9.4%。图中2027年数值约为200.5亿美元。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“This growth is essentially driven by soaring consumer demand for organic products.( 这种增长主要是由消费者对有机产品的需求激增推动的。)”可知，可持续农业市场增长的主要原因是对有机产品需求的增加。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·山东青岛·期中）The youngest members of society — children and teenagers — are growing up in a digitalized world, where they are increasingly dependent on electronic devices. Many children engage with screens as early as babyhood and early childhood. Instead of interacting with playmates, children often find themselves buried in single-player gaming. Even family dinners are now frequently dominated by screens rather than meaningful interactions. Developmental psychologists warn that this phenomenon could have long-term effects. “Children need in-person interactions to build empathy (共情) and emotional regulation,” said Dr. Daniel, a clinical psychiatrist. “Without those formative experiences, they’re at risk of becoming adults who struggle to deal with relationships that involve complex social interactions and emotions.” He described in his article America’s Loneliness Epidemic: What Is to Be Done? Studies indicate that prolonged contact with digital devices during critical developmental years can influence the growth of the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质), the part of the brain responsible for decision-making and empathy. These changes may leave children ill-equipped to navigate the complexities of adult relationships, creating a cycle of isolation. Teenagers are perhaps the most at-risk groups in the loneliness crisis. In the period of two decades, in-person social interaction among teens has dropped by 70%, replaced largely by digital communication. Social media platforms make it seem like people are connected, but they often make people feel worse about themselves and left out. The damage to people’s minds is really bad. Depression and anxiety rates among teenagers have increased, and studies by Dr. Vivek, link social media use to loneliness and confirm it. For teens, loneliness is not just an emotional state but a sign to life-threatening mental health crises. So it is essential to solve the problem of children’s dependence on digital devices through various approaches. This includes establishing clear guidelines for screen time, encouraging activities that promote social development, and educating children about the importance of a balanced lifestyle. By doing so, we can create an environment that supports the overall well-being of children. 1.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A. The over-reliance on digital device. B. The lack of habitual self-discipline. C. The improvement of family bonding. D. The rapid development of technology. 2.What potential harm does this phenomenon do to teenagers according to Dr. Daniel? A. Weakening their problem-solving skills. B. Increasing their struggle for self-independence. C. Impacting the development of their social responsibility. D. Reducing their ability to handle complicated relationships. 3.What’s the trap of social media according to the passage? A. It feeds constant self-doubt. B. It sets off comparison anxiety. C. It creates an image of belonging. D. It forces people to share private data. 4.What can be done to solve the mental health crises? A. Support digital exploration. B. Have real-life interaction. C. Encourage tech engagement. D. Receive specific training. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了儿童和青少年对电子设备的过度依赖及其带来的长期负面影响，并提出了相应的解决措施。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The youngest members of society — children and teenagers — are growing up in a digitalized world, where they are increasingly dependent on electronic devices.(社会中最年轻的成员——儿童和青少年——正在一个数字化的世界中成长，他们越来越依赖电子设备。)”可知，第一段描述的现象是儿童和青少年对电子设备的过度依赖。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中““Children need in-person interactions to build empathy (共情) and emotional regulation,” said Dr. Daniel, a clinical psychiatrist. “Without those formative experiences, they’re at risk of becoming adults who struggle to deal with relationships that involve complex social interactions and emotions.”(临床精神病学家Daniel博士说：“孩子们需要面对面的互动来培养共情能力和情绪调节能力。如果没有这些形成性的经历，他们有可能成为在处理涉及复杂社会互动和情感的关系时感到困难的成年人。”)”可知，Daniel博士认为，这种过度依赖电子设备的现象会降低青少年处理复杂关系的能力。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Social media platforms make it seem like people are connected, but they often make people feel worse about themselves and left out.(社交媒体平台让人们看起来是相互联系的，但它们往往会让人们对自己感觉更糟，产生被孤立感。)”可知，社交媒体的陷阱是营造出“彼此相连”的假象（即归属感的表象），实则加剧孤独感。故选C。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“So it is essential to solve the problem of children’s dependence on digital devices through various approaches. This includes establishing clear guidelines for screen time, encouraging activities that promote social development, and educating children about the importance of a balanced lifestyle. By doing so, we can create an environment that supports the overall well-being of children.(因此，通过多种途径解决儿童对电子设备的依赖问题至关重要。这包括制定明确的屏幕时间指南，鼓励促进社会发展的活动，以及教育儿童了解平衡生活方式的重要性。通过这样做，我们可以创造一个支持儿童整体健康的环境。)”可知，解决心理健康危机的措施包括鼓励现实生活中的互动。故选B。 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高三上·山东山东省青岛第五十八中学·期中）GoRice aims to empower and engage young people to learn more about issues such as hunger, sustainability and gender equality. After more than 10 years, GoRice is growing up. A Game with a Cause GoRice is a quiz game that raises rice grains for each correct answer. In GoRice, players have to earn rice grains to fill a virtual bowl. This “unlocks” the donations of the private sponsors who fund the program — raise rice and you raise money. The funds then go to support The World Food Programme (WFP)’s work in emergencies — in countries impacted by conflict, climate disasters and rising prices. Categories for All Ages and Interests GoRice has more than 60 categories covering academic subjects, general knowledge, the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and more. The most popular categories are English Vocabulary and the Multiplication Table. New content areas cover Women Leaders, Foods of the World and Pop Culture. These are the contributions of volunteers who include educational influencers, academics and GoRice fans. Now there are even more ways to learn and give back. The new GoRice aims to provide young people with resources and ideas on how to become advocates in their communities. Visitors can read stories on the Blog and submit their own stories to be featured on the program. Some of the latest stories you’ll find on GoRice include: • How climate change is affecting our food systems • 5 tips on how to live a more sustainable life • How to incorporate more pulses into your diet • The power of corn Schools are one of GoRice’s biggest audiences, so the new program also offers printable materials for the classroom, including an A-Z ebook that introduces WFP’s work, a toolkit for using the game and certificates of participation to reward players for raising rice grains. 1.How does GoRice help support WFP? A. By improving upon rice farming. B. By unlocking sponsors’ donations. C. By asking players to donate money. D. By providing material aid in emergencies. 2.What can we know about GoRice’s categories? A. There are over 60 categories targeting teenagers. B. The new content includes English Vocabulary. C. Most popular categories are from academics. D. Volunteers can contribute new content areas. 3.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To introduce a non-profit program. B. To attract people to submit stories. C. To persuade people to play games. D. To inform people of WFP’s work. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了GoRice这一非营利性项目如何通过游戏助力世界粮食计划署并鼓励年轻人参与公益。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据A Game with a Cause部分中“GoRice is a quiz game that raises rice grains for each correct answer. In GoRice, players have to earn rice grains to fill a virtual bowl. This “unlocks” the donations of the private sponsors who fund the program — raise rice and you raise money. The funds then go to support The World Food Programme (WFP)’s work in emergencies — in countries impacted by conflict, climate disasters and rising prices.(GoRice是一款问答游戏，每答对一题即可筹集一定数量的米粒。在GoRice中，玩家必须赚取米粒来填满一个虚拟的碗。这能“解锁”资助该项目的私人赞助商的捐赠——筹集大米，也就筹集到了资金。这些资金随后会用于支持世界粮食计划署（WFP）在紧急情况下的工作——在受冲突、气候灾害和物价上涨影响的国家开展援助。)”可知，GoRice通过解锁赞助商的捐赠来支持世界粮食计划署。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据Categories for All Ages and Interests部分中“GoRice has more than 60 categories covering academic subjects, general knowledge, the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and more. The most popular categories are English Vocabulary and the Multiplication Table. New content areas cover Women Leaders, Foods of the World and Pop Culture. These are the contributions of volunteers who include educational influencers, academics and GoRice fans.(GoRice拥有60多个类别，涵盖学术科目、常识、联合国可持续发展目标等。最受欢迎的类别是英语词汇和乘法表。新的内容领域包括女性领袖、世界美食和流行文化。这些新内容由志愿者贡献，志愿者中包括教育界有影响力的人士、学者和GoRice的粉丝。)”可知，志愿者可以贡献新的内容领域。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“GoRice aims to empower and engage young people to learn more about issues such as hunger, sustainability and gender equality. After more than 10 years, GoRice is growing up.(GoRice旨在赋予年轻人权力并让他们参与进来，以了解更多关于饥饿、可持续性和性别平等等问题。十多年后，GoRice正在成长。)”可知，文章主要是为了介绍了GoRice这一非营利性项目。故选A。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·山东山东省青岛第五十八中学·期中）While it may sound like something that has crawled out of your nightmares, cyborg cockroaches (蟑螂) have arrived as friends rather than foes. Scientists have designed a new remote controlled insect, equipped with a battery “backpack” that is powered by solar panels. The cockroach, which is part insect and part machine, is intended to enter dangerous areas, monitor the environment or undertake search and rescue missions without being recharged. The researchers had to install some components into a tiny pack to allow for the cockroach’s natural movements. The cockroaches are still alive, but sensory organs attached to the end of their bodies send electrical impulses that cause the insect to move right or left. A battery is necessary for the sending and receiving of these electrical signals, which needs to be charged up. While it’s possible to build docking stations for recharging the battery, they need to return and it could disrupt time-sensitive missions. To solve the tough problem, the team wanted to create a more practical version that does not need to return to a docking station when it runs out of power. Therefore, they designed an on-board solar cell that could continuously ensure that the cockroach stays charged while it works. However, cockroaches have a limited surface area available for all the components necessary to move its legs and keep it powered. The solution was to design a special “backpack” that could neatly carry both the wireless leg-control module and rechargeable battery. This was attached to the top of the insect on its front, and was 3D printed to fit perfectly to the curved surface of cockroach. It allowed for this electronic device to be stably fixed on the insect for over a month, while leaving enough space to implant the solar panel. Famously able to survive a nuclear war, cockroaches have been the inspiration for a number of technologies in recent years. Different teams of scientists have designed remote-controlled robo-bugs that can climb walls, carry objects and find humans during search-and-rescue missions. 1.What is a cyborg cockroach? A. A tiny backpack with a solar panel. B. A robot working as a power station. C. A kind of bug discovered by scientists. D. An insect remote-controlled by humans. 2.What is a big challenge to create cyborg cockroaches? A. The components are too small. B. Recharging can delay urgent tasks. C. Sending electrical impulses is dangerous. D. Their organs can’t receive signals timely. 3.What do we know about the cyborg cockroaches in paragraph 4? A. The special backpack is fixed on their legs. B. 3D printing solves all problems perfectly. C. They have a limited surface to store power. D. They can still get charged while working. 4.What is the best title of the passage? A. A Solar Powered Cockroach B. The Future of Rescue Mission C. New Recharged Solar Panels D. Cockroaches’ Special Backpack 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“太阳能蟑螂”，这种蟑螂半昆虫半机器，用来进入危险区域、监测环境或执行搜索和救援任务而不需要充电。文章介绍了其工作方式以及作用。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Scientists have designed a new remote controlled insect, equipped with a battery “backpack” that is powered by solar panels.(科学家们设计了一种新的遥控昆虫，它配有一个由太阳能电池板供电的电池“背包”)”可知，电子蟑螂是由人类遥控的昆虫。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“While it’s possible to build docking stations for recharging the battery, they need to return and it could disrupt time-sensitive missions. To solve the tough problem, the team wanted to create a more practical version that does not need to return to a docking station when it runs out of power. (虽然可以建造对接站为电池充电，但它们需要返回，这可能会打乱时间敏感的任务。为了解决这个棘手的问题，该团队希望创造一个更实用的版本，在电源耗尽时不需要返回坞站)”可知，制造电子蟑螂的最大挑战是充电会延迟紧急任务。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Therefore, they designed an on-board solar cell that could continuously ensure that the cockroach stays charged while it works.(因此，他们设计了一种机载太阳能电池，可以持续确保蟑螂在工作时保持充电状态)”可知，半机械蟑螂在工作时仍然可以充电。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Scientists have designed a new remote controlled insect, equipped with a battery “backpack” that is powered by solar panels.(科学家们设计了一种新的遥控昆虫，它配有一个由太阳能电池板供电的电池“背包”)”结合文章主要介绍了“太阳能蟑螂”，这种蟑螂半昆虫半机器，用来进入危险区域、监测环境或执行搜索和救援任务而不需要充电。文章介绍了其工作方式以及作用。由此可知，A选项“太阳能蟑螂”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·山东师范大学附属中学·期中）Insects, with their tiny brains, exhibit remarkable navigation abilities. They can find their way through complex environments and even detect small openings to pass through. This phenomenon has sparked the interest of researchers, particularly in the field of computing, where efficiency is a priority. A team led by biologist Dr. Maria Fernández at the University of Cambridge has recently made significant advances in understanding how insects achieve this, and they have applied their findings to develop a bio-inspired navigation system for robots. One of the key factors in insect navigation is the way they process visual information. “When you’re driving, the objects closer to you seem to move faster than those farther away,” explains Dr. Fernández. Insects use this principle to measure distances and navigate effectively. However, the real world is not a straight line, and insects often need to make rapid adjustments to their paths to avoid obstacles or find food. To handle this complexity, they employ a series of simple, yet effective, strategies. Dr. Fernández’s team, including PhD student Alex Johnson, developed a neural model that mimics (模仿) the insect brain’s activity. The model is based on the principle of minimizing the apparent motion of the environment. “We programmed the robot to always move towards the area where the visual motion is least,” says Johnson. “This simple rule allows the robot to center itself in narrow passages and navigate through them with minimal computational effort.” In various virtual environments, the robot demonstrated behavior similar to that of insects, successfully finding and passing through small openings. The researchers believe that this finding could have significant implications for the development of energy-efficient computing. “By designing specific hardware that replicates these simple neural mechanisms,” Dr. Fernández explains, “we can create more efficient and compact computing systems. This approach could lead to significant advancements in robotics, sensor technology, and even mobile devices.” In the future, Dr. Fernández aims to apply these insect navigation principles to the design of specialized chips. “These chips would be much smaller and consume less power than current general-purpose processors. This could revolutionize how we build and use computing devices in a wide range of applications,” she comments. 1.How does insect navigation research drive technological innovation? A. By developing new types of robots. B. By understanding insects’ navigation ability. C. By improving general-purpose processors. D. By creating virtual environments for testing. 2.Why is “a car” mentioned in Paragraph 2? A. To demonstrate the principle of car motion. B. To emphasize the limitations of human vision. C. To interpret how insects perceive distances. D. To compare the movement of different objects. 3.How do insects use visual information to navigate? A. By detecting the fastest-moving objects. B. By judging the smallest relative motion. C. By following a straight path at all times. D. By memorizing the locations of obstacles. 4.What is the future goal of the research? A. Designing insect-inspired smart chips. B. Rescarching general-purpose robots. C. Developing sensors that save energy. D. Building computers inspired by insects. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. B　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了剑桥大学研究人员通过研究昆虫导航能力开发出仿生机器人导航系统及未来应用前景。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“A team led by biologist Dr. Maria Fernández at the University of Cambridge has recently made significant advances in understanding how insects achieve this, and they have applied their findings to develop a bio-inspired navigation system for robots.(剑桥大学生物学家玛丽亚·费尔南德斯博士领导的研究团队最近在理解昆虫如何实现这一点方面取得了重大进展，并将他们的发现应用于开发一种受生物启发的机器人导航系统。)”以及第四段中“The researchers believe that this finding could have significant implications for the development of energy-efficient computing.(研究人员认为，这一发现可能对节能计算的发展产生重大影响。)”可知，昆虫导航研究通过理解昆虫的导航能力来推动技术创新。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中“One of the key factors in insect navigation is the way they process visual information. “When you’re driving, the objects closer to you seem to move faster than those farther away,” explains Dr. Fernández. Insects use this principle to measure distances and navigate effectively.(昆虫导航的关键因素之一是它们处理视觉信息的方式。“当你开车时，离你越近的物体似乎移动得越快，而离你越远的物体则移动得越慢，”费尔南德斯博士解释道。昆虫利用这一原理来测量距离并有效导航。)”可知，提到“汽车”是为了解释昆虫如何感知距离。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“The model is based on the principle of minimizing the apparent motion of the environment. “We programmed the robot to always move towards the area where the visual motion is least,” says Johnson. “This simple rule allows the robot to center itself in narrow passages and navigate through them with minimal computational effort.” In various virtual environments, the robot demonstrated behavior similar to that of insects, successfully finding and passing through small openings.(该模型基于最小化环境明显运动的原则。“我们为机器人编程，使其始终向视觉运动最少的地方移动，”约翰逊说，“这一简单规则使机器人能够在狭窄通道中居中并通过，且计算量极小。”在各种虚拟环境中，机器人展现出与昆虫相似的行为，成功找到并穿过了小缝隙。)”可知，昆虫通过判断最小的相对运动来利用视觉信息导航。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“In the future, Dr. Fernández aims to apply these insect navigation principles to the design of specialized chips. “These chips would be much smaller and consume less power than current general-purpose processors. This could revolutionize how we build and use computing devices in a wide range of applications,” she comments.(未来，费尔南德斯博士的目标是将这些昆虫导航原理应用于专用芯片的设计。“这些芯片将比目前的通用处理器小得多，且功耗更低。这可能会彻底改变我们在各种应用中构建和使用计算设备的方式，”她评论道。)”可知，研究的未来目标是设计受昆虫启发的智能芯片。故选A。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高三上·山东菏泽·期中）Facial expressions aren’t the only way we express our emotions — body language also plays a crucial role. The way our body moves when laughing at a show is different from how we move when staying together with an old friend. Although both are expressions of happiness, finding common patterns across different situations is difficult. These patterns become particularly challenging to define when we consider cross-cultural differences as well. Researchers from the Research Institute of Electrical Communication at Tohoku University (Japan) dealt with these challenges by collecting body movements from different situations, emotions and personal styles in a motion capture (动作捕捉) lab. Unlike previous databases that focused on simple and repetitive actions (e. g. walking sadly, walking happily, walking angrily), and were primarily based on Western populations, this new database aims to capture a wide range of emotional bodily expressions across various situations, with a focus on Japanese people born and raised in Japan. To build this database, six professional performers were asked to think back to situations that made them happy, angry, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted (厌恶的) or contemptuous (轻蔑的) and act them out using full-body movement. Their performances were recorded using high-speed motion capture technology, in which the 3-D information of movements was captured as a video. The recordings were later processed into simple stick figure-like animations (简笔画式动画). Study members watched these animations and discerned the expressed emotions. The results showed that they could recognize the emotions only from body movements, and the accuracy was as good as past simple action databases. Among the emotions studied, anger and fear were the easiest to recognize, while contempt and disgust were the hardest. Future research can use this database to improve understanding of cultural differences in nonverbal communication. This will be helpful in developing technology communication tools to promote cross-cultural communication and understanding. This resource is expected to benefit researchers and industries using motion capture techniques such as gaming, film, animation and virtual reality. 1.What is the uniqueness of the new study? A. Its focus on simple and repetitive actions. B. Its analysis of Western and Japanese populations. C. Its exploration of cultural differences in body language. D. Its transition from facial expressions to body movements. 2.What were the six performers asked to do? A. Change the recordings into animations. B. Move their bodies accurately as ordered. C. Express their emotions as clearly as possible. D. Remember and act out personal emotional experiences. 3.What does the underlined word “discerned” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Hid. B. Drew. C. Understood. D. Controlled. 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. The future direction of the study. B. The significance of the new database. C. The impact of cross-cultural communication. D. The advantages of nonverbal communication. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了日本东北大学电气通信研究所的研究人员通过在动作捕捉实验室收集不同情境、情绪和个人风格下的身体动作，建立了一个新的数据库，以更好地理解非语言交流中的文化差异。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Unlike previous databases that focused on simple and repetitive actions and were primarily based on Western populations, this new database aims to capture a wide range of emotional bodily expressions across various situations, with a focus on Japanese people born and raised in Japan.(与之前主要关注简单和重复动作且主要基于西方人群的数据库不同，这个新数据库旨在捕捉各种情境下广泛的情感身体表达，重点关注在日本出生和长大的日本人。)”可知，新研究的独特之处在于它对身体语言中的文化差异的探索。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“To build this database, six professional performers were asked to think back to situations that made them happy, angry, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted or contemptuous and act them out using full-body movement.(为了建立这个数据库，六名专业表演者被要求回想让他们感到高兴、愤怒、悲伤、惊讶、恐惧、厌恶或轻蔑的情境，并用全身动作来表演这些情境。)”可知，这六名表演者被要求记住并表演个人的情感经历。故选D。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据下文“The results showed that they could recognize the emotions only from body movements, and the accuracy was as good as past simple action databases. Among the emotions studied, anger and fear were the easiest to recognize, while contempt and disgust were the hardest.(结果显示，他们仅通过肢体动作就能识别出情绪，且识别准确率与以往的简单动作数据库相当。在研究涉及的各类情绪中，愤怒和恐惧最容易被识别，而轻蔑和厌恶则最难识别。)”可知，研究参与者观看了这些动画，并辨别出其中所表达的情绪。Discerned意为“理解，识别”。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Future research can use this database to improve understanding of cultural differences in nonverbal communication. This will be helpful in developing technology communication tools to promote cross-cultural communication and understanding. This resource is expected to benefit researchers and industries using motion capture techniques such as gaming, film, animation and virtual reality.(未来的研究可以利用这个数据库来提高对非语言交流中文化差异的理解。这将有助于开发技术交流工具，促进跨文化交流和理解。这一资源有望为使用动作捕捉技术的研究人员和行业带来好处，如游戏、电影、动画和虚拟现实。)”可知，最后一段主要讲的是新数据库的重要性。故选B。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·山东日照·期中）People say honesty is the best policy, but we all sometimes bend the truth. The average person lies twice in the first ten minutes of meeting someone new and up to 50 percent of the time when speaking to their mother. A study showed that 99 percent of people lie, and even the few who claimed not to are probably also lying. What if, just for a day, you were incapable of telling a lie, no matter how small? According to anthropologists, there is a tribe that lives in the mountains of Central America who are unable to lie ever. The Tarahumara people, famed for their long-distance running, avoided the influence of outsiders for thousands of years. In doing so, they also maintained a strict moral principle based on utmost honesty. The Tarahumara still place this value system above all else. Some psychologists believe that over time, their emphasis on truth-telling caused changes in brains’ chemical makeup. They may have less gray matter in the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for creating lies. What started as a moral duty to tell the truth may have become a physiological feature of the members of this unique tribe. So does this mean that it’s possible for all humans to evolve out of lying? Well, maybe, but it doesn’t sound very likely, does it? According to some sources, lying was first used by humans to promote cooperation and to create bonds between individuals. That’s why one of the most common types of lies is a white lie. Often white lies are told to protect someone from hearing something that will hurt their feelings. When language developed, lying quickly became easier and more common. Can you imagine how difficult it would be to lie without using any words? Language makes it possible for humans as young as two to lie. Instead of evolving out of lying, exactly the opposite is happening. As we evolve, we lie more. But there’s good news! Individually, we tell fewer lies as we age. We may not evolve out of lying as a species, but as individuals over the course of a single lifetime, there is still hope. 1.What does the first paragraph convey? A. Lying is common. B. Humans are born liars. C. Honesty is valuable. D. Lying is culture-based. 2.How has the Tarahumara’s value system influenced them according to psychologists? A. It has increased their confidence. B. It has strengthened their memory. C. It has improved their language skills. D. It has changed their brain chemistry. 3.Why did humans tell lies originally? A. For self-protection. B. For avoiding hurting others. C. For social connection. D. For taking advantage of others. 4.Which of the following may the author agree with? A. People tend to be more honest as they grow old. B. Honesty should be placed above everything else. C. Biological evolution will stop people from telling lies. D. Technological progress will make lying more difficult. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨人类说谎的普遍性，介绍中美洲塔拉乌马拉部落的诚实价值观及其对大脑的影响，追溯说谎的起源，并说明人类说谎行为的演变趋势。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The average person lies twice in the first ten minutes of meeting someone new and up to 50 percent of the time when speaking to their mother. A study showed that 99 percent of people lie, and even the few who claimed not to are probably also lying.(普通人在结识新朋友的前十分钟内会说谎两次，在和母亲说话时说谎的比例高达50%。一项研究表明，99%的人会说谎，即使是少数声称不会说谎的人可能也在说谎。)”可知，第一段通过具体数据和现象，传达了“说谎是一种普遍现象”的核心信息。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The Tarahumara still place this value system above all else. Some psychologists believe that over time, their emphasis on truth-telling caused changes in brains’ chemical makeup. They may have less gray matter in the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for creating lies.(塔拉乌马拉人依旧将这套价值体系置于首位。一些心理学家认为，随着时间的推移，他们对说真话的重视导致了大脑化学成分的变化。他们的前额叶皮层（大脑中负责编造谎言的部分）可能有更少的灰质。)”可知，心理学家认为塔拉乌马拉部落的价值观体系改变了他们的大脑化学构成。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“According to some sources, lying was first used by humans to promote cooperation and to create bonds between individuals.(根据一些资料来源，人类最初使用说谎是为了促进合作，并在个体之间建立联系。)”可知，人类最初说谎是为了建立社会联系。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But there’s good news! Individually, we tell fewer lies as we age. We may not evolve out of lying as a species, but as individuals over the course of a single lifetime, there is still hope.(但也有好消息！就个人而言，我们随着年龄的增长会说更少的谎。作为一个物种，我们可能不会进化到不再说谎，但作为个体，在一生的过程中，仍然有希望。)”可知，作者认为人们随着年龄增长往往会变得更诚实。故选A项。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·山东临沂·期中）Walk around most large metropolitan cities and you’d be forgiven for thinking that we’re living in a brave new world of affordable and effortless mobility for all, with the smartphone in your pocket giving access to shared mobility services. But it seems more difficult for the disabled or elderly, and those living in a low-income area or those without a smartphone or credit card. A 2023 U.S. study showed that white Americans have access to almost three times as many carshare locations and two times as many bikeshare locations within a half-mile area as African Americans. When getting rides from their home, African Americans also wait up to 22 percent longer for the ride to arrive. But even when efforts are made to expand services to underserved areas of a city, other hurdles persist. A fifth of low-income Americans still don’t have a smartphone and almost a quarter don’t have a bank account. A 2022 survey in Philadelphia, Chicago and Brooklyn showed that low-income people of color are just as interested in bikesharing as other groups, but less likely to use such a system. Thankfully, to tackle these ongoing issues, various initiatives and projects are finding creative solutions to reach underserved communities. Here are some examples. ·U.S. Low-Income Subsidy Programs: Launched by a handful of U.S. cities to boost shared mobility use and cut personal vehicle reliance among low-income groups. ·U.S. Bike & E-Scooter Share Adjustments: 70% of nearly 250 programs (2024 survey) adopted measures for underserved groups, including cash payment and non-smartphone options. ·Austria’s Graz Tim Carsharing: City-run service with app, email, and phone booking; added wheelchair-friendly vehicles and free on request child seats for women and families. ·Women-Centric Tweaks: Proposed by Mosshammer, including e-scooter handle designs for smaller hands, family accounts, cheaper fares for travel breaks, free helmets, and SOS buttons on bikes or e-scooters to address safety concerns. 1.What does the 2023 U.S. study indicate? A. Low-income areas possess more carshare locations. B. Inequalities exist in accessing shared mobility services. C. White American riders experience longer waiting times. D. Shared mobility services are now equal for all Americans. 2.What can we know about low-income Americans in the passage? A. They show no interest in bikesharing. B. They all use cash for shared services. C. They face barriers in using shared mobility. D. They mostly lack smartphones and bank accounts. 3.Which program is beneficial for people with children? A. Austria’s Graz Tim Carsharing. B. U.S. Low-Income Subsidy Programs. C. Mosshammer’s Women-Centric Tweaks. D. U. S. Bike & E-Scooter Share Adjustments. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章讨论了共享出行服务在不同群体中的不平等现象，指出残疾人、老年人、低收入人群以及没有智能手机或信用卡的人在获取这些服务时面临困难，最后列举了一些旨在解决这些问题的创新项目和倡议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“A 2023 U.S. study showed that white Americans have access to almost three times as many carshare locations and two times as many bikeshare locations within a half-mile area as African Americans. When getting rides from their home, African Americans also wait up to 22 percent longer for the ride to arrive.(美国2023年的一项研究显示，在半英里范围内，白人可以使用的共享汽车地点几乎是非洲裔美国人的三倍，自行车地点是非洲裔美国人的两倍。当从家里坐车时，非裔美国人的等待时间最长可达22%)”可知，这项研究表明在获取共享出行服务方面存在不平等现象，故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“A 2022 survey in Philadelphia, Chicago and Brooklyn showed that low-income people of color are just as interested in bikesharing as other groups, but less likely to use such a system.(2022年在费城、芝加哥和布鲁克林进行的一项调查显示，低收入有色人种和其他群体一样对共享单车感兴趣，但使用这种系统的可能性更小)”可知，美国低收入人群在使用共享交通工具方面面临障碍，故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Austria’s Graz Tim Carsharing: City-run service with app, email, and phone booking; added wheelchair-friendly vehicles and free on Request child seats for women and families.(奥地利的格拉茨Tim Carsharing：城市运营的应用程序、电子邮件和电话预订服务；增加了轮椅友好型车辆，并为妇女和家庭按需免费提供儿童座椅)”可知，该项目提供了“按需免费儿童座椅”，这对有孩子的家庭直接有益。故选A。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·山东师范大学附属中学·期中）Everyone relies on bias — otherwise known as cognitive (认知的) shortcuts — in their daily lives. For example, imagine you’re scrolling through your social media feed and immediately dismiss a news article because it comes from a source you don’t typically trust. This scenario highlights how automatic and unconscious the mental process can be. These biases aren’t character flaws. Thousands of years ago, this type of quick decision-making ensured the safety of ancient humans. Although these mental shortcuts served us well long ago, they don’t always translate well to our complex modern world. For several decades, psychology researchers have been testing interventions to help people become aware of and minimize their biases. A new systematic review published in Nature Human Behaviour offers the most comprehensive analysis of bias training to date. Researchers combined results from 54 randomized controlled trials involving nearly 11,000 students to determine whether educational interventions can reduce cognitive biases. The studies used a wide range of approaches, including games, online simulations, classroom instruction, video-based training, and group discussions. The analysis found that these interventions led to a small but significant reduction in biased thinking. The most successful interventions from the studies focused on teaching specific cognitive strategies to neutralize (中立化) particular biases. These strategies include actively seeking out contradictory evidence when evaluating a claim and using structured checklists to avoid jumping to conclusions. Interestingly, the research revealed that some biases are harder to avoid than others. For example, people are more likely to cling to stereotypes (成见), such as assuming that someone who wears glasses and reads a lot is a librarian. It remains unclear whether these lessons transfer beyond the classroom; just because someone can avoid confirmation bias in an online test doesn’t mean they will use those skills in the real world. Researchers said this gap between laboratory performance and real-world application represents the next frontier in bias research. This field is important because cognitive biases can have far-reaching consequences in modern society, influencing medical diagnoses, public policy decisions, elections, and more. The take-home message: This review provides solid evidence that bias reduction is possible. 1.How did bias help ancient humans? A. Strengthen mental process. B. Make quick and safe decisions. C. Improve unconscious learning. D. Enhance social communication. 2.Which method is most effective for lessening specific biases? A. Having group discussions. B. Watching an instructional video. C. Thinking critically about an event. D. Conducting video-based experiments. 3.What remains a major challenge in bias research according to the text? A. The lack of research funding. B. The absence of effective tools. C. The gap between lab and reality. D. The unwillingness of participants. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Scientists Find New Ways to Train Our Brains B. Bias Training Proves Ineffective in New Study C. Stereotypes Remain the Biggest Challenge for Society D. Evidence Grows That Cognitive Bias Can Be Reduced 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章指出认知偏见是日常认知捷径，曾助力古人快速避险但适应不了现代社会，一项新研究显示相关干预能减少偏见，同时提及部分偏见难消除及实验室与现实应用的差距。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Thousands of years ago, this type of quick decision-making ensured the safety of ancient humans.(数千年前，这种迅速做出决策的方式保障了古人类的安全)”可知，偏见使古代人类能够迅速且安全地做出决策。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The most successful interventions from the studies focused on teaching specific cognitive strategies to neutralize (中立化) particular biases. These strategies include actively seeking out contradictory evidence when evaluating a claim and using structured checklists to avoid jumping to conclusions.(这些研究中最为成功的干预措施在于教授特定的认知策略，以消除特定的偏见。这些策略包括在评估某一论断时主动寻找与之相悖的证据，以及使用结构化的检查清单来避免匆忙下结论)”可知，对于减少特定的偏见而言，对某一事件进行批判性思考最为有效。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段“Researchers said this gap between laboratory performance and real-world application represents the next frontier in bias research.(研究人员表示，实验室测试结果与实际应用效果之间的这种差异，是偏见研究领域的下一个重要课题)”可知，偏见研究中仍存在的一个主要挑战是实验室环境与实际情况之间的差距。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Everyone relies on bias — otherwise known as cognitive (认知的) shortcuts — in their daily lives. For example, imagine you’re scrolling through your social media feed and immediately dismiss a news article because it comes from a source you don’t typically trust. This scenario highlights how automatic and unconscious the mental process can be.(在日常生活中，每个人都会依赖某种偏见——也就是所谓的认知捷径。比如，想象一下你正在浏览自己的社交媒体动态，然后立刻就忽略了某篇新闻文章，因为它的来源是你通常不信任的。这种情景就很好地说明了这种思维过程是多么的自动且无意识)”结合文章指出认知偏见是日常认知捷径，曾助力古人快速避险但适配不了现代社会，一项新研究显示相关干预能减少偏见，同时提及部分偏见难消除及实验室与现实应用的差距。可知，D选项“有越来越多的证据表明认知偏见是可以减少的”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·山东潍坊·期中）Tell me about what you had for dinner last night. You could give perceptual (感知的) descriptions of how your food looked and tasted. Or you could focus more on conceptual experiences, such as what that food made you think and feel. A new brain study found that telling the same story different ways activates different memory mechanisms in the listener’s brain. Signy Sheldon, a psychologist studying memory at McGill University, and her colleagues asked 35 participants to listen to two versions of the same restaurant story. In the first version, the narrator says, “Food was finally served. I remember the two-foot-long pepper mill (研磨器) the waiter used to season our dishes. My spaghetti noodles were circled around three meatballs on my plate. It looked really good.” In the second, he said, “I remember thinking to myself how delicious the spaghetti was. Looking back, I’m not sure if it was because I was starving.” When participants recalled the story that they heard with conceptual details in the scanner, their brain hippocampi (海马区) activated along with parts of a brain network called the default mode network, or DMN, that is active when processing information about oneself, one’s emotions, and more. In contrast, when people recalled perception-heavy stories, the hippocampi activated along with brain networks outside of the DMN, including the left brain region. This area is known to be active when recalling memories that contain details from various senses. Though participants remembered both types of stories equally well in the short term, they tended to prefer the conceptual stories to the perceptual ones and were more confident in their recollections of them. Such preference may be especially true as people get older. Research shows that as people age, they shift away from vivid, event-specific sensory details and toward memories that grasp the main points of what happened, shaping how they remember what they were told. When we’re young, “Things are really novel. We’re going to pay attention to everything,” Sheldon says. “But as we get older, we use memories more for social connection, and we often are recalling and describing things that we are more familiar with.” 1.What is the difference between two versions of the same restaurant story? A. The tones of voice. B. The intensity of emotion. C. The variety of food. D. The types of description. 2.Which story makes DMN in the brain active? A. The air feels cool on my skin. B. The teddy bear makes me comforted. C. The sunflower is dancing in the wind. D. The coffee smells rich and tastes bitter. 3.What does the underlined word “them” refer to in the last paragraph? A. Conceptual stories. B. Research steps. C. Social preferences. D. Perceptual details. 4.Which of the following is the best title of the text? A. Stories sharpen your mind B. Storytelling methods count C. You are what you memorize D. Confidence deepens bonding 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项大脑研究发现：用感知细节或概念体验两种不同方式讲述同一故事，会激活听者大脑中不同的记忆机制，且人们（尤其年长者）更偏爱并信任概念性故事。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“You could give perceptual (感知的)descriptions of how your food looked and tasted. Or you could focus more on conceptual experiences, such as what that food made you think and feel.(你可以用感知层面的描述，说说食物的样子和味道；也可以更侧重概念层面的体验，比如这顿饭让你产生了什么想法、感受到了什么。)”以及第二段对两个故事版本的具体呈现“In the first version, the narrator says, “Food was finally served. I remember the two-foot-long pepper mill (研磨器)the waiter used to season our dishes. My spaghetti noodles were circled around three meatballs on my plate. It looked really good.” In the second, he said, “I remember thinking to myself how delicious the spaghetti was. Looking back, I’m not sure if it was because I was starving.”(第一个版本中，讲述者说：“食物终于上桌了。我记得服务员用来给菜肴调味的那台两英尺长的胡椒研磨器。我的意大利面条绕着三颗肉丸摆放在盘子里。”第二个版本中，他则说道：“我记得当时心里在想，这意大利面太美味了。现在回想起来，我不确定是不是因为当时我太饿了。”)”可知，第一个版本侧重食物的视觉细节，属于感知层面描述；第二个版本侧重内心想法与感受，属于概念层面描述。两者的核心差异在于描述类型不同。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“When participants recalled the story that they heard with conceptual details in the scanner, their brain hippocampi (海马区) activated along with parts of a brain network called the default mode network, or DMN, that is active when processing information about oneself, one’s emotions, and more.(当参与者在脑部扫描仪中回忆包含概念性细节的故事时，他们的大脑海马区会与一个名为“默认模式网络（DMN）”的脑网络部分一同激活——该网络在处理与自身相关的信息、情绪等内容时会处于活跃状态。)”可知，包含概念性细节（如与自身相关的想法、情绪等）的故事，会激活大脑中的默认模式网络。选项B“The teddy bear makes me comforted.(泰迪熊让我感到安慰)”体现了自身的情绪体验，即感到安慰，符合处理与自身相关的情绪信息的DMN激活条件，属于概念性描述。故选B。 (3)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在语境“Though participants remembered both types of stories equally well in the short term, they tended to prefer the conceptual stories to the perceptual ones and were more confident in their recollections of them.(尽管参与者在短期内对两种类型故事的记忆效果相当，但他们往往更偏爱概念性故事，对它们的回忆也更有信心。)”可知，上文说参与者短期内对两种故事的记忆效果相当，但更偏爱概念性故事，且对“它们”的回忆更有信心。结合“prefer the conceptual stories to the perceptual ones(偏爱概念性故事而非感知性故事)”的对比关系，可推测，“them”指代前文强调的“conceptual stories(概念性故事)”。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A new brain study found that telling the same story different ways activates different memory mechanisms in the listener’s brain.(一项新的大脑研究发现，用不同方式讲述同一个故事，会激活听者大脑中不同的记忆机制。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了用感知细节或概念体验两种不同方式讲述同一故事，会激活听者大脑中不同的记忆机制，且人们对两种故事的偏好和记忆信心存在差异。选项B“Storytelling methods count(讲故事的方式很重要)”精准概括全文主旨。故选B。 Passage 3 （25-26高三上·山东潍坊·期中）In the early 1920s, a small, industrial-feeling laboratory garden outside Paris, given the name of the “Garden of Wonders”, was the site of a revolutionary experiment. Here, the French scientist Daniel Berthelot pursued his goal of creating “factory-made vegetables”-producing sugars and starches (淀粉) directly from light and gas without the intervention of plants. His vision was rooted in the groundbreaking work of his father, a renowned 19th-century chemist, who had predicted that by the year 2000, all food would be artificial. Daniel Berthelot envisioned future factories with large glass tanks where gases, under sunlight, would combine to form a snowfall of starch and sugar. By 1925, he had succeeded in using light and gas to create a basic substance used to produce drugs and industrial products. However, his progress toward reproducing photosynthesis (光合作用) ended there, and he died in 1927 without realizing his dream. Berthelot’s vision was wildly idealistic primarily because photosynthesis was not fully understood. The term was only coined a few decades prior, and the cell mechanisms of plants remained largely theoretical until the 1950s. Reproducing what plants do naturally through pure chemistry proved a challenge that couldn’t be overcome with the knowledge of his time. Today, we still cannot chemically copy photosynthesis, but the core of Berthelot’s vision-liberating food production from traditional agriculture-is being achieved through a different path: micro-organism fermentation (发酵). Companies are realizing this “land-independent” production. In Finland, Solar Foods operates a factory where micro-organisms in large tanks feed on gas and water, creating a protein-rich product called Solein. Similarly, U. S.-based Kiverdi and Austria’s Arkeon Technologies use processes that come from NASA research to transform carbon dioxide into food ingredients through fermentation, requiring no farm land. While Berthelot’s understanding of photosynthesis was primitive a century ago, he was ahead of his time in many ways, and his vision was remarkably foresighted. Although we still haven’t literally grown fruits and vegetables as plants do from air and light, it’s worth acknowledging the achievements we’ve made in just the last decade: Companies like Kiverdi may help remove extra carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while offering solutions to future food shortages. Or they may not. Only the next century will tell. 1.What did Daniel Berthelot’s experiment focus on? A. Testing his father’s study. B. Building an organic garden. C. Making food with no plants. D. Expanding the output of crops. 2.What prevented Daniel Berthelot from achieving his goal? A. His impractical ideas. B. The lack of knowledge. C. The protests from chemists. D. His worsening physical condition. 3.What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A. Berthelot’s dream comes true another way. B. Micro-organisms can improve food nutrition. C. Berthelot’s theory is applied to modern farming. D. Some companies transform traditional agriculture. 4.What is implied in the last paragraph? A. Technology is a key to progress. B. Berthelot’s work is thought little of. C. Scientific visions take time to bear fruit. D. Knowledge should be linked to practice. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了法国科学家Daniel Berthelot早年尝试通过化学方式模拟光合作用制造食物的愿景虽未实现，但如今其摆脱传统农业的食物生产核心构想正通过微生物发酵技术逐步成为现实。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Here, the French scientist Daniel Berthelot pursued his goal of creating “factory-made vegetables”-producing sugars and starches (淀粉) directly from light and gas without the intervention of plants.(在这里，法国科学家Daniel Berthelot致力于实现自己的目标：制造工厂培育蔬菜—— 无需植物参与，直接利用光和气体生产糖和淀粉。)”可知，Daniel Berthelot的实验目标是制造工厂培育蔬菜，核心是无需植物参与，直接利用光和气体生产糖和淀粉。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Berthelot’s vision was wildly idealistic primarily because photosynthesis was not fully understood. The term was only coined a few decades prior, and the cell mechanisms of plants remained largely theoretical until the 1950s. Reproducing what plants do naturally through pure chemistry proved a challenge that couldn’t be overcome with the knowledge of his time.(Berthelot的愿景之所以过于理想化，主要是因为当时人们对光合作用的理解尚未透彻。这一术语仅在几十年前才被提出，而植物的细胞机制在20世纪50年代前大多停留在理论层面。仅通过纯化学手段复制植物的自然过程，在当时的知识水平下是一项无法攻克的挑战。)”可知，Berthelot未能实现目标的主要原因是当时人们对光合作用的理解尚未透彻，相关知识储备不足，纯化学模拟植物自然过程在当时的认知水平下无法实现。故选B。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“Today, we still cannot chemically copy photosynthesis, but the core of Berthelot’s vision-liberating food production from traditional agriculture-is being achieved through a different path: micro-organism fermentation (发酵).(如今，我们仍无法通过化学方式完全复制光合作用，但Berthelot愿景的核心—— 将食物生产从传统农业中解放出来—— 正通过另一种途径实现：微生物发酵。)”及后续列举的Solar Foods、Kiverdi等公司案例可知，该段主要讲述尽管化学模拟光合作用仍未实现，但Berthelot摆脱传统农业的食物生产这一核心愿景，正通过微生物发酵这一替代途径逐步成为现实。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Although we still haven’t literally grown fruits and vegetables as plants do from air and light, it’s worth acknowledging the achievements we’ve made in just the last decade: Companies like Kiverdi may help remove extra carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while offering solutions to future food shortages. Or they may not. Only the next century will tell.(尽管我们尚未能真正像植物那样利用空气和光培育出水果和蔬菜，但过去十年取得的成就值得肯定：像Kiverdi这样的公司，或许能在减少大气中多余二氧化碳的同时，为未来的粮食短缺问题提供解决方案。当然，也可能无法实现。这一切，唯有留给下个世纪来见证。)”可知，科学愿景的实现往往需要跨越漫长时间，依赖时代的技术与认知进步。故选C。 Passage 4 （25-26高三上·山东烟台·期中）Dutch scientists have managed to engineer an air-powered soft-bodied robot. The key to unlocking the robot’s self-sustaining movement, despite the absence of a computerized control unit, lies in the strategic integration of aerodynamic principles, whose role is to regulate the airflow dynamics essential for its walking and swimming actions. How this robot works bears a striking similarity to that of “tube dancer”, those tall thin fabric tubes that have air pumped into them. When air fills the tube to the maximum, it makes it stand upright. However, once the tube reaches an upright position, the internal air pressure gradually decreases, causing the tube to bend downward. This bending then makes the pressure rise again, pushing the bent section upward. This process repeats continuously, forming a cyclic motion that gives the robot its moving force. This pressure-driven continuous bending along tubes precisely fuels the robot. Linked to a single air source, its multiple tubes initially move chaotically in different directions but soon adjust their motion, eventually moving in a consistent and harmonized way just like “legs”, with speed regulated by air pressure. One particularly notable characteristic of the robot is its remarkable speed. It can cover a distance 30 times its own body length within a single second, which is just like Usain Bolt, the world’s fastest runner, achieving his speed by finishing 100m in merely 1.71 seconds. Another outstanding feature is that it adjusts automatically to its conditions. It can easily cross uneven ground and when it accidentally knocks into a wall, it turns. If the robot sinks into water, it will immediately adjust its movement pattern and start swimming. Without a control core, the new invention is more like a simple machine than an advanced robot needing difficult programming. Nevertheless, it can do many complex tasks independently. It is widely anticipated that the technology could one day be used in applications such as micro-robots that deliver medicine within the body, or machinery designed for use in harsh environments where electronics may fail, such as outer space. 1.What happens to “the tube dancer” when its internal air pressure peaks? A. It leaks. B. It bends downward. C. It straightens. D. It moves back and forth. 2.What aspect do Paragraph 2 and 3 focus on about the new robot? A. Its power source. B. Its multi-functions. C. Its structural features. D. Its operational mechanism. 3.Why did the author mention Usain Bolt in Paragraph 4? A. To showcase his running speed. B. To test the robot’s performance. C. To stress humans can’t outpace the robot. D. To help readers grasp the robot’s speed. 4.What can we infer about the new invention from the last paragraph? A. It has a bright prospect. B. It relies heavily on programming. C. It’ll lower disease occurrences. D. It has been put into mass production. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了荷兰科学家研发的一款气动软体机器人，详细阐述了其工作原理、运动特性和潜在应用。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“When air fills the tube to the maximum, it makes it stand upright. (当空气充满管子达到最大容量时，它会使管子直立起来。)”可知，当“管子舞者”内部气压达到峰值时，管子会伸直。故选C。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。第二段中“How this robot works bears a striking similarity to that of “tube dancer”, those tall thin fabric tubes that have air pumped into them. When air fills the tube to the maximum, it makes it stand upright.(这个机器人的工作原理与“管子舞者”有着惊人的相似之处，“管子舞者”是那些又高又薄的织物管，里面注入了空气。当空气充满管子达到最大容量时，它会使管子直立起来。)”通过类比“管子舞者”解释了机器人运动的基本原理（气压变化导致弯曲与伸直循环），第三段“Linked to a single air source, its multiple tubes initially move chaotically in different directions but soon adjust their motion, eventually moving in a consistent and harmonized way just like “legs”, with speed regulated by air pressure.(它的多个管道连接在一个单一的气源上，最初在不同的方向上混乱地移动，但很快就会调整它们的运动，最终以一致和协调的方式移动，就像“腿”一样，速度由气压调节。)”则具体说明了多个“管状腿”如何通过单一气源协调运动。因此，这两段的核心都是在阐述机器人的“运作机制”。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“It can cover a distance 30 times its own body length within a single second, which is just like Usain Bolt, the world’s fastest runner, achieving his speed by finishing 100m in merely 1.71 seconds.(它可以在一秒钟内跑完自身长度30倍的距离，就像世界上最快的跑步者尤塞恩·博尔特以1.71秒的速度跑完100米一样。)”可知，作者提及博尔特是为了通过将其著名的百米速度进行类比换算，让读者更直观地理解该机器人的移动速度有多快。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It is widely anticipated that the technology could one day be used in applications such as micro-robots that deliver medicine within the body, or machinery designed for use in harsh environments where electronics may fail, such as outer space.(人们普遍期待这项技术有朝一日能应用于诸如在体内输送药物的微型机器人，或设计用于电子设备可能失灵的诸如外太空这样的恶劣环境的机器。)”可知，该技术在未来有广阔的应用前景，如体内送药微型机器人或在恶劣环境下工作的机器等。A项“它前景光明”准确地概括了这一推断。故选A。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高三上·山东济南第一中学·期中）Let’s face it—most of us can’t resist a cup of tea or coffee sometimes. They’re a perfect pick-me-up and comforter. But there are alternative drinks, so why have we chosen these as our go-to drinks to soothe our busy lives? And which one is superior? Let’s start with tea-it’s the second most consumed drink in the world. For many-especially the British-having a “cuppa” is a daily practice. The caffeine contained in it helps wake you up in the morning, and throughout the day we’ll make a brew to distract us from our work. And according to some scientists, habitual tea consumption can have some health benefits. Andrew Steptoe, a professor from University College London’s Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, told BBC Food that drinking black tea “may speed up recovery from the daily stresses in life. . . but we do not know what ingredients of tea were responsible for these effects on stress recovery and relaxation”. Coffee is tea’s ＂trendier＂ rival(对手). Its popularity has grown over the years, and this is reflected in the number of coffee shops we see around-places to hang out, do business or catch up with friends. Coffee can taste great and can be served in many ways, but it’s sometimes how you have it that can be seen as a status symbol or the preserve of hipsters(潮人)I Of course, it gives you a strong caffeine hit-roughly double of that contained in tea. However, too much can lead to anxiety. Sleep scientist Matt Walker told the BBC that caffeine can decrease the amount of restorative deep sleep you have. But some scientists say drinking coffee-and green tea-can also be good for us. Researchers at Osaka University linked drinking a daily cup of coffee with a lower risk of death among both stroke survivors and healthy people, while drinking seven or more cups of green tea was associated with a lower risk of death among both heart attack and stroke survivors. So, whether we turn to coffee or tea for its taste, its image or as a lifestyle choice, it could be a lifesaver! 1.What does the underlined word “soothe“ in Paragraph 1 mean? A. Change. B. Relieve. C. Describe. D. Copy- 2.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that ____. A. tea is the most consumed drink in the world B. the caffeine in tea can cure people of illness C. tea helps promote our careers and friendship D. the ingredients of tea help people forget trouble 3.Which of the following may Matt Walker agree with? A. Too much coffee is not good for sleep. B. Black tea speeds up recovery from the daily stresses. C. Coffee is surely more popular than tea. D. Drinking a daily cup of coffee guarantees a long life. 4.In which section can you read the passage on a magazine website? A. Technology. B. Entertainment. C. Business. D. Health. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了茶和咖啡深受人们喜爱，并简单说明了喝茶或咖啡的好处。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第一段前两句“Let’s face it—most of us can’t resist a cup of tea or coffee sometimes.They’re a perfect pick-me-up and comforter(让我们认清现实吧——大多数人有时都无法抗拒一杯茶或咖啡。它们是一种完美的鼓舞和安慰)”可知茶和咖啡有提神、安慰的作用，结合划线单词后的“our busy lives”可知茶和咖啡能缓解我们忙碌的生活，由此可知划线词词义为“缓解”，故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“Andrew Steptoe, a professor from University College London’s Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, told BBC Food that drinking black tea “may speed up recovery from the daily stresses in life. . . but we do not know what ingredients of tea were responsible for these effects on stress recovery and relaxation”.(伦敦大学学院流行病学和公共卫生学系教授Andrew Steptoe告诉BBC食品频道说，喝红茶“可以加快从日常生活压力中恢复过来……但我们不知道茶中的哪些成分对压力恢复和放松有这些效果。”)”可知，茶里的某些成分有减轻压力、放松的效果，即让人们暂时忘记让他们烦恼的事情。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句“However, too much can lead to anxiety. Sleep scientist Matt Walker told the BBC that caffeine can decrease the amount of restorative deep sleep you have. (然而，过多会导致焦虑。睡眠科学家Matt Walker告诉BBC，咖啡因会减少让人恢复精力的深度睡眠。)”可知过度地饮用咖啡不利于睡眠。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“ Researchers at Osaka University linked drinking a daily cup of coffee with a lower risk of death among both stroke survivors and healthy people, while drinking seven or more cups of green tea was associated with a lower risk of death among both heart attack and stroke survivors. So, whether we turn to coffee or tea for its taste, its image or as a lifestyle choice, it could be a lifesaver!(大阪大学的研究人员发现，在中风幸存者和健康人群中，每天喝一杯咖啡的死亡风险较低，而在心脏病发作和中风幸存者中，喝七杯或更多绿茶的死亡风险较低。所以，无论我们选择咖啡还是茶是因为它的味道、它的形象或作为一种生活方式的选择，它都可能是我们的救命稻草！)”可知这篇文章主要告诉读者喝茶或者咖啡对身体有好处。所以这篇文章取自于杂志的“健康”部分。故选D项。 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （25-26高三上·山东泰安·期中）The US government is currently weighing a crucial decision: whether to grant African lions protection under the Endangered Species Act, which would prohibit the import of lion trophies into the U.S., marking a significant step for an endangered species. This proposal raises a pressing question: why is it still legal to hunt lions for sport when they are vanishing from the wild? Scientific evidence underscores the urgency. A recent study estimates as few as 32,000 lions remain in the wild, with some experts fearing the true number is lower. While the primary drivers of their decline are habitat loss and retaliatory killings by humans, trophy hunting adds unsustainable pressure. Each year, approximately 600 more lions are killed for sport, approximately 60 percent of which are shipped to the U.S. as trophies. The damage caused by trophy hunting runs deeper than the initial kill. The preferred target is the adult male lion whose removal destabilizes the entire pride. When new males take over, they frequently kill all the cubs generated by the previous leader, wiping out a generation within the pride. This practice is also evolutionarily damaging, as it removes the strongest, healthiest males vital for protecting their prides and passing on strong genes to future generations. Some argue that trophy hunting brings money to local communities. Yet, studies show that only about 3% of the income actually reaches them. Most of the money goes to governments or foreign companies. The money that does come into Africa from hunting pales in comparison to the billions generated from tourists who come just to watch wildlife. If lions and other animals continue to disappear from Africa, this vital source of income will end, adversely impacting people all over Africa. Despite decades of discussion about reforming hunting practices, lion numbers continue to fall. As the only big cat not currently protected by the Act, the African lion stands at a crossroads. Granting them protection and banning trophy imports would send a powerful global message: the time to act is now, before this iconic species is lost forever. 1.What will be the direct result if African lions are protected by the Act? A. Lion hunting would become illegal worldwide. B. The import of lion trophies into the U.S. would be banned. C. The number of lions in the wild would immediately increase. D. Local communities in Africa would receive more financial support. 2.What impact does killing a male lion have according to the passage? A. It only leads to the death of the male lion itself. B. It encourages the survival of the weak lions. C. It causes the new lion king to kill all the cubs. D. It weakens the genetic quality of the lion pride. 3.What can advance sustainable development in Africa? A. Enhancing regulated trophy hunting. B. Promoting wildlife-watching tourism. C. Applying for more international funds. D. Encouraging community-led hunting. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. African lions are facing extinction due to various human activities. B. Male lions play a key role in maintaining the balance of lion prides. C. Wildlife tourism is more profitable than trophy hunting in Africa. D. The U.S. should protect African lions by banning lion trophy imports. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了美国是否应将非洲狮列入《濒危物种法案》保护名单，禁止狮子战利品进口，以应对狮子数量急剧下降的问题。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“The US government is currently weighing a crucial decision: whether to grant African lions protection under the Endangered Species Act, which would prohibit the import of lion trophies into the U.S., marking a significant step for an endangered species.(美国政府目前正在权衡一个关键决定：是否根据《濒危物种法案》给予非洲狮保护，这将禁止狮子战利品进口到美国，这是对濒危物种采取的重要一步。)”可知，如果非洲狮受到该法案的保护，狮子战利品进口到美国将被禁止。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“This practice is also evolutionarily damaging, as it removes the strongest, healthiest males vital for protecting their prides and passing on strong genes to future generations.(这种做法在进化上也是有害的，因为它会移除最强壮、最健康的雄狮，而这些雄狮对于保护它们的狮群和将强壮的基因传递给后代至关重要。)”可知，杀死一只雄狮会削弱狮群的遗传质量。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The money that does come into Africa from hunting pales in comparison to the billions generated from tourists who come just to watch wildlife. If lions and other animals continue to disappear from Africa, this vital source of income will end, adversely impacting people all over Africa.(与那些仅仅为了观赏野生动物而来的游客所带来的数十亿美元相比，狩猎给非洲带来的收入相形见绌。如果狮子和其他动物继续从非洲消失，这一重要的收入来源将结束，对非洲各地的人们产生不利影响。)”可知，促进野生动物观赏旅游可以促进非洲的可持续发展。故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The US government is currently weighing a crucial decision: whether to grant African lions protection under the Endangered Species Act, which would prohibit the import of lion trophies into the U. S., marking a significant step for an endangered species.(美国政府目前正在权衡一个关键决定：是否根据《濒危物种法案》给予非洲狮保护，这将禁止狮子战利品进口到美国，这是对濒危物种采取的重要一步。)”可知，文章的主旨是美国应该通过禁止狮子战利品进口来保护非洲狮。故选D。 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·山东山东省青岛第五十八中学·期中）Some memories, such as what you had for dinner last night, are easier to recall than others. However, even forgotten memories could be guiding your actions. Memory can be defined by what people report, or physically as a circuit of cells and connections in the brain, known as an engram. It has been thought by many researchers that when you forget something, the engram disappears. However, research in mice suggests forgotten memories can persist; they just can’t be consciously recalled. To see if forgotten memories are detectable in human brains, Tom Willems and his team at the University of Bern got 40 people to quickly look at 96 pairs of images, made up of a human face and an object, such as a guitar or a stapler. The researchers then used functional magnetic resonance imaging (磁共振成像) to observe the participants’ brain activity during tests carried out around 30 minutes later and 24 hours later. The tests asked whether they had seen two images paired up before. The participants also stated whether they recalled that two images went together, were unsure, or were guessing. Those who said they could remember chose the correct pairing 87 per cent of the time during both tests. Those who said they had forgotten got about half right. The participants who were unsure guessed correctly 57 per cent of the time after 30 minutes and 54 per cent after 24 hours. These results were slightly higher than would be expected by chance, which suggests this group may actually have remembered. When the guessers chose the right answer, the same activation patterns were seen in the right hippocampal (海马的) region of the brain as in those who remembered, which implies the engrams of forgotten memories remained and were influencing their choices. In the tests done 24 hours later, the engrams of memories that people correctly guessed stayed within the hippocampus, while those they could remember were distributed throughout the neocortex (大脑新皮层). The work shows there can be a disconnection between the memory we consciously access and the related engram in the brain. As researcher Amy Milton explains, “Some memories don’t necessarily need to be consciously retrieved (提取) in order for those memories to influence behaviour.” 1.What does the underlined word “engram” in paragraph 2 probably mean ? A. A tool used to measure memory. B. The process of forming memory. C. The feeling of remembering something. D. A network of brain cells storing memory. 2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Participants and materials. B. Functions of brain scans. C. Research methods and procedures. D. Causes of forgotten memories. 3.Why did researchers study those who were unsure? A. To identify inattentive participants. B. To compare brain activity patterns. C. To see if guessing reveals hidden memories. D. To prove that all memories can be recalled. 4.What is the key finding of the study in the passage? A. Forgotten memories influence behavior unconsciously. B. All memory traces are stored in the same part of brain. C. Forgotten memories can be fully recovered with effort. D. Conscious recall is necessary for memories to affect choices. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了实验表明，人类被遗忘的记忆仍保留在大脑中，这些隐性记忆虽无法被有意识提取，但仍能无意识地影响行为决策。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Memory can be defined by what people report, or physically as a circuit of cells and connections in the brain (记忆可以被定义为人们报告的内容，或者在物理上被定义为大脑中的细胞和连接回路)”可知，engram是指前面所说的“大脑中的细胞和连接回路”，即“存储记忆的脑细胞网络”。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“To see if forgotten memories are detectable in human brains, Tom Willems and his team at the University of Bern got 40 people to quickly look at 96 pairs of images, made up of a human face and an object, such as a guitar or a stapler. The researchers then used functional magnetic resonance imaging (磁共振成像) to observe the participants’ brain activity during tests carried out around 30 minutes later and 24 hours later. The tests asked whether they had seen two images paired up before. The participants also stated whether they recalled that two images went together, were unsure, or were guessing. (为了验证被遗忘的记忆是否能在人类大脑中被检测到，伯尔尼大学的Tom Willems及其研究团队招募了40名受试者，让他们快速浏览96对由人脸和物体（如吉他或订书机）组成的图像组合。研究人员随后使用磁共振成像，分别在30分钟后和24小时后进行的测试中观察受试者的脑部活动。测试内容主要是询问受试者是否记得之前见过的图像配对。受试者还需说明他们是明确记得两张图像的关联、不确定，还是纯粹在猜测)”可知，该段详细说明了从招募40人参与实验，使用磁共振成像观测，进行记忆测试，到收集被试反馈的研究方法和实验流程。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“The participants who were unsure guessed correctly 57 per cent of the time after 30 minutes and 54 per cent after 24 hours. These results were slightly higher than would be expected by chance, which suggests this group may actually have remembered. (那些表示“不确定”的参与者在30分钟后的测试中猜对率为57%，24小时后为54%。这一正确率略高于随机概率，表明该组受试者实际上可能保留了潜在记忆)”可知，研究者通过分析不确定组的反应模式，发现了隐性记忆存在的证据，因此他们研究这一组人群是为了验证猜测行为是否反映潜在记忆。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The work shows there can be a disconnection between the memory we consciously access and the related engram in the brain. As researcher Amy Milton explains, “Some memories don’t necessarily need to be consciously retrieved (提取) in order for those memories to influence behaviour.” (这项研究表明，我们有意识获取的记忆与大脑中相关的记忆痕迹之间可能存在脱节。正如研究人员艾米·米尔顿所解释的：“有些记忆不一定需要有意识地提取，就能对行为产生影响。”)”可知，该研究发现被遗忘的记忆会无意识地影响行为。故选A项。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·山东菏泽·期中）At a summer party, mosquitoes (蚊子) bite some guests while luckier guests remain bite-free. “It feels personal sometimes — like, why are they biting me?” says Lisa Baik, a sensory biologist. Knowing what causes mosquitoes to bite — or not — can help researchers create better ways to stop them. Baik’s team finds that mosquitoes also taste the surfaces on which they land. In fact, sweat may play a big role in whether they bite. Human sweat contains water, salt and amino acids (氨基酸). To see what mosquitoes prefer, the researchers placed salt and amino acids on separate surfaces. Mosquitoes ignored the salt. And they didn’t go for the amino acids, either. But when the team mixed both on the same surface, the mosquitoes bit. In another experiment, researchers coated one side of a surface with sweat samples from several volunteers. Mosquitoes bit sweat from two of those people much more than from the others. The researchers then looked at the activity of certain mosquito nerve cells (神经细胞) involved in taste. The more attractive sweat had a bigger effect on the activity of these nerves than the other sweat samples. “That suggests taste could be one of the factors as to why some of us get bitten a lot more than others,” Baik says. “This discovery was quite exciting.” Baik wanted to explore how taste might drive mosquitoes’ choice to bite or not. Tasting requires touch. We use our lips, mouth and tongue to taste. Mosquitoes do the same. They have a straw-like tube (吸管状的管子) with two small lips. These lips have tiny hairs that respond to touch. Scientists then tested how the hairs reacted to different flavors (味道). When sugars touched the hairs, they activated the nerve cells. Some bitter compounds, though, blocked the nerve cells’ response to sugar. This type of activity blocking, Baik notes, hasn’t been seen in other insects. Adding such bitter compounds to sugar reduced the nerve response to sweetness and made the mosquitoes less likely to feed. 1.Why were salt and amino acids tested both separately and in combination? A. To test if mosquitoes favor salt over amino acids. B. To compare the effects of salt and amino acids. C. To confirm mosquitoes’ taste preference. D. To check if both are in all types of sweat. 2.What did Baik find exciting? A. Increased nerve activity with attractive sweat. B. The role of amino acids in attracting mosquitoes. C. The discovery of mosquitoes’ attraction to salty sweat. D. Mosquitoes’ preference for sweat from young volunteers. 3.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Mosquitoes are highly responsive to most flavors. B. Compounds can activate mosquitoes’ nerve cells. C. Mosquitoes respond to sweat using the sense of smell. D. Bitter materials can be used to make anti-mosquito products. 4.Which can be the best title for the text? A. The Impact of Salt and Amino Acids on mosquito Behavior B. How mosquitoes Taste and Choose Their Targets C. The Role of Touch in mosquito Feeding Behavior D. How mosquitoes React to Different Flavors 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍感官生物学家Baik团队的研究，探索蚊子叮咬的原因，发现蚊子通过味觉判断是否叮咬，汗液成分、神经细胞反应及苦味化合物均有影响。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“To see what mosquitoes prefer, the researchers placed salt and amino acids on separate surfaces. Mosquitoes ignored the salt. And they didn’t go for the amino acids, either. But when the team mixed both on the same surface, the mosquitoes bit.(为了弄清蚊子的偏好，研究人员将盐和氨基酸分别放在不同的表面上。蚊子忽略了盐。它们也没有选择氨基酸。但当研究小组将两者混合在同一个表面上时，蚊子叮咬了。)”可知，分开和混合测试盐与氨基酸，是为了确认蚊子的味觉偏好。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The more attractive sweat had a bigger effect on the activity of these nerves than the other sweat samples. “That suggests taste could be one of the factors as to why some of us get bitten a lot more than others,” Baik says. “This discovery was quite exciting.”(更具吸引力的汗液对这些神经活动的影响比其他汗液样本更大。Baik说：“这表明味觉可能是我们中有些人被叮咬得多得多的原因之一。这个发现相当令人兴奋。”)”可知，Baik认为令人兴奋的是有吸引力的汗液能增强蚊子神经细胞的活动。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Some bitter compounds, though, blocked the nerve cells’ response to sugar. This type of activity blocking, Baik notes, hasn’t been seen in other insects. Adding such bitter compounds to sugar reduced the nerve response to sweetness and made the mosquitoes less likely to feed. (不过，某些苦味化合物会抑制神经细胞对糖分的反应。Baik指出，这种抑制反应的机制在其他昆虫身上从未被发现过。在糖中添加这类苦味化合物后，蚊子对甜味的神经反应会减弱，进而降低它们觅食的可能性。)”可知，苦味物质能减少蚊子叮咬的可能性，因此可推断其可用于制作驱蚊产品。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Knowing what causes mosquitoes to bite — or not — can help researchers create better ways to stop them.(了解蚊子叮咬或不叮咬的原因，有助于研究人员找到更好的阻止它们的方法。)”及后文围绕蚊子味觉展开的研究可知，文章核心是介绍蚊子如何通过味觉选择叮咬目标。因此B项“蚊子如何品尝和选择目标”适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高三上·山东济南第一中学·期中）My granddad often helped me make a tool to catch fish when I was young and we would spend hours along a river. It was lovely for both of us then. Many more of today’s grandparents have a growing sense of adventure. And a trend is catching on: skip-gen travel — grandparents taking fun-filled vacations with grand kids without their parents along. A survey found that 83% of grandparents put travel with their grand kids as the number one thing when they retire. Skip-gen travel gets popular for good reason. Kids have their lives enriched and learn outside classrooms. This is also a time of talking and sharing ideas. “How grandparents talk to children is different from how parents talk to them. Actually, I feel on a more equal footing with my grandchildren than I do with my own children,” Annie Collins, a travel architect and also part of the trend, says. “Kids away from their parents are more open to ideas and willing to express themselves. It’s not just kids gaining from traveling. Who gets the most out of this? You might think it’s them but it’s us.” According to a study by the Cleveland Clinic, grandparents who help watch and spend time with grand kids may actually live longer than their peers（同龄人）. It’s also important to recognize that grandparents often have more time to travel. Unlike their children, who may still be in the pursuit of a personal career that offers limited time off, grandparents are often retired and likely have a different viewpoint on life, prioritizing experiences and family. So knowing the kids are in great hands, moms and dads will have a bit of time to themselves — some much-needed leisure time alone to rest and recharge their batteries. However, skip-gen travel is not for every grandparent. After all, grandparents are worn out with years and not so energetic. They surely treasure the chance to form close ties with their grandchildren, but it’s wiser to say no when only the youth could enjoy themselves, for the travel should be a win for everyone involved. 1.Why does the author mention fishing experiences with his granddad? A. To lead in the trend of skip-gen travel. B. To share the pleasure in going fishing. C. To stress the importance of family ties. D. To show the growing interest in adventure. 2.Which of the following may Annie Collins agree? A. Many parents are too strict with children. B. Grandparents benefit more from skip-gen travel. C. Spending time with grandparents is better for kids. D. Children become mature when away from parents. 3.What do we know about the parents whose kids are on skip-gen travel? A. They enjoy the moment to relax. B. They feel less anxious and stressed. C. They miss their kids very much. D. They look forward to their own trip. 4.What does the author suggest grandparents do? A. Get kids involved in travel planning. B. Strengthen the bond with grandchildren. C. Reduce skip-gen travel appropriately. D. Make decisions in both sides’ interests. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。随着越来越多祖父母冒险意识的增强，跨代旅游开始流行起来。研究发现，跨代旅游对祖父母、父母以及孩子均大有裨益。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段的“My granddad often helped me make a tool to catch fish when I was young and we would spend hours along a river. It was lovely for both of us then. Many more of today's grandparents have a growing sense of adventure. And a trend is catching on: skip-gen travel（我小的时候，爷爷经常帮我做一个捕鱼的工具，我们会在河边呆上几个小时。那时候对我们俩来说都很美好。如今，越来越多的祖父母有了一种越来越强烈的冒险意识。一种趋势正在兴起：跨代旅行）”可知，作者提到自己小时候与爷爷一起抓鱼的经历是为了引出如今祖父母辈与孙辈之间新的相处模式，即跨代旅游。故选A。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段的“Actually, I feel on a more equal footing with my grandchildren than I do with my own children（事实上，我觉得我和我的孙辈比我和我自己的孩子更平等）”以及“It’s not just kids gaining from traveling.Who gets the most out of this? You might think it's them but it's us（这不仅仅是孩子们从旅行中获得的。谁能从中获益最多？你可能认为是他们，但其实是我们）”可以推断出，身为祖母和跨代旅游的实践者，Annie Collins认为祖父母辈从跨代旅游中受益更多。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段的“So knowing the kids are in great hands, moms and dads will have a bit of time to themselves- some much-needed leisure time alone to rest and recharge their batteries（所以知道孩子们被照顾得很好，父母们就会有一些属于他们自己的时间——一些他们急需的闲暇时间来休息和充电）”可知，当孩子与祖父母外出旅游时，父母也能拥有自己的休闲时间，用来放松和休整。故选A。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“They surely treasure the chance to form close ties with their grandchildren, but it's wiser to say no when only the youth could enjoy themselves, for the travel should be a win for everyone involved（他们肯定会珍惜这个与孙辈建立亲密关系的机会，但当只有年轻人可以享受时，明智的做法是说不，因为这趟旅行对参与其中的每个人都应该是一个胜利）”可知，作者认为跨代旅游应该是一件双赢的事，只有对祖父母和孩子都有利时才应进行，由此可知，作者建议祖父母做有利于双方利益的决定。故选D。 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高三上·山东实验中学·期中）What if your friends are going through life-or-death situations in the family? Social exchange theory would suggest that you’d better drop them because they’re not providing as many benefits to you as they could. Different from the exchange-based relationship, real-life experiences with these situations might be the opposite: These are the times when many people are most likely to support their friends. A recent research backs this up. “When surveyed about what they want in a friend, people didn’t place a high value on paying back any debts — something highly valued from a social exchange perspective”. “Instead, they considered other traits — such as loyalty, reliability and being there in times of need — to be much more important”, Charlie Kirk, leader of the investigation added. The essence of friendship may be what is called risk-pooling where our ancient ancestors support each other to survive life challenges. According to the survey by The Human Generosity Project, a cross-disciplinary research collaboration, this kind of friendship can still be found across societies, from “kere kere” in Fiji to “tomor marang” among the Ik in Uganda. Similarly, the Maasai, a native group in Kenya and Tanzania who rely on cattle herds to make their living, cultivate friends who help them when they are in need, with no expectation about paying each other back. Just like the “neighboring” network rooted in southern Arizona and New Mexico, farmers help their neighbors with unpredictable challenges such as an accident, injury or illness. “What all these findings suggest is that friendship is less about the exchange of favors and more about being there for each other when unforeseeable disaster strikes. Friendship seems more like an insurance plan designed to kick in when you need it most rather than a system of balanced exchange”, says Charlie. In a world of growing uncertainty, cultivating risk-pooling friendships and striving to be a good partner yourself may help you build resilience. Our ancestors survived with the help of this kind of relationship; our future may depend on them too. 1.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By defining a concept. B. By making a comparison. C. By analyzing reasons. D. By giving examples. 2.Which may be valued according to social exchange theory? A. A good grasp of maths. B. A timely period of company. C. Balanced cost and benefit. D. Distinguished survival skills. 3.What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. The cases of risk-pooling friendship. B. The reasons for risk-pooling friendship. C. The mechanism of exchange-based friendship. D. The possible logic of exchange-based relationship. 4.What is the author’s attitude toward Charlie Kirk’s research findings? A. Dismissive. B. Approving. C. Neutral. D. Doubtful. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章指出社会交换理论与现实友谊相悖，研究表明友谊核心是风险共担而非利益交换，且这种友谊普遍存在，对当下和未来都很重要。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“What if your friends are going through life-or-death situations in the family? Social exchange theory would suggest that you’d better drop them because they’re not providing as many benefits to you as they could. Different from the exchange-based relationship, real-life experiences with these situations might be the opposite: These are the times when many people are most likely to support their friends.(倘若你的朋友正身处家庭中的生死攸关的困境之中，那么社会交换理论会指出，你最好放弃与他们保持联系，因为他们给你的益处远远没有达到应有的水平。与基于交换的关系不同，与这类情况的实际接触可能会呈现出相反的情况：在这些关键时刻，许多人最有可能支持自己的朋友)”可知，作者在第一段通过比较提出这个问题。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“What if your friends are going through life-or-death situations in the family? Social exchange theory would suggest that you’d better drop them because they’re not providing as many benefits to you as they could.(如果你的朋友正遭遇家庭中的生死危机，社会交换理论会建议你疏远他们，因为他们无法再为你提供以往那样多的益处)”可知，根据社会交换理论，成本与收益的平衡可以被评估。故选C。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“According to the survey by The Human Generosity Project, a cross-disciplinary research collaboration, this kind of friendship can still be found across societies, from “kere kere” in Fiji to “tomor marang” among the Ik in Uganda. Similarly, the Maasai, a native group in Kenya and Tanzania who rely on cattle herds to make their living, cultivate friends who help them when they are in need, with no expectation about paying each other back. Just like the “neighboring” network rooted in southern Arizona and New Mexico, farmers help their neighbors with unpredictable challenges such as an accident, injury or illness.(根据“人类慷慨度项目”（一项跨学科研究合作项目）的调查，这种友谊在不同社会中依然存在，从斐济的“克雷克雷”到乌干达伊克人的“托莫尔马朗”都属于此类。同样，肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚的马赛族人依靠牛群为生，他们也会结交能在自己需要时提供帮助的朋友，而且彼此之间并不期望回报。就像扎根于亚利桑那州南部和新墨西哥州的“邻里”网络一样，农民们会在面对诸如意外、受伤或疾病等不可预测的挑战时帮助他们的邻居)”可知，第三段主要讲了风险共担型友谊案例。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“In a world of growing uncertainty, cultivating risk-pooling friendships and striving to be a good partner yourself may help you build resilience. Our ancestors survived with the help of this kind of relationship; our future may depend on them too.(在这样一个充满不确定性的世界里，培养能够共担风险的友谊，并努力成为一位优秀的伴侣，或许能帮助你增强适应能力。我们的先辈正是依靠这种关系才得以生存下来；而我们的未来或许也取决于这种关系)”可知，作者对查理·柯克的研究成果持赞成态度。故选B。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高三上·山东实验中学·期中）Artificial intelligence can take down more than routine emails. It has now written tiny working genomes (基因组). Researchers report in a paper posted to bioRxiv.org., two AI models designed the blueprints for 16 viruses capable of attacking Escherichia coli (大肠杆菌) in lab dishes. Given that AI models have already been used to design individual genes and proteins, Brian Hie, a computational biologist at Stanford University and the Arc Institute in Palo Alto, Calif. turned to their own AI models, called Evo 1 and Evo 2, to see if they could create genomes for bacteria-killing viruses. The models were trained on billions of pairs of the genetic alphabet’s basic units, A, C, G and T’s, from phage genomes the way ChatGPT was trained on novels and Internet posts. The team used a phage (噬菌体) called ΦX174—which in 1977 became the first DNA-based genome ever sequenced—as a guide to help the AI design a similar genome. Evo 1 and Evo 2 generated roughly 300 potential phage genomes. Of those, 16 produced viable viruses. Some of the phages even killed E. coli more quickly than ΦX174 did. And although ΦX174 couldn’t kill phage-resistant E. coli on its own, mixture of AI-generated phages rapidly evolved to overcome the bacteria’s resistance to infection. The findings suggest that AI could help researchers develop viruses to use in phage therapy, a potential option to treat microbial (微生物的) infections. Scientists are still debating whether viruses are alive or not. “While there’s a lot of work to go, using AI to design living organisms is a step forward”, says Kimberly Davis, a microbiologist at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health who wasn’t involved in the work. “It is very likely to be used in the microbial manufacturing processes such as cultivating microbes that degrade plastic.” 1.What can be inferred about Evo 1 and Evo 2 in paragraph 2? A. They designed desirable genomes. B. They created DNA-based genomes. C. They guided ΦX174 to design phage genomes. D. They shared the same training method as ChatGPT. 2.What does the underlined word “viable” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Workable. B. Infectious. C. Deadly D. inferior. 3.What does Kimberly Davis’s words suggest? A. Potential application of the findings. B. Need to involve more researches. C. Methods of designing organisms. D. Possible direction for further study. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Escherichia coli: phage-resistant bacteria. B. AI-generated genome: a tiny bacteria killer. C. AI-designed phages: a DNA-based genome. D. Evo 1 and Evo 2: phage genome generators. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了研究人员利用名为Evo 1和Evo 2的人工智能模型设计出了能够攻击大肠杆菌的噬菌体基因组，这些基因组产生的病毒有的甚至比已知的噬菌体更有效，文章还探讨了这一发现的应用潜力。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The models were trained on billions of pairs of the genetic alphabet’s basic units, A, C, G and T’s, from phage genomes the way ChatGPT was trained on novels and Internet posts.(这些模型接受了来自噬菌体基因组的数十亿对遗传字母基本单位A、C、G和T的训练，就像ChatGPT接受小说和互联网帖子训练一样。)”可知，Evo 1和Evo 2与ChatGPT的训练方法相同，都是通过分析大量的数据来进行训练的。故选D。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“Of those, 16 produced viable viruses. Some of the phages even killed E. coli more quickly than ΦX174 did.(其中，16个产生了viable病毒。其中一些噬菌体甚至比ΦX174更快地杀死大肠杆菌。)”可知，这些由人工智能生成的噬菌体基因组产生了能够实际起作用、能够杀死大肠杆菌的病毒，由此可推测出viable意为“可行的，起作用的”，与Workable意思相近。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While there’s a lot of work to go, using AI to design living organisms is a step forward.(虽然还有很多工作要做，但使用人工智能来设计生物体是向前迈出的一步。)”和“It is very likely to be used in the microbial manufacturing processes such as cultivating microbes that degrade plastic.(它很可能被用于微生物制造过程，例如培养降解塑料的微生物。)”可知，Kimberly Davis认为虽然还有很多工作要做，但使用人工智能设计生物体是向前迈出的一步，这一发现很可能会被用于微生物制造过程，比如培养降解塑料的微生物，由此可推测出Kimberly Davis的话暗示了这一发现的潜在应用。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Artificial intelligence can take down more than routine emails. It has now written tiny working genomes (基因组). Researchers report in a paper posted to bioRxiv.org., two AI models designed the blueprints for 16 viruses capable of attacking Escherichia coli (大肠杆菌) in lab dishes.(人工智能能处理的不仅仅是日常电子邮件。它现在已经编写出了微小的工作基因组。研究人员在bioRxiv.org上发布的一篇论文中报告称，两个人工智能模型设计了16种能够在实验室培养皿中攻击大肠杆菌的病毒蓝图。)”可知，本文主要介绍了研究人员利用名为Evo 1和Evo 2的人工智能模型设计出了能够攻击大肠杆菌的噬菌体基因组，这些基因组产生的病毒有的甚至比已知的噬菌体更有效，B项（人工智能生成的基因组：一种微小的细菌杀手。）概括了文章的主要内容，适合作为文章标题。故选B。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高三上·山东德州·期中）Candles on a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clock inside our bodies. Harvard Medical School now reports that each of us also has a “biological age” for every major organ, and these ages vary sharply even among people born in the same year. Using blood samples from 44,498 UK Biobank volunteers aged 40-70, the team measured nearly 3,000 proteins. About fifteen percent of those proteins originate in a single organ, allowing an algorithm (算法) to assign an “organ age” to the brain, heart, kidneys and eight other systems. Participants were then followed for up to seventeen years. The results translate numbers into risks. One-third of the volunteers had at least one organ whose protein signature lay more than 1.5 standard deviations (标准差) from the age-adjusted average, a gap linked to sharply higher disease risks. Most striking was the brain. “The brain is the gatekeeper of longevity,” said senior author Tony Wyss-Coray, “If you’ve got an old brain, you have an increased likelihood of death.” An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain. Because organ age is readable years before symptoms appear, the same blood test could guide prevention. Wyss-Coray envisions pairing the test with detailed lifestyle and medication records to see whether already-approved drugs can rewind the biological clock of a high-risk organ. “Today you go to the doctor because something aches,” he noted, “We’re trying to shift from sick care to health care.” Unfortunately, the technology is currently available only for research, but WyssCoray has started two companies, Teal Omics and Vero Bioscience, approved by Harvard to turn the findings into commercial drug searches and a consumer test. “A streamlined panel focusing on the brain, heart and immune system could reach clinics within two to three years,” he predicts, “and the cost will come down as we focus on fewer key organs.” 1.Why are birthday cake candles mentioned in paragraph 1? A. To issue a warning. B. To draw a contrast. C. To highlight a custom. D. To make a prediction. 2.What can we learn from the research? A. Severe brain aging increases death risk. B. Organs age at the same rate individually. C. Volunteers’ diets affect protein signatures. D. Young brains ensure Alzheimer’s prevention. 3.Which practice matches the study in paragraph 3? A. Treating a heart attack when it happens. B. Repairing functions of organs at high risk. C. Tracking daily exercise before health checks. D. Using brain age tests to prevent early diseases. 4.What is Wyss-Coray’s prediction mainly about? A. Potential clinical application. B. Consumers’ possible reaction. C. More researchers’ engagement. D. Research technology innovation. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了哈佛医学院研究发现人体器官有“生物年龄”，且与疾病风险相关，未来或可应用于临床预防。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Candles on a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clock inside our bodies. Harvard Medical School now reports that each of us also has a “biological age” for every major organ, and these ages vary sharply even among people born in the same year.(生日蛋糕上的蜡烛标志着日历年龄，但它们却无法体现我们体内隐藏的“时钟”。哈佛医学院如今报告称，我们每个人的每个主要器官也都有一个“生物年龄”，即便同年出生的人，这些年龄也存在显著差异)”可知，生日蛋糕上的蜡烛代表日历年龄，而人体内部还有隐藏的生物年龄，两者形成对比。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.(与“极其年轻”的大脑相比，“极其衰老”的大脑会使15年内的死亡风险增加182%，并使阿尔茨海默病的诊断几率成倍增加)”可知，严重的脑部衰老会增加死亡风险。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Because organ age is readable years before symptoms appear, the same blood test could guide prevention.(由于器官年龄在症状出现前几年就可以被检测出来，同样的血液检测可以指导预防)”以及第二段中“An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain.(与“极其年轻”的大脑相比，“极其衰老”的大脑会使15年内的死亡风险增加182%，并使阿尔茨海默病的诊断几率成倍增加)”可知，使用大脑年龄测试来预防早期疾病与第三段中的研究相匹配。故选D。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中““A streamlined panel focusing on the brain, heart and immune system could reach clinics within two to three years,” he predicts, “and the cost will come down as we focus on fewer key organs.”(“一个专注于大脑、心脏和免疫系统的流线型面板可以在两到三年内到达诊所，”他预测，“随着我们专注于更少的关键器官，成本将会下降。”)”可知，Wyss-Coray的预测主要是关于潜在的临床应用。故选A。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·山东师范大学附属中学·期中）The Growth of Sustainable Agriculture Feeding the world’s population places significant pressure on our natural resources. In response, sustainable agriculture — a farming approach that meets current food and fiber needs while protecting the environment and supporting farmers’ livelihoods — is gaining crucial edge. The sustainable agriculture market is experiencing rapid expansion. Its value has grown from 16.75 billion in 2025. This strong growth is expected to continue, with the market expected to reach $23.97 billion by 2029, advancing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.4%. This growth is essentially driven by soaring consumer demand for organic products. Furthermore, innovations such as sustainable biostimulants (生物刺激素) are advancing farming practices. The market covers various products, including improved seeds, and biopesticides, which are used in farming systems like organic farming and precision agriculture. Geographically, North America was the largest market in 2024, while the Asia-Pacific region is forecast to be the fastest-growing. However, the growth forecast has been slightly adjusted. “The forecast of 9.4% growth over the next five years indicates a slight reduction,” the report notes, attaching this mainly to international trade tensions and customs duties, which could disturb the supply of key technologies. Despite these challenges, the overall trend is positive, signaling a steady global shift towards more resilient (有韧性的) and environmentally friendly food production systems. 1.What is the main purpose of the first paragraph? A. To present specific market information. B. To compare different farming methods. C. To define a concept and introduce the topic. D. To stress the challenges of population growth. 2.Which is the probable market size in 2027? A. 15.07 billion. B. 16.75 billion. C. 20.05 billion. D. 21.93 billion. 3.What is the main reason for the rising sustainable agriculture market? A. Growing variety of market products. B. Sufficient supply of key technologies. C. Constant international trade tensions. D. Increasing demand for organic products. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·山东青岛·期中）The youngest members of society — children and teenagers — are growing up in a digitalized world, where they are increasingly dependent on electronic devices. Many children engage with screens as early as babyhood and early childhood. Instead of interacting with playmates, children often find themselves buried in single-player gaming. Even family dinners are now frequently dominated by screens rather than meaningful interactions. Developmental psychologists warn that this phenomenon could have long-term effects. “Children need in-person interactions to build empathy (共情) and emotional regulation,” said Dr. Daniel, a clinical psychiatrist. “Without those formative experiences, they’re at risk of becoming adults who struggle to deal with relationships that involve complex social interactions and emotions.” He described in his article America’s Loneliness Epidemic: What Is to Be Done? Studies indicate that prolonged contact with digital devices during critical developmental years can influence the growth of the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质), the part of the brain responsible for decision-making and empathy. These changes may leave children ill-equipped to navigate the complexities of adult relationships, creating a cycle of isolation. Teenagers are perhaps the most at-risk groups in the loneliness crisis. In the period of two decades, in-person social interaction among teens has dropped by 70%, replaced largely by digital communication. Social media platforms make it seem like people are connected, but they often make people feel worse about themselves and left out. The damage to people’s minds is really bad. Depression and anxiety rates among teenagers have increased, and studies by Dr. Vivek, link social media use to loneliness and confirm it. For teens, loneliness is not just an emotional state but a sign to life-threatening mental health crises. So it is essential to solve the problem of children’s dependence on digital devices through various approaches. This includes establishing clear guidelines for screen time, encouraging activities that promote social development, and educating children about the importance of a balanced lifestyle. By doing so, we can create an environment that supports the overall well-being of children. 1.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A. The over-reliance on digital device. B. The lack of habitual self-discipline. C. The improvement of family bonding. D. The rapid development of technology. 2.What potential harm does this phenomenon do to teenagers according to Dr. Daniel? A. Weakening their problem-solving skills. B. Increasing their struggle for self-independence. C. Impacting the development of their social responsibility. D. Reducing their ability to handle complicated relationships. 3.What’s the trap of social media according to the passage? A. It feeds constant self-doubt. B. It sets off comparison anxiety. C. It creates an image of belonging. D. It forces people to share private data. 4.What can be done to solve the mental health crises? A. Support digital exploration. B. Have real-life interaction. C. Encourage tech engagement. D. Receive specific training. 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高三上·山东山东省青岛第五十八中学·期中）GoRice aims to empower and engage young people to learn more about issues such as hunger, sustainability and gender equality. After more than 10 years, GoRice is growing up. A Game with a Cause GoRice is a quiz game that raises rice grains for each correct answer. In GoRice, players have to earn rice grains to fill a virtual bowl. This “unlocks” the donations of the private sponsors who fund the program — raise rice and you raise money. The funds then go to support The World Food Programme (WFP)’s work in emergencies — in countries impacted by conflict, climate disasters and rising prices. Categories for All Ages and Interests GoRice has more than 60 categories covering academic subjects, general knowledge, the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and more. The most popular categories are English Vocabulary and the Multiplication Table. New content areas cover Women Leaders, Foods of the World and Pop Culture. These are the contributions of volunteers who include educational influencers, academics and GoRice fans. Now there are even more ways to learn and give back. The new GoRice aims to provide young people with resources and ideas on how to become advocates in their communities. Visitors can read stories on the Blog and submit their own stories to be featured on the program. Some of the latest stories you’ll find on GoRice include: • How climate change is affecting our food systems • 5 tips on how to live a more sustainable life • How to incorporate more pulses into your diet • The power of corn Schools are one of GoRice’s biggest audiences, so the new program also offers printable materials for the classroom, including an A-Z ebook that introduces WFP’s work, a toolkit for using the game and certificates of participation to reward players for raising rice grains. 1.How does GoRice help support WFP? A. By improving upon rice farming. B. By unlocking sponsors’ donations. C. By asking players to donate money. D. By providing material aid in emergencies. 2.What can we know about GoRice’s categories? A. There are over 60 categories targeting teenagers. B. The new content includes English Vocabulary. C. Most popular categories are from academics. D. Volunteers can contribute new content areas. 3.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To introduce a non-profit program. B. To attract people to submit stories. C. To persuade people to play games. D. To inform people of WFP’s work. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·山东山东省青岛第五十八中学·期中）While it may sound like something that has crawled out of your nightmares, cyborg cockroaches (蟑螂) have arrived as friends rather than foes. Scientists have designed a new remote controlled insect, equipped with a battery “backpack” that is powered by solar panels. The cockroach, which is part insect and part machine, is intended to enter dangerous areas, monitor the environment or undertake search and rescue missions without being recharged. The researchers had to install some components into a tiny pack to allow for the cockroach’s natural movements. The cockroaches are still alive, but sensory organs attached to the end of their bodies send electrical impulses that cause the insect to move right or left. A battery is necessary for the sending and receiving of these electrical signals, which needs to be charged up. While it’s possible to build docking stations for recharging the battery, they need to return and it could disrupt time-sensitive missions. To solve the tough problem, the team wanted to create a more practical version that does not need to return to a docking station when it runs out of power. Therefore, they designed an on-board solar cell that could continuously ensure that the cockroach stays charged while it works. However, cockroaches have a limited surface area available for all the components necessary to move its legs and keep it powered. The solution was to design a special “backpack” that could neatly carry both the wireless leg-control module and rechargeable battery. This was attached to the top of the insect on its front, and was 3D printed to fit perfectly to the curved surface of cockroach. It allowed for this electronic device to be stably fixed on the insect for over a month, while leaving enough space to implant the solar panel. Famously able to survive a nuclear war, cockroaches have been the inspiration for a number of technologies in recent years. Different teams of scientists have designed remote-controlled robo-bugs that can climb walls, carry objects and find humans during search-and-rescue missions. 1.What is a cyborg cockroach? A. A tiny backpack with a solar panel. B. A robot working as a power station. C. A kind of bug discovered by scientists. D. An insect remote-controlled by humans. 2.What is a big challenge to create cyborg cockroaches? A. The components are too small. B. Recharging can delay urgent tasks. C. Sending electrical impulses is dangerous. D. Their organs can’t receive signals timely. 3.What do we know about the cyborg cockroaches in paragraph 4? A. The special backpack is fixed on their legs. B. 3D printing solves all problems perfectly. C. They have a limited surface to store power. D. They can still get charged while working. 4.What is the best title of the passage? A. A Solar Powered Cockroach B. The Future of Rescue Mission C. New Recharged Solar Panels D. Cockroaches’ Special Backpack Passage 2 （25-26高三上·山东师范大学附属中学·期中）Insects, with their tiny brains, exhibit remarkable navigation abilities. They can find their way through complex environments and even detect small openings to pass through. This phenomenon has sparked the interest of researchers, particularly in the field of computing, where efficiency is a priority. A team led by biologist Dr. Maria Fernández at the University of Cambridge has recently made significant advances in understanding how insects achieve this, and they have applied their findings to develop a bio-inspired navigation system for robots. One of the key factors in insect navigation is the way they process visual information. “When you’re driving, the objects closer to you seem to move faster than those farther away,” explains Dr. Fernández. Insects use this principle to measure distances and navigate effectively. However, the real world is not a straight line, and insects often need to make rapid adjustments to their paths to avoid obstacles or find food. To handle this complexity, they employ a series of simple, yet effective, strategies. Dr. Fernández’s team, including PhD student Alex Johnson, developed a neural model that mimics (模仿) the insect brain’s activity. The model is based on the principle of minimizing the apparent motion of the environment. “We programmed the robot to always move towards the area where the visual motion is least,” says Johnson. “This simple rule allows the robot to center itself in narrow passages and navigate through them with minimal computational effort.” In various virtual environments, the robot demonstrated behavior similar to that of insects, successfully finding and passing through small openings. The researchers believe that this finding could have significant implications for the development of energy-efficient computing. “By designing specific hardware that replicates these simple neural mechanisms,” Dr. Fernández explains, “we can create more efficient and compact computing systems. This approach could lead to significant advancements in robotics, sensor technology, and even mobile devices.” In the future, Dr. Fernández aims to apply these insect navigation principles to the design of specialized chips. “These chips would be much smaller and consume less power than current general-purpose processors. This could revolutionize how we build and use computing devices in a wide range of applications,” she comments. 1.How does insect navigation research drive technological innovation? A. By developing new types of robots. B. By understanding insects’ navigation ability. C. By improving general-purpose processors. D. By creating virtual environments for testing. 2.Why is “a car” mentioned in Paragraph 2? A. To demonstrate the principle of car motion. B. To emphasize the limitations of human vision. C. To interpret how insects perceive distances. D. To compare the movement of different objects. 3.How do insects use visual information to navigate? A. By detecting the fastest-moving objects. B. By judging the smallest relative motion. C. By following a straight path at all times. D. By memorizing the locations of obstacles. 4.What is the future goal of the research? A. Designing insect-inspired smart chips. B. Rescarching general-purpose robots. C. Developing sensors that save energy. D. Building computers inspired by insects. 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高三上·山东菏泽·期中）Facial expressions aren’t the only way we express our emotions — body language also plays a crucial role. The way our body moves when laughing at a show is different from how we move when staying together with an old friend. Although both are expressions of happiness, finding common patterns across different situations is difficult. These patterns become particularly challenging to define when we consider cross-cultural differences as well. Researchers from the Research Institute of Electrical Communication at Tohoku University (Japan) dealt with these challenges by collecting body movements from different situations, emotions and personal styles in a motion capture (动作捕捉) lab. Unlike previous databases that focused on simple and repetitive actions (e. g. walking sadly, walking happily, walking angrily), and were primarily based on Western populations, this new database aims to capture a wide range of emotional bodily expressions across various situations, with a focus on Japanese people born and raised in Japan. To build this database, six professional performers were asked to think back to situations that made them happy, angry, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted (厌恶的) or contemptuous (轻蔑的) and act them out using full-body movement. Their performances were recorded using high-speed motion capture technology, in which the 3-D information of movements was captured as a video. The recordings were later processed into simple stick figure-like animations (简笔画式动画). Study members watched these animations and discerned the expressed emotions. The results showed that they could recognize the emotions only from body movements, and the accuracy was as good as past simple action databases. Among the emotions studied, anger and fear were the easiest to recognize, while contempt and disgust were the hardest. Future research can use this database to improve understanding of cultural differences in nonverbal communication. This will be helpful in developing technology communication tools to promote cross-cultural communication and understanding. This resource is expected to benefit researchers and industries using motion capture techniques such as gaming, film, animation and virtual reality. 1.What is the uniqueness of the new study? A. Its focus on simple and repetitive actions. B. Its analysis of Western and Japanese populations. C. Its exploration of cultural differences in body language. D. Its transition from facial expressions to body movements. 2.What were the six performers asked to do? A. Change the recordings into animations. B. Move their bodies accurately as ordered. C. Express their emotions as clearly as possible. D. Remember and act out personal emotional experiences. 3.What does the underlined word “discerned” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Hid. B. Drew. C. Understood. D. Controlled. 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. The future direction of the study. B. The significance of the new database. C. The impact of cross-cultural communication. D. The advantages of nonverbal communication. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·山东日照·期中）People say honesty is the best policy, but we all sometimes bend the truth. The average person lies twice in the first ten minutes of meeting someone new and up to 50 percent of the time when speaking to their mother. A study showed that 99 percent of people lie, and even the few who claimed not to are probably also lying. What if, just for a day, you were incapable of telling a lie, no matter how small? According to anthropologists, there is a tribe that lives in the mountains of Central America who are unable to lie ever. The Tarahumara people, famed for their long-distance running, avoided the influence of outsiders for thousands of years. In doing so, they also maintained a strict moral principle based on utmost honesty. The Tarahumara still place this value system above all else. Some psychologists believe that over time, their emphasis on truth-telling caused changes in brains’ chemical makeup. They may have less gray matter in the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for creating lies. What started as a moral duty to tell the truth may have become a physiological feature of the members of this unique tribe. So does this mean that it’s possible for all humans to evolve out of lying? Well, maybe, but it doesn’t sound very likely, does it? According to some sources, lying was first used by humans to promote cooperation and to create bonds between individuals. That’s why one of the most common types of lies is a white lie. Often white lies are told to protect someone from hearing something that will hurt their feelings. When language developed, lying quickly became easier and more common. Can you imagine how difficult it would be to lie without using any words? Language makes it possible for humans as young as two to lie. Instead of evolving out of lying, exactly the opposite is happening. As we evolve, we lie more. But there’s good news! Individually, we tell fewer lies as we age. We may not evolve out of lying as a species, but as individuals over the course of a single lifetime, there is still hope. 1.What does the first paragraph convey? A. Lying is common. B. Humans are born liars. C. Honesty is valuable. D. Lying is culture-based. 2.How has the Tarahumara’s value system influenced them according to psychologists? A. It has increased their confidence. B. It has strengthened their memory. C. It has improved their language skills. D. It has changed their brain chemistry. 3.Why did humans tell lies originally? A. For self-protection. B. For avoiding hurting others. C. For social connection. D. For taking advantage of others. 4.Which of the following may the author agree with? A. People tend to be more honest as they grow old. B. Honesty should be placed above everything else. C. Biological evolution will stop people from telling lies. D. Technological progress will make lying more difficult. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·山东临沂·期中）Walk around most large metropolitan cities and you’d be forgiven for thinking that we’re living in a brave new world of affordable and effortless mobility for all, with the smartphone in your pocket giving access to shared mobility services. But it seems more difficult for the disabled or elderly, and those living in a low-income area or those without a smartphone or credit card. A 2023 U.S. study showed that white Americans have access to almost three times as many carshare locations and two times as many bikeshare locations within a half-mile area as African Americans. When getting rides from their home, African Americans also wait up to 22 percent longer for the ride to arrive. But even when efforts are made to expand services to underserved areas of a city, other hurdles persist. A fifth of low-income Americans still don’t have a smartphone and almost a quarter don’t have a bank account. A 2022 survey in Philadelphia, Chicago and Brooklyn showed that low-income people of color are just as interested in bikesharing as other groups, but less likely to use such a system. Thankfully, to tackle these ongoing issues, various initiatives and projects are finding creative solutions to reach underserved communities. Here are some examples. ·U.S. Low-Income Subsidy Programs: Launched by a handful of U.S. cities to boost shared mobility use and cut personal vehicle reliance among low-income groups. ·U.S. Bike & E-Scooter Share Adjustments: 70% of nearly 250 programs (2024 survey) adopted measures for underserved groups, including cash payment and non-smartphone options. ·Austria’s Graz Tim Carsharing: City-run service with app, email, and phone booking; added wheelchair-friendly vehicles and free on request child seats for women and families. ·Women-Centric Tweaks: Proposed by Mosshammer, including e-scooter handle designs for smaller hands, family accounts, cheaper fares for travel breaks, free helmets, and SOS buttons on bikes or e-scooters to address safety concerns. 1.What does the 2023 U.S. study indicate? A. Low-income areas possess more carshare locations. B. Inequalities exist in accessing shared mobility services. C. White American riders experience longer waiting times. D. Shared mobility services are now equal for all Americans. 2.What can we know about low-income Americans in the passage? A. They show no interest in bikesharing. B. They all use cash for shared services. C. They face barriers in using shared mobility. D. They mostly lack smartphones and bank accounts. 3.Which program is beneficial for people with children? A. Austria’s Graz Tim Carsharing. B. U.S. Low-Income Subsidy Programs. C. Mosshammer’s Women-Centric Tweaks. D. U. S. Bike & E-Scooter Share Adjustments. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·山东师范大学附属中学·期中）Everyone relies on bias — otherwise known as cognitive (认知的) shortcuts — in their daily lives. For example, imagine you’re scrolling through your social media feed and immediately dismiss a news article because it comes from a source you don’t typically trust. This scenario highlights how automatic and unconscious the mental process can be. These biases aren’t character flaws. Thousands of years ago, this type of quick decision-making ensured the safety of ancient humans. Although these mental shortcuts served us well long ago, they don’t always translate well to our complex modern world. For several decades, psychology researchers have been testing interventions to help people become aware of and minimize their biases. A new systematic review published in Nature Human Behaviour offers the most comprehensive analysis of bias training to date. Researchers combined results from 54 randomized controlled trials involving nearly 11,000 students to determine whether educational interventions can reduce cognitive biases. The studies used a wide range of approaches, including games, online simulations, classroom instruction, video-based training, and group discussions. The analysis found that these interventions led to a small but significant reduction in biased thinking. The most successful interventions from the studies focused on teaching specific cognitive strategies to neutralize (中立化) particular biases. These strategies include actively seeking out contradictory evidence when evaluating a claim and using structured checklists to avoid jumping to conclusions. Interestingly, the research revealed that some biases are harder to avoid than others. For example, people are more likely to cling to stereotypes (成见), such as assuming that someone who wears glasses and reads a lot is a librarian. It remains unclear whether these lessons transfer beyond the classroom; just because someone can avoid confirmation bias in an online test doesn’t mean they will use those skills in the real world. Researchers said this gap between laboratory performance and real-world application represents the next frontier in bias research. This field is important because cognitive biases can have far-reaching consequences in modern society, influencing medical diagnoses, public policy decisions, elections, and more. The take-home message: This review provides solid evidence that bias reduction is possible. 1.How did bias help ancient humans? A. Strengthen mental process. B. Make quick and safe decisions. C. Improve unconscious learning. D. Enhance social communication. 2.Which method is most effective for lessening specific biases? A. Having group discussions. B. Watching an instructional video. C. Thinking critically about an event. D. Conducting video-based experiments. 3.What remains a major challenge in bias research according to the text? A. The lack of research funding. B. The absence of effective tools. C. The gap between lab and reality. D. The unwillingness of participants. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Scientists Find New Ways to Train Our Brains B. Bias Training Proves Ineffective in New Study C. Stereotypes Remain the Biggest Challenge for Society D. Evidence Grows That Cognitive Bias Can Be Reduced Passage 2 （25-26高三上·山东潍坊·期中）Tell me about what you had for dinner last night. You could give perceptual (感知的) descriptions of how your food looked and tasted. Or you could focus more on conceptual experiences, such as what that food made you think and feel. A new brain study found that telling the same story different ways activates different memory mechanisms in the listener’s brain. Signy Sheldon, a psychologist studying memory at McGill University, and her colleagues asked 35 participants to listen to two versions of the same restaurant story. In the first version, the narrator says, “Food was finally served. I remember the two-foot-long pepper mill (研磨器) the waiter used to season our dishes. My spaghetti noodles were circled around three meatballs on my plate. It looked really good.” In the second, he said, “I remember thinking to myself how delicious the spaghetti was. Looking back, I’m not sure if it was because I was starving.” When participants recalled the story that they heard with conceptual details in the scanner, their brain hippocampi (海马区) activated along with parts of a brain network called the default mode network, or DMN, that is active when processing information about oneself, one’s emotions, and more. In contrast, when people recalled perception-heavy stories, the hippocampi activated along with brain networks outside of the DMN, including the left brain region. This area is known to be active when recalling memories that contain details from various senses. Though participants remembered both types of stories equally well in the short term, they tended to prefer the conceptual stories to the perceptual ones and were more confident in their recollections of them. Such preference may be especially true as people get older. Research shows that as people age, they shift away from vivid, event-specific sensory details and toward memories that grasp the main points of what happened, shaping how they remember what they were told. When we’re young, “Things are really novel. We’re going to pay attention to everything,” Sheldon says. “But as we get older, we use memories more for social connection, and we often are recalling and describing things that we are more familiar with.” 1.What is the difference between two versions of the same restaurant story? A. The tones of voice. B. The intensity of emotion. C. The variety of food. D. The types of description. 2.Which story makes DMN in the brain active? A. The air feels cool on my skin. B. The teddy bear makes me comforted. C. The sunflower is dancing in the wind. D. The coffee smells rich and tastes bitter. 3.What does the underlined word “them” refer to in the last paragraph? A. Conceptual stories. B. Research steps. C. Social preferences. D. Perceptual details. 4.Which of the following is the best title of the text? A. Stories sharpen your mind B. Storytelling methods count C. You are what you memorize D. Confidence deepens bonding Passage 3 （25-26高三上·山东潍坊·期中）In the early 1920s, a small, industrial-feeling laboratory garden outside Paris, given the name of the “Garden of Wonders”, was the site of a revolutionary experiment. Here, the French scientist Daniel Berthelot pursued his goal of creating “factory-made vegetables”-producing sugars and starches (淀粉) directly from light and gas without the intervention of plants. His vision was rooted in the groundbreaking work of his father, a renowned 19th-century chemist, who had predicted that by the year 2000, all food would be artificial. Daniel Berthelot envisioned future factories with large glass tanks where gases, under sunlight, would combine to form a snowfall of starch and sugar. By 1925, he had succeeded in using light and gas to create a basic substance used to produce drugs and industrial products. However, his progress toward reproducing photosynthesis (光合作用) ended there, and he died in 1927 without realizing his dream. Berthelot’s vision was wildly idealistic primarily because photosynthesis was not fully understood. The term was only coined a few decades prior, and the cell mechanisms of plants remained largely theoretical until the 1950s. Reproducing what plants do naturally through pure chemistry proved a challenge that couldn’t be overcome with the knowledge of his time. Today, we still cannot chemically copy photosynthesis, but the core of Berthelot’s vision-liberating food production from traditional agriculture-is being achieved through a different path: micro-organism fermentation (发酵). Companies are realizing this “land-independent” production. In Finland, Solar Foods operates a factory where micro-organisms in large tanks feed on gas and water, creating a protein-rich product called Solein. Similarly, U. S.-based Kiverdi and Austria’s Arkeon Technologies use processes that come from NASA research to transform carbon dioxide into food ingredients through fermentation, requiring no farm land. While Berthelot’s understanding of photosynthesis was primitive a century ago, he was ahead of his time in many ways, and his vision was remarkably foresighted. Although we still haven’t literally grown fruits and vegetables as plants do from air and light, it’s worth acknowledging the achievements we’ve made in just the last decade: Companies like Kiverdi may help remove extra carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while offering solutions to future food shortages. Or they may not. Only the next century will tell. 1.What did Daniel Berthelot’s experiment focus on? A. Testing his father’s study. B. Building an organic garden. C. Making food with no plants. D. Expanding the output of crops. 2.What prevented Daniel Berthelot from achieving his goal? A. His impractical ideas. B. The lack of knowledge. C. The protests from chemists. D. His worsening physical condition. 3.What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A. Berthelot’s dream comes true another way. B. Micro-organisms can improve food nutrition. C. Berthelot’s theory is applied to modern farming. D. Some companies transform traditional agriculture. 4.What is implied in the last paragraph? A. Technology is a key to progress. B. Berthelot’s work is thought little of. C. Scientific visions take time to bear fruit. D. Knowledge should be linked to practice. Passage 4 （25-26高三上·山东烟台·期中）Dutch scientists have managed to engineer an air-powered soft-bodied robot. The key to unlocking the robot’s self-sustaining movement, despite the absence of a computerized control unit, lies in the strategic integration of aerodynamic principles, whose role is to regulate the airflow dynamics essential for its walking and swimming actions. How this robot works bears a striking similarity to that of “tube dancer”, those tall thin fabric tubes that have air pumped into them. When air fills the tube to the maximum, it makes it stand upright. However, once the tube reaches an upright position, the internal air pressure gradually decreases, causing the tube to bend downward. This bending then makes the pressure rise again, pushing the bent section upward. This process repeats continuously, forming a cyclic motion that gives the robot its moving force. This pressure-driven continuous bending along tubes precisely fuels the robot. Linked to a single air source, its multiple tubes initially move chaotically in different directions but soon adjust their motion, eventually moving in a consistent and harmonized way just like “legs”, with speed regulated by air pressure. One particularly notable characteristic of the robot is its remarkable speed. It can cover a distance 30 times its own body length within a single second, which is just like Usain Bolt, the world’s fastest runner, achieving his speed by finishing 100m in merely 1.71 seconds. Another outstanding feature is that it adjusts automatically to its conditions. It can easily cross uneven ground and when it accidentally knocks into a wall, it turns. If the robot sinks into water, it will immediately adjust its movement pattern and start swimming. Without a control core, the new invention is more like a simple machine than an advanced robot needing difficult programming. Nevertheless, it can do many complex tasks independently. It is widely anticipated that the technology could one day be used in applications such as micro-robots that deliver medicine within the body, or machinery designed for use in harsh environments where electronics may fail, such as outer space. 1.What happens to “the tube dancer” when its internal air pressure peaks? A. It leaks. B. It bends downward. C. It straightens. D. It moves back and forth. 2.What aspect do Paragraph 2 and 3 focus on about the new robot? A. Its power source. B. Its multi-functions. C. Its structural features. D. Its operational mechanism. 3.Why did the author mention Usain Bolt in Paragraph 4? A. To showcase his running speed. B. To test the robot’s performance. C. To stress humans can’t outpace the robot. D. To help readers grasp the robot’s speed. 4.What can we infer about the new invention from the last paragraph? A. It has a bright prospect. B. It relies heavily on programming. C. It’ll lower disease occurrences. D. It has been put into mass production. 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高三上·山东济南第一中学·期中）Let’s face it—most of us can’t resist a cup of tea or coffee sometimes. They’re a perfect pick-me-up and comforter. But there are alternative drinks, so why have we chosen these as our go-to drinks to soothe our busy lives? And which one is superior? Let’s start with tea-it’s the second most consumed drink in the world. For many-especially the British-having a “cuppa” is a daily practice. The caffeine contained in it helps wake you up in the morning, and throughout the day we’ll make a brew to distract us from our work. And according to some scientists, habitual tea consumption can have some health benefits. Andrew Steptoe, a professor from University College London’s Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, told BBC Food that drinking black tea “may speed up recovery from the daily stresses in life. . . but we do not know what ingredients of tea were responsible for these effects on stress recovery and relaxation”. Coffee is tea’s ＂trendier＂ rival(对手). Its popularity has grown over the years, and this is reflected in the number of coffee shops we see around-places to hang out, do business or catch up with friends. Coffee can taste great and can be served in many ways, but it’s sometimes how you have it that can be seen as a status symbol or the preserve of hipsters(潮人)I Of course, it gives you a strong caffeine hit-roughly double of that contained in tea. However, too much can lead to anxiety. Sleep scientist Matt Walker told the BBC that caffeine can decrease the amount of restorative deep sleep you have. But some scientists say drinking coffee-and green tea-can also be good for us. Researchers at Osaka University linked drinking a daily cup of coffee with a lower risk of death among both stroke survivors and healthy people, while drinking seven or more cups of green tea was associated with a lower risk of death among both heart attack and stroke survivors. So, whether we turn to coffee or tea for its taste, its image or as a lifestyle choice, it could be a lifesaver! 1.What does the underlined word “soothe“ in Paragraph 1 mean? A. Change. B. Relieve. C. Describe. D. Copy- 2.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that ____. A. tea is the most consumed drink in the world B. the caffeine in tea can cure people of illness C. tea helps promote our careers and friendship D. the ingredients of tea help people forget trouble 3.Which of the following may Matt Walker agree with? A. Too much coffee is not good for sleep. B. Black tea speeds up recovery from the daily stresses. C. Coffee is surely more popular than tea. D. Drinking a daily cup of coffee guarantees a long life. 4.In which section can you read the passage on a magazine website? A. Technology. B. Entertainment. C. Business. D. Health. 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （25-26高三上·山东泰安·期中）The US government is currently weighing a crucial decision: whether to grant African lions protection under the Endangered Species Act, which would prohibit the import of lion trophies into the U.S., marking a significant step for an endangered species. This proposal raises a pressing question: why is it still legal to hunt lions for sport when they are vanishing from the wild? Scientific evidence underscores the urgency. A recent study estimates as few as 32,000 lions remain in the wild, with some experts fearing the true number is lower. While the primary drivers of their decline are habitat loss and retaliatory killings by humans, trophy hunting adds unsustainable pressure. Each year, approximately 600 more lions are killed for sport, approximately 60 percent of which are shipped to the U.S. as trophies. The damage caused by trophy hunting runs deeper than the initial kill. The preferred target is the adult male lion whose removal destabilizes the entire pride. When new males take over, they frequently kill all the cubs generated by the previous leader, wiping out a generation within the pride. This practice is also evolutionarily damaging, as it removes the strongest, healthiest males vital for protecting their prides and passing on strong genes to future generations. Some argue that trophy hunting brings money to local communities. Yet, studies show that only about 3% of the income actually reaches them. Most of the money goes to governments or foreign companies. The money that does come into Africa from hunting pales in comparison to the billions generated from tourists who come just to watch wildlife. If lions and other animals continue to disappear from Africa, this vital source of income will end, adversely impacting people all over Africa. Despite decades of discussion about reforming hunting practices, lion numbers continue to fall. As the only big cat not currently protected by the Act, the African lion stands at a crossroads. Granting them protection and banning trophy imports would send a powerful global message: the time to act is now, before this iconic species is lost forever. 1.What will be the direct result if African lions are protected by the Act? A. Lion hunting would become illegal worldwide. B. The import of lion trophies into the U.S. would be banned. C. The number of lions in the wild would immediately increase. D. Local communities in Africa would receive more financial support. 2.What impact does killing a male lion have according to the passage? A. It only leads to the death of the male lion itself. B. It encourages the survival of the weak lions. C. It causes the new lion king to kill all the cubs. D. It weakens the genetic quality of the lion pride. 3.What can advance sustainable development in Africa? A. Enhancing regulated trophy hunting. B. Promoting wildlife-watching tourism. C. Applying for more international funds. D. Encouraging community-led hunting. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. African lions are facing extinction due to various human activities. B. Male lions play a key role in maintaining the balance of lion prides. C. Wildlife tourism is more profitable than trophy hunting in Africa. D. The U.S. should protect African lions by banning lion trophy imports. 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·山东山东省青岛第五十八中学·期中）Some memories, such as what you had for dinner last night, are easier to recall than others. However, even forgotten memories could be guiding your actions. Memory can be defined by what people report, or physically as a circuit of cells and connections in the brain, known as an engram. It has been thought by many researchers that when you forget something, the engram disappears. However, research in mice suggests forgotten memories can persist; they just can’t be consciously recalled. To see if forgotten memories are detectable in human brains, Tom Willems and his team at the University of Bern got 40 people to quickly look at 96 pairs of images, made up of a human face and an object, such as a guitar or a stapler. The researchers then used functional magnetic resonance imaging (磁共振成像) to observe the participants’ brain activity during tests carried out around 30 minutes later and 24 hours later. The tests asked whether they had seen two images paired up before. The participants also stated whether they recalled that two images went together, were unsure, or were guessing. Those who said they could remember chose the correct pairing 87 per cent of the time during both tests. Those who said they had forgotten got about half right. The participants who were unsure guessed correctly 57 per cent of the time after 30 minutes and 54 per cent after 24 hours. These results were slightly higher than would be expected by chance, which suggests this group may actually have remembered. When the guessers chose the right answer, the same activation patterns were seen in the right hippocampal (海马的) region of the brain as in those who remembered, which implies the engrams of forgotten memories remained and were influencing their choices. In the tests done 24 hours later, the engrams of memories that people correctly guessed stayed within the hippocampus, while those they could remember were distributed throughout the neocortex (大脑新皮层). The work shows there can be a disconnection between the memory we consciously access and the related engram in the brain. As researcher Amy Milton explains, “Some memories don’t necessarily need to be consciously retrieved (提取) in order for those memories to influence behaviour.” 1.What does the underlined word “engram” in paragraph 2 probably mean ? A. A tool used to measure memory. B. The process of forming memory. C. The feeling of remembering something. D. A network of brain cells storing memory. 2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Participants and materials. B. Functions of brain scans. C. Research methods and procedures. D. Causes of forgotten memories. 3.Why did researchers study those who were unsure? A. To identify inattentive participants. B. To compare brain activity patterns. C. To see if guessing reveals hidden memories. D. To prove that all memories can be recalled. 4.What is the key finding of the study in the passage? A. Forgotten memories influence behavior unconsciously. B. All memory traces are stored in the same part of brain. C. Forgotten memories can be fully recovered with effort. D. Conscious recall is necessary for memories to affect choices. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·山东菏泽·期中）At a summer party, mosquitoes (蚊子) bite some guests while luckier guests remain bite-free. “It feels personal sometimes — like, why are they biting me?” says Lisa Baik, a sensory biologist. Knowing what causes mosquitoes to bite — or not — can help researchers create better ways to stop them. Baik’s team finds that mosquitoes also taste the surfaces on which they land. In fact, sweat may play a big role in whether they bite. Human sweat contains water, salt and amino acids (氨基酸). To see what mosquitoes prefer, the researchers placed salt and amino acids on separate surfaces. Mosquitoes ignored the salt. And they didn’t go for the amino acids, either. But when the team mixed both on the same surface, the mosquitoes bit. In another experiment, researchers coated one side of a surface with sweat samples from several volunteers. Mosquitoes bit sweat from two of those people much more than from the others. The researchers then looked at the activity of certain mosquito nerve cells (神经细胞) involved in taste. The more attractive sweat had a bigger effect on the activity of these nerves than the other sweat samples. “That suggests taste could be one of the factors as to why some of us get bitten a lot more than others,” Baik says. “This discovery was quite exciting.” Baik wanted to explore how taste might drive mosquitoes’ choice to bite or not. Tasting requires touch. We use our lips, mouth and tongue to taste. Mosquitoes do the same. They have a straw-like tube (吸管状的管子) with two small lips. These lips have tiny hairs that respond to touch. Scientists then tested how the hairs reacted to different flavors (味道). When sugars touched the hairs, they activated the nerve cells. Some bitter compounds, though, blocked the nerve cells’ response to sugar. This type of activity blocking, Baik notes, hasn’t been seen in other insects. Adding such bitter compounds to sugar reduced the nerve response to sweetness and made the mosquitoes less likely to feed. 1.Why were salt and amino acids tested both separately and in combination? A. To test if mosquitoes favor salt over amino acids. B. To compare the effects of salt and amino acids. C. To confirm mosquitoes’ taste preference. D. To check if both are in all types of sweat. 2.What did Baik find exciting? A. Increased nerve activity with attractive sweat. B. The role of amino acids in attracting mosquitoes. C. The discovery of mosquitoes’ attraction to salty sweat. D. Mosquitoes’ preference for sweat from young volunteers. 3.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Mosquitoes are highly responsive to most flavors. B. Compounds can activate mosquitoes’ nerve cells. C. Mosquitoes respond to sweat using the sense of smell. D. Bitter materials can be used to make anti-mosquito products. 4.Which can be the best title for the text? A. The Impact of Salt and Amino Acids on mosquito Behavior B. How mosquitoes Taste and Choose Their Targets C. The Role of Touch in mosquito Feeding Behavior D. How mosquitoes React to Different Flavors 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高三上·山东济南第一中学·期中）My granddad often helped me make a tool to catch fish when I was young and we would spend hours along a river. It was lovely for both of us then. Many more of today’s grandparents have a growing sense of adventure. And a trend is catching on: skip-gen travel — grandparents taking fun-filled vacations with grand kids without their parents along. A survey found that 83% of grandparents put travel with their grand kids as the number one thing when they retire. Skip-gen travel gets popular for good reason. Kids have their lives enriched and learn outside classrooms. This is also a time of talking and sharing ideas. “How grandparents talk to children is different from how parents talk to them. Actually, I feel on a more equal footing with my grandchildren than I do with my own children,” Annie Collins, a travel architect and also part of the trend, says. “Kids away from their parents are more open to ideas and willing to express themselves. It’s not just kids gaining from traveling. Who gets the most out of this? You might think it’s them but it’s us.” According to a study by the Cleveland Clinic, grandparents who help watch and spend time with grand kids may actually live longer than their peers（同龄人）. It’s also important to recognize that grandparents often have more time to travel. Unlike their children, who may still be in the pursuit of a personal career that offers limited time off, grandparents are often retired and likely have a different viewpoint on life, prioritizing experiences and family. So knowing the kids are in great hands, moms and dads will have a bit of time to themselves — some much-needed leisure time alone to rest and recharge their batteries. However, skip-gen travel is not for every grandparent. After all, grandparents are worn out with years and not so energetic. They surely treasure the chance to form close ties with their grandchildren, but it’s wiser to say no when only the youth could enjoy themselves, for the travel should be a win for everyone involved. 1.Why does the author mention fishing experiences with his granddad? A. To lead in the trend of skip-gen travel. B. To share the pleasure in going fishing. C. To stress the importance of family ties. D. To show the growing interest in adventure. 2.Which of the following may Annie Collins agree? A. Many parents are too strict with children. B. Grandparents benefit more from skip-gen travel. C. Spending time with grandparents is better for kids. D. Children become mature when away from parents. 3.What do we know about the parents whose kids are on skip-gen travel? A. They enjoy the moment to relax. B. They feel less anxious and stressed. C. They miss their kids very much. D. They look forward to their own trip. 4.What does the author suggest grandparents do? A. Get kids involved in travel planning. B. Strengthen the bond with grandchildren. C. Reduce skip-gen travel appropriately. D. Make decisions in both sides’ interests. 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高三上·山东实验中学·期中）What if your friends are going through life-or-death situations in the family? Social exchange theory would suggest that you’d better drop them because they’re not providing as many benefits to you as they could. Different from the exchange-based relationship, real-life experiences with these situations might be the opposite: These are the times when many people are most likely to support their friends. A recent research backs this up. “When surveyed about what they want in a friend, people didn’t place a high value on paying back any debts — something highly valued from a social exchange perspective”. “Instead, they considered other traits — such as loyalty, reliability and being there in times of need — to be much more important”, Charlie Kirk, leader of the investigation added. The essence of friendship may be what is called risk-pooling where our ancient ancestors support each other to survive life challenges. According to the survey by The Human Generosity Project, a cross-disciplinary research collaboration, this kind of friendship can still be found across societies, from “kere kere” in Fiji to “tomor marang” among the Ik in Uganda. Similarly, the Maasai, a native group in Kenya and Tanzania who rely on cattle herds to make their living, cultivate friends who help them when they are in need, with no expectation about paying each other back. Just like the “neighboring” network rooted in southern Arizona and New Mexico, farmers help their neighbors with unpredictable challenges such as an accident, injury or illness. “What all these findings suggest is that friendship is less about the exchange of favors and more about being there for each other when unforeseeable disaster strikes. Friendship seems more like an insurance plan designed to kick in when you need it most rather than a system of balanced exchange”, says Charlie. In a world of growing uncertainty, cultivating risk-pooling friendships and striving to be a good partner yourself may help you build resilience. Our ancestors survived with the help of this kind of relationship; our future may depend on them too. 1.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By defining a concept. B. By making a comparison. C. By analyzing reasons. D. By giving examples. 2.Which may be valued according to social exchange theory? A. A good grasp of maths. B. A timely period of company. C. Balanced cost and benefit. D. Distinguished survival skills. 3.What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. The cases of risk-pooling friendship. B. The reasons for risk-pooling friendship. C. The mechanism of exchange-based friendship. D. The possible logic of exchange-based relationship. 4.What is the author’s attitude toward Charlie Kirk’s research findings? A. Dismissive. B. Approving. C. Neutral. D. Doubtful. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高三上·山东实验中学·期中）Artificial intelligence can take down more than routine emails. It has now written tiny working genomes (基因组). Researchers report in a paper posted to bioRxiv.org., two AI models designed the blueprints for 16 viruses capable of attacking Escherichia coli (大肠杆菌) in lab dishes. Given that AI models have already been used to design individual genes and proteins, Brian Hie, a computational biologist at Stanford University and the Arc Institute in Palo Alto, Calif. turned to their own AI models, called Evo 1 and Evo 2, to see if they could create genomes for bacteria-killing viruses. The models were trained on billions of pairs of the genetic alphabet’s basic units, A, C, G and T’s, from phage genomes the way ChatGPT was trained on novels and Internet posts. The team used a phage (噬菌体) called ΦX174—which in 1977 became the first DNA-based genome ever sequenced—as a guide to help the AI design a similar genome. Evo 1 and Evo 2 generated roughly 300 potential phage genomes. Of those, 16 produced viable viruses. Some of the phages even killed E. coli more quickly than ΦX174 did. And although ΦX174 couldn’t kill phage-resistant E. coli on its own, mixture of AI-generated phages rapidly evolved to overcome the bacteria’s resistance to infection. The findings suggest that AI could help researchers develop viruses to use in phage therapy, a potential option to treat microbial (微生物的) infections. Scientists are still debating whether viruses are alive or not. “While there’s a lot of work to go, using AI to design living organisms is a step forward”, says Kimberly Davis, a microbiologist at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health who wasn’t involved in the work. “It is very likely to be used in the microbial manufacturing processes such as cultivating microbes that degrade plastic.” 1.What can be inferred about Evo 1 and Evo 2 in paragraph 2? A. They designed desirable genomes. B. They created DNA-based genomes. C. They guided ΦX174 to design phage genomes. D. They shared the same training method as ChatGPT. 2.What does the underlined word “viable” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Workable. B. Infectious. C. Deadly D. inferior. 3.What does Kimberly Davis’s words suggest? A. Potential application of the findings. B. Need to involve more researches. C. Methods of designing organisms. D. Possible direction for further study. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Escherichia coli: phage-resistant bacteria. B. AI-generated genome: a tiny bacteria killer. C. AI-designed phages: a DNA-based genome. D. Evo 1 and Evo 2: phage genome generators. 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高三上·山东德州·期中）Candles on a birthday cake mark calendar age, but they miss the hidden clock inside our bodies. Harvard Medical School now reports that each of us also has a “biological age” for every major organ, and these ages vary sharply even among people born in the same year. Using blood samples from 44,498 UK Biobank volunteers aged 40-70, the team measured nearly 3,000 proteins. About fifteen percent of those proteins originate in a single organ, allowing an algorithm (算法) to assign an “organ age” to the brain, heart, kidneys and eight other systems. Participants were then followed for up to seventeen years. The results translate numbers into risks. One-third of the volunteers had at least one organ whose protein signature lay more than 1.5 standard deviations (标准差) from the age-adjusted average, a gap linked to sharply higher disease risks. Most striking was the brain. “The brain is the gatekeeper of longevity,” said senior author Tony Wyss-Coray, “If you’ve got an old brain, you have an increased likelihood of death.” An “extremely aged” brain raised the fifteen-year risk of death by 182% and multiplied the chance of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis compared with an “extremely youthful” brain. Because organ age is readable years before symptoms appear, the same blood test could guide prevention. Wyss-Coray envisions pairing the test with detailed lifestyle and medication records to see whether already-approved drugs can rewind the biological clock of a high-risk organ. “Today you go to the doctor because something aches,” he noted, “We’re trying to shift from sick care to health care.” Unfortunately, the technology is currently available only for research, but WyssCoray has started two companies, Teal Omics and Vero Bioscience, approved by Harvard to turn the findings into commercial drug searches and a consumer test. “A streamlined panel focusing on the brain, heart and immune system could reach clinics within two to three years,” he predicts, “and the cost will come down as we focus on fewer key organs.” 1.Why are birthday cake candles mentioned in paragraph 1? A. To issue a warning. B. To draw a contrast. C. To highlight a custom. D. To make a prediction. 2.What can we learn from the research? A. Severe brain aging increases death risk. B. Organs age at the same rate individually. C. Volunteers’ diets affect protein signatures. D. Young brains ensure Alzheimer’s prevention. 3.Which practice matches the study in paragraph 3? A. Treating a heart attack when it happens. B. Repairing functions of organs at high risk. C. Tracking daily exercise before health checks. D. Using brain age tests to prevent early diseases. 4.What is Wyss-Coray’s prediction mainly about? A. Potential clinical application. B. Consumers’ possible reaction. C. More researchers’ engagement. D. Research technology innovation. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $