Unit 4 Exploring space（知识清单）英语新教材译林版九年级下册

Unit 4 Exploring space 主 题 场 景 分 类 词 汇 一、航天设备与职业： 1. ___________ (宇宙飞船，航天器) __________________________________________________________________（远距离需要更多燃料和更大的航天器。） 2. ___________ (发射；发行) __________________________________________________________________（苏联在 1957 年发射了第一颗人造卫星 “斯普特尼克一号”。） 3. ___________ (使着陆；降落) __________________________________________________________________（苏联于 1971 年将航天器降落在火星上。） 4. ___________ (飞行员) __________________________________________________________________（从飞行员成长为航天员，他们必须经过大量训练。） 5. ___________ (基地；根基；基础) __________________________________________________________________（是詹姆斯，我们在这颗星球上的基地 “港湾” 的一名航天员。） 6. ___________ (可重复使用的) __________________________________________________________________（世界上首枚可回收火箭于 2015 年发射升空。） 7. ___________ (航天服，宇航服) __________________________________________________________________（在明月星上，你会看到穿着特制宇航服的人。） 8. ___________ (探险者) __________________________________________________________________（这甚至能让最勇敢的探险家都想放弃。） 二、天体与地貌环境： 1. ___________ (沙暴，沙尘暴) __________________________________________________________________（我们的水箱在沙尘暴中坏了！） 2. ___________ (彩虹) __________________________________________________________________（沙地呈现出彩虹般的色彩。） 3. ___________ (重力) __________________________________________________________________（因为低重力，我在这里行动很轻松。） 4. ___________ (地下的；在地下) __________________________________________________________________（我们会住在地下房屋里保护自己。） 5. ___________ (火星) __________________________________________________________________（在火星上生活听起来像是梦想成真。） 6. ___________ (箱，罐；坦克) __________________________________________________________________（我们的水箱在沙尘暴中破裂了。） 三、动作与行为： 1. ___________ ((去) 拿来) __________________________________________________________________（我们得趁还来得及去取水。） 2. ___________ (强迫，迫使) __________________________________________________________________（我强迫自己继续工作。） 3. ___________ (使震惊；震惊的) __________________________________________________________________（我们吓得连连后退。） 4. ___________ (敲动；敲，击) __________________________________________________________________（我们用工具敲击地面制造噪音。） 5. ___________ (踢，踹) __________________________________________________________________（我们开始踢冰，想把外星人吓跑。） 6. ___________ (完成（任务）；实施，执行) __________________________________________________________________（景海鹏在太空中成功完成了多项实验。） 7. ___________ (认输，放弃努力) __________________________________________________________________（哪怕是最勇敢的探险家也可能想放弃。） 四、感受与状态： 1. ___________ (苍白的；暗淡的) __________________________________________________________________（他吓得脸色苍白。） 2. ___________ (惊恐，惊慌) __________________________________________________________________（看到危险，他惊慌失色。） 3. ___________ (冻僵的，极冷的) __________________________________________________________________（就算戴着厚手套，我的手还是冻僵了。） 4. ___________ (恰当的) __________________________________________________________________（我们应该做好准备以防紧急情况。） 5. ___________ (恐怖的，吓人的) __________________________________________________________________（尽管那一夜很吓人，但我依然很兴奋。） 6. ___________ (生存，存活) __________________________________________________________________（学生需要学习火星生存技能。） 7. ___________ (可能性) __________________________________________________________________（有可能在另一颗星球上生活吗？） 8. ___________ (缺点，不利因素) __________________________________________________________________（太空旅行最大的弊端是成本高昂。） 短 语 一、动词短语： 1. ______________________ (认输，放弃努力) __________________________________________________________________（它充满挑战，甚至能让最勇敢的探险家都想认输，返回地球。） 2. ______________________ (执行，实施) __________________________________________________________________（航天员在空间站开展科学实验。） 3. ______________________ (朝…… 走来) __________________________________________________________________（不管它们是什么，它们正朝我们过来。） 4. ______________________ (渡过（难关）) __________________________________________________________________（没有水，我们撑不过 40 小时的长夜。） 5. ______________________ (返回) __________________________________________________________________（遇到危险时，很多探险家都想返回地球。） 6. ______________________ (切割冰块) __________________________________________________________________（我们得切割冰块带回基地。） 二、介词短语： 1. ______________________ (在…… 岁时) __________________________________________________________________（我 26 岁时来到明月星。） 2. ______________________ (因为，由于) __________________________________________________________________（因为低重力，我在这里行动自如。） 3. ______________________ (以防万一) __________________________________________________________________（我们应该做好准备，以防那些绿光真的是外星人。） 4. ______________________ (突然) __________________________________________________________________（突然，我们看到丝丝绿光透过冰层照向我们。） 5. ______________________ (没有水) __________________________________________________________________（没有水，人类无法在火星上长期存活。） 6. ______________________ (恐惧地) __________________________________________________________________（听到奇怪的声音，我们吓得往后退。） 三、名词短语： 1. ______________________ (空间站) __________________________________________________________________（我看过一段中国航天员在空间站的视频。） 2. ______________________ (低重力) __________________________________________________________________（低重力会让人的肌肉和骨骼变脆弱。） 3. ______________________ (月球背面) __________________________________________________________________（中国让嫦娥四号在月球背面着陆。） 4. ______________________ (春节) __________________________________________________________________（航天员正在太空中庆祝春节。） 5. ______________________ (水箱) __________________________________________________________________（我们的水箱在沙尘暴中坏了。） 实 用 交 际 套 句 型 一、谈论太空人物与事件： 1. Yuri Gagarin became the first human to go into space on 12 April 1961. 尤里・加加林于 1961 年 4 月 12 日成为首位进入太空的人类。 2. Neil Armstrong became the first human to walk on the Moon. 尼尔・阿姆斯特朗成为首位在月球上行走的人类。 3. Yang Liwei became the first Chinese astronaut in space. 杨利伟成为中国首位进入太空的航天员。 二、表达猜测与担忧： 1. What if these were the eyes of aliens and they tried to hurt us? 如果这些是外星人的眼睛，它们想要伤害我们怎么办？ 2. I wonder if it makes them miss their family back home. 我想知道这会不会让他们想念家乡的亲人。 3. It might not be an easy life, but it would also be interesting. 生活或许不容易，但也会充满乐趣。 三、表达设想与观点： 1. I think living on Mars in the future will be very exciting. 我认为未来在火星上生活会非常令人兴奋。 2. It will be a dream come true to live on Mars. 在火星上生活将会是梦想成真。 3. Every coin has two sides. Space exploration has both challenges and meaning. 凡事皆有两面性，太空探索既有挑战也有意义。 语法 简单句和复合句之间的转换（II） 写作 描述未来火星生活 一、知识点精讲 1. launch v. 发射；发行 【句型】 ① launch sth. into space 把某物发射入太空 The Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957. 苏联在 1957 年发射了第一颗人造卫星 “斯普特尼克一号”。 ② launch a rocket 发射火箭 China will launch a new rocket to explore Mars next year. 中国明年将发射一枚新火箭探索火星。 2. land v. （使）着陆；登陆 n. 陆地 【句型】 ① land on... 在…… 着陆 The first humans landed on the Moon in 1969. 首批人类于 1969 年登上月球。 ② land a spacecraft 使航天器着陆 China landed Chang'e 4 on the far side of the Moon. 中国让嫦娥四号在月球背面着陆。 3. force v. 强迫，迫使 n. 力量 【句型】 ① force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事 I forced myself to carry on working though I was very tired. 尽管很累，我还是强迫自己继续工作。 ② force sb. into doing sth. 迫使某人做某事 The low gravity forces people to get used to a new way of life. 低重力迫使人们适应新的生活方式。 4. shock v. 使震惊 adj. 震惊的 【句型】 ① be shocked by sth. 被某事震惊 We were shocked by the strange noise outside the base. 我们被基地外奇怪的声音吓坏了。 ② be shocked to do sth. 震惊地做某事 I was shocked to see green lights in the thick ice. 看到厚冰层里的绿光，我大吃一惊。 5. survival n. 生存，存活 【句型】 ① survival skills 生存技能 Students need to learn basic survival skills on Mars. 学生需要学习基础的火星生存技能。 ② survive v. 生存；存活 Humans cannot survive long on Mars without enough food and water. 没有足够的水和食物，人类无法在火星上长期存活。 6. possibility n. 可能性 【句型】 ① the possibility of (doing) sth. （做）某事的可能性 Is there any possibility of living on Mars in the near future? 在不久的将来，人类有可能在火星上生活吗？ ② It is possible that... …… 是可能的 It is possible that people will build cities on Mars one day. 未来人类有可能在火星上建造城市。 7. disadvantage n. 缺点，不利因素 【句型】 ① the disadvantage of (doing) sth. （做）某事的弊端 The biggest disadvantage of living on Mars is the terrible environment. 在火星上生活最大的弊端是恶劣的环境。 ② There are both advantages and disadvantages of... …… 既有优点也有缺点 There are both advantages and disadvantages of space exploration. 太空探索既有优点也有缺点。 8. throw in the towel 认输，放弃努力 【句型】 ① want to throw in the towel 想要放弃 Even the bravest explorer may want to throw in the towel when facing difficulties. 即使是最勇敢的探险家，遇到困难时也可能想要放弃。 ② 同义表达：give up 放弃 Don't throw in the towel easily when you meet challenges. 遇到挑战时不要轻易放弃。 9. carry out 执行，实施 【句型】 ① carry out experiments 做实验 Astronauts carry out many scientific experiments in space. 航天员在太空中开展很多科学实验。 ② carry out a plan 执行计划 We will carry out our exploration plan step by step. 我们会逐步执行我们的探索计划。 10. fetch v. (去) 拿来，取来 【句型】 ① fetch sth. for sb. 为某人取来某物 We had to fetch water before it was too late. 我们得趁还来得及去取水。 ② fetch sb. sth. 给某人拿来某物 The robot can fetch tools for the astronauts in space. 机器人可以在太空中为航天员取来工具。 11. pale adj. 苍白的；暗淡的 【句型】 ① be pale with... 因…… 而脸色苍白 He was pale with alarm when he saw the danger. 看到危险，他惊慌得脸色苍白。 ② pale blue 淡蓝色 The sky on Mars looks pale orange. 火星上的天空看起来呈淡橙色。 12. freeze v. 结冰；冻僵（过去式 froze，过去分词 frozen，中考不规则动词考点） 【句型】 ① 现在分词 / 形容词用法 freezing 极冷的 Even with thick gloves, my hands were freezing. 就算戴着厚手套，我的手还是冻僵了。 ② 被动用法 be frozen 被冻住 The lake was frozen in the cold night. 寒夜里湖面结了冰。 13. proper adj. 恰当的，合适的 【句型】 ① proper clothes 合适的衣服 We should wear proper clothes when we go outside the base. 走出基地时我们应该穿合适的服装。 ② It is proper to do sth. 做某事是恰当的 It is proper to get prepared before a space mission. 太空任务前做好准备是妥当的。 14. scary adj. 恐怖的，吓人的 【句型】 ① 修饰事物 Although it was a scary night, I was still excited. 尽管那一夜很吓人，但我依然很兴奋。 ② 易混辨析：scared（修饰人）感到害怕的 I was scared when I heard the strange noise. 听到奇怪的声音时我很害怕。 15. reusable adj. 可重复使用的 【句型】 ① reusable rocket 可回收火箭 The world's first reusable rocket was launched into space in 2015. 世界上首枚可回收火箭于 2015 年发射升空。 ② 构词拓展：re-（再，又）+ use（使用）+ -able（可…… 的） reusable 可重复使用的；rebuild 重建；retell 复述 16. base n. 基地；根基；基础 【句型】 ① space base 太空基地 It was James, one of the astronauts of the Haven — our base on this planet. 是詹姆斯，我们在这颗星球上的基地 “港湾” 的一名航天员。 ② base... on... 以…… 为基础 We should base our plan on real situations. 我们应该以实际情况为基础制定计划。 17. gravity n. 重力；地心引力 【句型】 ① low gravity 低重力 I can easily move around here because of the low gravity. 因为低重力，我在这里行动很轻松。 ② the gravity of... …… 的重力 The gravity on Mars is about one third of that on Earth. 火星上的重力大约是地球上的三分之一。 18. underground adj. 地下的 adv. 在地下 【句型】 ① 作形容词：underground homes 地下房屋 We will live in underground homes to protect ourselves. 我们会住在地下房屋里保护自己。 ② 作副词：live underground 住在地下 People on Mars may live underground in the future. 未来火星上的人们可能住在地下。 19. explorer n. 探险者；探索者 【句型】 ① brave explorer 勇敢的探险家 It could make even the bravest explorer want to throw in the towel. 这甚至能让最勇敢的探险家都想放弃。 ② explore v. 探索 Humans will continue to explore space in the future. 人类未来会继续探索太空。 二、核心语法精讲 简单句和复合句之间的转换（II） 核心方法：用介词短语替换从句，让句子更简洁，同时保持句意不变。 1. 状语从句 → 介词短语（without /because of /at the age of） 从句结构 介词短语结构 when sb. was + 年龄 at the age of + 年龄 because + 完整从句 because of + 名词短语 if ... not + 完整从句 without + 名词短语 课文原句转换： ① James landed on Brightmoon when he was 28. = James landed on Brightmoon at the age of 28. ② I found it hard to sleep because there was a big sandstorm. = I found it hard to sleep because of the big sandstorm. ③ We couldn't make it through the night if there was no water. = We couldn't make it through the night without water. 2. 宾语从句 → 介词短语（of /about） 从句结构 介词短语结构 worry that + 从句 worry about + 名词短语 be aware that + 从句 be aware of + 名词短语 be sure that + 从句 be sure about + 名词短语 课文原句转换： ① We were worried that there was another sandstorm. = We were worried about another sandstorm. ② Are you aware that Brightmoon is far from Earth? = Are you aware of the distance between Brightmoon and Earth? 3. 定语从句 → 介词短语（with /in） 规则：修饰名词的定语从句，如果表达 “带有、穿着、在…… 里” 等含义，可简化为 “介词 + 名词短语” 作后置定语。 课文原句转换： ① Even in my special clothes that include thick gloves, my hands were still freezing. = Even in my special clothes with thick gloves, my hands were still freezing. ② On Brightmoon, you will see people who are wearing special spacesuits. = On Brightmoon, you will see people in special spacesuits. 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 (1) 写作话题：想象并描述未来火星上的生活，属于想象说明类作文。 (2) 核心考点： ① 能够从居住、饮食、学习、出行等角度描述火星生活； ② 正确使用一般将来时表达想象与设想； ③ 表达对太空探索的正向看法，体现探索精神。 (3) 时态要点：描述未来想象用一般将来时；陈述客观常识用一般现在时。 (4) 写作立意：太空生活充满挑战但新奇有趣，科技推动人类探索未知，培养探索与创新精神。 2. 写作框架 3. 写作素材 (1) 高频短语 • space station 空间站 • low gravity 低重力 • underground homes 地下房屋 • grow food 种植食物 • survive on 靠…… 存活 • carry out experiments 做实验 • throw in the towel 放弃 • all of a sudden 突然 • thanks to 多亏，由于 • step by step 逐步地 (2) 高分句型 • I think living on Mars in the future will be... 我认为未来在火星上的生活会…… • We will live in... in order to... 为了…… 我们会住在…… • It is possible that we will... 我们有可能会…… • What makes the life special is that... 让这种生活特别的是…… • It will be a dream come true to... …… 将会是梦想成真。 4. 范文背诵 范文一：基础稳妥版（贴合课标，适合保底） Future life on Mars I think living on Mars in the future will be very exciting and completely different from life on Earth. We will live in underground homes to keep ourselves safe from the terrible environment outside. We will have small farms inside our homes, so we can have fresh vegetables and fruit every day. At school, we will learn a lot about space and how to live on Mars. We will also have lessons on how to fix robots, because robots will help us a lot in daily life. It will be a dream come true to live on Mars. I hope I can have a chance to visit there one day. 范文二：进阶高分版（句式丰富，适配中考高分） My ideal life on Mars If I could live on Mars one day, I would live a totally different life from that on Earth. To protect us from the low temperature and thin air, we would live in warm underground houses. There would be indoor farms with all kinds of plants, so we would always have fresh food to eat. The low gravity would make it easy for us to jump high and move around. At school, we would not just learn knowledge from books. We would carry out small science experiments and learn survival skills on the red planet. We would even have robot teachers to help us with our lessons. Life on Mars would be full of challenges, but it would also be full of surprises. I really hope human beings can explore more of space in the future. 易错点 01 because /because of 用法辨析 【助记口诀】 because 接从句，because of 接短语，原因表达不混用。 【错因辨析】 二者均表原因，但语法功能完全不同，是江苏中考单选高频易错点： 1. because 是连词，后接完整句子（主语 + 谓语结构），引导原因状语从句。 2. because of 是介词短语，后接名词、代词或动名词，不能接完整句子。 课文原句转换： I found it hard to sleep because there was a big sandstorm. = I found it hard to sleep because of the big sandstorm. ❌ 典型错句：We had to go back because the terrible weather. ✅ 正确表达：We had to go back because the weather was terrible. / We had to go back because of the terrible weather. 【对点训练】 1. The space flight was put off the bad weather conditions. A. because B. because of C. so 2. Many astronauts become strong they take a lot of exercise every day. A. because of B. because C. so 3. We had to rush back to the base a coming sandstorm. A. because of B. because C. so that 易错点 02 -ing/-ed 形容词辨析（scary/scared, freezing/frozen） 【助记口诀】 物 - ing 令人，人 - ed 感到，主宾关系要记牢。 【错因辨析】 两类形容词均由动词派生，用法差异是江苏中考高频考点： 1. -ing 形容词（如 scary, freezing, exciting）：修饰事物，表示事物本身具有 “令人…… 的” 性质，带有主动含义。 2. -ed 形容词（如 scared, frozen, excited）：修饰人，表示人 “感到…… 的”，表达被动感受。 课文原句： ① Although it was a scary night, I was still so excited.（night 是事物，用 scary 表示 “吓人的”） ② I was scared when I saw the strange green lights.（I 是人，用 scared 表示 “感到害怕的”） ❌ 典型错句：I was scary when I heard the noise. ✅ 正确表达：I was scared when I heard the noise. 【对点训练】 1. To tell the truth, I was when I heard the strange sound outside the base. A. scary B. scared C. scaring 2. The night on Mars made it hard for people to fall asleep. A. freezing B. frozen C. freeze 3. We were all by the amazing sights on Brightmoon. A. excited B. exciting C. excite 易错点 03 名词单复数特殊变化：spacecraft 【助记口诀】 spacecraft 单复同形，形变意不变。 【错因辨析】 spacecraft 意为 “宇宙飞船，航天器”，属于单复数同形的名词，复数形式仍为 spacecraft，不能在词尾加 -s。 江苏中考同类单复数同形高频名词：sheep（绵羊）、deer（鹿）、fish（鱼）、Chinese（中国人）、Japanese（日本人）。 ❌ 典型错句：China has sent many spacecrafts into space. ✅ 正确表达：China has sent many spacecraft into space. 【对点训练】 1. So far, China has sent many into space to explore the universe. A. spacecrafts B. spacecraft C. pilot 2. There is a huge on the launch pad, ready to take off. A. spacecraft B. spacecrafts C. base 3. How many are there in the international space station? A. astronaut B. spacecrafts C. spacecraft 易错点 04 动词短语辨析（carry out /throw in the towel /get through /take off） 【助记口诀】 carry 执行，throw 认输，get 渡过，take 起飞。 【错因辨析】 四个均为江苏中考高频动词短语，词义差异大，易在单选、完形填空中混淆： 1. carry out：执行，实施（计划、实验、任务等） 2. throw in the towel：认输，放弃努力 3. get through：渡过（难关）；接通（电话） 4. take off：（航天器 / 飞机）起飞；脱掉（衣物） 课文原句： ① Astronauts carry out many scientific experiments in space. ② Even the bravest explorer may want to throw in the towel. ③ We couldn't get through the long night without water. ④ The spacecraft will take off at 9 a.m. 【对点训练】 1. Chinese astronauts a lot of important experiments in the space station. A. carry out B. throw in the towel C. get through 2. When we face difficulties in space exploration, we should never . A. take off B. throw in the towel C. carry out 3. It was hard for us to the 40-hour cold night without enough water. A. get through B. take off C. carry out 一、根据汉语意思写出单词。 1. China has sent several (航天器) into space to explore the universe. 2. We will (发射) a new satellite to study the Moon next year. 3. The (重力) on Mars is much weaker than that on Earth. 4. It is important for us to learn basic (生存) skills on other planets. 5. There is a (可能性) that humans will build homes on Mars one day. 二、根据首字母提示写出单词。 1.Yang Liwei is the first Chinese e to go into space. 2. The d between the two planets is about 120 million miles. 3. You must wear p clothes when you walk outside the space base. 4. He was p with fear when he saw the strange green lights. 5. The s broke out and all the people in the base had to stay inside. 三、单项选择。 1. The main of the old machine is that it uses too much power. A. advantage B. disadvantage C. possibility D. survival 2. The space agency will a new satellite to study the Earth’s climate next year. A. launch B. fetch C. kick D. knock 3. Please put the instruments in places after doing the experiment. A. scary B. proper C. pale D. free 4. Chinese astronauts a lot of scientific experiments in the space station. A. carry out B. throw in the towel C. get through D. take off 5. The scientist is responsible the farming project on Brightmoon. A. for B. of C. with D. to 6. , we heard a loud noise coming from outside the base. A. All of a sudden B. In case C. For example D. At first 7. We should get everything ready there is another sandstorm. A. so that B. in case C. because D. although 8. When you meet difficulties in the exploration task, you should never . A. carry out B. throw in the towel C. get through D. take off 9. , I got to the safe base before the heavy sandstorm came. A. Thankfully B. Freely C. Actually D. Probably 10. —I will take part in the national space knowledge competition next week. — I believe you can get a good grade. A. Good luck! B. Well done! C. It’s a pity. D. You’re welcome. 四、完形填空。 Space exploration has always been a hot topic for humans. As the Earth is getting more crowded and polluted, many scientists are looking for a new home for us, and Mars is considered one of the most 1 choices. Living on Mars won't be easy. First, the journey to Mars is a big challenge. At present, it 2 months to get there by spacecraft. Even in the future, when the spacecraft can fly at a much faster speed, the trip might still make people feel 3 because of the high speed. When people arrive on Mars, they will face more problems. There is no enough oxygen or water there. Scientists are trying to find ways to 4 these resources. Food on Mars will probably be in the form of pills, which may not be as 5 as the food we have on the Earth. Also, the gravity on Mars is only about three-eighths of that on the Earth. People will have to wear special boots 6 they can walk normally. 7 , living on Mars also has some advantages. People will have more space to live. They might live in houses with big and comfortable rooms. Robots will do most of the work, so people will have more time to 8 and develop their hobbies. There will be no pollution on Mars, so the air will be clean and fresh. Students won't go to school. Instead, they will study at home with the help of online teachers and interplanetary networks. With the 9 of technology, more problems about living on Mars will be solved. Maybe one day, going to Mars will be as 10 as going to another city. But before that, we still have a long way to go. We need to keep 11 and never give up our dream of living in space. No matter how difficult it is, exploring Mars is meaningful for humans. It can help us learn more about the universe and 12 a better future for ourselves. 1. A. possible B. difficult C. expensive D. dangerous 2. A. spends B. takes C. costs D. pays 3. A. happy B. excited C. ill D. relaxed 4. A. create B. waste C. save D. collect 5. A. tasty B. expensive C. healthy D. popular 6. A. so that B. as soon as C. even though D. because of 7. A. Suddenly B. However C. Finally D. Besides 8. A. work B. study C. relax D. cook 9. A. failure B. development C. pressure D. problem 10. A. hard B. easy C. slow D. fast 11. A. exploring B. waiting C. complaining D. resting 12. A. change B. miss C. lose D. build 五、阅读理解。 A For as long as humans have appeared，we have been the most intelligent species（种类）on Earth. Monkeys know how to use simple tools. Elephants can be taught how to count. But things like art，literature（文学），the Internet，and space travel have only been made possible by the amazing intelligence of humans. And yet，there are some who believe that we can create machines that can think and feel just like we do. Artificial intelligence（人工智能），or AI，is defined（定义为）by Merriam﹣Webster as "the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior". AI is around us every day. From Apple's voice﹣activated assistant Siri to the software algorithms（算法）that shipping companies use to deal with deliveries（投递），AI is very much a part of our lives. But why do we put so much effort into creating machines that can think the way we do？For one thing，AI can make our lives much easier. Imagine being able to be in a car，tell it your destination，and sit back in comfort as the AI﹣guided self﹣driving car takes you there. We're already getting there﹣Changsha became the first city in China to roll out self﹣driving taxis in April 2020. However，there are risks. What if we somehow produced an artificial intelligence that was smarter than us？How would it behave toward us？These are the kinds of difficult questions that AI researchers ask themselves all the time. Apart from the risks，it is already clear that AI is here to stay. Only time will tell if it will lead us into a new age of prosperity（繁荣），or be our end. 1. The first paragraph is written to 　 　 . A．explain how animals are intelligent B．show what fields AI can be used in C．prove the possibility of space travel D．explain how intelligence makes humans special 2. Which of the following might not take advantage of AI？ 　 　 A．Voice﹣activated assistants. B．Software algorithms for deliveries. C．Machines that produce goods. D．Self﹣driving taxis. 3. What is one of the risks about AI？ 　 　 A．We might not be able to live without it in the future. B．We can't say for sure how AI will behave toward us. C．AI will never be as smart as humans. D．It is not easy to put AI into daily use. 4. What does the underlined word "destination" in Paragraph 4 refer to？ 　 　 A．An end point. B．A name. C．A wish D．A feeling. 5. What's the writer's attitude towards AI？ 　 　 A．It will be good. B．It will be bad. C．It's going to be part of our future. D．It's risky and horrible. B Would you like to live in a city where buildings turn the lights off for you，and self﹣driving cars will find the nearest parking space themselves？Although it might sound a little far from you now，living in a "smart" city like this could happen sooner than you think. Great changes have taken place in towns that we have lived in for centuries，while completely new cities are being built. One such place is the city of Songdo. Every home there will have a "telepresence" system（远程遥控系统）﹣allowing users to control household appliances（家用电器），take part in video meetings，and receive education，healthcare and government services. Around the city，escalators （自动扶梯） will only move when someone is on them，and offices and schools will all be in the big system as well. The great mind behind Songdo is from the company Cisco. In fact，technology companies around the world such as IBM，Siemens and Microsoft are already in the business. About 75% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050，so cities will need to be more modern to deal with the coming problems. "Making cities smarter is one way out，and I think this will in turn make cities greener，" said Dan Hill，head of a research company. 6. According to the text，living in a "smart" city 　 　 . A．is very expensive B．may soon become true C．may cause problems D．is popular with old people 7. What is the second paragraph mainly about？ 　 　 A．A meeting in Songdo. B．A city of the future. C．A plan to build a house. D．A report on public health. 8. Which company offers the great mind to build Songdo？ 　 　 A．Cisco. B．IBM. C．Siemens. D．Microsoft. 9. Dan Hill thinks that making cities smarter is one way to 　 　 . A．drive people out of cities B．develop his research company C．solve the cities' coming problems D．control the world's population 10. What would be the best title for the text？ 　 　 A．Smart Cities B．Future Education C．Famous Companies D．Government Services 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Exploring space 主 题 场 景 分 类 词 汇 一、航天设备与职业： 1. spacecraft (宇宙飞船，航天器) The long distance requires more fuel and bigger spacecraft.（远距离需要更多燃料和更大的航天器。） 2. launch (发射；发行) The Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957.（苏联在 1957 年发射了第一颗人造卫星 “斯普特尼克一号”。） 3. land (使着陆；降落) The Soviet Union landed a spacecraft on Mars in 1971.（苏联于 1971 年将航天器降落在火星上。） 4. pilot (飞行员) They must have done a lot of training to grow from a pilot to an astronaut.（从飞行员成长为航天员，他们必须经过大量训练。） 5. base (基地；根基；基础) It was James, one of the astronauts of the Haven — our base on this planet.（是詹姆斯，我们在这颗星球上的基地 “港湾” 的一名航天员。） 6. reusable (可重复使用的) The world's first reusable rocket was launched into space in 2015.（世界上首枚可回收火箭于 2015 年发射升空。） 7. spacesuit (航天服，宇航服) On Brightmoon, you will see people who are wearing special spacesuits.（在明月星上，你会看到穿着特制宇航服的人。） 8. explorer (探险者) It could make even the bravest explorer want to throw in the towel.（这甚至能让最勇敢的探险家都想放弃。） 二、天体与地貌环境： 1. sandstorm (沙暴，沙尘暴) Our water tank broke during the sandstorm!（我们的水箱在沙尘暴中坏了！） 2. rainbow (彩虹) The sand was like a rainbow of colours.（沙地呈现出彩虹般的色彩。） 3. gravity (重力) I can easily move around here because of the low gravity.（因为低重力，我在这里行动很轻松。） 4. underground (地下的；在地下) We will live in underground homes to protect ourselves.（我们会住在地下房屋里保护自己。） 5. Mars (火星) Living on Mars may sound like a dream come true.（在火星上生活听起来像是梦想成真。） 6. tank (箱，罐；坦克) Our water tank broke during the sandstorm.（我们的水箱在沙尘暴中破裂了。） 三、动作与行为： 1. fetch ((去) 拿来) We had to fetch water before it was too late.（我们得趁还来得及去取水。） 2. force (强迫，迫使) I forced myself to carry on working.（我强迫自己继续工作。） 3. shock (使震惊；震惊的) We were so shocked that we jumped back in fear.（我们吓得连连后退。） 4. knock (敲动；敲，击) We knocked our tools on the ground to make noise.（我们用工具敲击地面制造噪音。） 5. kick (踢，踹) We started to kick the ice to scare the aliens away.（我们开始踢冰，想把外星人吓跑。） 6. carry out (完成（任务）；实施，执行) Jing Haipeng carried out many experiments successfully in space.（景海鹏在太空中成功完成了多项实验。） 7. throw in the towel (认输，放弃努力) Even the bravest explorer may want to throw in the towel.（哪怕是最勇敢的探险家也可能想放弃。） 四、感受与状态： 1. pale (苍白的；暗淡的) He was pale with alarm.（他吓得脸色苍白。） 2. alarm (惊恐，惊慌) He was pale with alarm when he saw the danger.（看到危险，他惊慌失色。） 3. freezing (冻僵的，极冷的) Even with thick gloves, my hands were freezing.（就算戴着厚手套，我的手还是冻僵了。） 4. proper (恰当的) We should get prepared in case of emergency.（我们应该做好准备以防紧急情况。） 5. scary (恐怖的，吓人的) Although it was a scary night, I was still excited.（尽管那一夜很吓人，但我依然很兴奋。） 6. survival (生存，存活) Students need to learn survival skills on Mars.（学生需要学习火星生存技能。） 7. possibility (可能性) Is there any possibility of living on another planet?（有可能在另一颗星球上生活吗？） 8. disadvantage (缺点，不利因素) The biggest disadvantage of space travel is the high cost.（太空旅行最大的弊端是成本高昂。） 短 语 一、动词短语： 1. throw in the towel (认输，放弃努力) It is filled with challenges that could make even the bravest explorer want to throw in the towel and head back to Earth.（它充满挑战，甚至能让最勇敢的探险家都想认输，返回地球。） 2. carry out (执行，实施) Astronauts carry out scientific experiments in the space station.（航天员在空间站开展科学实验。） 3. come towards (朝…… 走来) Whatever they were, they were coming towards us.（不管它们是什么，它们正朝我们过来。） 4. get through (渡过（难关）) We couldn't make it through the 40-hour night without water.（没有水，我们撑不过 40 小时的长夜。） 5. head back to (返回) Many explorers want to head back to Earth when facing dangers.（遇到危险时，很多探险家都想返回地球。） 6. cut blocks of ice (切割冰块) We had to cut blocks of ice to take back to the base.（我们得切割冰块带回基地。） 二、介词短语： 1. at the age of (在…… 岁时) I came to Brightmoon at the age of 26.（我 26 岁时来到明月星。） 2. because of (因为，由于) I can easily move around here because of the low gravity.（因为低重力，我在这里行动自如。） 3. in case (以防万一) We should get prepared in case the green lights were really aliens.（我们应该做好准备，以防那些绿光真的是外星人。） 4. all of a sudden (突然) All of a sudden, we saw tiny green lights shining up at us through the ice.（突然，我们看到丝丝绿光透过冰层照向我们。） 5. without water (没有水) Humans cannot survive long on Mars without water.（没有水，人类无法在火星上长期存活。） 6. in fear (恐惧地) We jumped back in fear when we heard the strange noise.（听到奇怪的声音，我们吓得往后退。） 三、名词短语： 1. space station (空间站) I saw a video about Chinese astronauts on the space station.（我看过一段中国航天员在空间站的视频。） 2. low gravity (低重力) The low gravity can make people's muscles and bones weak.（低重力会让人的肌肉和骨骼变脆弱。） 3. the far side of the Moon (月球背面) China landed Chang'e 4 on the far side of the Moon.（中国让嫦娥四号在月球背面着陆。） 4. Spring Festival (春节) The astronauts were celebrating the Spring Festival in space.（航天员正在太空中庆祝春节。） 5. water tank (水箱) Our water tank broke during the sandstorm.（我们的水箱在沙尘暴中坏了。） 实 用 交 际 套 句 型 一、谈论太空人物与事件： 1. Yuri Gagarin became the first human to go into space on 12 April 1961. 尤里・加加林于 1961 年 4 月 12 日成为首位进入太空的人类。 2. Neil Armstrong became the first human to walk on the Moon. 尼尔・阿姆斯特朗成为首位在月球上行走的人类。 3. Yang Liwei became the first Chinese astronaut in space. 杨利伟成为中国首位进入太空的航天员。 二、表达猜测与担忧： 1. What if these were the eyes of aliens and they tried to hurt us? 如果这些是外星人的眼睛，它们想要伤害我们怎么办？ 2. I wonder if it makes them miss their family back home. 我想知道这会不会让他们想念家乡的亲人。 3. It might not be an easy life, but it would also be interesting. 生活或许不容易，但也会充满乐趣。 三、表达设想与观点： 1. I think living on Mars in the future will be very exciting. 我认为未来在火星上生活会非常令人兴奋。 2. It will be a dream come true to live on Mars. 在火星上生活将会是梦想成真。 3. Every coin has two sides. Space exploration has both challenges and meaning. 凡事皆有两面性，太空探索既有挑战也有意义。 语法 简单句和复合句之间的转换（II） 写作 描述未来火星生活 一、知识点精讲 1. launch v. 发射；发行 【句型】 ① launch sth. into space 把某物发射入太空 The Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957. 苏联在 1957 年发射了第一颗人造卫星 “斯普特尼克一号”。 ② launch a rocket 发射火箭 China will launch a new rocket to explore Mars next year. 中国明年将发射一枚新火箭探索火星。 2. land v. （使）着陆；登陆 n. 陆地 【句型】 ① land on... 在…… 着陆 The first humans landed on the Moon in 1969. 首批人类于 1969 年登上月球。 ② land a spacecraft 使航天器着陆 China landed Chang'e 4 on the far side of the Moon. 中国让嫦娥四号在月球背面着陆。 3. force v. 强迫，迫使 n. 力量 【句型】 ① force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事 I forced myself to carry on working though I was very tired. 尽管很累，我还是强迫自己继续工作。 ② force sb. into doing sth. 迫使某人做某事 The low gravity forces people to get used to a new way of life. 低重力迫使人们适应新的生活方式。 4. shock v. 使震惊 adj. 震惊的 【句型】 ① be shocked by sth. 被某事震惊 We were shocked by the strange noise outside the base. 我们被基地外奇怪的声音吓坏了。 ② be shocked to do sth. 震惊地做某事 I was shocked to see green lights in the thick ice. 看到厚冰层里的绿光，我大吃一惊。 5. survival n. 生存，存活 【句型】 ① survival skills 生存技能 Students need to learn basic survival skills on Mars. 学生需要学习基础的火星生存技能。 ② survive v. 生存；存活 Humans cannot survive long on Mars without enough food and water. 没有足够的水和食物，人类无法在火星上长期存活。 6. possibility n. 可能性 【句型】 ① the possibility of (doing) sth. （做）某事的可能性 Is there any possibility of living on Mars in the near future? 在不久的将来，人类有可能在火星上生活吗？ ② It is possible that... …… 是可能的 It is possible that people will build cities on Mars one day. 未来人类有可能在火星上建造城市。 7. disadvantage n. 缺点，不利因素 【句型】 ① the disadvantage of (doing) sth. （做）某事的弊端 The biggest disadvantage of living on Mars is the terrible environment. 在火星上生活最大的弊端是恶劣的环境。 ② There are both advantages and disadvantages of... …… 既有优点也有缺点 There are both advantages and disadvantages of space exploration. 太空探索既有优点也有缺点。 8. throw in the towel 认输，放弃努力 【句型】 ① want to throw in the towel 想要放弃 Even the bravest explorer may want to throw in the towel when facing difficulties. 即使是最勇敢的探险家，遇到困难时也可能想要放弃。 ② 同义表达：give up 放弃 Don't throw in the towel easily when you meet challenges. 遇到挑战时不要轻易放弃。 9. carry out 执行，实施 【句型】 ① carry out experiments 做实验 Astronauts carry out many scientific experiments in space. 航天员在太空中开展很多科学实验。 ② carry out a plan 执行计划 We will carry out our exploration plan step by step. 我们会逐步执行我们的探索计划。 10. fetch v. (去) 拿来，取来 【句型】 ① fetch sth. for sb. 为某人取来某物 We had to fetch water before it was too late. 我们得趁还来得及去取水。 ② fetch sb. sth. 给某人拿来某物 The robot can fetch tools for the astronauts in space. 机器人可以在太空中为航天员取来工具。 11. pale adj. 苍白的；暗淡的 【句型】 ① be pale with... 因…… 而脸色苍白 He was pale with alarm when he saw the danger. 看到危险，他惊慌得脸色苍白。 ② pale blue 淡蓝色 The sky on Mars looks pale orange. 火星上的天空看起来呈淡橙色。 12. freeze v. 结冰；冻僵（过去式 froze，过去分词 frozen，中考不规则动词考点） 【句型】 ① 现在分词 / 形容词用法 freezing 极冷的 Even with thick gloves, my hands were freezing. 就算戴着厚手套，我的手还是冻僵了。 ② 被动用法 be frozen 被冻住 The lake was frozen in the cold night. 寒夜里湖面结了冰。 13. proper adj. 恰当的，合适的 【句型】 ① proper clothes 合适的衣服 We should wear proper clothes when we go outside the base. 走出基地时我们应该穿合适的服装。 ② It is proper to do sth. 做某事是恰当的 It is proper to get prepared before a space mission. 太空任务前做好准备是妥当的。 14. scary adj. 恐怖的，吓人的 【句型】 ① 修饰事物 Although it was a scary night, I was still excited. 尽管那一夜很吓人，但我依然很兴奋。 ② 易混辨析：scared（修饰人）感到害怕的 I was scared when I heard the strange noise. 听到奇怪的声音时我很害怕。 15. reusable adj. 可重复使用的 【句型】 ① reusable rocket 可回收火箭 The world's first reusable rocket was launched into space in 2015. 世界上首枚可回收火箭于 2015 年发射升空。 ② 构词拓展：re-（再，又）+ use（使用）+ -able（可…… 的） reusable 可重复使用的；rebuild 重建；retell 复述 16. base n. 基地；根基；基础 【句型】 ① space base 太空基地 It was James, one of the astronauts of the Haven — our base on this planet. 是詹姆斯，我们在这颗星球上的基地 “港湾” 的一名航天员。 ② base... on... 以…… 为基础 We should base our plan on real situations. 我们应该以实际情况为基础制定计划。 17. gravity n. 重力；地心引力 【句型】 ① low gravity 低重力 I can easily move around here because of the low gravity. 因为低重力，我在这里行动很轻松。 ② the gravity of... …… 的重力 The gravity on Mars is about one third of that on Earth. 火星上的重力大约是地球上的三分之一。 18. underground adj. 地下的 adv. 在地下 【句型】 ① 作形容词：underground homes 地下房屋 We will live in underground homes to protect ourselves. 我们会住在地下房屋里保护自己。 ② 作副词：live underground 住在地下 People on Mars may live underground in the future. 未来火星上的人们可能住在地下。 19. explorer n. 探险者；探索者 【句型】 ① brave explorer 勇敢的探险家 It could make even the bravest explorer want to throw in the towel. 这甚至能让最勇敢的探险家都想放弃。 ② explore v. 探索 Humans will continue to explore space in the future. 人类未来会继续探索太空。 二、核心语法精讲 简单句和复合句之间的转换（II） 核心方法：用介词短语替换从句，让句子更简洁，同时保持句意不变。 1. 状语从句 → 介词短语（without /because of /at the age of） 从句结构 介词短语结构 when sb. was + 年龄 at the age of + 年龄 because + 完整从句 because of + 名词短语 if ... not + 完整从句 without + 名词短语 课文原句转换： ① James landed on Brightmoon when he was 28. = James landed on Brightmoon at the age of 28. ② I found it hard to sleep because there was a big sandstorm. = I found it hard to sleep because of the big sandstorm. ③ We couldn't make it through the night if there was no water. = We couldn't make it through the night without water. 2. 宾语从句 → 介词短语（of /about） 从句结构 介词短语结构 worry that + 从句 worry about + 名词短语 be aware that + 从句 be aware of + 名词短语 be sure that + 从句 be sure about + 名词短语 课文原句转换： ① We were worried that there was another sandstorm. = We were worried about another sandstorm. ② Are you aware that Brightmoon is far from Earth? = Are you aware of the distance between Brightmoon and Earth? 3. 定语从句 → 介词短语（with /in） 规则：修饰名词的定语从句，如果表达 “带有、穿着、在…… 里” 等含义，可简化为 “介词 + 名词短语” 作后置定语。 课文原句转换： ① Even in my special clothes that include thick gloves, my hands were still freezing. = Even in my special clothes with thick gloves, my hands were still freezing. ② On Brightmoon, you will see people who are wearing special spacesuits. = On Brightmoon, you will see people in special spacesuits. 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 (1) 写作话题：想象并描述未来火星上的生活，属于想象说明类作文。 (2) 核心考点： ① 能够从居住、饮食、学习、出行等角度描述火星生活； ② 正确使用一般将来时表达想象与设想； ③ 表达对太空探索的正向看法，体现探索精神。 (3) 时态要点：描述未来想象用一般将来时；陈述客观常识用一般现在时。 (4) 写作立意：太空生活充满挑战但新奇有趣，科技推动人类探索未知，培养探索与创新精神。 2. 写作框架 3. 写作素材 (1) 高频短语 • space station 空间站 • low gravity 低重力 • underground homes 地下房屋 • grow food 种植食物 • survive on 靠…… 存活 • carry out experiments 做实验 • throw in the towel 放弃 • all of a sudden 突然 • thanks to 多亏，由于 • step by step 逐步地 (2) 高分句型 • I think living on Mars in the future will be... 我认为未来在火星上的生活会…… • We will live in... in order to... 为了…… 我们会住在…… • It is possible that we will... 我们有可能会…… • What makes the life special is that... 让这种生活特别的是…… • It will be a dream come true to... …… 将会是梦想成真。 4. 范文背诵 范文一：基础稳妥版（贴合课标，适合保底） Future life on Mars I think living on Mars in the future will be very exciting and completely different from life on Earth. We will live in underground homes to keep ourselves safe from the terrible environment outside. We will have small farms inside our homes, so we can have fresh vegetables and fruit every day. At school, we will learn a lot about space and how to live on Mars. We will also have lessons on how to fix robots, because robots will help us a lot in daily life. It will be a dream come true to live on Mars. I hope I can have a chance to visit there one day. 范文二：进阶高分版（句式丰富，适配中考高分） My ideal life on Mars If I could live on Mars one day, I would live a totally different life from that on Earth. To protect us from the low temperature and thin air, we would live in warm underground houses. There would be indoor farms with all kinds of plants, so we would always have fresh food to eat. The low gravity would make it easy for us to jump high and move around. At school, we would not just learn knowledge from books. We would carry out small science experiments and learn survival skills on the red planet. We would even have robot teachers to help us with our lessons. Life on Mars would be full of challenges, but it would also be full of surprises. I really hope human beings can explore more of space in the future. 易错点 01 because /because of 用法辨析 【助记口诀】 because 接从句，because of 接短语，原因表达不混用。 【错因辨析】 二者均表原因，但语法功能完全不同，是江苏中考单选高频易错点： 1. because 是连词，后接完整句子（主语 + 谓语结构），引导原因状语从句。 2. because of 是介词短语，后接名词、代词或动名词，不能接完整句子。 课文原句转换： I found it hard to sleep because there was a big sandstorm. = I found it hard to sleep because of the big sandstorm. ❌ 典型错句：We had to go back because the terrible weather. ✅ 正确表达：We had to go back because the weather was terrible. / We had to go back because of the terrible weather. 【对点训练】 1. The space flight was put off the bad weather conditions. A. because B. because of C. so 【答案】B 【解析】空格后是名词短语 the bad weather conditions，表原因需用介词短语 because of；because 后接完整句子，so 表结果，均不符合结构。故选B。 2. Many astronauts become strong they take a lot of exercise every day. A. because of B. because C. so 【答案】B 【解析】空格后是完整句子 they take a lot of exercise every day，表原因需用连词 because 引导原因状语从句。故选B。 3. We had to rush back to the base a coming sandstorm. A. because of B. because C. so that 【答案】A 【解析】空格后是名词短语 a coming sandstorm，用 because of 接名词短语表原因；so that 表目的，不符合语境。故选A。 易错点 02 -ing/-ed 形容词辨析（scary/scared, freezing/frozen） 【助记口诀】 物 - ing 令人，人 - ed 感到，主宾关系要记牢。 【错因辨析】 两类形容词均由动词派生，用法差异是江苏中考高频考点： 1. -ing 形容词（如 scary, freezing, exciting）：修饰事物，表示事物本身具有 “令人…… 的” 性质，带有主动含义。 2. -ed 形容词（如 scared, frozen, excited）：修饰人，表示人 “感到…… 的”，表达被动感受。 课文原句： ① Although it was a scary night, I was still so excited.（night 是事物，用 scary 表示 “吓人的”） ② I was scared when I saw the strange green lights.（I 是人，用 scared 表示 “感到害怕的”） ❌ 典型错句：I was scary when I heard the noise. ✅ 正确表达：I was scared when I heard the noise. 【对点训练】 1. To tell the truth, I was when I heard the strange sound outside the base. A. scary B. scared C. scaring 【答案】B 【解析】主语是人 I，表达 “感到害怕的” 用 -ed 形容词 scared。故选B。 2. The night on Mars made it hard for people to fall asleep. A. freezing B. frozen C. freeze 【答案】A 【解析】修饰名词 night（事物），用 -ing 形容词 freezing 表示 “极冷的”，描述事物本身的特征。故选A。 3. We were all by the amazing sights on Brightmoon. A. excited B. exciting C. excite 【答案】A 【解析】主语是人 We，表达 “感到兴奋的” 用 -ed 形容词 excited。故选A。 易错点 03 名词单复数特殊变化：spacecraft 【助记口诀】 spacecraft 单复同形，形变意不变。 【错因辨析】 spacecraft 意为 “宇宙飞船，航天器”，属于单复数同形的名词，复数形式仍为 spacecraft，不能在词尾加 -s。 江苏中考同类单复数同形高频名词：sheep（绵羊）、deer（鹿）、fish（鱼）、Chinese（中国人）、Japanese（日本人）。 ❌ 典型错句：China has sent many spacecrafts into space. ✅ 正确表达：China has sent many spacecraft into space. 【对点训练】 1. So far, China has sent many into space to explore the universe. A. spacecrafts B. spacecraft C. pilot 【答案】B 【解析】many 后接可数名词复数；spacecraft 单复数同形，复数形式仍为 spacecraft。故选B。 2. There is a huge on the launch pad, ready to take off. A. spacecraft B. spacecrafts C. base 【答案】A 【解析】there is 后接单数名词；spacecraft 单数形式为原形，符合句意。故选A。 3. How many are there in the international space station? A. astronaut B. spacecrafts C. spacecraft 【答案】C 【解析】how many 后接可数名词复数；spacecraft 复数不变形，故选 spacecraft。故选C。 易错点 04 动词短语辨析（carry out /throw in the towel /get through /take off） 【助记口诀】 carry 执行，throw 认输，get 渡过，take 起飞。 【错因辨析】 四个均为江苏中考高频动词短语，词义差异大，易在单选、完形填空中混淆： 1. carry out：执行，实施（计划、实验、任务等） 2. throw in the towel：认输，放弃努力 3. get through：渡过（难关）；接通（电话） 4. take off：（航天器 / 飞机）起飞；脱掉（衣物） 课文原句： ① Astronauts carry out many scientific experiments in space. ② Even the bravest explorer may want to throw in the towel. ③ We couldn't get through the long night without water. ④ The spacecraft will take off at 9 a.m. 【对点训练】 1. Chinese astronauts a lot of important experiments in the space station. A. carry out B. throw in the towel C. get through 【答案】A 【解析】句意：中国航天员在空间站开展很多重要实验。carry out 执行、开展，符合语境。故选A。 2. When we face difficulties in space exploration, we should never . A. take off B. throw in the towel C. carry out 【答案】B 【解析】句意：在太空探索中遇到困难时，我们绝不应该放弃。throw in the towel 认输、放弃，符合语境。故选B。 3. It was hard for us to the 40-hour cold night without enough water. A. get through B. take off C. carry out 【答案】A 【解析】句意：没有足够的水，我们很难熬过 40 小时的寒夜。get through 渡过（难关），符合语境。故选A。 一、根据汉语意思写出单词。 1. China has sent several (航天器) into space to explore the universe. 【答案】spacecraft 【详解】句意：中国已将数艘航天器送入太空探索宇宙。spacecraft 意为 “宇宙飞船，航天器”，单复数形式相同；several 后表达复数含义，名词仍用原形。 2. We will (发射) a new satellite to study the Moon next year. 【答案】launch 【详解】句意：明年我们将发射一颗新卫星研究月球。launch 动词，意为 “发射”；will 后接动词原形。 3. The (重力) on Mars is much weaker than that on Earth. 【答案】gravity 【详解】句意：火星上的重力比地球上弱得多。gravity 不可数名词，意为 “重力，地心引力”，在句中作主语。 4. It is important for us to learn basic (生存) skills on other planets. 【答案】survival 【详解】句意：对我们来说，学习其他星球上的基本生存技能很重要。survival 名词，意为 “生存，存活”，作定语修饰 skills。 5. There is a (可能性) that humans will build homes on Mars one day. 【答案】possibility 【详解】句意：人类有朝一日会在火星上建造家园是有可能的。possibility 可数名词，意为 “可能性”；前面有不定冠词 a，使用单数形式。 二、根据首字母提示写出单词。 1.Yang Liwei is the first Chinese e to go into space. 【答案】explorer 【详解】句意：杨利伟是中国第一位进入太空的探险家。explorer 名词，意为 “探险者，探险家”，符合人物身份与语境。 2. The d between the two planets is about 120 million miles. 【答案】distance 【详解】句意：这两颗行星之间的距离大约是 1.2 亿英里。distance 名词，意为 “距离”，为本单元核心四会词汇，在句中作主语。 3. You must wear p clothes when you walk outside the space base. 【答案】proper 【详解】句意：走出太空基地时，你必须穿合适的服装。proper 形容词，意为 “恰当的，合适的”，修饰名词 clothes。 4. He was p with fear when he saw the strange green lights. 【答案】pale 【详解】句意：看到奇怪的绿光时，他吓得脸色苍白。pale 形容词，意为 “苍白的”；be pale with fear 吓得脸色苍白，为固定搭配。 5. The s broke out and all the people in the base had to stay inside. 【答案】sandstorm 【详解】句意：沙尘暴爆发了，基地里所有人都得待在室内。sandstorm 名词，意为 “沙暴，沙尘暴”，符合上下文语境。 三、单项选择。 1. The main of the old machine is that it uses too much power. A. advantage B. disadvantage C. possibility D. survival 【答案】B 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这台旧机器的主要缺点是耗电量太大。advantage 优点；disadvantage 缺点，不利因素；possibility 可能性；survival 生存。根据 “uses too much power” 可知描述的是弊端，disadvantage 为本单元核心词汇，故选 B。 2. The space agency will a new satellite to study the Earth’s climate next year. A. launch B. fetch C. kick D. knock 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：航天局明年将发射一颗新卫星研究地球气候。launch 发射；fetch 取来；kick 踢；knock 敲。根据 “satellite” 可知搭配 “发射”，launch 为本单元核心四会动词，故选 A。 3. Please put the instruments in places after doing the experiment. A. scary B. proper C. pale D. free 【答案】B 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：实验结束后请把仪器放在合适的位置。scary 吓人的；proper 合适的，恰当的；pale 苍白的；free 自由的。proper 为本单元核心四会形容词，符合语境，故选 B。 4. Chinese astronauts a lot of scientific experiments in the space station. A. carry out B. throw in the towel C. get through D. take off 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：中国航天员在空间站开展大量科学实验。carry out 执行，实施；throw in the towel 放弃；get through 渡过；take off 起飞。根据 “实验” 可知是 “开展、执行”，故选 A。 5. The scientist is responsible the farming project on Brightmoon. A. for B. of C. with D. to 【答案】A 【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：这位科学家负责明月星上的农业项目。be responsible for 为固定搭配，意为 “对…… 负责”，故选 A。 6. , we heard a loud noise coming from outside the base. A. All of a sudden B. In case C. For example D. At first 【答案】A 【详解】考查固定短语辨析。句意：突然，我们听到基地外传来巨大的声响。all of a sudden 突然；in case 以防万一；for example 例如；at first 起初。根据语境可知是突发状况，故选 A。 7. We should get everything ready there is another sandstorm. A. so that B. in case C. because D. although 【答案】B 【详解】考查连词辨析。句意：我们应该把一切准备好，以防再来沙尘暴。in case 以防万一，引导目的状语从句；so that 以便；because 因为；although 虽然。根据语境是预防风险，故选 B。 8. When you meet difficulties in the exploration task, you should never . A. carry out B. throw in the towel C. get through D. take off 【答案】B 【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在探索任务中遇到困难时，你绝不应该放弃。carry out 执行；throw in the towel 认输，放弃，为本单元核心短语；get through 渡过；take off 起飞。根据 “meet difficulties” 可知是不放弃，故选 B。 9. , I got to the safe base before the heavy sandstorm came. A. Thankfully B. Freely C. Actually D. Probably 【答案】A 【详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：幸亏我在强沙尘暴来临前赶到了安全基地。thankfully 幸亏，感激地，为本单元核心四会副词；freely 自由地；actually 事实上；probably 可能。根据语境可知是幸运脱险，故选 A。 10. —I will take part in the national space knowledge competition next week. — I believe you can get a good grade. A. Good luck! B. Well done! C. It’s a pity. D. You’re welcome. 【答案】A 【详解】考查情景交际。句意：—— 我下周要参加全国太空知识竞赛。—— 祝你好运！我相信你能取得好成绩。Good luck 用于赛前祝福；Well done 夸赞已完成的表现；It’s a pity 表遗憾；You’re welcome 回应感谢。对方即将参赛，应给予祝福，符合江苏中考情景交际考法，故选 A。 四、完形填空。 Space exploration has always been a hot topic for humans. As the Earth is getting more crowded and polluted, many scientists are looking for a new home for us, and Mars is considered one of the most 1 choices. Living on Mars won't be easy. First, the journey to Mars is a big challenge. At present, it 2 months to get there by spacecraft. Even in the future, when the spacecraft can fly at a much faster speed, the trip might still make people feel 3 because of the high speed. When people arrive on Mars, they will face more problems. There is no enough oxygen or water there. Scientists are trying to find ways to 4 these resources. Food on Mars will probably be in the form of pills, which may not be as 5 as the food we have on the Earth. Also, the gravity on Mars is only about three-eighths of that on the Earth. People will have to wear special boots 6 they can walk normally. 7 , living on Mars also has some advantages. People will have more space to live. They might live in houses with big and comfortable rooms. Robots will do most of the work, so people will have more time to 8 and develop their hobbies. There will be no pollution on Mars, so the air will be clean and fresh. Students won't go to school. Instead, they will study at home with the help of online teachers and interplanetary networks. With the 9 of technology, more problems about living on Mars will be solved. Maybe one day, going to Mars will be as 10 as going to another city. But before that, we still have a long way to go. We need to keep 11 and never give up our dream of living in space. No matter how difficult it is, exploring Mars is meaningful for humans. It can help us learn more about the universe and 12 a better future for ourselves. 1. A. possible B. difficult C. expensive D. dangerous 2. A. spends B. takes C. costs D. pays 3. A. happy B. excited C. ill D. relaxed 4. A. create B. waste C. save D. collect 5. A. tasty B. expensive C. healthy D. popular 6. A. so that B. as soon as C. even though D. because of 7. A. Suddenly B. However C. Finally D. Besides 8. A. work B. study C. relax D. cook 9. A. failure B. development C. pressure D. problem 10. A. hard B. easy C. slow D. fast 11. A. exploring B. waiting C. complaining D. resting 12. A. change B. miss C. lose D. build 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，围绕人类探索火星展开，先介绍地球面临的拥挤污染问题，引出火星被视为潜在新家园的背景；接着从 “挑战” 和 “优势” 两方面分析火星生活的特点，最后展望未来，强调火星探索的意义与人类需持续努力的态度。 1. 句意：随着地球变得越来越拥挤和污染严重，许多科学家正在为我们寻找新家园，而火星被认为是最有可能的选择之一。 解题依据：前文提到 “寻找新家园”，说明火星是符合 “潜在新家园” 属性的选项。选项中，B（困难的）、C（昂贵的）、D（危险的）均不符合 “候选新家园” 的积极倾向；A（可能的）能体现火星作为备选的合理性，与 “寻找新家园” 的语境一致，故填 A。 2. 句意：目前，乘坐航天器到达那里需要几个月时间。 解题依据：考查 “花费时间” 的动词搭配，句子主语是 “it”（形式主语，指代 “to get there”）。选项中，A（spends）主语需是人；C（costs）主语是物，且多表 “花费金钱”；D（pays）主语是人，搭配 “for”；B（takes）可用于 “it takes + 时间 + to do sth” 结构，符合本句主语和用法，故填 B。 3. 句意：即使在未来，当航天器能以更快速度飞行时，由于高速，这段旅程仍可能让人感觉不适。 解题依据：后文 “because of the high speed”（因为高速）提示高速会带来负面感受。选项中，A（开心的）、B（兴奋的）、D（放松的）均为积极情绪，与 “高速的负面影响” 矛盾；C（不适的、生病的）能体现高速对人的不良影响，符合语境，故填 C。 4. 句意：火星上没有足够的氧气和水，科学家们正努力寻找收集这些资源的方法。 解题依据：前文 “没有足够的氧气和水” 说明需通过某种方式获取这些资源。选项中，A（创造）不符合现实，氧气和水难以直接 “创造”；B（浪费）与 “缺乏资源” 的背景矛盾；C（节省）需以 “已有资源” 为前提，而火星当前缺乏，排除；D（收集）指从火星环境中获取资源，符合 “弥补资源不足” 的需求，故填 D。 5. 句意：火星上的食物可能会是药片形式，这可能不如我们在地球上吃的食物美味。 解题依据：对比 “药片形式的食物” 与 “地球食物”，核心差异在于口感。选项中，B（昂贵的）、C（健康的）、D（受欢迎的）并非 “药片食物” 与 “普通食物” 的典型差异；A（美味的）能体现 “药片” 在口感上不如传统食物，符合常识与语境，故填 A。 6. 句意：此外，火星上的重力仅为地球的八分之三，人们必须穿特殊靴子才能正常行走。 解题依据：“穿特殊靴子” 的目的是 “正常行走”，需填表 “目的” 的连词。选项中，B（一…… 就……，表时间）、C（即使，表让步）、D（因为，后接名词 / 短语，不接句子）均不符合 “目的” 逻辑；A（以便、为了，表目的，后接句子）能连接 “穿靴子” 与 “正常行走” 的目的关系，故填 A。 7. 句意：然而，在火星生活也有一些优势。 解题依据：前文（第 2、3 段）均在讲火星生活的 “挑战”（旅程难、缺资源、重力弱），本段转而讲 “优势”，存在转折关系。选项中，A（突然，表意外）、C（最后，表顺序）、D（此外，表递进）均无转折含义；B（然而，表转折）能衔接 “挑战” 与 “优势” 的对比，故填 B。 8. 句意：机器人会完成大部分工作，所以人们会有更多时间放松并发展爱好。 解题依据：前文 “机器人做大部分工作” 说明人无需花大量时间工作，可拥有空闲时间。选项中，A（工作）与 “机器人代劳” 矛盾；B（学习）、D（做饭）并非 “空闲时间” 的典型活动；C（放松）与 “发展爱好” 并列，符合 “空闲时间的活动” 语境，故填 C。 9. 句意：随着科技的发展，更多关于火星生活的问题将被解决。 解题依据：“问题被解决” 的前提是科技进步。选项中，A（失败）、C（压力）、D（问题）均会阻碍 “问题解决”；B（发展）能体现科技的进步，“with the development of”（随着…… 的发展）是固定搭配，符合 “科技助力解决问题” 的逻辑，故填 B。 10. 句意：也许有一天，去火星会像去另一个城市一样容易。 解题依据：前文 “更多问题被解决” 提示未来去火星的难度会降低。选项中，A（困难的）、C（慢的）与 “问题解决” 后的便捷性矛盾；D（快的）侧重速度，而 “去另一个城市” 的核心特点是 “便捷、容易”，而非单纯速度；B（容易的）符合 “问题解决后，火星旅行变得便捷” 的语境，故填 B。 11. 句意：但在那之前，我们还有很长的路要走，我们需要持续探索，永不放弃在太空生活的梦想。 解题依据：全文围绕 “火星探索” 展开，且前文提到 “还有很长的路要走”，说明需继续推进探索。选项中，B（等待）、C（抱怨）、D（休息）均不符合 “推进目标” 的积极态度；A（探索）与全文 “火星探索” 的主题一致，符合 “不放弃梦想” 的行动要求，故填 A。 12. 句意：它（火星探索）能帮助我们更多地了解宇宙，并为自己建设更美好的未来。 解题依据：“更美好的未来” 需要通过行动去创造。选项中，A（改变）侧重 “使不同”，未体现 “积极构建”；B（错过）、C（失去）均为负面含义，与 “美好未来” 矛盾；D（建设）能体现 “通过探索为未来付出努力” 的积极意义，符合语境，故填 D。 五、阅读理解。 A For as long as humans have appeared，we have been the most intelligent species（种类）on Earth. Monkeys know how to use simple tools. Elephants can be taught how to count. But things like art，literature（文学），the Internet，and space travel have only been made possible by the amazing intelligence of humans. And yet，there are some who believe that we can create machines that can think and feel just like we do. Artificial intelligence（人工智能），or AI，is defined（定义为）by Merriam﹣Webster as "the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior". AI is around us every day. From Apple's voice﹣activated assistant Siri to the software algorithms（算法）that shipping companies use to deal with deliveries（投递），AI is very much a part of our lives. But why do we put so much effort into creating machines that can think the way we do？For one thing，AI can make our lives much easier. Imagine being able to be in a car，tell it your destination，and sit back in comfort as the AI﹣guided self﹣driving car takes you there. We're already getting there﹣Changsha became the first city in China to roll out self﹣driving taxis in April 2020. However，there are risks. What if we somehow produced an artificial intelligence that was smarter than us？How would it behave toward us？These are the kinds of difficult questions that AI researchers ask themselves all the time. Apart from the risks，it is already clear that AI is here to stay. Only time will tell if it will lead us into a new age of prosperity（繁荣），or be our end. 1. The first paragraph is written to 　 　 . A．explain how animals are intelligent B．show what fields AI can be used in C．prove the possibility of space travel D．explain how intelligence makes humans special 2. Which of the following might not take advantage of AI？ 　 　 A．Voice﹣activated assistants. B．Software algorithms for deliveries. C．Machines that produce goods. D．Self﹣driving taxis. 3. What is one of the risks about AI？ 　 　 A．We might not be able to live without it in the future. B．We can't say for sure how AI will behave toward us. C．AI will never be as smart as humans. D．It is not easy to put AI into daily use. 4. What does the underlined word "destination" in Paragraph 4 refer to？ 　 　 A．An end point. B．A name. C．A wish D．A feeling. 5. What's the writer's attitude towards AI？ 　 　 A．It will be good. B．It will be bad. C．It's going to be part of our future. D．It's risky and horrible. 【答案】DCBAC 【解析】本文主要介绍了AI科学技术来的生活便利以及其潜在的风险。 1. 段落大意题。根据But things like art，literature（文学），the Internet，and space travel have only been made possible by the amazing intelligence of humans.（像艺术、文学、互联网和太空旅行这样的事情，有靠人类惊人的智慧才能成为可能。）可知，因此第一段主要讲了智力如何使人类变得特别。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据From Apple's voice﹣activated assistant Siri to the software algorithms.和as the AI﹣guided self﹣driving car takes you there.（从苹果的语音激活助手Siri到软件算法。）和（当人工智能引导的自动驾驶汽车带你去那里时。）可知，自驾驶、苹果的声控助手以及软件算法都利用AI技术。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据What if we somehow produced an artificial intelligence that was smarter than us？How would it behave toward us？（如果我们制造了一个比我们更职明的人工智能呢？它会如何对待我们？）可知人工智能的风险之一是我们不能确定人工智将如何对待我们。故选B。 4. 词义猜测题。根据后面句子 sit back in comfort as the AI﹣guided self﹣driving car takes you there.（可知，你只要舒适地坐着，由人工智能引导自动驾驶汽车会带你去那里，）因此可推测destination代指"你要去的地方或者终点"。故选A。 5. 观点态度题。根据Apart from the risks，it is already clear that AI is here to stay.Only time will tell if it will lead us into a new age of prosperity（繁荣），or be our end.（除了风险之外，人工智能显然将继续存下去。只有时间才能告诉我们，它会引领我进入一个繁荣的新时代，还是我们的末日。）可知，作者认为AI技术将会是我们未来生活的一部分。故选C。 B Would you like to live in a city where buildings turn the lights off for you，and self﹣driving cars will find the nearest parking space themselves？Although it might sound a little far from you now，living in a "smart" city like this could happen sooner than you think. Great changes have taken place in towns that we have lived in for centuries，while completely new cities are being built. One such place is the city of Songdo. Every home there will have a "telepresence" system（远程遥控系统）﹣allowing users to control household appliances（家用电器），take part in video meetings，and receive education，healthcare and government services. Around the city，escalators （自动扶梯） will only move when someone is on them，and offices and schools will all be in the big system as well. The great mind behind Songdo is from the company Cisco. In fact，technology companies around the world such as IBM，Siemens and Microsoft are already in the business. About 75% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050，so cities will need to be more modern to deal with the coming problems. "Making cities smarter is one way out，and I think this will in turn make cities greener，" said Dan Hill，head of a research company. 6. According to the text，living in a "smart" city 　 　 . A．is very expensive B．may soon become true C．may cause problems D．is popular with old people 7. What is the second paragraph mainly about？ 　 　 A．A meeting in Songdo. B．A city of the future. C．A plan to build a house. D．A report on public health. 8. Which company offers the great mind to build Songdo？ 　 　 A．Cisco. B．IBM. C．Siemens. D．Microsoft. 9. Dan Hill thinks that making cities smarter is one way to 　 　 . A．drive people out of cities B．develop his research company C．solve the cities' coming problems D．control the world's population 10. What would be the best title for the text？ 　 　 A．Smart Cities B．Future Education C．Famous Companies D．Government Services 【答案】BBACA 【解析】本文主要介绍了智能城市。 1. 细节理解题。根据原文第一段Although it might sound a little far from you，living in a"smart"city like this could happen sooner than you think.（虽然这听起来可能有点远，但生活在这样一个"智能"城市可能比你想象的要早。）可知住在"智能"城市很快会变成现实。故选B。 2. 段落大意题。根据第二段Every home there will have a "telepresence" system（远程遥控系统）﹣allowing users to control household appliances（家用电器），take part in video meetings，and receive education，healthcare and government services.Around the city，escalators （自动扶梯） will only move when someone is on them，and offices and schools will all be in the big system as well.（那里的每个家庭都将有一个远程遥控系统﹣﹣允许用户控制暖气和门锁，参加视频会议，接受教育、医疗和政府服务。在城市里，只有有人坐电梯时，自动扶梯才会移动，办公室和学校都将与该系统连接。）可知本段主要讲了城市的未来。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据原文The great mind behind Songdo is from the company Cisco.（松岛背后的好想法来自思科公司。）可知松岛背后的好想法来自思科公司。故选A。 4. 细节推理题。根据第四段About 75% of the world's population will live in cities by 2050，so cities will need to be more modern to deal with the coming problems.（到2050年，世界上大约75%的人口将居住在城市，因此城市将需要更加现代化来应对即将到来的问题。）据此推断Dan Hill认为让城市更智能是为了解决即将到来的问题。故选C。 5. 文章标题题。根据第一段Although it might sound a little far from you，living in a"smart"city like this could happen sooner than you think.（虽然这听起来可能有点远，但生活在这样一个"智能"城市可能比你想象的要早。）可知本文主要介绍了智能城市，据此判断本文最好的标题为智能城市。故选A。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $