专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，黑吉辽蒙专用）高三英语上学期

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （24-25高三上·辽宁点石联考·期中）In the UK, there are about 12 million people suffering with hearing loss, and approximately 6.7 million could benefit from hearing aids. However, only about 2 million people use them. People with hearing loss may feel hearing aids are meant only for older people. They can feel a sense of embarrassment, ageing and lack of confidence when wearing them. Besides, some people have no confidence in hearing aids and believe they will not help, or will even make their hearing worse. Individuals sometimes believe they will be dependent on their hearing aids, thus choosing not to use them out of desire for independence. Therefore, people with hearing loss may turn to coping mechanisms such as excessively(过度地)turning the volume up on their TVs. In the UK, patients with hearing loss can obtain hearing aids free of charge through National Health Service(NHS). However, the choice of style, manufacturer and level of technology may be limited and can also involve lengthy waiting lists. There are a greater number of hearing aid options available in the private sector but these can sometimes be expensive, which can be a prohibitive factor for individuals. There are some negative perspectives about hearing aids, such as the appearance. Many people have the idea that hearing aids are huge and noticeable. However, there are many different types of hearing aids such as invisible ones in ear canals. The hearing aid selection is discussed with each individual at their hearing assessment, and the correct hearing aids are selected according to their level of hearing loss. There have been other advancements in technology such as rechargeable hearing aids. There is now wireless connectivity in many hearing aids, which enables hearing aids to be connected to mobile devices, tablets and televisions, allowing direct audio streaming into hearing aids. Undoubtedly, wearing hearing aids is very beneficial for well-being, allowing individuals to interact with others and hear better. All of the advancements in technology in the future mean the functionality and comfort of hearing aids will greatly increase, considerably improving the quality of life for more people with hearing loss. 1.What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. What people with hearing loss should do. B. How older people respond to hearing aids. C. Why some people avoid using hearing aids. D. Whether hearing aids will affect independence. 2.Which of the following may prevent people getting hearing aids from NHS? A. The cost can be higher. B. Patients may have to wait for long. C. Many people have no access to the related policy. D. Some private sectors get hearing aids in advance. 3.What is mainly considered during the hearing aid selection process? A. The cost of the hearing aids. B. The individual’s personal preference. C. The individual’s specific hearing loss. D. The appearance of the hearing aids. 4.What can we expect of the hearing aids in the future? A. They will be connected to more devices. B. They will be made smaller and more fashionable. C. They will enable users to interact more with others. D. They will provide high-quality and better service for users. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·吉林九校联合·期中）It’s a problem that has annoyed many horror movie makeup artists: How do you give some the appearance of having a second head? Seemingly to fake out hunters, many butterflies have found their own solutions to this problem, with complicated patterns and structures on their wings that create what look like second heads on their backsides. Now, in a new study, researchers at the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) dive deeper into the origins of these “false heads”. Previous studies have shown these false heads help confuse hunters: Damage to the back end of a butterfly’s wings near the false head has less impact on vital behaviors such as flying and mating than damage to the butterfly’s real head. Scientists had long theorized that butterflies’ false heads arose because five key traits—namely false feelers, noticeable coloration, wing patterns that contain special lines, large spots, and headlike shapes—evolve together to redirect predator attention. But no one had traced the evolutionary history of these traits. Evolutionary ecologists at IISER began by analyzing images of nearly 1000 species of butterflies and marking how many of the false head traits each species exhibited. The researchers then constructed a phylogenetic tree (系统树), which allowed them to visualize how closely related false-headed species were to one another, as well as how each of the trait evolved over time. Computational modeling of this tree revealed that four of the five false head traits all evolved in a correlated manner, while also showing the order in which the traits first appeared within butterflies. The researchers propose that the separate traits integrated into a single, complex false head trait because of a common selective force: attacks from hunters. However, questions remain on the exact advantages that these distinctive defense mechanisms provide to the butterflies that use them. 1.Why is “makeup artist” mentioned in the first paragraph? A. To introduce an evolutionary trick. B. To illustrate a filming technique. C. To support a scientific theory. D. To justify a long-held assumption. 2.What might previous studies focus on? A. The development of the five traits. B. The defensive function of false heads. C. The special behaviors of butterflies. D. The evolution theories of butterflies. 3.What did IISER scientists do in the new study? A. They classified wing patterns of butterflies. B. They innovated methods of studying butterflies. C. They constructed the history of trait evolution. D. They analyzed the survival benefits of false heads. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Do Key traits Enhance Insects’ Survival? B. Confused? Phylogenetic Tree Helps C. Does Evolution Reshape Butterflies’ Bodies? D. To Survive? Fake a Second Head Passage 2 （25-26高三上·辽宁名校·期中）The patient pulled a painful face with cries, but he refused to speak to his doctor. The patient was a goat. Recognizing animal pain is tough. Humans must rely on subtle body language or behavioral changes. But a new AI model automates this process by identifying pain in goats — using only their facial expressions. Traditionally, detecting animal pain involves hand-analyzing photos or videos for specific signs — raised lip, wide-open nostril and creating pain scales (量表) for individual species. But we humans detect and interpret animals' pain with bias (偏见), says Chiavaccini, the study's lead author. “When detection is automated, the computer just picks up the patterns.” Chiavaccini’s team videotaped 40 goats of various kinds, ages and different medical conditions at a veterinary (兽医的) hospital, making over 5,000 fixed frames. Using a behavioral pain scale, clinical history and physical exams, they classified each goat as in pain or not. The team tried three approaches, training an algorithm (算法) on different image groups while reserving others to test that training. The most balanced model was trained, adjusted and finally tested for five times, which gave 80% average accuracy. “Such training basically builds 30 years of clinical experience in 30 minutes,” Chiavaccini says. AI-powered tools built with similar methods could someday help veterinarians make quicker and more accurate diagnoses or warn farmers of early pain in livestock. “This study shows a silver lining of AI in animal care and highlights the need for further exploration across diverse species,” says Mahmoud, a scientist in human and animal behavioral AI. Such tools already exist for nonverbal human patients, but these systems’ effectiveness can be limited by poor image quality or nonstandard camera angles. “Many of the engineering problems we solved, like adapting to messy, real-world conditions, could be helpful to human medicine,” Chiavaccini says. “Doctors worry about perfect lighting or head positioning. Meanwhile I’m out here racing after a goat with my camera.” 1.What makes recognizing animal pain difficult according to the passage? A. Heavy dependence on photos. B. Misinterpretation of animal's pain. C. Unreliability of humans’ judgement. D. No pain scales for each animal species. 2.What is presented in paragraph 4? A. Research process. B. Practical examples. C. Theoretical analysis. D. Historical methods. 3.What’s Mahmoud’s attitude toward the application of AI in animal care? A. Ambiguous. B. Cautious. C. Promising. D. Doubtful. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Facial Expressions Work Wonders B. AI Describes Pain in Goat Expressions C. Three Approaches to Studying Livestock D. AI: A New Way to Treat Animals' Diseases Passage 3 （25-26高三上·辽宁名校·期中）As children grow, their understanding of science and being a scientist changes. Adults’ words are critical to keep them engaged in discovery. Kids are naturally curious and love exploring. “What’s that in your hand? Is it a ball? Will it roll down this hill?” they might ask. This is science in action: observing, testing, seeing results and asking questions. But over time, kids often lose interest in science. To praise a child, many adults often say “You’re a good scientist” The language cues (提示), focusing on science as an identity rather than the actions people do, partly cause this. However, there are some steps to keep the curiosity alive. A study found 4-year-old girls insisted longer when told “Let’s do science” instead of “Let's be scientists.” One possibility is that children may associate scientists with men. If they don’t share that identity, they might disengage from an activity designed “for scientists.” Besides, children may think being a scientist needs special intellectual abilities, which they believe only certain groups have. Perhaps now you are thinking, “Great, I will just focus on doing science and the actions in the scientific process” And this will probably work for kids, even as they grow from childhood to teens and early adulthood. But it’s also true that during the teens, your kids are actively trying and finally forming their own identities. Unlike its demotivating effects on young children, identity-focused language may help teens stay interested in science. One study found if you told middle schoolers to think about being a “scientist” or “doctor” someday, they’d do more homework and probably get higher grades. That might be because if teens see themselves as scientists, they’ll be willing to work to become who they want to be. How these two versions of subtle language cues might work together has yet to be investigated; perhaps this research could be done by your future scientist. 1.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By listing statistics. B. By quoting an expert. C. By giving an example. D. By making comparisons. 2.What does the underlined word “this” refer to in paragraph 2? A. The insistence of 4-year-old girls. B. The loss of scientific curiosity. C. The adoption of necessary measures. D. The use of action-focused phrases. 3.How does the identity-focused language benefit teens according to the study? A. It enhances peer connection. B. It increases academic stress. C. It reduces work productivity. D. It promotes study performance. 4.What will the follow-up study focus on? A. The design of scientific activities. B. The difficulty in keeping curiosity alive. C. The influence of action-focused language. D. The interaction between two language cues. Passage 4 （25-26高三上·辽宁七校协作体-11月·期中）Growing up with a mother who introduced swedes (芜菁甘蓝) to Indian cuisine, Hill-Maini developed an early appreciation for the transformative power of cooking. His culinary (烹饪的) adventures took him to New York City, where, at just 18, he was redesigning menus for Manhattan restaurants. But the call of science beckoned (召唤), leading him through biochemistry at Harvard and eventually to UC Berkeley, where he now combines his passions for cooking and research. The star of Hill-Maini’s research is N. intermedia, the fungus responsible for oncom — a traditional Indonesian food made from soy pulp leftovers. What makes this fungus extraordinary is its ability to turn indigestible plant waste into nutritious, flavorful food in just 36 hours. But Hill-Maini and his team didn't stop at soy pulp. They tested N. intermedia on about 30 different agricultural waste products. The results were astonishing — the fungus thrived on almost all of these agricultural waste products, proving its significant role in food recycling. The science behind this fungal magic is fascinating. N. intermedia belongs to a group called filamentous fungi, which produce enzymes (酶) that break down complex plant materials that human digestive systems struggle with. In doing so, they not only make the waste edible but also increase its protein content and improve its flavor. One of the most exciting discoveries was the existence of two distinct types of N. intermediate wild types found globally and types that have adapted specifically to human generated agricultural waste. This suggests a fascinating co-evolution between the fungus and human food production practices. However, would people actually accept it? To answer this, Hill-Maini worked with Rasmus Munk, head chef of the Michelin two-star restaurant Alchemist in Copenhagen. They presented red oncom to 60 people who had never encountered it before. “We found that, basically, people who had never tried this food before made positive comments about it,” Hill-Maini said. “The results were pretty good.” 1.What attracts Hill-Maini’s interest in cooking? A. An introduction to Indian food. B. His experiences of redesigning menus. C. His mother’s influence. D. His research at Harvard. 2.What can N. intermedia do according the text? A. Promote the growth of plants. B. Make food out of useless farm produce. C. Increase the output of farm products. D. Protect human digestive system. 3.How do people feel about the red oncom after they tried it? A. Satisfied. B. Terrible. C. Uncertain. D. Worried. 4.Which title best summarizes the article? A. Revolutionizing Food through Culinary Art B. Fungi Turn Farm Waste into Sustainable Food C. Oncom: Indonesia’s Fermented Soy Tradition D. Enzyme Breakthroughs in Biochemistry 主题语境03 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高三上·黑龙江新时代高中教育联合体·期中）The boom in new energy vehicles (NEVs) has raised hopes for decarbonization — reducing carbon emissions, but the mounting waste of used and discarded batteries presents a hidden sustainable environmental crisis. Industry projections warn that by 2040, over 3 million tons of NEV batteries will reach the end of their life annually, far outpacing current recycling capacities. The risks extend beyond simple waste accumulation. Batteries contain toxic heavy metals and electrolytes (电解质) that, if improperly disposed of, can dissolve into soil and water sources, contaminating farmland and drinking supplies for generations. Even in recycling, only 15% of global facilities use eco-friendly methods; most rely on crude processes that release harmful pollutants into the air, creating “secondary pollution” worse than the original waste. A key obstacle is the mismatch between battery complexity and recycling technology. Modern NEV batteries use varied chemistries and designs, making standardized recycling nearly impossible. Advanced methods like hydrometallurgy, which minimize pollution, require expensive equipment and skilled labor, putting them out of reach for developing regions. Meanwhile, global regulations too distant to land true, allow unqualified operators to handle battery waste, even worsening the problem. Addressing this requires global coordination: unified (统一的) design standards for batteries, stricter enforcement of recycling laws, and cross-border investment in green technologies. Without such steps, the NEV revolution’s environmental gains could be overshadowed by a toxic legacy. 1.Why is “secondary pollution” mentioned in the passage? A. To highlight the effectiveness of current recycling methods. B. To prove that heavy metals in batteries are harmless if recycled. C. To argue that all battery waste should be buried underground. D. To show improper recycling harms more than batteries themselves. 2.Why do varied battery designs and chemistries block recycling? A. They reduce the demand for new NEV batteries in global markets. B. They increase the amount of toxic electrolytes in each battery. C. They make it difficult to develop universal recycling techniques. D. They force governments to ban the import of used NEV batteries. 3.What can be inferred about hydrometallurgy from the text? A. It is inaccessible to many regions due to its high requirements. B. It is a crude recycling method that causes severe air pollution. C. It is widely adopted in developing countries due to its low cost. D. It is ineffective in handling batteries with complex chemistries. 4.Which statement best summarizes the passage? A. The rapid growth of NEVs has completely solved environmental problems. B. Used NEV batteries pose severe environmental risks that demand global solutions. C. Secondary pollution from battery recycling is unavoidable in developing countries. D. Advanced recycling technologies will soon address the battery waste problem. 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·黑龙江新时代高中教育联合体·期中）You’re Probably Not As Awful As You Think encourages you to believe exactly what the title says — that no matter what’s going on, you’re actually doing better than you think. In today’s world, it’s easy to compare yourselves with others and think that you aren’t really doing as much as you should be, could be, need to be. Take a step back and you’ll realize your inner critic doesn’t give you a true perspective on the situation. The book, written by J. P. Fiddlebrook, is well-organized and highly accessible with a mix of humor, practical wisdom, and relatable stories. It contains sixteen chapters that touch on a variety of elements of self-confidence. It starts out with looking at the past — the baggage that we carry with us that affects our perceptions. Then it moves on to the right now — how social media and self-talk influence us. The highlights are focused on the future — the things we can do to help shake ourselves out of the cycle of negative thoughts and reframe patterns. Mindfulness and gratitude are obviously part of it. The techniques and methods for dealing with inner emotions discussed in this part are vital, such as, how to quiet your inner critic’s loudspeaker, why chasing perfection is like running on a treadmill while eating cake and how to overcome the social media comparison trap. At the end is a chapter devoted to asking for help — something very hard for a lot of people, but something extremely important to make a positive community that lifts everyone up. This book offers a refreshing escape from the cycle of self-criticism. The self-help guide encourages you to embrace your imperfections and find joy in the little things. After reading, you realize that you actually are OK, and to get resources for further improvement, not the kind of book that you want to get really heavy and overwhelming. With brief sections, it’s perfect for reading a little bit, and then reflecting and working to make adjustments to your mindsets and habits, to remind yourself that you’re really not that bad after all. 1.What is a feature of the book according to the text? A. It is filled with moving stories. B. It provides well-tested strategies. C. It adopts an easy-to-understand writing style. D. It is intended for people with mental problems. 2.What does the underlined word “baggage” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. Benefit. B. Responsibility. C. Duty. D. Load. 3.What does the future-focused section discuss? A. Social media’s impact. B. Overcoming negativity. C. Inner critic management. D. Avoiding perfection traps. 4.What is the book aimed at? A. Advocating a healthy lifestyle. B. Teaching critical thinking skills. C. Boosting one’s self-worth in life. D. Promoting the cycle of self-criticism. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·吉林九校联合·期中）On social media, reading has taken on new styles. Many readers now create colorful and detailed notes, known as marginalia (书页批注). These marks sometimes cover entire pages and may even match the color of a book’s cover. While some see this trend as creative and personal, others question whether writing in books is a bad habit or a useful practice. Yet marginalia are hardly a modern invention. From Leonardo da Vinci to modern writers, generations of readers have long left their thoughts in the margins. Such notes often provide valuable insights for later readers and occasionally reshape the understanding of the text. In recent years, bestselling novelist Ann Patchett released a special edition with notes of her novel Tom Lake to raise money for bookstores, showing how marginalia can generate cultural and financial value. Scientists have also examined the phenomenon scientifically. A study in Frontiers in Psychology recorded brain activity and found that writing by hand uses more parts of the brain than typing. This suggests that the physical act of writing, including marginalia, deepens memory and comprehension. Maryanne Wolf at UCLA further argued that making notes enables readers to go beyond the author’s ideas and discover their own understanding. In education, marginalia also plays a role. Turkish professor Demet Yayli observed that taking notes encourages deep reading, helps students clearly express their views, and strengthens their learning initiative. With greater autonomy, students are able to make decisions in learning and take responsibility for their progress, rather than wait for directions. Although note styles may appear unusual — underlining every line of a favorite character or marking romantic passages — experts agree that as long as the practice aids comprehension, any style is acceptable. Writing in the margins, far from being harmful, can personalize texts and enrich intellectual engagement. 1.According to the first paragraph, why has marginalia caused debate? A. It changes the appearance of the book. B. Books should follow trends. C. Readers enjoy colorful notes. D. Its true value is doubted. 2.Why was Leonardo da Vinci mentioned in paragraph 2? A. To explain marginalia is a bad habit. B. To show marginalia can create cultural value. C. To say marginalia is something time-honored. D. To prove books with marginalia tend to be expensive. 3.How did scientists examine the effects of handwriting? A. By comparing writing topics. B. By tracking brain activity. C. By collecting memory test scores. D. By recalling the author’s ideas. 4.What does the underlined word “initiative” in paragraph 4 most probably mean? A. Importance B. Curiosity C. Independence D. Creativity Passage 3 （25-26高三上·辽宁辽西重点高中-11月·期中）Considerable research shows coffee can dramatically affect your body and brain. Studies link it to reduced risks of stroke, cancer, and type 2 diabetes, and it’s also found to boost memory and teamwork. But what if you need to solve a problem? Turns out coffee is good for that too. Depending on the type of problem you need to solve. Say a customer’s delivery date is in danger of being late. You need an idea. So you brainstorm. Any idea. Every idea. Thinking outside the box. Thinking with no box. That’s divergent (发散的) thinking: free-flowing, unplanned, unstructured idea creation. If you need lots of ideas, coffee won’t help. But if you just need one great idea? If you just need to determine the best answer? A study published in Consciousness and Cognition found one cup of coffee boosts problem-solving via convergent (聚合的) thinking: determining the best answer to a question. Even though participants didn’t come up with more ideas, they solved problems faster. Researchers think this may be due to caffeine speeding up mental processing. We found that participants who consumed about one 12-ounce cup of coffee showed significantly enhanced problem-solving abilities. Why? The underlying mechanism is less clear. Research shows caffeine increases awareness, improves watchfulness, enhances concentration and lifts mood. All those factors improve your problem-solving abilities. Drinking a cup of coffee clearly works, but just keep in mind that a little more coffee is good, but a lot more may not be. Also consider how much coffee you drink regularly. A 2012 study found that within three days of consistent caffeine consumption, your body builds up tolerance, which means your body gets used to it, and the effect weakens, including your problem-solving ability. Fortunately, if you cut back on coffee for a few days — around seven days or so — the original effects of coffee usually start to come back gradually. So as with most things in life, consider the timing. See coffee as an occasional focus, mood, and analysis aid, especially when you need to solve a particularly difficult problem. 1.Which of the following best describes the effect of drinking coffee? A. It effectively prevents type 2 diabetes. B. It helps divergent thinking a lot. C. It works better for certain types of problems. D. It has insignificant influence on the brain and body. 2.According to the study in paragraph 5, what is the key finding about coffee? A. It enhances the speed of convergent thinking. B. It inspires creativity in brainstorming sessions. C. It facilitates generating a wider range of ideas. D. It has little effect on the speed of problem-solving. 3.What does the author think of coffee consumption? A. Once developed, coffee tolerance won’t fade. B. Grabbing coffee will fail you when you feel down. C. Take amount and timing into account. D. The benefits of coffee outweigh its drawbacks. 4.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. Coffee: a magic pill for Brain B. Coffee: you can never drink too much C. Coffee: self-control is key D. Coffee: a helper in Problem-Solving Passage 4 （25-26高三上·辽宁七校协作体-11月·期中）I highly recommend Antifragile to any student or practitioner of business management, risk management, or anyone with a curious mind and a keen interest in understanding complex human systems. The book delves into various subjects, including education, politics, economics, health, business, science, and risk, providing valuable insights and a deeper understanding of these complex topics. Antifragile builds on the ideas presented in Nassim Taleb’s earlier books, The Black Swan and Fooled by Randomness. In The Black Swan, the focus was on the extreme impact of rare events and the limitations of human predictions and forecasting. Fooled by Randomness emphasizes the role of randomness and luck in life and business outcomes as well as the difficulty of distinguishing between actual skill and luck. While those books focus on “black swans” — rare and unpredictable events that have a significant impact, Antifragile further discusses the idea of antifragility and offers solutions to identify, build and benefit from antifragility in every aspect of life. One of the main new topics addressed in Antifragile is that some systems and individuals benefit from stressors and disruptions (干扰) while others are harmed by them. Taleb defines complex systems as systems composed of interconnected and interdependent parts that exhibit nonlinear (非线性) behavior. These systems are characterized by high uncertainty, volatility (波动性), and non-predictability and are often difficult to understand and control. Besides, Taleb defines complexity as the property of a system that makes it hard to predict its behaviour or outcomes based on knowledge of its parts. He argues that complexity emerges from the interactions and relationships between the parts of a system and that it is a fundamental characteristic of many natural and human-made systems, including economies, societies, and ecosystems. Overall, Antifragile is a thought-provoking and influential work that challenges readers to rethink their assumptions about resilience and stability. 1.Why does the author highly recommend the book Antifragile? A. It provides practical tips for student and practitioner readers. B. It concentrates on business and risk management strategies. C. It offers deep insights into complexity across diverse fields. D. It simplifies complex topics into understandable summaries. 2.What is the relationship between Antifragile and Taleb’s earlier books? A. It contradicts their ideas. B. It expands on their perspectives. C. It disputes their concepts. D. It addresses comparable subjects. 3.What is a characteristic of complex systems according to Taleb? A. Stable outcomes. B. Straightforward interactions. C. Absolute certainty. D. Significant unpredictability. 4.What is the tone of the passage? A. Dismissive. B. Neutral. C. Skeptical. D. Enthusiastic. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·黑龙江新时代高中教育联合体·期中）If a stranger offered you a free cookie, you might well eat it. But what if they also offered to give you $2? You might politely decline and walk away thinking, “Something smells fishy.” In a study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, researchers found that people tend to turn down offers of “free money” (as well as unusually high salaries or suspiciously cheap services) because they seem “too good to be true”. The research bridges economics and psychology to explain why financial attraction can backfire. In the initial experiment, nearly 40 percent of participants ate a cookie offered freely, compared with about 20 percent of those offered $2 as well. “People typically imagine things like that someone did something disgusting to the cookie,” says study lead author Andrew J. Vonasch, a psychological scientist at University of Canterbury in New Zealand. Nine further experiments, involving more than 4,000 participants, used online questionnaires to present other cases. These included being offered money to accept a ride home, incredibly high construction-job wages and surprisingly cheap flights. In each case, past a certain threshold (门槛), higher financial profit reduced participants’ potential of accepting the offer. If someone seems to go against accepted norms (准则) such as self-interest without explanation, we assume they have hidden motives and infer there will be “phantom costs”: imagined consequences that reduce what Vonasch calls an offer’s “psychological value”. Factors beyond the present moment may come into play. “Understanding that others’ perceived over generosity may put us in their debt could also help explain people’s reluctance (勉强),” says Rachel McCloy, a psychologist studying decision-making at England’s University of Reading. “The old saying ‘there’s no such thing as a free lunch’ is clearly alive and well.” Another experiment found that high scorers on measures of distrust inferred more phantom costs. The researchers also showed how to alleviate (减轻) the effect: simply provide a reason for the deal. The “cheap flights” experiment included a condition where the seats were revealed to be very uncomfortable. “Uncomfortable seats aren’t typically a selling point,” Vonasch says. “But telling people the seats were uncomfortable made them more willing to take them because it was sufficient explanation.” 1.What does the underlined word “backfire” in Para.1 mean? A. Result in an opposite effect. B. Boost the success of an offer. C. Increase the appeal of a proposal. D. Cause a positive outcome unexpectedly. 2.According to the study, why do people often reject offers that seem too good to be true? A. They believe they are illegal. B. They think the offer is not good enough. C. They don’t trust the intentions of the provider. D. They think it’s a waste of time. 3.Why is the quote “there’s no such thing as a free lunch” mentioned by the author? A. To prove the phantom costs. B. To promote generosity in society. C. To doubt hidden costs of generous offers. D. To remind people to be cautious of free items. 4.What helps make the “cheap flights” more acceptable according to the experiment? A. Offering more flight credits. B. Discounting the price further. C. Providing additional unrelated gifts. D. Giving a seemingly reasonable explanation. Passage 2 （24-25高三上·辽宁七校名校协作体-11月·期中）Almost half a billion small, cheap electrical everyday items from headphones to handheld fans ended up in landfill in the UK in the past year, according to research. The not-for-profit organisation Material Focus, which conducted the research,said the scale of the issue was huge and they wanted to encourage more recycling. More than half a billion cheaply priced electronic goods were bought in the UK in the past year alone-16 per second. Material Focus findings showed that of these items,471m were thrown away. This included 260m disposable vapes (电子烟), 26m cables, 29m LED, solar and decorative lights, 9.8m USB sticks, and 4.8m miniature fans. Scott Butler, executive director at Material Focus, described it as “fast tech”.He said: “People should think carefully about buying some of the more silly items in the first place.” He said the items people bought were often “cheap and small”, and that consumers may not realise they contain valuable materials that could be saved if recycled. Small electricals can contain precious materials including copper, lithium and stainless steel. These components can be recycled and used in wind turbines, medical devices and electric vehicles. Material Focus said that while people were used to the idea of recycling larger electrical items such as fridges, lots of smaller devices were left unused in houses. Butler said :“We want to get the message across that anything with a plug, battery or cable can be recycled and there’s somewhere near you to do it. The scale of the issue is huge, but there’s an easy solution-just as the trend for recycling and repurposing fashion has grown and grown, we want to encourage the nation to recycle fast tech, guilt-free and fuss-free.” Material Focus said that when consumers bought a cheap item, they saw it as disposable. They estimate that UK citizens spent more than £2.8bn on these cheap products in the past year. The non-profit group described it as “the tip of the iceberg” when it comes to the growing issue of wasted electricals in the UK. More than 100,000 tons of waste electricals are thrown away every year, and there are 880m electrical items of all kinds lying unused in UK homes. 1.What can we infer from Butler’s words in paragraph 4? A. Cheap items don’t deserve consumer’s careful use. B. Low-quality electrical goods are easy to be recycled. C. Consumers should stop buying these “fast tech” in the first place. D. Valuable materials can be found in these cheap and small electrical goods. 2.What did Butler appeal to people to do? A. They’d better spread the idea of “fast tech”. B. They’d better recycle small devices as well as larger ones. C. They’d better set up somewhere near them to do the recycling. D. They’d better catch the trend of disposing small and cheap items. 3.What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Tons of small and cheap electrical items are thrown away. B. Legal efforts should be made to ban small electrical items. C. “Fast tech”— the future generation. D. Recycling valuable materials from electronics is urgent. 4.Where is the text most probably taken from? A. A book review. B. A philosophical textbook. C. A science magazine. D. An electronic book. 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·辽宁县域重点高中·期中）Urban mobility is at a crossroads. For decades cities have been designed to cater to cars, with countless roads, plenty of parking, and laws that separate residential areas from commercial and industrial zones. This has made cities less livable, increasingly polluted, and contributed to social inequality. But now, a new vision for urban mobility is emerging, one that prioritizes people over vehicles, reduces carbon emissions, and enhances the quality of urban life. At the heart of this transformation are technological innovations that are reshaping how people move within cities. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more affordable and accessible. Autonomous vehicles, though still in their early stage, hold the promise of reducing traffic accidents and jams by enabling more efficient use of road space. And shared mobility services, such as bike-and car-sharing, are making it easier for people to get around without owning a personal vehicle. The shift towards more sustainable urban mobility is also being driven by a change in consumer preferences. Younger generations, in particular, are less attached to the idea of car ownership and more open to alternative modes of transportation. It is being fueled by concerns about climate change and air pollution, as well as the increasing cost of owning and maintaining a car in urban areas. As a result, cities are seeing a growing demand for green transportation options. However, the transition to a more sustainable and intelligent urban mobility system is arduous. One major challenge is the need for significant investment in new infrastructure (基础设施), such as charging stations. Additionally, ensuring the fair distribution of these benefits across different economic groups is crucial, which helps to prevent widening social gaps. What’s more, the success of urban mobility innovations depends on public acceptance and trust. Overcoming these challenges will require joint efforts from governments, private sectors, and communities. In conclusion, the future of urban mobility is set to experience significant transformations. As cities continue to grow and evolve, embracing these changes will be crucial in shaping the urban landscape of tomorrow. 1.What issue does the author mainly discuss in paragraph 1? A. Urban roads cause a mess. B. City designs center on cars. C. Diverse areas get separated in the city. D. Vehicles on roads cause traffic accidents. 2.Why do younger generations favour sustainable transport? A. They fail to make a handsome income. B. They regard car ownership as outdated. C. They worry about pollution and high car costs. D. They long to be healthy through active transport. 3.What does the underlined word “arduous” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Tough. B. Sensible. C. Available. D. Rewarding. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Improve Urban Transport B. Strategies for Sustainable Transport C. The Future of Urban Mobility D. The Upcoming Shared City Mobility Passage 2 （24-25高三上·吉林省“BEST”合作体六校·第三次联考）Landscape paintings of the 19th century displayed in London’s Tate Britain museum looked rather familiar to Anna Lea Albright, a climate researcher. Artist William Turner’s unique way of painting objects in foggy weather let Albright recall her early research on air pollution. “I started wondering if there was a connection,” says Albright, who visited the museum on a day off from work. Turner — an English Romantic painter — was painting as increasing industrial plants earned London the name “The Big Smoke”. Turner’s early works were done with sharp details while later works had a dreamier aesthetic (美感). To figure out to what extent Impressionists were reflecting the environmental conditions of that time, Albright partnered with climatologist Peter Huybers. They analyzed the contrast of 60 works created by Turner from 1796 to 1850 and 38 paintings by Monet between 1864 and 1901. It turned out that as the release of sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) increased over time, the amount of contrast in both Turner’s and Monet’s paintings decreased. However, works set in Paris by Monet between 1864 and 1872 showed relatively higher contrast compared with Turner’s London-based works created 20 years earlier. This, Albright and Huybers say, can be due to the much slower start of the Industrial Revolution in France. The researchers also analyzed the paintings’ visibility, or the distance at which an object can be clearly seen. Before 1830, the visibility in Turner’s paintings averaged about 25 kilometers while paintings after 1830 had the average visibility of about 10 kilometers. To strengthen their argument, the researchers also analyzed 18 paintings from four other London-and Paris-based Impressionists. Again, as outdoor air pollution increased, the contrast and visibility in the paintings decreased. The researchers calculate that air pollution can explain about 61 percent of contrast differences between the paintings. In that respect, “different painters will paint in a similar way when the environment is similar,” Albright says. “But I don’t want to overstep the line and say: Oh, we can explain all of Impressionism.” 1.Why is Albright’s visit to a museum mentioned? A. To connect art with research. B. To introduce previous foggy weather. C. To show impacts of Turner’s painting. D. To explain inspiration for her new study. 2.What might lead to lower contrast in Turner’s paintings according to the research? A. His personal habits. B. His drawing techniques. C. The higher level of industrialization. D. The influence of Impressionists. 3.What does the paintings’ visibility mainly indicate? A. Painting styles vary with time and regions. B. Air pollution needs to be controlled. C. Lower visibility is more popular in works. D. Changes in it may relate to air quality. 4.Which word can best describe Albright’s attitude towards the findings? A. Objective. B. Optimistic. C. Enthusiastic. D. Doubtful. 主题语境03 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （24-25高三上·辽宁联合体·期中）The term parasocial interaction (虚拟社交) was introduced in the 1950s by the social scientists Donald Horton and R. Richard Wohl. It was the early days of home television, and they were seeing people form a close connection with actors who were appearing virtually in their home. Today, the definition is much broader. After all, actors, singers, comedians, athletes, and countless other celebrities are available to us in more ways than ever before. Forming parasocial bonds has never been easier. Psychologists document cases of parasocial relationships that can go much deeper, with severe consequences. Scholars note parasocial bonds range from casual talk about stars to intense emotions, to uncontrollable behavior and fantasies. At the deepest level, the parasocial relationship can be dangerous, such as when a fan loses touch with reality and secretly follows a star. It can also lead to confusion about one’s own identity, particularly in adolescents who are still forming their sense of self, as they may model themselves on the media figures with whom they have parasocial relationships. In 2021, two psychologists from York University, in Canada, found that forming parasocial bonds was strongly related to avoidant attachment. That is, people who tended to push others away in their day-to-day lives were more likely to relate to fictional characters. You can easily see how parasocial relationships could be a replacement when one finds real-life attachment difficult. This could start a feedback cycle, in which avoiding close relationships stimulates parasocial bonding, which in turn leads to reduced interactions with real-life family and friends as the fans spends their time and energy on someone who doesn’t know they exist. My purpose here is not to say that parasocial interactions are always bad for you, or even abnormal. Rather, it is to suggest that heavy parasocial bonding might be a signal that you are crowding out the real people who can give you the love you truly need. One way to address this is to get some more distance from your fictional friends, thus pausing the feedback cycle and giving yourself more space to pursue in-person connection. 1.How has parasocial interaction changed according to Paragraph 1? A. It has become more accessible. B. It has affected more celebrities. C. It has lost much of its significance. D. It has turned into a two-way process. 2.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Reasons behind celebrity following. B. Origins of dangerous relationships. C. Different types of parasocial relationships. D. Potential harm of parasocial relationships. 3.Which of the following can lead to parasocial relationships? A. Socializing with strangers. B. Having strong family support. C. Participating in group activities. D. Struggling with relationships in reality. 4.What might the author suggest for those with heavy parasocial relationships? A. Meeting fictional friends in real life. B. Seeking guidance from professionals. C. Hanging out more with real friends. D. Creating more space for being alone. 主题语境04 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·黑龙江龙东十校联盟·期中）I came across a new study this week that really got me thinking. And the paper shined a new light on the value of large language models (LLMs) in medicine and even beyond. Researchers took a simplified version of GPT and trained it on individual medical diagnoses. Surprisingly, this tiny system was able to predict the “next word” in a person’s health story, including the next diagnosis, the next complication, and, with exceptional precision, even the timing of death. It seems as if AI is learning what might be called the grammar of disease. Each diagnosis is a “word,” each medical record is a “sentence,” and our lives are written in sequences of these marks. Add high blood pressure, and the model can already outline a likely next chapter. Add diabetes or kidney (肾) disease, and the story becomes sharper, the ending more predictable. Each “word” adds more context and increases the statistical probability. So, what does it mean, psychologically, morally, and even practically, when a machine can read the story of our health and tell us what comes next or even how it might end? Do we really want to know our likely “final chapter,” even if we can’t change it? Or could this knowledge be used to rewrite the story and to intervene earlier, shift the course, and add new chapters we never expected? Interestingly, this doesn’t stop at medicine. If a model can learn the grammar of disease, what about the grammar of relationships and the patterns that predict divorce or make-up? LLMs, trained on millions of human stories, already contain hints of these patterns. So, this is where it gets both thrilling and unnerving for me. These models don’t just predict words; they predict the future shape of human lives, at least in a statistical sense. This leaves us with a very human question. How much of this do we actually want to know? There’s power in foresight, but also a kind of burden. Perhaps the challenge isn’t just building models that can read our stories but in deciding when and how we want them to tell us what comes next. 1.What is the function of paragraph 1? A. To explain the process of LLM training. B. To doubt the accuracy of AI predictions. C. To introduce a broader potential of LLMs. D. To warn against the risks of AI predictions. 2.What does the author compare “the grammar of disease” to? A. Health care plans. B. LLM training rules. C. Language structures. D. Diagnosis principles. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards AI’s predictive power? A. Dismissive. B. Enthusiastic. C. Unconcerned. D. Cautious. 4.What does the last paragraph focus on? A. The dilemma of knowing. B. The improvement of predictions. C. The technical limitations of AI. D. The complexity of human stories. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·辽宁大连滨城高中联盟·期中）To determine the type and severity of a cancer, scientists usually analyze thin slices of a tumor (肿瘤) under a microscope. But to tell how the tumor is treated, scientists must perform genetic sequencing (排序) of the RNA isolated from the tumor, a process that can take weeks and costs thousands of dollars. But now, Stanford Medicine researchers have developed an artificial intelligence — powered computational program that can predict the activity of thousands of genes within tumor cells. The tool was created using data from more than 7, 000 diverse tumor samples. The team showed that it could be used routinely to predict genetic variations in breast cancers and to predict patient outcomes. “This kind of software could be used to quickly identify gene signatures in patients’ tumors, speeding up clinical (临床的) decision- making and saving the health care system thousands of dollars,” said Olivier Gevaert, PhD. The researchers began with 7, 584 cancer biopsies (活检) from 16 different cancer types. Each biopsy had been sliced into thin sections and prepared. After the researchers integrated their new cancer biopsies as well as other datasets, including images from thousands of healthy cells, the AI program — which they named SEQUOIA — was able to predict the expression patterns of more than 15, 000 different genes from the stained images. To test the effect of SEQUOIA for clinical decision- making, Gevaert and his colleagues identified breast cancer genes that the model could accurately predict the expression of and that are already used in commercial breast cancer genomic tests. The AI model can’t yet be used in a clinical setting, but Gevaert said his team is studying its prospective applications. In the future, he said, SEQUOIA could reduce the need for expensive gene expression tests. “We’ve shown how useful this could be for breast cancer, and we can now use it for all cancers,” he said, “It’s a whole new source of data that we didn’t have before.” 1.How do scientists typically determine the treatment of a tumor? A. By analyzing its thin slices. B. By conducting genetic sequencing. C. By applying a computational program. D. By referring to routinely collected data. 2.What can be inferred about the datasets used to develop SEQUOIA? A. They excluded images of healthy cells. B. They included various types of cancer biopsies. C. They mainly consisted of breast cancer samples. D. They were collected after the AI program was built. 3.What did Gevaert think of the future of the AI model? A. Objective B. Useless C. Changeable D. Potential 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. A new tool for analyzing tumor slices. B. An AI tool to predict tumor gene activity. C. An attempt to conduct original genetic sequencing. D. AI technology to transform the treatment of cancer. Passage 3 （24-25高三上·吉林省“BEST”合作体六校·第三次联考）How has artificial intelligence (AI) changed and shaped our world over the last five years? How will AI continue to impact our lives in the coming years? Those are the questions addressed in my report. When it comes to the current state of AI, I must say some of the biggest changes in the last five years have been how well AI performs in large data systems on specific types of tasks. We’ve seen Alpha Zero become the best Go player entirely through self-play, and everyday use of AI such as grammar checks and auto complete, automatic personal photo organization, and speech recognition become commonplace for large numbers of people. In terms of potential, I’m most excited that AI can develop better and be used to assist people in various ways. It can help with decision-making such as identifying the likely treatment options for patients and provide basic assistance such as text-to-speech transformation for the visually damaged. In many situations, people and AI are complementary; that’s why I assume there is a possibility of teaming people with AI. In the past, people had a fairly rosy outlook on AI, but now the public have a much more mixed view. This comes from the fact we are much less willing to tolerate faults, especially discriminatory ones. There have also been questions of information and disinformation control as people get their news and entertainment by searches and rankings personalized to their needs. So, there’s a much greater recognition that we should not be waiting for AI tools to become mainstream before making sure they are morally correct. The need to understand the basics of AI and data science starts much earlier than college education, as children are being exposed to AI as soon as they click on online videos. But for computer science students in college, I think a key thing that future engineers need to realize is when to demand input and how to talk across subject boundaries to get at often difficult-to-quantify ideas of safety, equity, and so forth. 1.Why does the author talk about AI’s performance on some tasks in paragraph 2? A. To criticize AI’s lack of diversity. B. To show AI’s specialized advancements. C. To explain AI’s superiority to humans. D. To highlight AI’s considerable intelligence. 2.What does the underlined word “complementary” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Significant. B. Independent. C. Interrelated. D. Contradictory. 3.What may make humans now think differently about AI? A. Its disadvantages. B. Its moral duty. C. The high expectations. D. The personalized news. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Strengths and Faults of AI B. The Present and Future of AI C. AI: How to Further Develop? D. Humans vs AI: Who’s Better? Passage 4 （24-25高三上·辽宁七校名校协作体-11月·期中）Researchers have claimed a major step forward in the field of organ transplantation after a monkey survived for more than two years with a genetically engineered pig kidney. Scientists have spent decades working out whether animal organs could ever work properly and safely in humans without them being rejected by the patient’s immune system, but the challenges have proved immense. For the latest trial, researchers used a gene-editing tool called Crisper to alter genes in Yucatan miniature pigs before transplanting their kidneys into macaques (猕猴). The modifications altered genes to prevent organ rejection and remove pig viruses that could potentially be activated in recipients. Writing in the journal Nature, the scientists describe how 21 monkeys performed after their kidneys were removed and a single genetically modified pig kidney was implanted. Monkeys typically survived only 24 days when the kidneys were edited to disable three genes that trigger immune rejection. But when the scientists added seven human genes that reduce blood clotting (结块), inflammation and other immune reactions, the monkeys survived seven times longer, typically for 176 days.When combined with treatment to suppress the immune system, the researchers report that one monkey survived for more than two years-758 days -with the transplanted organ. Curtis, the chief executive of eGenesis, said the long-term survival of at least some of the monkeys had put eGenesis on course to satisfy the US Food and Drug Administration requirement to see at least 12 months’ survival in animals before the team can launch a clinical trial in humans. “We are well on our way there,” Curtis said. “There simply aren’t enough kidneys to go around. In our opinion it’s the only near-term viable solution.” The team uses Yucatan miniature pigs as donors because at maturity their kidneys are roughly the same size of those in the adult human. In the monkey trial, the kidneys were transplanted at two to three months when the organs were much smaller. Prof Tatsuo Kawai, an author on the study at Harvard Medical School,said the scientists expected the modified pig organs to perform better in humans than monkeys because “they are a better match”. 1.What do researchers do with the Yucatan miniature pigs? A. They altered their immune systems. B. They transplanted their kidneys into human beings. C. They used them to produce a gene-editing tool. D. They changed their genes to prevent rejection and remove pig viruses. 2.What’s Curtis’ attitude towards the result of the experiment? A. Content. B. Dissatisfied. C. Doubtful. D. Dismissed. 3.What does the underlined word “those” refer to? A. Kidneys. B. Monkeys. C. Pigs. D. Organs. 4.What’s the best title of the passage? A. Timne to change human immune system. B. An advance in immune system. C. An advance in organ transplantation. D. A clinical trial in humans. Passage 5 （24-25高三上·辽宁点石联考·期中）As Earth’s climate continues to change, a plant’s ability to adapt to its shifting environment is critical to its survival. Often, to stay alive a plant must move locations by releasing its seeds, but plants are rooted in the ground and cannot move themselves. Instead, they are dependent on animals or the wind to carry their seeds to a new location. To better understand how plants can survive in the face of challenges like climate change, a team of researchers at the University of-Missouri (MU) and Michigan State University recently cooperated to develop an innovative mathematical model that can provide fast and reliable predictions of how far wind can carry a plant's seeds. "Once seeds are released from a plant, we wanted to know how far they can go because as wind conditions vary the seeds will be moved around differently as a result of various weights, sizes and shapes," said Binbin Wang, an assistant professor at the MU College of Engineering. One advantage of the model is its ability to predict the probability of where seeds might eventually land on the ground when winds are wild. “This model gives us an insight into the probability of where a seed will land on the ground in different conditions depending on the seed type, the plant type and the wind speed,” adds Wang. “Understanding how plants move as seeds year-round is critical for us to analyze how they’ll be able to handle climate change. Besides, this movement is also important for how we can increase diversity in the ecosystem.” Lauren Sullivan, a biologist and professor at Michigan State University, explained. Instead of only making assumptions about how plants move, biologists are now able to partner with researchers who can factor in aspects like aerodynamics and micro-meteorology (微观气象学). This innovative approach will help them develop accurate models that are simple enough to make good predictions in just a short amount of time in the future. 1.What’s the function of paragraph 1? A. To attract readers’ interest. B. To bring up the topic of the text. C. To introduce plants’ survival conditions. D. To tell the author's views about climate changes. 2.What is the mathematical model aimed for? A. Monitoring plants’ growing process. B. Predicting how wind conditions change. C. Solving the survival crisis of plants. D. Calculating how far wind can carry seeds. 3.What does Lauren Sullivan think of the movement? A. It mainly depends on the wind speed. B. It contributes to the protection of ecosystem. C. It plays a vital role in dealing with climate change. D. It helps researchers evaluate the wind condition. 4.What can we infer about the models in the future from the last paragraph? A. They will be used in weather forecast. B. They will be applied to analyzing plant types. C. They will be simplified and work more efficiently. D. They will speed up the plants' movement. 主题语境05 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·黑龙江龙东十校联盟·期中）These are things people might say when they claim to be setting boundaries: “You really have to stop coming over unannounced.” “If you can’t honor my needs, I’m cutting off all contact.” But like so much of the therapy-speak invading social media, the meaning of “boundaries” has been lost in translation. When psychologists talk about boundaries, they don’t mean controlling other people with final warnings or distancing yourself from relationship problems. Setting a boundary means controlling your own behavior with rules that you set for yourself. Say that your mother often comments on your weight. If you ask her to please stop mentioning your size, this is a request—not a boundary. If she ignores that request, then you can establish a boundary. One way would be to disallow her belief about your body to become your belief, said KC Davis, a therapist in Texas and a best-selling author. “I don’t need to convince her that I’m healthy. I just go, ‘OK, Mom,’ and move on,” Ms. Davis said. You can also create a boundary with a clear statement. You can say to a disrespectful friend: “I’m willing to have a conversation with you, but I will not talk with someone who is putting me down.” Sometimes, however, the other person isn’t capable of giving you exactly what you want. In those instances, you can use boundaries to maintain a connection that feels good. Ms. Davis recalled a time when setting a boundary helped her feel less bitter toward a friend. “We’d make plans to hang out and she wouldn’t show, or I would go to pick her up and she wouldn’t answer the door,” Ms. Davis said. “I was at my wits’ end.” Eventually, Ms. Davis stopped making plans with her friend and quit expecting her to be more available, but she didn’t try to control her friend’s behavior. Now, when they catch up it’s just a few times a year, but Ms. Davis can fully enjoy their visits. Setting rules are a healthy way of expressing our needs and expectations—and help foster stronger connections with important people in our lives, said Ms. Davis. 1.What must be included in boundary setting according to psychologists? A. Making requests for respect. B. Managing one’s own conduct. C. Issuing last warnings to others. D. Addressing relationship conflicts. 2.What should you say if you are to set a boundary? A. “I have to leave the room if the shouts continue.” B. “I’m done with you unless you treat me with respect.” C. “Stop looking at your phone when I’m talking to you!” D. “Could you please stop asking me about my career choices?” 3.How can we describe Ms. Davis based on paragraph 4? A. Patient and forgiving. B. Passive and defensive. C. Self-directed and adaptive. D. Strong-willed and accessible. 4.What is the best title of the text? A. Why Setting Boundary Matters? B. Are Boundaries Invisible Walls? C. Boundary: Requests, Not Commands D. Boundary: Stop Looking out, Look in Passage 2 （25-26高三上·辽宁大连育明高中学·期中）Engineering in the U.S. has long been a male-dominated profession. Fifty years ago, it looked like that might change. In 1970, the percentage of women majoring in engineering was less than 1%. In 1979, that number was 9%. Many hoped women would continue to enter the field at the same rate. But that’s not what happened. Today, only 21% of engineering majors are women, a number largely unchanged since 2000. I am a historian who, along with my colleagues, surveyed 251 women engineers who graduated from college in the 1970s. These pioneers reflected on the challenges they faced and had advice for women entering the field today. Jessie, a survey taker, explained, “The greatest challenge for me was continuing to believe in myself, when all the messages I was getting were that I would never be taken seriously or promoted or given raises at the same rate as men, who were clearly less qualified and not as smart as I was.” A chemical engineer who worked in manufacturing agreed, “You have to prove yourself just because you are female. And you have to work twice as hard!” A civil engineer said, “We are ‘women engineers.’ People don’t refer to a man as a ‘man engineer’ — he’s an engineer. We are constantly reminded that we don’t truly belong.” Another civil engineer stated, “On many levels, you’re never quite one of the groups.” Women also talked about family caregiving responsibilities. A retired vice president from a major chemical company stated, “Young women engineers are on an equal footing until they have children, then they struggle to balance work and family—and compete with men who don’t have the same household responsibilities.” But over the years, things have changed a lot. Young women engineers are more accepted, mostly because there are just more of them. Many women engineers hailed the benefits of their chosen career. A program manager in manufacturing stated that engineering is the best degree. A mechanical engineer said, “It will give you the flexibility to do almost anything. It is also satisfying to see the effects of what you have done.” 1.What happened in the 1970s? A. 251 women engineers graduated from college. B. The number of women engineers rose sharply. C. Less than 1% of women majored in engineering. D. Women stopped entering the engineering world. 2.What was the biggest struggle for Jessie? A. Not to feel superior to less qualified male engineers. B. Not to take seriously all the messages she was getting. C. Not to think highly of her qualifications when promoted. D. Not to lose self-confidence, though constantly discouraged. 3.How do women engineers frequently feel, according to the two civil engineers? A. Disqualified on many levels. B. Excluded from the group. C. Overworked by their organizations. D. Looked down upon by male colleagues. 4.What probably makes young women engineers more accepted nowadays? A. Their success in gaining an equal footing. B. The change in their situation. C. Their ability to balance work and family. D. The increase in their number. 主题语境06 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·辽宁大连滨城高中联盟·期中）Have you ever made a resolution to “study harder”, only to fall back into old habits within a week? John Whitmore’s Coaching for Performance provides the solution — the GROW model. This simple yet powerful framework (框架) stands for Goal, Reality, Options, and Will. It transforms fuzzy goals into concrete results by guiding you through each step of the process with clearer wishes. Imagine a student transforming “I need better grades” into “I’ll raise my algebra score from 72 to 85 by doing three extra practice problems daily.” This Goal-setting step creates measurable targets, just like an athlete aiming to cut two seconds off their time. The power of GROW emerges when we honestly face Reality — that same student might admit wasting 90 minutes on social media, while the athlete recognizes poor pacing. These self- assessments, achieved through guided reflection rather than criticism, reveal the true roadblocks to progress. The Options phase shines as people create their own solutions. A nervous speaker might record speeches or join drama club — self-chosen strategies work best, far more effective than imposed advice. This leads naturally to the Will stage, where commitment turns plans into action. Our algebra student might schedule Sunday study sessions, while the runner commits to daily training. Such personalized plans generate real results — 15% grade improvements or personal bests — because the drive comes from within, not from external pressure. Whitmore’s revolutionary insight redefines effective coaching: it’s not about providing answers but about asking the right questions. This principle forms the foundation of the GROW model, which succeeds because it agrees with how human motivation actually works. What makes Coaching for Performance so valuable is that it offers a structured yet flexible system. The GROW framework provides clear guidance while allowing for personal adaptation — a balance that explains its effectiveness. At its core, Whitmore’s message is empowering: every individual already possesses the capacity for change. The GROW model simply provides the tools — strategic questioning, honest self-reflection, and actionable steps — to help people realize this potential. 1.What does the underlined word “fuzzy” probably mean in paragraph 1? A. Ambiguous B. Impractical. C. Irrelevant. D. Comprehensive 2.What issue does the athlete identify in the “Reality” phase? A. His self- assessments are unrealistic. B. His training facilities are ineffective. C. He struggles to regulate his speed properly. D. He fails to get professional training guidance. 3.Why does the author mention the nervous speaker in paragraph 3? A. To highlight the role of external pressure. B. To criticize traditional public speaking training. C. To demonstrate the significance of professional advice. D. To reveal how self-chosen strategies enhance commitment. 4.What is the author’s opinion of Whitmore’s book? A. It simplifies complex goal-setting. B. It emphasizes the external motivation. C. It is applicable to various challenges. D. It is instrumental to choose careers. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·辽宁大连育明高中学·期中）Plant-based meats are coming soon to a dinner table near you, but do they deserve a spot on your plate? If you tried a vegetable burger years ago and dismissed it as rubbery and flavorless, it’s a good time to give meatless meat another chance. Newer varieties imitate the look, flavor, and texture of meat. Analysts don’t expect the meat-free movement to slow anytime soon; a 2021 report predicts the market will skyrocket to $74 billion by 2030, a 957 percent increase. Plant-based meats are no longer just for vegetarians. Companies such as Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat — the current superstars of the alternative protein sector — are pursuing consumers who enjoy meat but want to reduce their meat consumption for animal rights, health, or environmental reasons. So far, it’s a winning strategy: More than nine out of ten consumers who buy Beyond Burger and Impossible Foods products also eat meat. Meatless meats are generally a healthier choice than beef because they are cholesterol-free, plus they’re a good source of vitamins, minerals, protein, and fiber. If meatless meat can help you stick to a plant-based diet, that in itself can lead to better health. Not only has red meat been linked to cancer, but studies show that people who ditch meat have lower blood pressure, lower average blood sugar, and lower cholesterol levels. However, just because it’s plant-based doesn’t mean it’s healthy food. Most imitation meats are highly processed and contain high amounts of sodium (钠) compared to traditional beef. These new generations of alternate meat get all the attention, but don’t forget about whole grains and vegetables. Beans are an especially excellent protein substitute. They’re nutritious, inexpensive, and far more sustainable than any of the processed meatless substitutes on the market today. 1.What can we expect of plant-based meats? A. An increasing interest in their analyses. B. An enormous effort in their promotion. C. A huge boost in their consumption. D. A noticeable increase in their varieties. 2.What do we learn about consumers buying Beyond Burger and Impossible Foods products? A. They are mostly non-vegetarians. B. They are mostly animal-rights advocates. C. Most of them stop eating meat for health reasons. D. Most of them eat meatless meat to protect the environment. 3.What does the underlined word “ditch” mean in paragraph 4? A. Consume. B. Preserve. C. Purchase. D. Abandon. 4.What does the author recommend we eat at the end of the passage? A. Naturally produced foods. B. Processed protein substitutes. C. Red meats like traditional beef. D. New generations of alternate meat. Passage 3 （25-26高三上·黑龙江哈尔滨师范大学附属中学·期中）In the video game Space Invaders Extreme 2, a player has to fire weapons to destroy aliens attacking Earth. These aliens move fast, raining down from the top of the screen and claiming a player’s “life” if they reach the bottom. A study in Nature suggests that while destroying digital aliens might seem unrelated to distinguishing between words, such action video games may help children at risk for developmental dyslexia—a genetic language disorder that makes processing words difficult — by improving their ability to perceive spoken words and sounds. In the study, 79 prereading children with family histories of dyslexia took several language tests, including listening for differences in made-up words — a task that can be challenging for dyslexic people. The kids were then split into four groups. One played Space Invaders Extreme 2, a second played a non-action video game, a third attended speech therapy, and a fourth received no intervention. Gamers played four times a week for 45 minutes each over a month and a half, and those in speech therapy attended 45-minute sessions twice weekly over about four months. By the end of the trial more than 80 percent of the Space Invaders players were significantly better at the word-identification task than before, and they showed greater improvements than any of the other three groups. The researchers aren’t sure why scores on the other language tests did not improve notably — but they say that this finding could be valuable. “If we can target these small cognitive functions before children are older and lose some brain plasticity, then perhaps we can treat aspects of dyslexia before they’ve fully formed,” says Simone Gori, co-author of the study. Dyslexia often goes untreated in Italy’s overburdened public health and school systems, says Marilu Tempini, a behavioral neurologist at the University of California. She hopes to see larger future studies conducted in other languages as well. “Eyes are an extension of the brain,” she says, “so when we play video games, it’s directly connected to our cognitive function-and there is so much research potential there.” 1.What do we know about Space Invaders Extreme 2? A. It is regarded as violent. B. It focuses on the intelligence. C. It requires fast action. D. It contains a VR setting. 2.According to Simone Gori, what is the significance of the finding? A. It proves that children with dyslexia can be cured. B. It offers hope that the public health system in Italy will be improved. C. It suggests that video games can replace the traditional speech therapy. D. It indicates that action video games can be used for early intervention of dyslexia. 3.What is Marilu Tempini’s attitude towards the study? A. Doubtful. B. Favorable. C. Dismissive. D. Conserved. 4.Which of the following might be a suitable title for the text? A. Hidden Secrets Behind Dyslexia Revealed B. Action Video Games Advance Word Awareness C. The Most Effective Coping Strategy for Dyslexia D. Video Games Designed to Improve Cognitive Function 主题语境07 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·辽宁县域重点高中·期中）Orienting yourself in the darkness of a cave seems like a difficult task. But some bats seem to have a clever solution. Greater mouse-tailed bats live in groups inside small caves where flying is challenging, so they hang from the cave’s walls and move deeper into it by crawling backwards. They move this way in many situations, such as in response to the appearance of a natural enemy, or when they want to find a better position in the cave. Biologists have long wondered what role these bats’ unusually long tails play as they crawl inside the caves, so Yossi Yovel at Tel Aviv University and his colleagues designed an experiment to put the bats’ tails to the test. In the experiment, the researchers recreated a set-up according to the inside of a cave, creating a maze (迷宫) with obstacles similar to the uneven, rocky landform the bats would encounter naturally. The team measured how long it took for the bats to climb the wall while crawling backwards, and how smoothly they were able to do so, first naturally and then with their tails anaesthetised (麻醉). The bats used their tails like a blind walking cane, swinging them from side to side to detect obstacles and climb more safely and efficiently. In contrast, when the researchers anaesthetised the bats’ tails, their climbing time increased by an average of 10%, and the bats made more side movements instead of moving upward, apparently trying to find their way. “When you walk backwards, you can still feel with your body and with your legs,” says Yovel. “It’s clear that they can do it. But there was a significant reduction in efficiency.” While other bat species have long tails, the researchers say this is so far the only one recognized to find its way in the darkness using this distinctive strategy. “I don’t think this is general for bats with long tails,” says Yovel, “until further research is done, we don’t really know.” 1.Why do greater mouse-tailed bats crawl backwards in caves? A. To scare potential enemies away. B. To conserve energy while moving. C. To make a quick escape from inside. D. To adapt to the narrow environment. 2.What was the impact of tail anesthesia on bats? A. The maze became invisible to bats. B. Bats’ performance declined in speed. C. Bats began flying forward instead of crawling. D. The other body parts functioned more efficiently. 3.What did the experiment reveal about bats’ tails? A. They help bats to communicate with each other. B. They act as a sensor to help bats navigate in the dark. C. They offer bats forces for gripping cave walls while moving. D. They are primarily used for balance during backward crawling. 4.What is the most likely following step for Yovel’s research team? A. Train bats to crawl forward efficiently. B. Focus on how bats use tails while flying. C. Examine tail navigation in other bat species. D. Study how tail lengths influence bats’ speed. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·黑龙江哈尔滨师范大学附属中学·期中）We take our speech abilities for granted. Most people do not stop to think of how other animals and insects communicate with each other. Ants are amazing creatures that have a tireless work pattern and complex social structure. To achieve this, they must have some ways of communicating with each other. Obviously, ants do not speak as we do, so how do they communicate? Ants communicate by releasing pheromones (信息素) that function outside of the body to send chemical messages to the ant that receives it and by touching their antennae (触角) to feel and smell each other. The best example that we can see very clearly is that ants find food sources and drop pheromones on their ways. By using their antennae to detect pheromone trails and following a sweeping pattern, they encounter a trail. Once the pheromone trail is found, they follow it with one antenna on either side of the path, ensuring they keep on track. This allows other ants to follow the pheromones. The result of these pheromone paths is long convoys of ants, marching one behind each other to collect food. The queen ant uses pheromones to signal. As the queen ages, she gives off pheromones that tell the ant colony that she is dying. They begin feeding and preparing a pupa (蛹) to be the new queen. When ants greet each other with their antennae, they can tell if they are friends or foes and what function each ant fulfills in the nest. Scientists know that this is possible, but they are still trying to identify which pheromones share this information. Ants also give off pheromones that identify the nest they belong to, their social status, and their maturity. The more researchers study ants, the more they discover about their ability to translate information to one another, learn, form collective memories and sound alarms. Ants are truly amazing communicators. 1.How could ants communicate according to the text? A. By attracting companions via sounds. B. By sending alarm signals to the queen. C. By identifying pheromones with antennae. D. By keeping on the same track. 2.What is the function of the pheromone trail? A. To spot enemies in the ant colony. B. To help companions find food sources. C. To keep the orders of the ant community. D. To enable ants to communicate with humans. 3.What is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “convoys” in Para 2? A. Circles. B. Signals. C. Lines. D. Exchanges. 4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Ants have no collective memories. B. Ants alarm-sounding ability is unique. C. Researchers have identified the types of pheromones. D. More secrets on ants’ communication remain unknown. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （24-25高三上·辽宁普通高中-11月·期中）To much of the world, bullfighting has always been distinctly Iberian. But these days, parts of France are laying claim to this tradition. From the Cte Basque to the arenas of Arles and Beziers, it has spread to towns where bullfighting has long been banned, and been embraced with such enthusiasm you’d think the sport had been born there. The rising passion for blood and sand has been resisted by animal-rights activists. Last month someone set off a bomb near the bullring in Carcassonne. Yet France’s enthusiasts fiercely defend their right to these moral rituals. Bullfighting, they insist, is part of the heritage, an expression of a shared regional culture that should be protected. The rest of the Continent should take note. The paradox (自相矛盾) of an ever-more-united Europe is that as borders between member states become less important, so do the nations themselves-and regional identities are valued. It’s easy to forget that most European nation-states were created as we know them only during the 19th century, after a long series of bloody conflicts. “If the chances of war had been a little different, all the regions sharing bullfight might have been together,” argues Jean Michel Mariou, a huge fan of bullfighting. On both sides of the Pyrenees there are Basques, there are Catalans, there are common cultures, he says. “Bullfighting is only one expression of it.” Bullfighting isn’t the only cultural tradition that has begun to go beyond borders, of course. To name but one other: the Celtic revival, built largely around musical groups along the coast of Ireland, Scotland and Cornwall, Brittany and Normandy. But while bagpipes (风笛) may stir the blood, they don’t spill it. And the violence of bullfighting horrifies many people who don’t feel they share in its culture. “The concept of lasting local tradition doesn’t mean anything anymore,” says Josyane Wuerelle, coordinator of the Federation de Liasions Anti-Corrida in Agde. Bullfighting is about attracting tourists, not honoring local history, she argues. Robert Marge doesn’t see it that way, of course. He recently declined an invitation to organize a bullfighting in Paris’s enormous Stade de France. “We didn’t want to sell our souls by bringing bullfight to a region where it doesn’t exist,” he explains. But he has also got the sense to know that some traditions don’t travel well. 1.What can we learn about bullfighting from the first two paragraphs? A. It is legal in France. B. It will boom tourism in France. C. It has become popular in France. D. It is part of the heritage of France. 2.What can we infer according to Jean Michel Mariou? A. Shared cultures could bring people together. B. The continent of Europe is more united than ever. C. Bullfighting is a popular culture in many regions. D. Regions sharing bullfight were separated by wars. 3.Why did Robert Marge refuse to organize a bullfight in Paris? A. It ignores animal rights. B. It honors local tradition. C. It is intended for money. D. It is too violent for Paris. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Fight over Bullfight B. Culture or Violence C. Bullfight and Tourism D. Passion for Blood and Sand 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·辽宁沈文新研究联盟-10月·期中）PARIS 2024 OLYMPIC GAMES VENUE DESIGN “Innovation is not just about technology; it’s about the human experience,” says Jean-Michel Wilmotte, the lead architect for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. “We are crafting spaces that will be etched in the collective memory.” His vision is to create venues that are not only functional but also a testament to the spirit of the Games. Yet, the path to realizing this vision is fraught with challenges, as it requires balancing aesthetics with sustainability and legacy. Wilmotte, renowned for his work that blends modernity with tradition, is faced with the task of designing venues that will host the world’s most prestigious sporting event. His approach is to reimagine the urban landscape, creating spaces that are both iconic and adaptable, ensuring they serve Paris beyond the Games. The design process for the Olympic venues is a complex interplay of form and function. The benefits of thoughtful architectural design are particularly evident when the focus shifts from simple structures to those that demand a higher level of conceptual integration — such as venues that can be repurposed for community use post-Games. The differences in the design of traditional stadiums and the innovative venues for Paris 2024 are partly related to the physical properties of the materials and the spatial arrangement. With the new venues, there is a tactile quality to the spaces, along with a visual narrative that tells the story of the Games and the city’s heritage. But equally important is the conceptual aspect. The design team has proposed a theory of “spatial engagement,” suggesting that the venues should not only accommodate events but also engage visitors in a dialogue with the city and its culture. While the allure of new technology is undeniable, and many are tempted to rely solely on digital renderings and simulations, the tangible experience of the spaces cannot be replicated. Architects have found that when people physically engage with a space, they form a deeper connection and memory of the event. The Paris 2024 venues, with their integration of technology, art, and architecture, all play a role in shaping the Olympic experience. However, for creating an environment where the spirit of the Games is fully realized and the legacy is meaningful, the design team must not assume that all design approaches are equivalent, even when they aim to achieve the same objectives. 1.What does the phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 imply? A. The benefits are short-lived. B. The benefits are difficult to articulate. C. The benefits become readily apparent. D. The benefits are ready for implementation. 2.What does the “spatial engagement” theory assume? A. Venues should be treated as simple containers for events. B. Venues are easy to understand in terms of their design. C. People choose venues randomly based on their design. D. Venues should engage visitors in a meaningful way. 3.Why are technological tools increasingly used in the design process? A. They can capture the public’s imagination. B. They are more convenient to use in the design phase. C. They help develop more advanced architectural solutions. D. They provide more information than traditional design methods. 4.What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Multiple design approaches should be considered. B. Designers should create their own unique materials. C. Traditional design methods cannot be entirely replaced. D. The importance of experiential learning in design should not be overlooked. Passage 2 （24-25高三上·辽宁名校联盟-11月·期中）It would be silly to be sad about the end of The New Musical Express (NME), which is closing its print edition after 66 years, maintaining only its painful digital existence. This isn’t because popular music doesn’t matter nor even because the magazine became so associated with one particular form. But NME’s best days were long past, and it’s hard to imagine current readers weeping. As an ad-supported free publication, no one thought it was exciting, necessary, or even surprising. It was unnecessary and could be easily thrown away: something you picked up for a while and then put down. Its former charm was due to its rarity, but now there is a lot of cultural wealth. NME wasn’t as cutting-edge as it thought it was. It was too influenced by its own wrong concept and too often by a small range of music. For every radical (激进的) voice, there was one of the most conservative rocks, busy creating a great western tradition of popular music. Yet for generations of suburban teenagers, the weekly music press was life-changing. NME made some bands famous, although not as often as it tried to, and helped people understand why the bands were important. More than that, the inkies were the gateways to a wider world of politics, culture and ideas — life. For readers, the writers were often the real stars. For writers, especially for working-class ones, NME was also transformative. It provided not only a national stage but a paid one. Without asking any personal information, NME just sent you to see some band and asked for 400 words on it. If it liked what you wrote, it’d give you an album to review. Nowadays, there are new and instant pleasures. No teenagers have to rush to the news agent to find out what’s happening, nor wait for John Peel to come on the radio, or go around record shops. When artists can communicate directly with their audience and release materials without warning the media, cultural gatekeepers struggle for a place. The question is where excitement and world-expanding moments may now be found. 1.Why is NME closing its print edition? A. It lost its past appeal. B. It was available in digital form. C. Popular music no longer matters. D. Too many adverts occupy its pages. 2.What was the main role of NME for suburban teenagers? A. To be a wider window into fashion. B. To help them form a fantastic band. C. To dramatically influence their outlook. D. To provide a stage for them to be stars. 3.What might interest teenagers most now according to the last paragraph? A. New excitements. B. John Peel. C. Cultural gatekeepers. D. Music records. 4.What’s the best title for the text? A. The Origin of NME B. NME in the Good Old Days C. The Gradual Death of NME D. Secrets to the Success of NME 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·吉林友好学校第78·期中）Two researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Alex Robel and Shi Joyce Sim, have worked on a new model for how water moves under glaciers (冰川). The new theory shows that up to twice the amount of under-glacier water that was originally predicted might be flowing into the ocean-potentially increasing glacial melting (融化), sea level rise, and so on. While there are pre-existing methods to understand under-glacier flow, these techniques involve time-consuming computations. Robel and Sim developed a simple solution, which can predict how fast exfiltration (渗漏) is, using satellite measurements of Antarctica from the last two decades. Robel explains, “Previously, people would run a model, which would have to be applied at every point under Antarctica, and then run forward over a long time period. Now the entirety of our prediction can be done in a second on a computer.” The potentially large source of under-glacier water-possibly up to double the amount previously thought-could be affecting how quickly glacial ice flows and how quickly the ice melts at its base. Robel and Sim hope that the predictions made possible by this theory can be included into ice sheet models that scientists use to predict future ice sheet change and sea level rise. Beyond sea level rise, this additional exfiltration and melting has other possible future effects. Some of the places of richest ocean productivity in the world occur off the coast of Antarctica, and being able to better predict exfiltration and melting could help ocean biologists better understand where ocean productivity is occurring, and how it might change in the future. Robel also hopes this work will open the doorway to more cooperation with groundwater hydrologists who may be able to apply their knowledge to ice sheet dynamics, while Sim stresses the need for more fieldwork. “Getting the observationalists interested in trying to help us better understand the qualities of ice sheets would produce a dramatic effect,” Sim says. “That’s our largest unknown at this point, and it heavily influences the results.” 1.What is the new model used to study? A. The risk of sea level rise. B. The changes of ocean ecosystems. C. The speed of glacial melting. D. The flow of water beneath glaciers. 2.How does the author show the advantage of the new model? A. By analyzing facts. B. By referring to figures. C. By giving examples. D. By making a comparison. 3.What does the author stress about the additional exfiltration and melting? A. It gets attention in many places. B. It may influence more than one field. C. It is responsible for sea level rise. D. It has been considered by biologists. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. An In-depth Study of Antarctic Glaciers B. A Prediction of the Future of Glaciers C. A Big Discovery About Under-glacier Flow D. A New Model Invented to Monitor Glaciers Passage 2 （24-25高三上·辽宁普通高中-11月·期中）Feeling a hug from each other via the internet may be a possibility in the near future. A research team led by City University of Hong Kong recently developed a wireless, soft e-skin that can both detect and deliver the sense of touch, and form a touch network allowing one-to-multiuser interaction. It offers great potential for improving the distance touch communication. While there are numerous devices in the market to simulate (模拟) the sense of touch in the virtual world, they provide only touch sensing or touch response. The uniqueness of the novel e-skin is that it can perform self-sensing and touch reproducing functions on the same interface. The e-skin is a 7cm×l0cm, 4.2mm-thick device containing 16 flexible actuators (驱动器), a microcontroller unit, a Bluetooth module, and other electronics on a flexible circuit board. The actuator serves as the core part of the e-skin. Once the actuator is pressed and released by a force, a current is produced to provide electrical signals that are turned into digital signals by a converter (转换器) and then sent to another e-skin via Bluetooth. When the signals are received, a current is caused to reproduce the touch response on the receiver’s e-skin through mechanical vibration (振动). The process can be reversed to deliver vibrations from the receiver’s e-skin to the corresponding actuator of the sender’s. The e-skin can communicate with Bluetooth devices and send data through the internet with smartphones and computers to perform long-distance touch, and to form a touch Internet of Things (IoT) system, where one-to-one and one-to-multiple touch delivery could be realized. Friends and family in different places could use it to “feel” each other. This form of touch overcomes the limitations of space and greatly reduces the sense of distance in human communication. Next, the research team will focus on practical applications for people with visual disability, who could wear the e-skin to gain remote directional guidance and read Braille messages. 1.What is the unique feature of the e-skin? A. It provides hugs for users. B. It builds a social network. C. It provides touch sensing and copying, D. It monitors the process of self-sensing. 2.What does the underlined word “reversed” mean? A. Started. B. Disturbed. C. Completed. D. Exchanged. 3.What can we learn about e-skin? A. It strengthens bonds across distance. B. Its converter vibrates when working. C. It sends electrical signals to receivers. D. Its system delivers touch with phones. 4.What would be the best title of the text? A. A signal-sending application B. An invention for the disabled C. A device for virtual interaction D. A long distance communication 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 （24-25高三上·吉林友好学校第78·期中）What’s the oldest meal you’ve eaten? Maybe you’ve had leftovers from a few days ago. They probably still tasted good. But what if it wasn’t a few days ago, what if you ate a 60-day old stew (炖菜)? Or a 49-year-old beef noodle soup? Perpetual stew is a dish that is never taken off the heat; it’s never finished. As portions are served, new ingredients are put in the pot to replace them. One day’s stew becomes the basis of the following days’ meals. This year, Annie Rauwerda’s 60-day stew became a social media hit. One Bangkok restaurant claims to have been cooking its beef noodle soup since the 1970s. It has been suggested that perpetual stew was a tradition in Medieval Europe when the effort required to start a fire meant that they were left to burn all day, and a pot of stew was always simmering (煨) away on top of it. One New York Times article tells us about a stew in Normandy that was kept cooking for 300 years. This tradition may date back to the Middle Ages, but thankfully, our understanding of food hygiene (卫生) has developed since then. In a world where food is often thrown away once it reaches its use-by date, many people have asked how safe perpetual stew can actually be. Experts are divided, some maintain that as long as the stew is kept bubbling away at a temperature too high for bacteria to survive, it should be safe. Others suggest that meat can become dangerous if it’s left in the stew for too long. Concerns have also been raised that some vegetables, such as potatoes, or those containing nitrates (硝酸盐), could become more harmful the more they are reheated. Advocates of slow cooking believe that the best food takes time, but even they may be surprised by a months or years-old perpetual stew. 1.What is the key feature of perpetual stew? A. Ingredient. B. Taste. C. Time. D. Safety. 2.How is paragraph 2 developed? A. By describing process. B. By making comparison. C. By following time order. D. By offering some examples. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards perpetual stew? A. Indifferent. B. Neutral. C. Negative. D. Favorable. 4.What is the best title of the text? A. The Rise of Perpetual Stew. B. The History of Perpetual Stew. C. Perpetual Stew: Never Catching on. D. Perpetual Stew: Decades in the Making. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （24-25高三上·辽宁点石联考·期中）In the UK, there are about 12 million people suffering with hearing loss, and approximately 6.7 million could benefit from hearing aids. However, only about 2 million people use them. People with hearing loss may feel hearing aids are meant only for older people. They can feel a sense of embarrassment, ageing and lack of confidence when wearing them. Besides, some people have no confidence in hearing aids and believe they will not help, or will even make their hearing worse. Individuals sometimes believe they will be dependent on their hearing aids, thus choosing not to use them out of desire for independence. Therefore, people with hearing loss may turn to coping mechanisms such as excessively(过度地)turning the volume up on their TVs. In the UK, patients with hearing loss can obtain hearing aids free of charge through National Health Service(NHS). However, the choice of style, manufacturer and level of technology may be limited and can also involve lengthy waiting lists. There are a greater number of hearing aid options available in the private sector but these can sometimes be expensive, which can be a prohibitive factor for individuals. There are some negative perspectives about hearing aids, such as the appearance. Many people have the idea that hearing aids are huge and noticeable. However, there are many different types of hearing aids such as invisible ones in ear canals. The hearing aid selection is discussed with each individual at their hearing assessment, and the correct hearing aids are selected according to their level of hearing loss. There have been other advancements in technology such as rechargeable hearing aids. There is now wireless connectivity in many hearing aids, which enables hearing aids to be connected to mobile devices, tablets and televisions, allowing direct audio streaming into hearing aids. Undoubtedly, wearing hearing aids is very beneficial for well-being, allowing individuals to interact with others and hear better. All of the advancements in technology in the future mean the functionality and comfort of hearing aids will greatly increase, considerably improving the quality of life for more people with hearing loss. 1.What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. What people with hearing loss should do. B. How older people respond to hearing aids. C. Why some people avoid using hearing aids. D. Whether hearing aids will affect independence. 2.Which of the following may prevent people getting hearing aids from NHS? A. The cost can be higher. B. Patients may have to wait for long. C. Many people have no access to the related policy. D. Some private sectors get hearing aids in advance. 3.What is mainly considered during the hearing aid selection process? A. The cost of the hearing aids. B. The individual’s personal preference. C. The individual’s specific hearing loss. D. The appearance of the hearing aids. 4.What can we expect of the hearing aids in the future? A. They will be connected to more devices. B. They will be made smaller and more fashionable. C. They will enable users to interact more with others. D. They will provide high-quality and better service for users. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国听力损失者使用助听器的情况及助听器的发展。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。由文章第二段中“People with hearing loss may feel hearing aids are meant only for older people. They can feel a sense of embarrassment, ageing and lack of confidence when wearing them. Besides, some people have no confidence in hearing aids and believe they will not help, or will even make their hearing worse. Individuals sometimes believe they will be dependent on their hearing aids, thus choosing not to use them out of desire for independence. (有听力损失的人可能觉得助听器只适合老年人使用。他们在佩戴助听器时可能会感到尴尬、觉得自己变老了，并且缺乏自信。此外，有些人对助听器没有信心，认为它们不会起到帮助作用，甚至会使听力变得更差。有些人则认为他们会依赖助听器，因此出于对独立的渴望而选择不使用它们。)”可知，本段主要讲述了为什么有些人避免使用助听器。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。由文章第三段中“In the UK, patients with hearing loss can obtain hearing aids free of charge through National Health Service(NHS). However, the choice of style, manufacturer and level of technology may be limited and can also involve lengthy waiting lists. (在英国，有听力损失的患者可以通过国民保健服务（NHS）免费获得助听器。然而，助听器的款式、制造商和技术水平的选择可能有限，而且可能需要等待很长时间。)”可知，通过国民保健服务(NHS)获得助听器可能需要等待很长时间。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。由文章第四段中“The hearing aid selection is discussed with each individual at their hearing assessment, and the correct hearing aids are selected according to their level of hearing loss. (在听力评估时，会与每个人讨论助听器的选择，并根据他们的听力损失程度选择合适的助听器。)”可知，在选择助听器的过程中，主要考虑的是个人的具体听力损失。故选C。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“All of the advancements in technology in the future mean the functionality and comfort of hearing aids will greatly increase, considerably improving the quality of life for more people with hearing loss. (未来技术的所有进步都意味着助听器的功能和舒适度将大大提高，从而显著改善更多听力损失者的生活质量。)”可知，未来助听器将会为用户提供高质量和更好的服务。故选D。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·吉林九校联合·期中）It’s a problem that has annoyed many horror movie makeup artists: How do you give some the appearance of having a second head? Seemingly to fake out hunters, many butterflies have found their own solutions to this problem, with complicated patterns and structures on their wings that create what look like second heads on their backsides. Now, in a new study, researchers at the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) dive deeper into the origins of these “false heads”. Previous studies have shown these false heads help confuse hunters: Damage to the back end of a butterfly’s wings near the false head has less impact on vital behaviors such as flying and mating than damage to the butterfly’s real head. Scientists had long theorized that butterflies’ false heads arose because five key traits—namely false feelers, noticeable coloration, wing patterns that contain special lines, large spots, and headlike shapes—evolve together to redirect predator attention. But no one had traced the evolutionary history of these traits. Evolutionary ecologists at IISER began by analyzing images of nearly 1000 species of butterflies and marking how many of the false head traits each species exhibited. The researchers then constructed a phylogenetic tree (系统树), which allowed them to visualize how closely related false-headed species were to one another, as well as how each of the trait evolved over time. Computational modeling of this tree revealed that four of the five false head traits all evolved in a correlated manner, while also showing the order in which the traits first appeared within butterflies. The researchers propose that the separate traits integrated into a single, complex false head trait because of a common selective force: attacks from hunters. However, questions remain on the exact advantages that these distinctive defense mechanisms provide to the butterflies that use them. 1.Why is “makeup artist” mentioned in the first paragraph? A. To introduce an evolutionary trick. B. To illustrate a filming technique. C. To support a scientific theory. D. To justify a long-held assumption. 2.What might previous studies focus on? A. The development of the five traits. B. The defensive function of false heads. C. The special behaviors of butterflies. D. The evolution theories of butterflies. 3.What did IISER scientists do in the new study? A. They classified wing patterns of butterflies. B. They innovated methods of studying butterflies. C. They constructed the history of trait evolution. D. They analyzed the survival benefits of false heads. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Do Key traits Enhance Insects’ Survival? B. Confused? Phylogenetic Tree Helps C. Does Evolution Reshape Butterflies’ Bodies? D. To Survive? Fake a Second Head 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇科普说明文。介绍蝴蝶“假头”特征的进化相关研究。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。第一段“It’s a problem that has annoyed many horror movie makeup artists: How do you give someone the appearance of having a second head? Seemingly to fake out hunters, many butterflies have found their own solutions to this problem, with complicated patterns and structures on their wings that create what look like second heads on their backsides. (“如何让演员看起来有第二个头”是恐怖片化妆师的难题；为了迷惑捕食者，许多蝴蝶却自有解决办法——翅膀上复杂的图案和结构在后部形成看似第二个头的样子。)”可知，此处通过化妆师的难题与蝴蝶的“假头”现象类比，目的是引出蝴蝶的这一进化技巧。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。第二段“Previous studies have shown these false heads help confuse hunters: Damage to the back end of a butterfly’s wings near the false head has less impact on vital behaviors such as flying and mating than damage to the butterfly’s real head. (先前研究表明，这些假头有助于迷惑捕食者：翅膀后端靠近假头的受损对飞行、交配等关键行为的影响小于真头受损。)”可知，过去研究聚焦“假头的防御作用”。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Evolutionary ecologists at IISER began by analyzing images of nearly 1000 species of butterflies and marking how many of the false head traits each species exhibited. The researchers then constructed a phylogenetic tree, which allowed them to visualize how closely related false-headed species were to one another, as well as how each of the trait evolved over time. Computational modeling of this tree revealed that four of the five false head traits all evolved in a correlated manner. (IISER进化生态学者首先分析了近1000种蝴蝶的图像，并记录每个物种表现出的假头特征数量；随后构建系统树，直观展示假头物种之间的亲缘关系及各特征随时间的演化；对该树的计算模型显示，五项假头特征中有四项以协同方式演化。)”可知，这些科学家的核心工作是“重建特征进化历史”。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Now, in a new study, researchers at the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) dive deeper into the origins of these “false heads”. (现在，在一项新的研究中，印度科学教育与研究学院的研究人员更深入地探究了这些“假头”的起源。)”及全文可知，文章围绕“为生存而演化出假头”展开，D项直接点明主题，简洁醒目。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·辽宁名校·期中）The patient pulled a painful face with cries, but he refused to speak to his doctor. The patient was a goat. Recognizing animal pain is tough. Humans must rely on subtle body language or behavioral changes. But a new AI model automates this process by identifying pain in goats — using only their facial expressions. Traditionally, detecting animal pain involves hand-analyzing photos or videos for specific signs — raised lip, wide-open nostril and creating pain scales (量表) for individual species. But we humans detect and interpret animals' pain with bias (偏见), says Chiavaccini, the study's lead author. “When detection is automated, the computer just picks up the patterns.” Chiavaccini’s team videotaped 40 goats of various kinds, ages and different medical conditions at a veterinary (兽医的) hospital, making over 5,000 fixed frames. Using a behavioral pain scale, clinical history and physical exams, they classified each goat as in pain or not. The team tried three approaches, training an algorithm (算法) on different image groups while reserving others to test that training. The most balanced model was trained, adjusted and finally tested for five times, which gave 80% average accuracy. “Such training basically builds 30 years of clinical experience in 30 minutes,” Chiavaccini says. AI-powered tools built with similar methods could someday help veterinarians make quicker and more accurate diagnoses or warn farmers of early pain in livestock. “This study shows a silver lining of AI in animal care and highlights the need for further exploration across diverse species,” says Mahmoud, a scientist in human and animal behavioral AI. Such tools already exist for nonverbal human patients, but these systems’ effectiveness can be limited by poor image quality or nonstandard camera angles. “Many of the engineering problems we solved, like adapting to messy, real-world conditions, could be helpful to human medicine,” Chiavaccini says. “Doctors worry about perfect lighting or head positioning. Meanwhile I’m out here racing after a goat with my camera.” 1.What makes recognizing animal pain difficult according to the passage? A. Heavy dependence on photos. B. Misinterpretation of animal's pain. C. Unreliability of humans’ judgement. D. No pain scales for each animal species. 2.What is presented in paragraph 4? A. Research process. B. Practical examples. C. Theoretical analysis. D. Historical methods. 3.What’s Mahmoud’s attitude toward the application of AI in animal care? A. Ambiguous. B. Cautious. C. Promising. D. Doubtful. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Facial Expressions Work Wonders B. AI Describes Pain in Goat Expressions C. Three Approaches to Studying Livestock D. AI: A New Way to Treat Animals' Diseases 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，本文主要介绍了一项利用AI技术识别山羊面部表情来判断其疼痛程度的研究。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Recognizing animal pain is tough. Humans must rely on subtle body language or behavioral changes.(认识到动物的痛苦是很困难的。人类必须依靠微妙的肢体语言或行为变化)”和第三段中“But we humans detect and interpret animals’ pain with bias (偏见)(但是我们人类对动物疼痛的检测和解释是有偏见的)”可知，人类识别动物疼痛时存在偏见，说明人类判断不可靠，故选C。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题，根据第四段内容“Chiavaccini’s team videotaped 40 goats of various kinds, ages and different medical conditions at a veterinary (兽医的) hospital, making over 5, 000 fixed frames. Using a behavioral pain scale, clinical history and physical exams, they classified each goat as in pain or not. The team tried three approaches, training an algorithm (算法) on different image groups while reserving others to test that training. The most balanced model was trained, adjusted and finally tested for five times, which gave 80% average accuracy.(Chiavaccini的团队在一家兽医医院拍摄了40只不同种类、年龄和不同医疗状况的山羊，制作了5000多幅固定画面。通过行为疼痛量表、临床病史和身体检查，他们将每只山羊分为疼痛或不疼痛。该团队尝试了三种方法，在不同的图像组上训练一种算法，同时保留其他图像组来测试这种训练。对最平衡的模型进行了5次训练、调整和最终测试，平均准确率达到80%)”可知，本段详细描述研究步骤：拍摄山羊视频→标注疼痛分类→训练算法→测试模型→达到80%准确率，属于研究流程，故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中““This study shows a silver lining of AI in animal care and highlights the need for further exploration across diverse species,” says Mahmoud, a scientist in human and animal behavioral AI.(“这项研究显示了人工智能在动物护理方面的一线希望，并强调了对不同物种进行进一步探索的必要性。” 人类和动物行为人工智能科学家Mahmoud表示)”可知，Mahmoud评价该研究是“AI在动物护理中的一线曙光”，并呼吁进一步探索，推知他认为人工智能在动物护理中很有前途，故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“But a new AI model automates this process by identifying pain in goats — using only their facial expressions.(但一种新的人工智能模型通过仅使用山羊的面部表情来识别山羊的疼痛，从而使这一过程自动化)”可知，本文主要介绍了一项利用AI技术识别山羊面部表情来判断其疼痛程度的研究，B项“人工智能描述山羊表情中的疼痛”为最佳标题，故选B。 Passage 3 （25-26高三上·辽宁名校·期中）As children grow, their understanding of science and being a scientist changes. Adults’ words are critical to keep them engaged in discovery. Kids are naturally curious and love exploring. “What’s that in your hand? Is it a ball? Will it roll down this hill?” they might ask. This is science in action: observing, testing, seeing results and asking questions. But over time, kids often lose interest in science. To praise a child, many adults often say “You’re a good scientist” The language cues (提示), focusing on science as an identity rather than the actions people do, partly cause this. However, there are some steps to keep the curiosity alive. A study found 4-year-old girls insisted longer when told “Let’s do science” instead of “Let's be scientists.” One possibility is that children may associate scientists with men. If they don’t share that identity, they might disengage from an activity designed “for scientists.” Besides, children may think being a scientist needs special intellectual abilities, which they believe only certain groups have. Perhaps now you are thinking, “Great, I will just focus on doing science and the actions in the scientific process” And this will probably work for kids, even as they grow from childhood to teens and early adulthood. But it’s also true that during the teens, your kids are actively trying and finally forming their own identities. Unlike its demotivating effects on young children, identity-focused language may help teens stay interested in science. One study found if you told middle schoolers to think about being a “scientist” or “doctor” someday, they’d do more homework and probably get higher grades. That might be because if teens see themselves as scientists, they’ll be willing to work to become who they want to be. How these two versions of subtle language cues might work together has yet to be investigated; perhaps this research could be done by your future scientist. 1.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By listing statistics. B. By quoting an expert. C. By giving an example. D. By making comparisons. 2.What does the underlined word “this” refer to in paragraph 2? A. The insistence of 4-year-old girls. B. The loss of scientific curiosity. C. The adoption of necessary measures. D. The use of action-focused phrases. 3.How does the identity-focused language benefit teens according to the study? A. It enhances peer connection. B. It increases academic stress. C. It reduces work productivity. D. It promotes study performance. 4.What will the follow-up study focus on? A. The design of scientific activities. B. The difficulty in keeping curiosity alive. C. The influence of action-focused language. D. The interaction between two language cues. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，本文探讨了儿童对科学的理解及如何通过语言激励保持他们对科学的兴趣。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。第一段中““What’s that in your hand? Is it a ball? Will it roll down this hill?” they might ask. This is science in action: observing, testing, seeing results and asking questions.(“你手里拿的是什么？”它是一个球吗？它会从山上滚下来吗？”他们可能会问。这就是行动中的科学：观察、测试、观察结果并提出问题)”通过描述孩子提问的场景，具体举例说明儿童如何通过观察、测试、提问进行科学探索，属于举例论证。故选C。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“But over time, kids often lose interest in science. To praise a child, many adults often say “You’re a good scientist” The language cues (提示) , focusing on science as an identity rather than the actions people do, partly cause this.(但随着时间的推移，孩子们往往会对科学失去兴趣。为了表扬孩子，许多成年人经常说“你是一个优秀的科学家”。这种语言暗示，把科学作为一种身份，而不是人们的行为，部分造成了这种情况)”可知，“这种情况”指代前文提到的“孩子们对科学失去兴趣”。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中“One study found if you told middle schoolers to think about being a “scientist” or “doctor” someday, they’d do more homework and probably get higher grades. That might be because if teens see themselves as scientists, they’ll be willing to work to become who they want to be.(一项研究发现，如果你告诉中学生有一天想成为“科学家”或“医生”，他们会做更多的家庭作业，可能会取得更高的成绩。这可能是因为如果青少年把自己视为科学家，他们会愿意努力成为他们想成为的人)”可知，让青少年思考成为“科学家”的身份导向语言能促使他们“做更多作业并可能取得更高成绩”，直接对应D项“提升学业表现”。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“How these two versions of subtle language cues might work together has yet to be investigated; perhaps this research could be done by your future scientist.(这两种微妙的语言线索是如何协同工作的还有待研究；也许这项研究可以由你未来的科学家来做)”可知，两种语言提示如何协同作用尚未被研究，明确后续研究方向为两种语言提示的相互作用。故选D。 Passage 4 （25-26高三上·辽宁七校协作体-11月·期中）Growing up with a mother who introduced swedes (芜菁甘蓝) to Indian cuisine, Hill-Maini developed an early appreciation for the transformative power of cooking. His culinary (烹饪的) adventures took him to New York City, where, at just 18, he was redesigning menus for Manhattan restaurants. But the call of science beckoned (召唤), leading him through biochemistry at Harvard and eventually to UC Berkeley, where he now combines his passions for cooking and research. The star of Hill-Maini’s research is N. intermedia, the fungus responsible for oncom — a traditional Indonesian food made from soy pulp leftovers. What makes this fungus extraordinary is its ability to turn indigestible plant waste into nutritious, flavorful food in just 36 hours. But Hill-Maini and his team didn't stop at soy pulp. They tested N. intermedia on about 30 different agricultural waste products. The results were astonishing — the fungus thrived on almost all of these agricultural waste products, proving its significant role in food recycling. The science behind this fungal magic is fascinating. N. intermedia belongs to a group called filamentous fungi, which produce enzymes (酶) that break down complex plant materials that human digestive systems struggle with. In doing so, they not only make the waste edible but also increase its protein content and improve its flavor. One of the most exciting discoveries was the existence of two distinct types of N. intermediate wild types found globally and types that have adapted specifically to human generated agricultural waste. This suggests a fascinating co-evolution between the fungus and human food production practices. However, would people actually accept it? To answer this, Hill-Maini worked with Rasmus Munk, head chef of the Michelin two-star restaurant Alchemist in Copenhagen. They presented red oncom to 60 people who had never encountered it before. “We found that, basically, people who had never tried this food before made positive comments about it,” Hill-Maini said. “The results were pretty good.” 1.What attracts Hill-Maini’s interest in cooking? A. An introduction to Indian food. B. His experiences of redesigning menus. C. His mother’s influence. D. His research at Harvard. 2.What can N. intermedia do according the text? A. Promote the growth of plants. B. Make food out of useless farm produce. C. Increase the output of farm products. D. Protect human digestive system. 3.How do people feel about the red oncom after they tried it? A. Satisfied. B. Terrible. C. Uncertain. D. Worried. 4.Which title best summarizes the article? A. Revolutionizing Food through Culinary Art B. Fungi Turn Farm Waste into Sustainable Food C. Oncom: Indonesia’s Fermented Soy Tradition D. Enzyme Breakthroughs in Biochemistry 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Hill Maini结合烹饪与科研的经历，重点讲述了他对N. intermedia真菌的研究，该真菌能将农业废料转化为食物，且人们接受度良好。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Growing up with a mother who introduced swedes (芜菁甘蓝) to Indian cuisine, Hill Maini developed an early appreciation for the transformative power of cooking. (Hill Maini在一位将芜菁甘蓝引入印度美食的母亲的陪伴下长大，他很早就对烹饪的变革力量产生了兴趣)”可知，是他母亲的影响吸引了他对烹饪的兴趣。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“What makes this fungus extraordinary is its ability to turn indigestible plant waste into nutritious, flavorful food in just 36 hours. (这种真菌的非凡之处在于，它能在短短36小时内将难以消化的植物废料转化为营养丰富、美味可口的食物)”以及第三段中“They tested N. intermedia on about 30 different agricultural waste products. The results were astonishing — the fungus thrived on almost all of these agricultural waste products, proving its significant role in food recycling. (他们在大约30种不同的农业废料上测试了N. intermedia真菌。结果令人惊讶——这种真菌在几乎所有这些农业废料上都生长良好，证明了它在食品回收中的重要作用)”可知，N. intermedia能利用无用的农产品制造出食物。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中““We found that, basically, people who had never tried this food before made positive comments about it,” Hill Maini said. “The results were pretty good.” (Hill Maini说：“我们发现，基本上，那些以前从未尝过这种食物的人对它做出了积极的评价。结果相当不错。”)”可知，人们品尝red oncom后感到满意。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第二段中“What makes this fungus extraordinary is its ability to turn indigestible plant waste into nutritious, flavorful food in just 36 hours. (这种真菌的非凡之处在于，它能在短短36小时内将难以消化的植物废料转化为营养丰富、美味可口的食物)”可知，文章主要讲述了真菌N. intermedia能把农业废弃物变成可持续的食物。故选B项。 主题语境03 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高三上·黑龙江新时代高中教育联合体·期中）The boom in new energy vehicles (NEVs) has raised hopes for decarbonization — reducing carbon emissions, but the mounting waste of used and discarded batteries presents a hidden sustainable environmental crisis. Industry projections warn that by 2040, over 3 million tons of NEV batteries will reach the end of their life annually, far outpacing current recycling capacities. The risks extend beyond simple waste accumulation. Batteries contain toxic heavy metals and electrolytes (电解质) that, if improperly disposed of, can dissolve into soil and water sources, contaminating farmland and drinking supplies for generations. Even in recycling, only 15% of global facilities use eco-friendly methods; most rely on crude processes that release harmful pollutants into the air, creating “secondary pollution” worse than the original waste. A key obstacle is the mismatch between battery complexity and recycling technology. Modern NEV batteries use varied chemistries and designs, making standardized recycling nearly impossible. Advanced methods like hydrometallurgy, which minimize pollution, require expensive equipment and skilled labor, putting them out of reach for developing regions. Meanwhile, global regulations too distant to land true, allow unqualified operators to handle battery waste, even worsening the problem. Addressing this requires global coordination: unified (统一的) design standards for batteries, stricter enforcement of recycling laws, and cross-border investment in green technologies. Without such steps, the NEV revolution’s environmental gains could be overshadowed by a toxic legacy. 1.Why is “secondary pollution” mentioned in the passage? A. To highlight the effectiveness of current recycling methods. B. To prove that heavy metals in batteries are harmless if recycled. C. To argue that all battery waste should be buried underground. D. To show improper recycling harms more than batteries themselves. 2.Why do varied battery designs and chemistries block recycling? A. They reduce the demand for new NEV batteries in global markets. B. They increase the amount of toxic electrolytes in each battery. C. They make it difficult to develop universal recycling techniques. D. They force governments to ban the import of used NEV batteries. 3.What can be inferred about hydrometallurgy from the text? A. It is inaccessible to many regions due to its high requirements. B. It is a crude recycling method that causes severe air pollution. C. It is widely adopted in developing countries due to its low cost. D. It is ineffective in handling batteries with complex chemistries. 4.Which statement best summarizes the passage? A. The rapid growth of NEVs has completely solved environmental problems. B. Used NEV batteries pose severe environmental risks that demand global solutions. C. Secondary pollution from battery recycling is unavoidable in developing countries. D. Advanced recycling technologies will soon address the battery waste problem. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了新能源汽车发展带来的碳中和希望，同时指出废旧电池大量产生引发的环境危机，分析了危机背后的原因，并提出全球协作解决该问题的建议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Even in recycling, only 15% of global facilities use eco-friendly methods; most rely on crude processes that release harmful pollutants into the air, creating “secondary pollution” worse than the original waste. (即使在回收领域，全球也仅有15% 的设施采用环保方式；大多数设施依赖原始工艺，这些工艺会向空气中释放有害污染物，产生比原始废弃物危害更大的“二次污染”)”可知，提及“二次污染”是为了说明不当回收比电池本身危害更大。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Modern NEV batteries use varied chemistries and designs, making standardized recycling nearly impossible. (现代新能源汽车电池采用不同的化学成分和设计，这使得标准化回收几乎不可能实现)”可知，电池设计和化学成分的多样性导致难以开发通用的回收技术，从而阻碍回收。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Advanced methods like hydrometallurgy, which minimize pollution, require expensive equipment and skilled labor, putting them out of reach for developing regions. (像湿法冶金这样能最大限度减少污染的先进方法，需要昂贵的设备和熟练的劳动力，这使得发展中地区无法获取这些技术)”可知，湿法冶金因要求高，许多地区无法使用。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，第一段指出新能源汽车废旧电池带来环境危机，第二段说明废旧电池及不当回收的危害，第三段分析回收障碍，第四段提出全球协作的解决建议。从而推知，文章主旨是新能源汽车废旧电池带来严重环境风险，亟需全球范围内的解决方案。故选B。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·黑龙江新时代高中教育联合体·期中）You’re Probably Not As Awful As You Think encourages you to believe exactly what the title says — that no matter what’s going on, you’re actually doing better than you think. In today’s world, it’s easy to compare yourselves with others and think that you aren’t really doing as much as you should be, could be, need to be. Take a step back and you’ll realize your inner critic doesn’t give you a true perspective on the situation. The book, written by J. P. Fiddlebrook, is well-organized and highly accessible with a mix of humor, practical wisdom, and relatable stories. It contains sixteen chapters that touch on a variety of elements of self-confidence. It starts out with looking at the past — the baggage that we carry with us that affects our perceptions. Then it moves on to the right now — how social media and self-talk influence us. The highlights are focused on the future — the things we can do to help shake ourselves out of the cycle of negative thoughts and reframe patterns. Mindfulness and gratitude are obviously part of it. The techniques and methods for dealing with inner emotions discussed in this part are vital, such as, how to quiet your inner critic’s loudspeaker, why chasing perfection is like running on a treadmill while eating cake and how to overcome the social media comparison trap. At the end is a chapter devoted to asking for help — something very hard for a lot of people, but something extremely important to make a positive community that lifts everyone up. This book offers a refreshing escape from the cycle of self-criticism. The self-help guide encourages you to embrace your imperfections and find joy in the little things. After reading, you realize that you actually are OK, and to get resources for further improvement, not the kind of book that you want to get really heavy and overwhelming. With brief sections, it’s perfect for reading a little bit, and then reflecting and working to make adjustments to your mindsets and habits, to remind yourself that you’re really not that bad after all. 1.What is a feature of the book according to the text? A. It is filled with moving stories. B. It provides well-tested strategies. C. It adopts an easy-to-understand writing style. D. It is intended for people with mental problems. 2.What does the underlined word “baggage” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. Benefit. B. Responsibility. C. Duty. D. Load. 3.What does the future-focused section discuss? A. Social media’s impact. B. Overcoming negativity. C. Inner critic management. D. Avoiding perfection traps. 4.What is the book aimed at? A. Advocating a healthy lifestyle. B. Teaching critical thinking skills. C. Boosting one’s self-worth in life. D. Promoting the cycle of self-criticism. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了J. P. Fiddlebrook所著的书籍《You’re Probably Not As Awful As You Think》。该书旨在帮助读者摆脱自我批判的循环，认识到自己实际表现比想象中更好，书中通过幽默的语言、实用的智慧和贴近生活的故事，从过去、现在、未来三个维度展开，还提供了应对内心情绪的方法，是一本能提升读者自我价值感的自助指南。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The book, written by J. P. Fiddlebrook, is well - organized and highly accessible with a mix of humor, practical wisdom, and relatable stories(这本书由J. P. Fiddlebrook所写，组织有序且极易理解，融合了幽默、实用智慧和引人共鸣的故事)”可知，这本书采用了易于理解的写作风格。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“It starts out with looking at the past—the … that we carry with us that affects our perceptions. Then it moves on to the right now—how social media and self - talk influence us(它首先着眼于过去——那些我们背负着、并影响我们认知的……。接着转向当下——探讨社交媒体和自我对话如何影响着我们)”可知，下文提到了背负着，还提到了影响我们的认知，可推理出划线词的含义为“行李”，与“Load（负荷、负担）”意思相近。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The highlights are focused on the future—the things we can do to help shake ourselves out of the cycle of negative thoughts and reframe patterns. Mindfulness and gratitude are obviously part of it.(亮点集中在未来——我们可以做些什么来帮助自己摆脱消极思想的循环并重新构建模式。正念和感恩显然也是其中的一部分)”可知，未来聚焦部分讨论的是克服消极情绪。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“You’re Probably Not As Awful As You Think encourages you to believe exactly what the title says—that no matter what’s going on, you’re actually doing better than you think.(《你或许没有自己想的那么糟糕》鼓励你相信标题所说的——无论发生什么，你实际上做得比自己认为的要好)”以及第三段“This book offers a refreshing escape from the cycle of self – criticism(这本书为摆脱自我批评的循环提供了一种令人耳目一新的方式)”以及“The self - help guide encourages you to embrace your imperfections and find joy in the little things.(这本自助指南鼓励你接纳自己的不完美，并在小事中找到乐趣)”可知，《你或许没有自己想的那么糟糕》鼓励你相信标题所说的——无论发生什么，你实际上做得比自己认为的要好，这本书为摆脱自我批评的循环提供了一种令人耳目一新的方式，它鼓励你接纳自己的不完美，并在小事中找到乐趣，可推理出这本书旨在提升一个人在生活中的自我价值感。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·吉林九校联合·期中）On social media, reading has taken on new styles. Many readers now create colorful and detailed notes, known as marginalia (书页批注). These marks sometimes cover entire pages and may even match the color of a book’s cover. While some see this trend as creative and personal, others question whether writing in books is a bad habit or a useful practice. Yet marginalia are hardly a modern invention. From Leonardo da Vinci to modern writers, generations of readers have long left their thoughts in the margins. Such notes often provide valuable insights for later readers and occasionally reshape the understanding of the text. In recent years, bestselling novelist Ann Patchett released a special edition with notes of her novel Tom Lake to raise money for bookstores, showing how marginalia can generate cultural and financial value. Scientists have also examined the phenomenon scientifically. A study in Frontiers in Psychology recorded brain activity and found that writing by hand uses more parts of the brain than typing. This suggests that the physical act of writing, including marginalia, deepens memory and comprehension. Maryanne Wolf at UCLA further argued that making notes enables readers to go beyond the author’s ideas and discover their own understanding. In education, marginalia also plays a role. Turkish professor Demet Yayli observed that taking notes encourages deep reading, helps students clearly express their views, and strengthens their learning initiative. With greater autonomy, students are able to make decisions in learning and take responsibility for their progress, rather than wait for directions. Although note styles may appear unusual — underlining every line of a favorite character or marking romantic passages — experts agree that as long as the practice aids comprehension, any style is acceptable. Writing in the margins, far from being harmful, can personalize texts and enrich intellectual engagement. 1.According to the first paragraph, why has marginalia caused debate? A. It changes the appearance of the book. B. Books should follow trends. C. Readers enjoy colorful notes. D. Its true value is doubted. 2.Why was Leonardo da Vinci mentioned in paragraph 2? A. To explain marginalia is a bad habit. B. To show marginalia can create cultural value. C. To say marginalia is something time-honored. D. To prove books with marginalia tend to be expensive. 3.How did scientists examine the effects of handwriting? A. By comparing writing topics. B. By tracking brain activity. C. By collecting memory test scores. D. By recalling the author’s ideas. 4.What does the underlined word “initiative” in paragraph 4 most probably mean? A. Importance B. Curiosity C. Independence D. Creativity 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了社交媒体时代下阅读的新形式——书页批注(marginalia)，并从历史、科学研究及教育三个维度分析了其价值与意义。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“While some see this trend as creative and personal, others question whether writing in books is a bad habit or a useful practice. (虽然有些人认为这种趋势是创造性的和个性化的，但其他人质疑在书中写作是一种坏习惯还是一种有益的实践)”可知，书页批注会引起争论是因为它的真正价值被怀疑。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“Yet marginalia are hardly a modern invention. From Leonardo da Vinci to modern writers, generations of readers have long left their thoughts in the margins. (然而，书页批注很难说是现代发明。从Leonardo da Vinci到现代作家，几代读者长期以来都把自己的想法留在书的空白处)”可知，在第二段作者提到了Leonardo da Vinci是为了说书页批注是历史悠久的。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“A study in Frontiers in Psychology recorded brain activity and found that writing by hand uses more parts of the brain than typing. (《心理学前沿》上的一项研究记录了大脑活动，发现手写比打字能调动大脑更多区域)”可知，科学家们通过追踪大脑活动来检验手写的影响。故选B。 (4)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据最后一段“With greater autonomy, students are able to make decisions in learning and take responsibility for their progress, rather than wait for directions (学生们能够在学习过程中自主做出决策，并对自己的学习进展负责，而非坐等指示)”可知，做笔记能鼓励深度阅读，帮助学生清晰地表达自己的观点，并增强他们的学习自主性，划线词initiative的意思是“主动性，自主性”，和independence意思相近。故选C。 Passage 3 （25-26高三上·辽宁辽西重点高中-11月·期中）Considerable research shows coffee can dramatically affect your body and brain. Studies link it to reduced risks of stroke, cancer, and type 2 diabetes, and it’s also found to boost memory and teamwork. But what if you need to solve a problem? Turns out coffee is good for that too. Depending on the type of problem you need to solve. Say a customer’s delivery date is in danger of being late. You need an idea. So you brainstorm. Any idea. Every idea. Thinking outside the box. Thinking with no box. That’s divergent (发散的) thinking: free-flowing, unplanned, unstructured idea creation. If you need lots of ideas, coffee won’t help. But if you just need one great idea? If you just need to determine the best answer? A study published in Consciousness and Cognition found one cup of coffee boosts problem-solving via convergent (聚合的) thinking: determining the best answer to a question. Even though participants didn’t come up with more ideas, they solved problems faster. Researchers think this may be due to caffeine speeding up mental processing. We found that participants who consumed about one 12-ounce cup of coffee showed significantly enhanced problem-solving abilities. Why? The underlying mechanism is less clear. Research shows caffeine increases awareness, improves watchfulness, enhances concentration and lifts mood. All those factors improve your problem-solving abilities. Drinking a cup of coffee clearly works, but just keep in mind that a little more coffee is good, but a lot more may not be. Also consider how much coffee you drink regularly. A 2012 study found that within three days of consistent caffeine consumption, your body builds up tolerance, which means your body gets used to it, and the effect weakens, including your problem-solving ability. Fortunately, if you cut back on coffee for a few days — around seven days or so — the original effects of coffee usually start to come back gradually. So as with most things in life, consider the timing. See coffee as an occasional focus, mood, and analysis aid, especially when you need to solve a particularly difficult problem. 1.Which of the following best describes the effect of drinking coffee? A. It effectively prevents type 2 diabetes. B. It helps divergent thinking a lot. C. It works better for certain types of problems. D. It has insignificant influence on the brain and body. 2.According to the study in paragraph 5, what is the key finding about coffee? A. It enhances the speed of convergent thinking. B. It inspires creativity in brainstorming sessions. C. It facilitates generating a wider range of ideas. D. It has little effect on the speed of problem-solving. 3.What does the author think of coffee consumption? A. Once developed, coffee tolerance won’t fade. B. Grabbing coffee will fail you when you feel down. C. Take amount and timing into account. D. The benefits of coffee outweigh its drawbacks. 4.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. Coffee: a magic pill for Brain B. Coffee: you can never drink too much C. Coffee: self-control is key D. Coffee: a helper in Problem-Solving 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了咖啡对人体和大脑的影响，特别是在解决问题方面的作用。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“But what if you need to solve a problem? Turns out coffee is good for that too. Depending on the type of problem you need to solve.(但是如果你需要解决一个问题呢？事实证明，咖啡对此也有好处。这取决于你需要解决的问题类型)”可知，喝咖啡对解决某些类型的问题效果更好。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段“A study published in Consciousness and Cognition found one cup of coffee boosts problem-solving via convergent (聚合的) thinking: determining the best answer to a question. Even though participants didn’t come up with more ideas, they solved problems faster. Researchers think this may be due to caffeine speeding up mental processing.(发表在《意识与认知》上的一项研究发现，一杯咖啡可以通过聚合思维促进解决问题：确定一个问题的最佳答案。尽管参与者没有想出更多的点子，但他们解决问题的速度更快了。研究人员认为，这可能是由于咖啡因加速了大脑处理速度)”可知，咖啡增强了聚合思维的速度。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Drinking a cup of coffee clearly works, but just keep in mind that a little more coffee is good, but a lot more may not be. Also consider how much coffee you drink regularly.(喝一杯咖啡显然有效，但请记住，多喝一点咖啡是好的，但喝太多可能就不好了。还要考虑你经常喝多少咖啡)”和最后一段“So as with most things in life, consider the timing. See coffee as an occasional focus, mood, and analysis aid, especially when you need to solve a particularly difficult problem.(所以，就像生活中的大多数事情一样，要考虑时机。把咖啡看作是偶尔的注意力、情绪和分析的辅助工具，尤其是当你需要解决一个特别困难的问题时)”可知，作者认为喝咖啡时要考虑数量和时机。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段“But what if you need to solve a problem? Turns out coffee is good for that too. Depending on the type of problem you need to solve.(但是如果你需要解决一个问题呢？事实证明，咖啡对此也有好处。这取决于你需要解决的问题类型)”以及后文对咖啡在解决问题方面的作用的阐述可知，本文主要介绍了咖啡在解决问题方面的作用，D项“Coffee: a helper in Problem-Solving(咖啡：解决问题的帮手)”概括了文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 Passage 4 （25-26高三上·辽宁七校协作体-11月·期中）I highly recommend Antifragile to any student or practitioner of business management, risk management, or anyone with a curious mind and a keen interest in understanding complex human systems. The book delves into various subjects, including education, politics, economics, health, business, science, and risk, providing valuable insights and a deeper understanding of these complex topics. Antifragile builds on the ideas presented in Nassim Taleb’s earlier books, The Black Swan and Fooled by Randomness. In The Black Swan, the focus was on the extreme impact of rare events and the limitations of human predictions and forecasting. Fooled by Randomness emphasizes the role of randomness and luck in life and business outcomes as well as the difficulty of distinguishing between actual skill and luck. While those books focus on “black swans” — rare and unpredictable events that have a significant impact, Antifragile further discusses the idea of antifragility and offers solutions to identify, build and benefit from antifragility in every aspect of life. One of the main new topics addressed in Antifragile is that some systems and individuals benefit from stressors and disruptions (干扰) while others are harmed by them. Taleb defines complex systems as systems composed of interconnected and interdependent parts that exhibit nonlinear (非线性) behavior. These systems are characterized by high uncertainty, volatility (波动性), and non-predictability and are often difficult to understand and control. Besides, Taleb defines complexity as the property of a system that makes it hard to predict its behaviour or outcomes based on knowledge of its parts. He argues that complexity emerges from the interactions and relationships between the parts of a system and that it is a fundamental characteristic of many natural and human-made systems, including economies, societies, and ecosystems. Overall, Antifragile is a thought-provoking and influential work that challenges readers to rethink their assumptions about resilience and stability. 1.Why does the author highly recommend the book Antifragile? A. It provides practical tips for student and practitioner readers. B. It concentrates on business and risk management strategies. C. It offers deep insights into complexity across diverse fields. D. It simplifies complex topics into understandable summaries. 2.What is the relationship between Antifragile and Taleb’s earlier books? A. It contradicts their ideas. B. It expands on their perspectives. C. It disputes their concepts. D. It addresses comparable subjects. 3.What is a characteristic of complex systems according to Taleb? A. Stable outcomes. B. Straightforward interactions. C. Absolute certainty. D. Significant unpredictability. 4.What is the tone of the passage? A. Dismissive. B. Neutral. C. Skeptical. D. Enthusiastic. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了Antifragile这本书，以及这本书给人们带来的关于韧性和稳定性的挑战。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“The book delves into various subjects, including education, politics, economics, health, business, science and risk, providing valuable insights and a deeper understanding of these complex topics.(这本书探讨了不同的话题，包括教育、政治、经济、健康、商业、科学和风险，提供了有价值的见解，以及对这些复杂话题的深入理解。)”可知，作者极力推荐Antifragile是因为这本书提供了对不同领域复杂性的深刻见解，故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Antifragile builds on the ideas presented in Nassim Taleb’s earlier books, The Black Swan and Fooled by Randomness.(Antifragile建立在Nassim Taleb早期著作《黑天鹅》和《随机漫步的傻瓜》中提出的观点之上。)”以及第三段“While those books focus on “black swans” — rare and unpredictable events that have a significant impact, Antifragile further discusses the idea of antifragility and offers solutions to identify, build and benefit from antifragility in every aspect of life.(虽然这两本书关注的是“黑天鹅”——具有重大影响的罕见且不可预测的事件，但Antifragile进一步讨论了反脆弱性的概念，并提供了在生活的各个方面识别、构建和受益于反脆弱性的解决方案。)”可知，Antifragile和Taleb早期著作之间的关系是它扩展了它们的观点，故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Taleb defines complex systems as systems composed of interconnected and interdependent parts that exhibit nonlinear behavior. These systems a characterized by high uncertainty, volatility, and non-predictability an are often difficult to understand and control.(Taleb将复杂系统定义为由相互联系和相互依赖的部分组成的系统，这些部分表现出非线性行为。这些系统的特点是高度不确定性、易变性和不可预测性，通常难以理解和控制。)”可知，Taleb认为复杂系统的特征是重大的不可预测性，故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“I highly recommend Antifragile to any student or practitioner of business management, risk management, or anyone with a curious mind and a keen interest in understanding complex human systems.(我强烈推荐Antifragile给任何商业管理、风险管理的学生或从业者，或者任何对理解复杂的人类系统有好奇心和浓厚兴趣的人。)”以及最后一段“Overall, Antifragile is a thought-provoking and influential work that challenges readers to rethink their assumptions about resilience.(总的来说，Antifragile 是一部发人深省且有影响力的作品，它促使读者重新思考他们对韧性的假设。)”及文章其他段落内容可知作者自始至终都在很热心地介绍并强烈推荐Antifragile这本书，因为作者认为这是一部发人深省且有影响力的作品，由此可推测这篇文章的基调是热情的，故选D项。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·黑龙江新时代高中教育联合体·期中）If a stranger offered you a free cookie, you might well eat it. But what if they also offered to give you $2? You might politely decline and walk away thinking, “Something smells fishy.” In a study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, researchers found that people tend to turn down offers of “free money” (as well as unusually high salaries or suspiciously cheap services) because they seem “too good to be true”. The research bridges economics and psychology to explain why financial attraction can backfire. In the initial experiment, nearly 40 percent of participants ate a cookie offered freely, compared with about 20 percent of those offered $2 as well. “People typically imagine things like that someone did something disgusting to the cookie,” says study lead author Andrew J. Vonasch, a psychological scientist at University of Canterbury in New Zealand. Nine further experiments, involving more than 4,000 participants, used online questionnaires to present other cases. These included being offered money to accept a ride home, incredibly high construction-job wages and surprisingly cheap flights. In each case, past a certain threshold (门槛), higher financial profit reduced participants’ potential of accepting the offer. If someone seems to go against accepted norms (准则) such as self-interest without explanation, we assume they have hidden motives and infer there will be “phantom costs”: imagined consequences that reduce what Vonasch calls an offer’s “psychological value”. Factors beyond the present moment may come into play. “Understanding that others’ perceived over generosity may put us in their debt could also help explain people’s reluctance (勉强),” says Rachel McCloy, a psychologist studying decision-making at England’s University of Reading. “The old saying ‘there’s no such thing as a free lunch’ is clearly alive and well.” Another experiment found that high scorers on measures of distrust inferred more phantom costs. The researchers also showed how to alleviate (减轻) the effect: simply provide a reason for the deal. The “cheap flights” experiment included a condition where the seats were revealed to be very uncomfortable. “Uncomfortable seats aren’t typically a selling point,” Vonasch says. “But telling people the seats were uncomfortable made them more willing to take them because it was sufficient explanation.” 1.What does the underlined word “backfire” in Para.1 mean? A. Result in an opposite effect. B. Boost the success of an offer. C. Increase the appeal of a proposal. D. Cause a positive outcome unexpectedly. 2.According to the study, why do people often reject offers that seem too good to be true? A. They believe they are illegal. B. They think the offer is not good enough. C. They don’t trust the intentions of the provider. D. They think it’s a waste of time. 3.Why is the quote “there’s no such thing as a free lunch” mentioned by the author? A. To prove the phantom costs. B. To promote generosity in society. C. To doubt hidden costs of generous offers. D. To remind people to be cautious of free items. 4.What helps make the “cheap flights” more acceptable according to the experiment? A. Offering more flight credits. B. Discounting the price further. C. Providing additional unrelated gifts. D. Giving a seemingly reasonable explanation. 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。本文围绕一项跨经济学与心理学的研究展开，核心探讨人们为何会拒绝“好得不像真的”的利益提议，指出背后是“隐性成本”的推断、对提供者隐藏动机的不信任以及“人情债”顾虑等心理因素在起作用，同时还说明提供合理理由可缓解这种抵触情绪。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据上文“In a study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, researchers found that people tend to turn down offers of “free money” (as well as unusually high salaries or suspiciously cheap services) because they seem “too good to be true”. (一项发表在《人格与社会心理学公报》上的研究发现，人们往往会拒绝“免费送钱”的提议——包括异常高额的薪水或低得可疑的服务——只因这些看起来“好得不像真的”。)”可知，经济吸引力会产生相反的效果，所以“backfire”的意思是“产生相反的效果”。故选A。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“If someone seems to go against accepted norms (准则) such as self-interest without explanation, we assume they have hidden motives and infer there will be “phantom costs”: imagined consequences that reduce what Vonasch calls an offer’s “psychological value”. (如果有人在没有任何解释的情况下，做出违背公认准则（比如利己原则）的行为，我们会认为他们心怀不轨，并且会推断存在“隐性成本”——也就是冯纳许所说的、会降低某个提议“心理价值”的想象中的后果。)”可知，人们经常拒绝那些看起来好得令人难以置信的提议是因为他们不信任提供者的意图。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段““Understanding that others’ perceived over generosity may put us in their debt could also help explain people’s reluctance (勉强),” says Rachel McCloy, a psychologist studying decision-making at England’s University of Reading. “The old saying ‘there’s no such thing as a free lunch’ is clearly alive and well.” (英国雷丁大学研究决策领域的心理学家雷切尔・麦克洛伊表示：“明白他人看似过度的慷慨可能会让我们欠下人情，这也有助于解释人们为何会心存勉强。那句老话“天下没有免费的午餐”显然依然盛行。”)”可知，作者提到“天下没有免费的午餐”这句名言是为了证实隐性成本的存在。故选A。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The researchers also showed how to alleviate (减轻) the effect: simply provide a reason for the deal. The “cheap flights” experiment included a condition where the seats were revealed to be very uncomfortable. “Uncomfortable seats aren’t typically a selling point,” Vonasch says. “But telling people the seats were uncomfortable made them more willing to take them because it was sufficient explanation.” (研究人员还展示了如何减轻这种影响：只需为这笔交易给出一个理由。“廉价航班”实验中就包含这样一种情况——明确告知乘客座位会非常不舒服。“不舒服的座位通常算不上卖点，”冯纳许说，“但告诉人们座位不舒服后，他们反而更愿意接受了，因为这个解释已经足够有说服力。”)”可知，根据实验，给出一个看似合理的解释能让“廉价航班”更容易被接受。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高三上·辽宁七校名校协作体-11月·期中）Almost half a billion small, cheap electrical everyday items from headphones to handheld fans ended up in landfill in the UK in the past year, according to research. The not-for-profit organisation Material Focus, which conducted the research,said the scale of the issue was huge and they wanted to encourage more recycling. More than half a billion cheaply priced electronic goods were bought in the UK in the past year alone-16 per second. Material Focus findings showed that of these items,471m were thrown away. This included 260m disposable vapes (电子烟), 26m cables, 29m LED, solar and decorative lights, 9.8m USB sticks, and 4.8m miniature fans. Scott Butler, executive director at Material Focus, described it as “fast tech”.He said: “People should think carefully about buying some of the more silly items in the first place.” He said the items people bought were often “cheap and small”, and that consumers may not realise they contain valuable materials that could be saved if recycled. Small electricals can contain precious materials including copper, lithium and stainless steel. These components can be recycled and used in wind turbines, medical devices and electric vehicles. Material Focus said that while people were used to the idea of recycling larger electrical items such as fridges, lots of smaller devices were left unused in houses. Butler said :“We want to get the message across that anything with a plug, battery or cable can be recycled and there’s somewhere near you to do it. The scale of the issue is huge, but there’s an easy solution-just as the trend for recycling and repurposing fashion has grown and grown, we want to encourage the nation to recycle fast tech, guilt-free and fuss-free.” Material Focus said that when consumers bought a cheap item, they saw it as disposable. They estimate that UK citizens spent more than £2.8bn on these cheap products in the past year. The non-profit group described it as “the tip of the iceberg” when it comes to the growing issue of wasted electricals in the UK. More than 100,000 tons of waste electricals are thrown away every year, and there are 880m electrical items of all kinds lying unused in UK homes. 1.What can we infer from Butler’s words in paragraph 4? A. Cheap items don’t deserve consumer’s careful use. B. Low-quality electrical goods are easy to be recycled. C. Consumers should stop buying these “fast tech” in the first place. D. Valuable materials can be found in these cheap and small electrical goods. 2.What did Butler appeal to people to do? A. They’d better spread the idea of “fast tech”. B. They’d better recycle small devices as well as larger ones. C. They’d better set up somewhere near them to do the recycling. D. They’d better catch the trend of disposing small and cheap items. 3.What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Tons of small and cheap electrical items are thrown away. B. Legal efforts should be made to ban small electrical items. C. “Fast tech”— the future generation. D. Recycling valuable materials from electronics is urgent. 4.Where is the text most probably taken from? A. A book review. B. A philosophical textbook. C. A science magazine. D. An electronic book. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在过去的一年里，大量日常小电器被扔进了英国的垃圾填埋场。Material Focus表示，这个问题非常严重，他们希望鼓励更多的回收利用这些小电器。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“He said the items people bought were often “cheap and small”, and that consumers may not realize they contain valuable materials that could be salvaged if recycled. (他说，人们购买的物品往往“又小又便宜”，消费者可能没有意识到它们含有宝贵的材料，如果回收利用，这些材料可以被回收)”可知，从第四段巴特勒的话中我们可以推断出在这些便宜的小电器产品中可以找到有价值的材料。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“We want to get the message across that anything with a plug, battery or cable can be recycled and there’s somewhere near you to do it. (我们想传达这样一个信息，任何带插头、电池或电缆的东西都可以回收，而且就在你附近的某个地方)”可推知，巴特勒呼吁人们最好回收小型设备和大型设备。故选B。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章介绍了在过去的一年里，大量日常小电器被扔进了英国的垃圾填埋场。Material Focus表示，这个问题非常严重，他们希望鼓励更多的回收利用这些小电器。第一段讲到“Almost half a billion small, cheap electrical everyday items from headphones to handheld fans ended up in landfill in the UK in the past year, according to research. (根据研究，在过去的一年里，从耳机到手持电风扇，近5亿件小型廉价的日常电器被扔进了英国的垃圾填埋场)”可知，这篇文章的中心思想是成吨的小而便宜的电器被扔掉。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Almost half a billion small, cheap electrical everyday items from headphones to handheld fans ended up in landfill in the UK in the past year, according to research.(根据研究，在过去的一年里，从耳机到掌上风扇，近5亿件小型廉价电子日常用品最终被填埋在英国的垃圾填埋场)”可推知，这篇文章最有可能来自于一本科学杂志。故选C。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·辽宁县域重点高中·期中）Urban mobility is at a crossroads. For decades cities have been designed to cater to cars, with countless roads, plenty of parking, and laws that separate residential areas from commercial and industrial zones. This has made cities less livable, increasingly polluted, and contributed to social inequality. But now, a new vision for urban mobility is emerging, one that prioritizes people over vehicles, reduces carbon emissions, and enhances the quality of urban life. At the heart of this transformation are technological innovations that are reshaping how people move within cities. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more affordable and accessible. Autonomous vehicles, though still in their early stage, hold the promise of reducing traffic accidents and jams by enabling more efficient use of road space. And shared mobility services, such as bike-and car-sharing, are making it easier for people to get around without owning a personal vehicle. The shift towards more sustainable urban mobility is also being driven by a change in consumer preferences. Younger generations, in particular, are less attached to the idea of car ownership and more open to alternative modes of transportation. It is being fueled by concerns about climate change and air pollution, as well as the increasing cost of owning and maintaining a car in urban areas. As a result, cities are seeing a growing demand for green transportation options. However, the transition to a more sustainable and intelligent urban mobility system is arduous. One major challenge is the need for significant investment in new infrastructure (基础设施), such as charging stations. Additionally, ensuring the fair distribution of these benefits across different economic groups is crucial, which helps to prevent widening social gaps. What’s more, the success of urban mobility innovations depends on public acceptance and trust. Overcoming these challenges will require joint efforts from governments, private sectors, and communities. In conclusion, the future of urban mobility is set to experience significant transformations. As cities continue to grow and evolve, embracing these changes will be crucial in shaping the urban landscape of tomorrow. 1.What issue does the author mainly discuss in paragraph 1? A. Urban roads cause a mess. B. City designs center on cars. C. Diverse areas get separated in the city. D. Vehicles on roads cause traffic accidents. 2.Why do younger generations favour sustainable transport? A. They fail to make a handsome income. B. They regard car ownership as outdated. C. They worry about pollution and high car costs. D. They long to be healthy through active transport. 3.What does the underlined word “arduous” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Tough. B. Sensible. C. Available. D. Rewarding. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Improve Urban Transport B. Strategies for Sustainable Transport C. The Future of Urban Mobility D. The Upcoming Shared City Mobility 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了城市交通正转向以人为中心的可持续模式。传统以汽车为中心的设计导致污染和不平等，而电动汽车、自动驾驶和共享出行等创新正改变城市交通。尽管转型面临挑战，如基础设施投资和公平性问题，但这对未来城市至关重要。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段内容“Urban mobility is at a crossroads. For decades cities have been designed to cater to cars, with countless roads, plenty of parking, and laws that separate residential areas from commercial and industrial zones. This has made cities less livable, increasingly polluted, and contributed to social inequality. (城市交通正处于十字路口。几十年来，城市的设计一直以汽车为中心，修建了无数的道路，提供了充足的停车位，还制定了将住宅区与商业区和工业区分开的法律。这使得城市变得不宜居，污染日益严重，并加剧了社会不平等。)”可知，第一段主要讨论了城市设计以汽车为中心这一问题——城市变得不宜居，污染日益严重，并加剧了社会不平等。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“Younger generations, in particular, are less attached to the idea of car ownership and more open to alternative modes of transportation. It is being fueled by concerns about climate change and air pollution, as well as the increasing cost of owning and maintaining a car in urban areas. (特别是年轻一代，他们对拥有汽车的想法不太执着，更愿意接受其他交通方式。这种转变是由对气候变化和空气污染的担忧，以及在城市地区拥有和维护汽车的成本不断上升所推动的。)”可知，年轻一代更喜欢可持续的交通方式是因为他们担心污染和养车的高成本。故选C。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据文章第四段内容“However, the transition to a more sustainable and intelligent urban mobility system is arduous. One major challenge is the need for significant investment in new infrastructure (基础设施), such as charging stations. Additionally, ensuring the fair distribution of these benefits across different economic groups is crucial, which helps to prevent widening social gaps. What’s more, the success of urban mobility innovations depends on public acceptance and trust.”(然而，向更可持续和智能的城市交通系统的过渡是_____。一个主要的挑战是需要对充电站等新基础设施进行大量投资。此外，确保这些利益在不同经济群体之间的公平分配至关重要，这有助于防止社会差距扩大。更重要的是，城市交通创新的成功取决于公众的接受和信任。)可知，后文阐述了向更可持续和智能的城市交通系统的过渡的各种挑战如：“一个主要的挑战是需要对充电站等新基础设施进行大量投资”以及“城市交通创新的成功取决于公众的接受和信任”，因此向更可持续和智能的城市交通系统的过渡是艰难的。故划线词“arduous”的意思是“艰难的”，与选项A“Tough(艰难的)”意思相近。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段内容“In conclusion, the future of urban mobility is set to experience significant transformations. As cities continue to grow and evolve, embracing these changes will be crucial in shaping the urban landscape of tomorrow. (总之，城市交通的未来将经历重大变革。随着城市的不断发展和演变，接受这些变化对于塑造未来的城市景观至关重要。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讨论了城市交通的未来将经历重大变革，包括技术革新、消费者偏好变化以及面临的挑战等。C选项“The Future of Urban Mobility(城市交通的未来)”概括文章主要内容，符合标题。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高三上·吉林省“BEST”合作体六校·第三次联考）Landscape paintings of the 19th century displayed in London’s Tate Britain museum looked rather familiar to Anna Lea Albright, a climate researcher. Artist William Turner’s unique way of painting objects in foggy weather let Albright recall her early research on air pollution. “I started wondering if there was a connection,” says Albright, who visited the museum on a day off from work. Turner — an English Romantic painter — was painting as increasing industrial plants earned London the name “The Big Smoke”. Turner’s early works were done with sharp details while later works had a dreamier aesthetic (美感). To figure out to what extent Impressionists were reflecting the environmental conditions of that time, Albright partnered with climatologist Peter Huybers. They analyzed the contrast of 60 works created by Turner from 1796 to 1850 and 38 paintings by Monet between 1864 and 1901. It turned out that as the release of sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) increased over time, the amount of contrast in both Turner’s and Monet’s paintings decreased. However, works set in Paris by Monet between 1864 and 1872 showed relatively higher contrast compared with Turner’s London-based works created 20 years earlier. This, Albright and Huybers say, can be due to the much slower start of the Industrial Revolution in France. The researchers also analyzed the paintings’ visibility, or the distance at which an object can be clearly seen. Before 1830, the visibility in Turner’s paintings averaged about 25 kilometers while paintings after 1830 had the average visibility of about 10 kilometers. To strengthen their argument, the researchers also analyzed 18 paintings from four other London-and Paris-based Impressionists. Again, as outdoor air pollution increased, the contrast and visibility in the paintings decreased. The researchers calculate that air pollution can explain about 61 percent of contrast differences between the paintings. In that respect, “different painters will paint in a similar way when the environment is similar,” Albright says. “But I don’t want to overstep the line and say: Oh, we can explain all of Impressionism.” 1.Why is Albright’s visit to a museum mentioned? A. To connect art with research. B. To introduce previous foggy weather. C. To show impacts of Turner’s painting. D. To explain inspiration for her new study. 2.What might lead to lower contrast in Turner’s paintings according to the research? A. His personal habits. B. His drawing techniques. C. The higher level of industrialization. D. The influence of Impressionists. 3.What does the paintings’ visibility mainly indicate? A. Painting styles vary with time and regions. B. Air pollution needs to be controlled. C. Lower visibility is more popular in works. D. Changes in it may relate to air quality. 4.Which word can best describe Albright’s attitude towards the findings? A. Objective. B. Optimistic. C. Enthusiastic. D. Doubtful. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是说明文。文章介绍Anna Lea Albright的研究表明，19世纪绘画风格的变化与工业革命时期的空气污染有关。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Artist William Turner’s unique way of painting objects in foggy weather let Albright recall her early research on air pollution.(艺术家William Turner在雾天里作画的独特方式让Albright回忆起她早期对空气污染的研究)”和第二段中的““I started wondering if there was a connection,” says Albright, who visited the museum on a day off from work.(‘我开始怀疑这两者之间是否有联系，’Albright说，她在休假的一天参观了博物馆)”可知，Albright在参观博物馆时，William Turner对雾中的事物的表现方式使她受到启发，因此她打算研究绘画风格的变化是否与空气污染有关。故选D项“为了解释她新研究的灵感”符合题意。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They analyzed the contrast of 60 works created by Turner from 1796 to 1850 and 38 paintings by Monet between 1864 and 1901. It turned out that as the release of sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) increased over time, the amount of contrast in both Turner’s and Monet’s paintings decreased. However, works set in Paris by Monet between 1864 and 1872 showed relatively higher contrast compared with Turner’s London-based works created 20 years earlier. This, Albright and Huybers say, can be due to the much slower start of the Industrial Revolution in France.(他们分析了Turner在1796年至1850年间创作的60幅作品和Monet在1864年至1901年间创作的38幅作品的对比。事实证明，二氧化硫的释放随着时间的推移而增加，Turner和Monet画作中的对比度都减少了。然而，Monet在1864年至1872年间以巴黎为背景的作品，与Turner在20年前创作的伦敦作品相比，表现出了相对更高的反差。Albright和Huybers说，这可能是由于法国工业革命起步较慢)”可知，与Turner20年前在伦敦创作的作品相比，Monet1864至1872年间以巴黎为背景的作品表现出相对更高的对比度。Albright和Huybers说，这可能是由于法国工业革命起步较慢。故较高的工业化水平可能导致了Turner作品中的对比度相对较低。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“The researchers also analyzed the paintings’ visibility, or the distance at which an object can be clearly seen. Before 1830, the visibility in Turner’s paintings averaged about 25 kilometers while paintings after 1830 had the average visibility of about 10 kilometers. To strengthen their argument, the researchers also analyzed 18 paintings from four other London-and Paris-based Impressionists. Again, as outdoor air pollution increased, the contrast and visibility in the paintings decreased.(研究人员还分析了画作的可见性，即物体清晰可见的距离。在1830年以前，Turner画作的平均能见度约为25公里，而1830年以后的画作的平均能见度约为10公里。为了加强他们的论点，研究人员还分析了另外四位伦敦和巴黎印象派画家的18幅画作。同样，随着室外空气污染的增加，画作中的对比度和可见度也下降了)”可知，研究人员分析了画作的可见度，在1830年以前，Turner画中平均约25千米内的事物能被看清，而在1830年以后，他的画中平均约10千米内的事物能被看清，这说明了随着空气污染变严重，画作中的对比度和可见度下降了。故选D项“可见度的变化可能与空气质量有关”。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“The researchers calculate that air pollution can explain about 61 percent of contrast differences between the paintings.(研究人员计算出，空气污染可以解释大约61%的画作之间的对比差异)”及“But I don’t want to overstep the line and say: Oh, we can explain all of Impressionism.(但我不想越界说：哦，我们可以解释所有印象派)”可知，研究人员推测，空气污染可以解释大约61%的画作之间的对比度差异。但是，Albright认为这并不能解释所有的印象派。由此可推知，Albright对该研究结果持客观的态度。故选A。 主题语境03 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （24-25高三上·辽宁联合体·期中）The term parasocial interaction (虚拟社交) was introduced in the 1950s by the social scientists Donald Horton and R. Richard Wohl. It was the early days of home television, and they were seeing people form a close connection with actors who were appearing virtually in their home. Today, the definition is much broader. After all, actors, singers, comedians, athletes, and countless other celebrities are available to us in more ways than ever before. Forming parasocial bonds has never been easier. Psychologists document cases of parasocial relationships that can go much deeper, with severe consequences. Scholars note parasocial bonds range from casual talk about stars to intense emotions, to uncontrollable behavior and fantasies. At the deepest level, the parasocial relationship can be dangerous, such as when a fan loses touch with reality and secretly follows a star. It can also lead to confusion about one’s own identity, particularly in adolescents who are still forming their sense of self, as they may model themselves on the media figures with whom they have parasocial relationships. In 2021, two psychologists from York University, in Canada, found that forming parasocial bonds was strongly related to avoidant attachment. That is, people who tended to push others away in their day-to-day lives were more likely to relate to fictional characters. You can easily see how parasocial relationships could be a replacement when one finds real-life attachment difficult. This could start a feedback cycle, in which avoiding close relationships stimulates parasocial bonding, which in turn leads to reduced interactions with real-life family and friends as the fans spends their time and energy on someone who doesn’t know they exist. My purpose here is not to say that parasocial interactions are always bad for you, or even abnormal. Rather, it is to suggest that heavy parasocial bonding might be a signal that you are crowding out the real people who can give you the love you truly need. One way to address this is to get some more distance from your fictional friends, thus pausing the feedback cycle and giving yourself more space to pursue in-person connection. 1.How has parasocial interaction changed according to Paragraph 1? A. It has become more accessible. B. It has affected more celebrities. C. It has lost much of its significance. D. It has turned into a two-way process. 2.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Reasons behind celebrity following. B. Origins of dangerous relationships. C. Different types of parasocial relationships. D. Potential harm of parasocial relationships. 3.Which of the following can lead to parasocial relationships? A. Socializing with strangers. B. Having strong family support. C. Participating in group activities. D. Struggling with relationships in reality. 4.What might the author suggest for those with heavy parasocial relationships? A. Meeting fictional friends in real life. B. Seeking guidance from professionals. C. Hanging out more with real friends. D. Creating more space for being alone. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是“虚拟社交”这一概念的起源和发展，以及人们与名人之间的情感联系对商业和个人的影响。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据首段中的“Today, the definition is much broader. After all, actors, singers, comedians, athletes, and countless other celebrities are available to us in more ways than ever before. Forming parasocial bonds has never been easier.(今天，这个定义要广泛得多。毕竟，演员、歌手、喜剧演员、运动员和无数其他名人比以往任何时候都有更多的方式可供我们使用。形成虚拟社交关系从未如此简单。)”可知，现在有更多的方式触到名人，形成虚拟社交关系更加简单，由此可知，虚拟社交变得更容易得到。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“Psychologists document cases of parasocial relationships that can go much deeper, with severe consequences. Scholars note parasocial bonds range from casual talk about stars to intense emotions, to uncontrollable behavior and fantasies.(心理学家记录了一些可能更深层次的虚拟社交关系的案例，这些案例会带来严重的后果。学者们指出，虚拟社交关系的范围从随意谈论明星到强烈的情绪，再到无法控制的行为和幻想。)”以及下文中介绍的深层次的虚拟社交案例以及虚拟社交关系对青少年影响的分析可知，本段主要介绍的是虚拟社交关系带来的严重后果。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“That is, people who tended to push others away in their day-to-day lives were more likely to relate to fictional characters. You can easily see how parasocial relationships could be a replacement when one finds real-life attachment difficult. (也就是说，那些在日常生活中脱离现实的人更有可能与虚构人物产生联系。你可以很容易地看到，当一个人发现现实生活中的依恋很难时，虚拟社会关系是如何成为一种替代品的。)”可知，那些在日常生活中脱离现实的人更有可能与虚构人物产生联系，在现实生活中的以来很难时，虚拟社会关系就会成为其替代品，由此可知，那些在现实关系中很挣扎的人很可能导致虚拟社交关系。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据尾段中的“One way to address this is to get some more distance from your fictional friends, thus pausing the feedback cycle and giving yourself more space to pursue in-person connection.(解决这个问题的一种方法是与你的虚拟朋友保持一定的距离，从而暂停反馈循环，给自己更多的空间去追求面对面的联系。)”可知，作者建议与虚拟朋友保持距离，给自己更多的空间去追求面对面的关系，由此可知，作者建议多和真正的朋友出去。故选C项。 主题语境04 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·黑龙江龙东十校联盟·期中）I came across a new study this week that really got me thinking. And the paper shined a new light on the value of large language models (LLMs) in medicine and even beyond. Researchers took a simplified version of GPT and trained it on individual medical diagnoses. Surprisingly, this tiny system was able to predict the “next word” in a person’s health story, including the next diagnosis, the next complication, and, with exceptional precision, even the timing of death. It seems as if AI is learning what might be called the grammar of disease. Each diagnosis is a “word,” each medical record is a “sentence,” and our lives are written in sequences of these marks. Add high blood pressure, and the model can already outline a likely next chapter. Add diabetes or kidney (肾) disease, and the story becomes sharper, the ending more predictable. Each “word” adds more context and increases the statistical probability. So, what does it mean, psychologically, morally, and even practically, when a machine can read the story of our health and tell us what comes next or even how it might end? Do we really want to know our likely “final chapter,” even if we can’t change it? Or could this knowledge be used to rewrite the story and to intervene earlier, shift the course, and add new chapters we never expected? Interestingly, this doesn’t stop at medicine. If a model can learn the grammar of disease, what about the grammar of relationships and the patterns that predict divorce or make-up? LLMs, trained on millions of human stories, already contain hints of these patterns. So, this is where it gets both thrilling and unnerving for me. These models don’t just predict words; they predict the future shape of human lives, at least in a statistical sense. This leaves us with a very human question. How much of this do we actually want to know? There’s power in foresight, but also a kind of burden. Perhaps the challenge isn’t just building models that can read our stories but in deciding when and how we want them to tell us what comes next. 1.What is the function of paragraph 1? A. To explain the process of LLM training. B. To doubt the accuracy of AI predictions. C. To introduce a broader potential of LLMs. D. To warn against the risks of AI predictions. 2.What does the author compare “the grammar of disease” to? A. Health care plans. B. LLM training rules. C. Language structures. D. Diagnosis principles. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards AI’s predictive power? A. Dismissive. B. Enthusiastic. C. Unconcerned. D. Cautious. 4.What does the last paragraph focus on? A. The dilemma of knowing. B. The improvement of predictions. C. The technical limitations of AI. D. The complexity of human stories. 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕大语言模型（LLMs）展开，介绍其在医学及更广泛领域展现出的预测潜力，同时探讨 AI 预测能力带来的心理、道德等层面的思考，以及人类在是否、何时、如何接受这类预测上的困境。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“I came across a new study this week that really got me thinking. And the paper shined a new light on the value of large language models (LLMs) in medicine and even beyond. Researchers took a simplified version of GPT and trained it on individual medical diagnoses. Surprisingly, this tiny system was able to predict the “next word” in a person’s health story, including the next diagnosis, the next complication, and, with exceptional precision, even the timing of death.(这周我看到了一项新的研究，它让我深思。这篇论文为大型语言模型（LLMs）在医学甚至其他领域的价值提供了新的视角。研究人员采用了GPT的简化版本，并对其进行了个人医疗诊断的训练。令人惊讶的是，这个微小的系统能够预测一个人健康故事中的“下一个单词”，包括下一个诊断，下一个并发症，甚至非常精确地预测死亡的时间。)”可知，第一段引出大语言模型在医学及更广泛领域的潜在应用，目的是介绍LLMs一项更广泛的潜能。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段 “It seems as if AI is learning what might be called the grammar of disease. Each diagnosis is a “word,” each medical record is a “sentence,” and our lives are written in sequences of these marks.(人工智能似乎正在学习所谓的疾病语法。每一个诊断都是一个“单词”，每一个医疗记录都是一个“句子”，我们的生活就是由这些标记组成的序列。)”可知，作者将“疾病的语法”类比为语言结构，把诊断比作“单词”、病历比作“句子”。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“So, this is where it gets both thrilling and unnerving for me. (所以，这就是让我既兴奋又不安的地方。)”和最后一段“There’s power in foresight, but also a kind of burden.(有远见固然有力量，但也是一种负担。)”可知，作者对 AI 预测能力态度谨慎，既认可其潜力，又担忧其影响，故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“This leaves us with a very human question. How much of this do we actually want to know? There’s power in foresight, but also a kind of burden. Perhaps the challenge isn’t just building models that can read our stories but in deciding when and how we want them to tell us what comes next.(这给我们留下了一个非常人性的问题。我们到底想知道多少呢？有远见固然有力量，但也是一种负担。也许我们面临的挑战不仅仅是建立能够阅读我们故事的模型，还在于决定我们希望它们何时以及如何告诉我们接下来会发生什么。)”可知，最后一段的核心是探讨 “知晓（AI 预测的未来）的困境”。故选A。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·辽宁大连滨城高中联盟·期中）To determine the type and severity of a cancer, scientists usually analyze thin slices of a tumor (肿瘤) under a microscope. But to tell how the tumor is treated, scientists must perform genetic sequencing (排序) of the RNA isolated from the tumor, a process that can take weeks and costs thousands of dollars. But now, Stanford Medicine researchers have developed an artificial intelligence — powered computational program that can predict the activity of thousands of genes within tumor cells. The tool was created using data from more than 7, 000 diverse tumor samples. The team showed that it could be used routinely to predict genetic variations in breast cancers and to predict patient outcomes. “This kind of software could be used to quickly identify gene signatures in patients’ tumors, speeding up clinical (临床的) decision- making and saving the health care system thousands of dollars,” said Olivier Gevaert, PhD. The researchers began with 7, 584 cancer biopsies (活检) from 16 different cancer types. Each biopsy had been sliced into thin sections and prepared. After the researchers integrated their new cancer biopsies as well as other datasets, including images from thousands of healthy cells, the AI program — which they named SEQUOIA — was able to predict the expression patterns of more than 15, 000 different genes from the stained images. To test the effect of SEQUOIA for clinical decision- making, Gevaert and his colleagues identified breast cancer genes that the model could accurately predict the expression of and that are already used in commercial breast cancer genomic tests. The AI model can’t yet be used in a clinical setting, but Gevaert said his team is studying its prospective applications. In the future, he said, SEQUOIA could reduce the need for expensive gene expression tests. “We’ve shown how useful this could be for breast cancer, and we can now use it for all cancers,” he said, “It’s a whole new source of data that we didn’t have before.” 1.How do scientists typically determine the treatment of a tumor? A. By analyzing its thin slices. B. By conducting genetic sequencing. C. By applying a computational program. D. By referring to routinely collected data. 2.What can be inferred about the datasets used to develop SEQUOIA? A. They excluded images of healthy cells. B. They included various types of cancer biopsies. C. They mainly consisted of breast cancer samples. D. They were collected after the AI program was built. 3.What did Gevaert think of the future of the AI model? A. Objective B. Useless C. Changeable D. Potential 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. A new tool for analyzing tumor slices. B. An AI tool to predict tumor gene activity. C. An attempt to conduct original genetic sequencing. D. AI technology to transform the treatment of cancer. 【答案】1. B　2. B　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍斯坦福大学医学院研发的AI工具SEQUOIA，可通过肿瘤活检图像预测基因活性，为癌症治疗提供新思路。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But to tell how the tumor is treated, scientists must perform genetic sequencing (排序) of the RNA isolated from the tumor (但要确定如何治疗肿瘤，科学家必须对从肿瘤中分离出的RNA进行基因测序)”可知，科学家通常通过进行基因测序来确定肿瘤的治疗方案。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The researchers began with 7, 584 cancer biopsies (活检) from 16 different cancer types. (研究人员从16种不同癌症类型的7584份癌症活检样本入手。)”可知，研发SEQUOIA所用的数据集包含多种类型的癌症活检样本。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The AI model can’t yet be used in a clinical setting, but Gevaert said his team is studying its prospective applications. In the future, he said, SEQUOIA could reduce the need for expensive gene expression tests. “We’ve shown how useful this could be for breast cancer, and we can now use it for all cancers,” he said, “It’s a whole new source of data that we didn’t have before.” (这款人工智能模型目前尚无法应用于临床场景，但格瓦特（Gevaert）表示，他的团队正在研究其潜在应用。他称，未来 SEQUOIA 模型有望减少对昂贵基因表达检测的需求。“我们已经证明了它对乳腺癌的实用价值，现在还可将其应用于所有癌症类型，” 他说，“这为我们提供了此前从未有过的全新数据来源。”)”可知，Gevaert认为该AI模型未来具有发展潜力。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文以及根据第二段“But now, Stanford Medicine researchers have developed an artificial intelligence — powered computational program that can predict the activity of thousands of genes within tumor cells. (但如今，斯坦福大学医学院的研究人员已研发出一款人工智能驱动的计算程序，能够预测肿瘤细胞内数千种基因的活性。)”以及根据第四段“After the researchers integrated their new cancer biopsies as well as other datasets, including images from thousands of healthy cells, the AI program — which they named SEQUOIA — was able to predict the expression patterns of more than 15, 000 different genes from the stained images. (研究人员整合了新收集的癌症活检样本以及其他数据集（包括数千个健康细胞的图像）后，这款被命名为 SEQUOIA 的人工智能程序，能够从染色切片图像中预测出超过 15000 种不同基因的表达模式。)”可知，文章核心围绕斯坦福大学研发的AI工具SEQUOIA展开，介绍其通过肿瘤活检图像预测基因活性的功能、研发基础、测试情况及未来应用前景。所以文章主要关于一款预测肿瘤基因活性的人工智能工具。故选B项。 Passage 3 （24-25高三上·吉林省“BEST”合作体六校·第三次联考）How has artificial intelligence (AI) changed and shaped our world over the last five years? How will AI continue to impact our lives in the coming years? Those are the questions addressed in my report. When it comes to the current state of AI, I must say some of the biggest changes in the last five years have been how well AI performs in large data systems on specific types of tasks. We’ve seen Alpha Zero become the best Go player entirely through self-play, and everyday use of AI such as grammar checks and auto complete, automatic personal photo organization, and speech recognition become commonplace for large numbers of people. In terms of potential, I’m most excited that AI can develop better and be used to assist people in various ways. It can help with decision-making such as identifying the likely treatment options for patients and provide basic assistance such as text-to-speech transformation for the visually damaged. In many situations, people and AI are complementary; that’s why I assume there is a possibility of teaming people with AI. In the past, people had a fairly rosy outlook on AI, but now the public have a much more mixed view. This comes from the fact we are much less willing to tolerate faults, especially discriminatory ones. There have also been questions of information and disinformation control as people get their news and entertainment by searches and rankings personalized to their needs. So, there’s a much greater recognition that we should not be waiting for AI tools to become mainstream before making sure they are morally correct. The need to understand the basics of AI and data science starts much earlier than college education, as children are being exposed to AI as soon as they click on online videos. But for computer science students in college, I think a key thing that future engineers need to realize is when to demand input and how to talk across subject boundaries to get at often difficult-to-quantify ideas of safety, equity, and so forth. 1.Why does the author talk about AI’s performance on some tasks in paragraph 2? A. To criticize AI’s lack of diversity. B. To show AI’s specialized advancements. C. To explain AI’s superiority to humans. D. To highlight AI’s considerable intelligence. 2.What does the underlined word “complementary” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Significant. B. Independent. C. Interrelated. D. Contradictory. 3.What may make humans now think differently about AI? A. Its disadvantages. B. Its moral duty. C. The high expectations. D. The personalized news. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Strengths and Faults of AI B. The Present and Future of AI C. AI: How to Further Develop? D. Humans vs AI: Who’s Better? 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。在过去的五年里，人工智能是如何改变和塑造我们的世界的？未来几年，人工智能又将如何继续影响我们的生活？本文主要介绍了人工智能给人类生活带来的影响及未来可能带来的变化。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“When it comes to the current state of AI, I must say some of the biggest changes in the last five years have been how well AI performs in large data systems on specific types of tasks. We’ve seen Alpha Zero become the best Go player entirely through self-play, and everyday use of AI such as grammar checks and auto complete, automatic personal photo organization, and speech recognition become commonplace for large numbers of people. (当谈到人工智能的现状时，我必须说，过去五年里最大的变化是人工智能在大数据系统中对特定类型任务的表现。我们已经看到Alpha Zero完全通过自我对弈成为最好的围棋选手，人工智能的日常使用，如语法检查和自动补全，自动个人照片整理和语音识别，对很多人来说都是司空见惯的)”可知，人工智能对特定类型任务的表现有了巨大变化，在围棋这样的领域取得稳健的进步，在日常使用场景中有普遍运用。由此推知，作者提及这些是为了展示人工智能的专业化进步。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“In terms of potential, I’m most excited that AI can develop better and be used to assist people in various ways. (就潜力而言，我最兴奋的是人工智能可以发展得更好，并以各种方式帮助人们)”可知，人工智能可以为人提供帮助，再结合画线词的下文“that’s why I assume there is a possibility of teaming people with AI (这就是为什么我认为人类与人工智能合作是有可能的)”可知，作者认为人类与人工智能合作有合作的可能性。由此推知，人类与人工智能之间是相辅相成的，相互配合的，画线词意为“相辅相成的，相互配合的”，而interrelated可以用来形容两个或多个元素之间相互联系或相互依赖，因此可以理解为它们在某种程度上是相辅相成的。A. significant重要的；B. independent独立的；D. contradictory矛盾的。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“This comes from the fact we are much less willing to tolerate faults, especially discriminatory ones. There have also been questions of information and disinformation control as people get their news and entertainment by searches and rankings personalized to their needs. (这是因为我们不太愿意容忍错误，尤其是歧视性的错误。随着人们根据自己的需求通过搜索和排名来获取新闻和娱乐，信息和虚假信息的控制也存在问题)”可知，人工智能会发生歧视性的错误，会有信息和虚假信息的控制问题。由此可知，这些不足导致使得人类现在对它的看法有所不同。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段引入关于人工智能的话题，第二段介绍了人工智能的现状，第三段从人工智能的潜力方面做了介绍，第四段介绍了人们对人工智能的态度，最后一段作者就人工智能的未来发展提出建议。由此可知，本文重点介绍了人工智能的现在和未来。B项“The Present and Future of AI”涵盖了文章讨论的所有主要方面，最适合作为标题。故选B项。 Passage 4 （24-25高三上·辽宁七校名校协作体-11月·期中）Researchers have claimed a major step forward in the field of organ transplantation after a monkey survived for more than two years with a genetically engineered pig kidney. Scientists have spent decades working out whether animal organs could ever work properly and safely in humans without them being rejected by the patient’s immune system, but the challenges have proved immense. For the latest trial, researchers used a gene-editing tool called Crisper to alter genes in Yucatan miniature pigs before transplanting their kidneys into macaques (猕猴). The modifications altered genes to prevent organ rejection and remove pig viruses that could potentially be activated in recipients. Writing in the journal Nature, the scientists describe how 21 monkeys performed after their kidneys were removed and a single genetically modified pig kidney was implanted. Monkeys typically survived only 24 days when the kidneys were edited to disable three genes that trigger immune rejection. But when the scientists added seven human genes that reduce blood clotting (结块), inflammation and other immune reactions, the monkeys survived seven times longer, typically for 176 days.When combined with treatment to suppress the immune system, the researchers report that one monkey survived for more than two years-758 days -with the transplanted organ. Curtis, the chief executive of eGenesis, said the long-term survival of at least some of the monkeys had put eGenesis on course to satisfy the US Food and Drug Administration requirement to see at least 12 months’ survival in animals before the team can launch a clinical trial in humans. “We are well on our way there,” Curtis said. “There simply aren’t enough kidneys to go around. In our opinion it’s the only near-term viable solution.” The team uses Yucatan miniature pigs as donors because at maturity their kidneys are roughly the same size of those in the adult human. In the monkey trial, the kidneys were transplanted at two to three months when the organs were much smaller. Prof Tatsuo Kawai, an author on the study at Harvard Medical School,said the scientists expected the modified pig organs to perform better in humans than monkeys because “they are a better match”. 1.What do researchers do with the Yucatan miniature pigs? A. They altered their immune systems. B. They transplanted their kidneys into human beings. C. They used them to produce a gene-editing tool. D. They changed their genes to prevent rejection and remove pig viruses. 2.What’s Curtis’ attitude towards the result of the experiment? A. Content. B. Dissatisfied. C. Doubtful. D. Dismissed. 3.What does the underlined word “those” refer to? A. Kidneys. B. Monkeys. C. Pigs. D. Organs. 4.What’s the best title of the passage? A. Timne to change human immune system. B. An advance in immune system. C. An advance in organ transplantation. D. A clinical trial in humans. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。研究人员声称，在器官移植领域取得了重大进展，一只猴子在移植了基因工程猪肾脏后存活了两年多。文章主要介绍了研究开展的具体过程以及科学家们预计，经过改造的猪器官在人类身上的表现会比在猴子身上更好，因为“它们更匹配”。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“The modifications altered genes to prevent organ rejection and remove pig viruses that could potentially be activated in recipients. (这些修改改变了基因，以防止器官排斥，并去除可能在受体体内被激活的猪病毒)”可知，研究人员修改了尤卡坦迷你猪的基因来防止排斥。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段““We are well on our way there,” Curtis said. “There simply aren’t enough kidneys to go around. In our opinion it’s the only near-term practicable solution.” (柯蒂斯说：“我们正在朝着那个目标前进。根本没有足够的肾脏。在我们看来，这是近期唯一可行的解决方案。”)”可推知，柯蒂斯对实验结果的态度是满意的。故选A。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据上文“The team uses Yucatan miniature pigs as donors because at maturity their kidneys are roughly the same size of those in the adult human. (该团队使用尤卡坦州的小型猪作为供体，因为在成熟时，它们的肾脏与成年人的大小大致相同。)”可知，those表复数，指代上文提到的名词复数，结合句意可知，这里指代的是kidneys ，故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Researchers have claimed a major step forward in the field of organ transplantation after a monkey survived for more than two years with a genetically engineered pig kidney. (研究人员声称，在器官移植领域取得了重大进展，一只猴子在移植了基因工程猪肾脏后存活了两年多)”及全文内容可知，本文主要讲的是在器官移植方面取得的巨大的进步。故选C。 Passage 5 （24-25高三上·辽宁点石联考·期中）As Earth’s climate continues to change, a plant’s ability to adapt to its shifting environment is critical to its survival. Often, to stay alive a plant must move locations by releasing its seeds, but plants are rooted in the ground and cannot move themselves. Instead, they are dependent on animals or the wind to carry their seeds to a new location. To better understand how plants can survive in the face of challenges like climate change, a team of researchers at the University of-Missouri (MU) and Michigan State University recently cooperated to develop an innovative mathematical model that can provide fast and reliable predictions of how far wind can carry a plant's seeds. "Once seeds are released from a plant, we wanted to know how far they can go because as wind conditions vary the seeds will be moved around differently as a result of various weights, sizes and shapes," said Binbin Wang, an assistant professor at the MU College of Engineering. One advantage of the model is its ability to predict the probability of where seeds might eventually land on the ground when winds are wild. “This model gives us an insight into the probability of where a seed will land on the ground in different conditions depending on the seed type, the plant type and the wind speed,” adds Wang. “Understanding how plants move as seeds year-round is critical for us to analyze how they’ll be able to handle climate change. Besides, this movement is also important for how we can increase diversity in the ecosystem.” Lauren Sullivan, a biologist and professor at Michigan State University, explained. Instead of only making assumptions about how plants move, biologists are now able to partner with researchers who can factor in aspects like aerodynamics and micro-meteorology (微观气象学). This innovative approach will help them develop accurate models that are simple enough to make good predictions in just a short amount of time in the future. 1.What’s the function of paragraph 1? A. To attract readers’ interest. B. To bring up the topic of the text. C. To introduce plants’ survival conditions. D. To tell the author's views about climate changes. 2.What is the mathematical model aimed for? A. Monitoring plants’ growing process. B. Predicting how wind conditions change. C. Solving the survival crisis of plants. D. Calculating how far wind can carry seeds. 3.What does Lauren Sullivan think of the movement? A. It mainly depends on the wind speed. B. It contributes to the protection of ecosystem. C. It plays a vital role in dealing with climate change. D. It helps researchers evaluate the wind condition. 4.What can we infer about the models in the future from the last paragraph? A. They will be used in weather forecast. B. They will be applied to analyzing plant types. C. They will be simplified and work more efficiently. D. They will speed up the plants' movement. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。植物在生态系统中发挥着至关重要的基础作用，为了更好地了解植物如何在气候变化等挑战面前保持生存力，研究人员最近开发了一个创新的数学模型，可以快速可靠地预测风能把植物的种子带多远。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段的内容“As Earth's climate continues to change, a plant's ability to adapt to its shifting environment is critical to its survival. Often, to stay alive a plant must move locations by releasing its seeds, but plants are rooted in the ground and cannot move themselves. Instead, they are dependent on animals or the wind to carry their seeds to a new location.(随着地球气候的不断变化，植物适应环境变化的能力对其生存至关重要。通常情况下，为了生存，植物必须通过释放种子来移动位置，但植物扎根于土壤中，不能自己移动。相反，它们依靠动物或风把种子带到一个新的地方。)”和下文讲到的为了更好地了解植物如何在气候变化等挑战面前生存，研究人员开发了一个数学模型，可以快速可靠地预测风能把植物的种子带多远。可推断出，第一段主要是用来引出文章主题的。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“To better understand how plants can survive in the face of challenges like climate change, a team of researchers at the University of-Missouri (MU) and Michigan State University recently cooperated to develop an innovative mathematical model that can provide fast and reliable predictions of how far wind can carry a plant’s seeds.(为了更好地了解植物如何在面对气候变化等挑战时生存，密苏里大学（MU）和密歇根州立大学的一组研究人员最近合作开发了一种创新的数学模型，可以快速可靠地预测风能带植物种子走多远。)”可知，开发一个创新的数学模型的目的就是计算风能把种子携带多远。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Besides, this movement is also important for how we can increase diversity in the ecosystem.” Lauren Sullivan, a biologist and professor at Michigan State University, explained.(此外，这一运动对我们如何增加生态系统的多样性也很重要。”密歇根州立大学的生物学家兼教授劳伦·沙利文解释道。)”可知，劳伦·沙利文认为植物的这种运动对我们如何增加生态系统的多样性也很重要。也就是说它有助于保护生态系统。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“This innovative approach will help them develop accurate models that are simple enough to make good predictions in just a short amount of time in the future.(这种创新的方法将帮助他们开发准确的模型，这些模型足够简单，可以在未来很短的时间内做出准确的预测。)”可知，希望未来能有更加简单，并且在短期内就能做出好的预测的一些模型，也就是我们期待模型会被简化且效率更高。故选C项。 主题语境05 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·黑龙江龙东十校联盟·期中）These are things people might say when they claim to be setting boundaries: “You really have to stop coming over unannounced.” “If you can’t honor my needs, I’m cutting off all contact.” But like so much of the therapy-speak invading social media, the meaning of “boundaries” has been lost in translation. When psychologists talk about boundaries, they don’t mean controlling other people with final warnings or distancing yourself from relationship problems. Setting a boundary means controlling your own behavior with rules that you set for yourself. Say that your mother often comments on your weight. If you ask her to please stop mentioning your size, this is a request—not a boundary. If she ignores that request, then you can establish a boundary. One way would be to disallow her belief about your body to become your belief, said KC Davis, a therapist in Texas and a best-selling author. “I don’t need to convince her that I’m healthy. I just go, ‘OK, Mom,’ and move on,” Ms. Davis said. You can also create a boundary with a clear statement. You can say to a disrespectful friend: “I’m willing to have a conversation with you, but I will not talk with someone who is putting me down.” Sometimes, however, the other person isn’t capable of giving you exactly what you want. In those instances, you can use boundaries to maintain a connection that feels good. Ms. Davis recalled a time when setting a boundary helped her feel less bitter toward a friend. “We’d make plans to hang out and she wouldn’t show, or I would go to pick her up and she wouldn’t answer the door,” Ms. Davis said. “I was at my wits’ end.” Eventually, Ms. Davis stopped making plans with her friend and quit expecting her to be more available, but she didn’t try to control her friend’s behavior. Now, when they catch up it’s just a few times a year, but Ms. Davis can fully enjoy their visits. Setting rules are a healthy way of expressing our needs and expectations—and help foster stronger connections with important people in our lives, said Ms. Davis. 1.What must be included in boundary setting according to psychologists? A. Making requests for respect. B. Managing one’s own conduct. C. Issuing last warnings to others. D. Addressing relationship conflicts. 2.What should you say if you are to set a boundary? A. “I have to leave the room if the shouts continue.” B. “I’m done with you unless you treat me with respect.” C. “Stop looking at your phone when I’m talking to you!” D. “Could you please stop asking me about my career choices?” 3.How can we describe Ms. Davis based on paragraph 4? A. Patient and forgiving. B. Passive and defensive. C. Self-directed and adaptive. D. Strong-willed and accessible. 4.What is the best title of the text? A. Why Setting Boundary Matters? B. Are Boundaries Invisible Walls? C. Boundary: Requests, Not Commands D. Boundary: Stop Looking out, Look in 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。本文指出了人们在人际交往中设定边界时存在的误区，介绍了在心理学家眼中，设定边界的本质是自我设定规则、管理自身的行为。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段心理学家对“边界”的定义中“Setting a boundary means controlling your own behavior with rules that you set for yourself.( 设定界限意味着用你为自己设定的规则来控制自己的行为。)”可知，设立边界的核心是用自己制定的规则管理自身行为。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“When psychologists talk about boundaries, they don’t mean controlling other people with final warnings or distancing yourself from relationship problems. Setting a boundary means controlling your own behavior with rules that you set for yourself.( 当心理学家谈论界限时，他们并不是指用最后的警告来控制别人，或者让自己远离关系问题。设定界限意味着用你为自己设定的规则来控制自己的行为。)”可知，设立边界的关键是管控自身行为，而非命令他人。A 项明确说明“若喧哗持续，自己会离开房间”，是对自身行为的规划，符合边界的定义。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Ms. Davis recalled a time when setting a boundary helped her feel less bitter toward a friend. “We’d make plans to hang out and she wouldn’t show, or I would go to pick her up and she wouldn’t answer the door,” Ms. Davis said. “I was at my wits’ end.” Eventually, Ms. Davis stopped making plans with her friend and quit expecting her to be more available, but she didn’t try to control her friend’s behavior. Now, when they catch up it’s just a few times a year, but Ms. Davis can fully enjoy their visits.( 戴维斯回忆说，有一段时间，设定界限让她对朋友不那么刻薄。“我们约好出去玩，她却不出现，或者我去接她，她也不应门，”戴维斯说。“我已经无计可施了。”最终，戴维斯不再和她的朋友制定计划，也不再指望她更有空，但她并没有试图控制她朋友的行为。现在，他们一年只见面几次，但戴维斯完全可以享受他们的拜访。)”可知，戴维斯面对朋友屡次失约的情况，没有试图控制朋友的行为，而是调整自己的做法 —— 不再制定见面计划、降低期待，既保持了关系又不让自己痛苦。这体现了她 “有自我主导性（自我管控行为）且适应力强（灵活调整相处模式）” 的特点。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文指出了人们在人际交往中设定边界时存在的误区，介绍了在心理学家眼中，设定边界的本质是自我设定规则、管理自身的行为。全文核心是纠正对“边界”的误解 —— 边界不是控制他人（向外寻求改变），而是管控自己的行为、调整自身心态（向内关注自我）。标题 “边界：别向外看，向内看”精准概括了这一核心。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·辽宁大连育明高中学·期中）Engineering in the U.S. has long been a male-dominated profession. Fifty years ago, it looked like that might change. In 1970, the percentage of women majoring in engineering was less than 1%. In 1979, that number was 9%. Many hoped women would continue to enter the field at the same rate. But that’s not what happened. Today, only 21% of engineering majors are women, a number largely unchanged since 2000. I am a historian who, along with my colleagues, surveyed 251 women engineers who graduated from college in the 1970s. These pioneers reflected on the challenges they faced and had advice for women entering the field today. Jessie, a survey taker, explained, “The greatest challenge for me was continuing to believe in myself, when all the messages I was getting were that I would never be taken seriously or promoted or given raises at the same rate as men, who were clearly less qualified and not as smart as I was.” A chemical engineer who worked in manufacturing agreed, “You have to prove yourself just because you are female. And you have to work twice as hard!” A civil engineer said, “We are ‘women engineers.’ People don’t refer to a man as a ‘man engineer’ — he’s an engineer. We are constantly reminded that we don’t truly belong.” Another civil engineer stated, “On many levels, you’re never quite one of the groups.” Women also talked about family caregiving responsibilities. A retired vice president from a major chemical company stated, “Young women engineers are on an equal footing until they have children, then they struggle to balance work and family—and compete with men who don’t have the same household responsibilities.” But over the years, things have changed a lot. Young women engineers are more accepted, mostly because there are just more of them. Many women engineers hailed the benefits of their chosen career. A program manager in manufacturing stated that engineering is the best degree. A mechanical engineer said, “It will give you the flexibility to do almost anything. It is also satisfying to see the effects of what you have done.” 1.What happened in the 1970s? A. 251 women engineers graduated from college. B. The number of women engineers rose sharply. C. Less than 1% of women majored in engineering. D. Women stopped entering the engineering world. 2.What was the biggest struggle for Jessie? A. Not to feel superior to less$函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题02阅读理解（说明文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1.C2.B3.C4D 主题语境02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.C4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.B3.D4.D Passage 4 【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.B 主题语境03人与自我-做人与做事 【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.B 主题语境04人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.C Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.C Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.A3.C4.D 1/4 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 4 【答案】1.C2.B3.D4D 进阶提升) 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.C3.A4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.C 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.C3.A4.C Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.C3.D4.A 主题语境03人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 【答案】1.A2.D3.D4.C 主题语境04人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.C3.D4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.B3.D4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.B2.C3.A4.B Passage 4 【答案】1.D2.A3.A4.C 2/4 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 5 【答案】1.B2.D3.B4C 主题语境05人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.D3.B4.D 主题语境06人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.C3.D4.C Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.A Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.B 主题语境07人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.B3.B4C Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.B3.C4.D 拓展培优 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.A 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 3/4 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.D3.C4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.A2.C3.A4.C 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.D3.B4.C Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.C 主题语境04人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.C2.D3.B4D 414