专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，安徽专用）高二英语上学期

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·安徽皖江名校联盟·期中）Cities are where the majority of the population lives. Also,90 percent of global GDP is generated in urban areas. All the essential necessities needed for a human settlement — energy, transport, water, shelter, food, construction materials, green and public spaces, waste management — come together in urban areas. So there’s an opportunity to transform these systems. You can think about getting to net zero from a supply-side part — using renewable, or green, energy for power supply and transport — which is what I think dominates the conversation. But to get to net zero, you need to also shape the demand, or consumption side: reduce the demand for energy. But we haven’t done enough research to understand what policies and urban designs help reduce demand in cities. Most national plans focus largely on the supply side. You also need to figure out ways to create carbon sinks: that is, remove carbon from the atmosphere to help offset the greenhouse gas emissions (排放) from burning fossil fuels. These three — renewable energy supply, demand reduction through efficient urban design and lifestyle changes, and carbon sinks — are the broad strategies to get to net zero. The urban carbon cycle Carbon fluxes (通量): Driven by human-driven activities Driven by natural processes Lateral connection with urban footprint ←Indirect effects How can a city tackle demand? Reducing demand for energy can be through efficiency — using less energy for the same services. This can be done through better land-use planning, and through behavior and lifestyle changes. Transportation is a great example. So much energy is spent in moving people, and most of that personal mobility happens in cities. But better urban planning can reduce vehicle travel substantially. Mitigating spawl (缓解城市蔓延) is one of the biggest ways to reduce demand for travel and thus reduce travel emissions. In India, for example, Ahmedabad has planned better to reduce urban sprawl, compared to Bangalore, where sprawl is huge. 1.What is the author’s advice about net zero besides using renewables? A. Limit our need for sources. B. Add more waste management. C. Focus less on the supply side. D. Plant trees around settlements. 2.What do heats and O₃ belong to? A. Indirect effect of human-driven and natural activities. B. By-products of wastes thrown by people in settlements. C. Gases produced by materials and energy from exports. D. Natural sources gained from the renewable materials. 3.Ahmedabad is an example for ______. A. huge sprawl B. less vehicle travel C. much energy consumption D. efficient land-use planning Passage 2 （25-26高二上·安徽皖江名校联盟·期中）At more than 110 million years old, a fossil (化石) unearthed in Brazil is the oldest undoubted ant fossil ever discovered. The finding adds to evidence that the first ants developed on the supercontinent of Gondwana in the southern hemisphere (半球)before spreading across the rest of the world. “We have evidence they were in South America, they were in Gondwana, during their early development,” says Anderson Lepeco at the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil. Lepeco came across the fossil in a large collection delivered to the university’s zoological museum. The specimens all came from the Crato Formation in north-east Brazil, which formed during the Lower Cretaceous Period. He immediately suspected this fossil was from an extinct group of insects called hell ants. “That head shape was similar to one species we found in Burmese amber,” he says. “This gave me the hint.” Hell ants are particularly interesting because they represent a transitional “stem lineage”, says Lepeco — they are more closely related to the wasp-like common ancestor of all ants than to the species alive today, although they did have ant-like social structures. When the fossil was 3D scanned, this revealed other characteristics that identified it as a hell ant. For instance, it had forklift-like mandibles (下颌骨) that may have enabled it to catch other insects. In fact, it is this feature that gave the hell ant group its name. The researchers named the new hell ant species Vulcanidris cratensis, in recognition of the Brazilian entomologist Maria Aparecida Vulcano. Based on the rock in which it was found, the researchers suspect the fossil is about 113 million years old, 13 million years older than the previous oldest known ant fossil. “Before our new fossil, the earliest ants known as fossils were from France and Myanmar,” says Lepeco. Finding such an ancient hell ant in South America aligns with genomic evidence suggesting ants first appeared in the southern hemisphere before getting throughout much of the rest of the world and establishing the dominant ecological role they maintain today. 1.What does the underlined word “hint” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Praise. B. Signal. C. Warning. D. Instruction. 2.What can we infer about hell ants? A. They look exactly like modern ants. B. They had no social structures. C. They were poor at catching prey. D. They were ancestors of modern ants. 3.Why was the new ant species named Vulcanidris cratensis? A. To honor a scientist. B. To show its special shape. C. To mark its discovery place. D. To reflect its living habit. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. The History of Ants. B. A Newly-named Ant Species. C. Ancient Ants’ Social Structures. D. Oldest Ant Fossil Found in Brazil. 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·安徽皖江名校联盟·期中）In comparison with the history of Western theatre, the history of scenic design is short. While the golden age of Greek theatre occurred more than two thousand years ago, the intensive use of scenery in the theatre did not begin until after 1600, and the position of scenic designer — the individual responsible for the visual appearance and function of the scenic and property elements of a theatrical production — did not become a commonly credited production position until the mid-1920s. Robert Edmond Jones is generally acknowledged as among the first credited scenic designers, for a 1915 production of The Man Who Married a Dumb Wife. The term scenery can include any noncostume visual element used in support of a production. In the context of this article, however, it will be defined as any nonpermanent two- or three-dimensional background or environmental element that is placed on the stage so as to suggest the historical period, location, and mood of the play being performed. While properties — e.g., set props (sofas, chairs, and so forth) and hand props (any noncostume items handled by the actors, such as glassware, or books) — do the same, they generally are not considered to be scenery. There was very little scenery used in Western theatres before the early 1600s. While Greek and Roman plays were performed outdoors in delicate and grand structures, there is little physical evidence to suggest that scenery, as defined above, was used on these stages. Medieval European drama used standardized scenic elements called “mansions” (representations of heaven, and so forth) to describe the various locations needed in the drama that constituted the most part of the period’s plays. Mansions were often mounted in the nave (正厅) of a church, on a platform in front of a church, or in a town square. They were also used in combination with pageant wagons (盛会马车), usually held between one and three mansions, and were pulled from location to location, and were arranged to create the appropriate setting. 1.What’s the purpose of the author mentioning Greek theatre? A. To illustrate the Greek civilization. B. To tell the advancement of Greece in theatre. C. To tell the short history of the scenic design. D. To explain the significance of Western theatre. 2.The Man Who Married a Dumb Wife is accepted as the symbol of a drama with ______. A. a commonly credited production position B. a good fame for Robert Edmond Jones C. detailed chapters enjoyed by audience D. the first widely approved scenic design 3.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. Set props and hand props. B. The definition of scenery. C. Materials placed on the stage. D. The historical period of the play. 4.What can be inferred from paragraph 3? A. “Mansions” quite fit the concept of scenery. B. Greek and Roman plays used mixed scenery. C. Greek and Roman plays used excellent scenery. D. Mansions were movable scenery drawn by horses. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·安徽芜湖一中·期中）In satellite images of the Earth from space, the United States seems to split in half: the eastern side is much brighter than the west. Across the Atlantic, Europe glints. The Nile Delta in Africa glows like a diamond. Farther east, Hong Kong and Shanghai are afire. Developed society, it’s clear, is where the light is. A growing field of research suggests that night-time light itself is far more dangerous than the dark. Everything that lives on this planet evolved during billions of years along a reliable cycle of day and night. But artificial light breaks the cycle. This causes sleeplessness among astronauts who take pills but still get only six hours of shuteye. Shift workers, who rise with the night and work in blue light, experience not only disturbed circadian rhythms (昼夜节律), but an increased likelihood of breast cancer. When we, in the industrialized world, do manage to turn off the lights, there are measurable, beneficial effects. In a widely reported paper last summer, Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado took eight students camping in the Rocky Mountains for two weeks. They weren’t allowed to use any artificial light after sunset — only the glow of campfire. After a week, melatonin (褪黑素) started to rise at sunset, peak at midnight, and decrease just at sunrise. “Internal biological time under natural light-dark conditions tightly synchronizes with environmental time,” he said. For those of us addicted to our glowing phones and tablets, an app called Flux can help. It ‘warms’ your device’s display screen so that it shifts red in the evening, more closely matching the color of the setting sun. Just a brief glimpse at your mobile phone at bedtime is enough to expose your eyes to artificial light, so fighting such a disturbance might be an exercise in vain. But even if we can’t completely contain our thirst for light, we can all make one small gesture, which could stimulate us to unplug a little more. 1.What can we infer from paragraph 2? A. Darkness poses health threats to shift workers. B. Sleeplessness are more likely to cause breast cancer. C. Humans can easily adapt to the changing surroundings. D. Astronauts take pills to minimize day-and-night cycle disturbance. 2.What does the underlined word “synchronize with” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Correspond to. B. Interact with C. Object to. D. Blend with. 3.How does Flux help reduce the harmful effects of artificial light? A. By blocking artificial lights. B. By warming the screen temperature. C. By reducing screen brightness. D. By creating the natural change of light. 4.What’s the purpose of the final sentence? A. To settle a debate. B. To suggest a solution. C. To promote a product. D. To contradict an assumption. 主题语境04 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高二上·安徽淮南二中·期中）What does it take to achieve true success? While talent and intelligence are often celebrated, real-world examples and psychological research suggest that other factors may matter more. One of the most famous examples comes from Thomas Edison. It’s reported that he failed over 1,000 times before successfully inventing the light bulb. Rather than seeing these as failures, Edison famously remarked, “I didn’t fail 1,000 times. The light bulb was an invention with 1,000 steps.” This perspective demonstrates a powerful approach to setbacks: viewing them as necessary steps toward growth rather than as defeats. Similarly, J.K. Rowling’s journey to success was filled with obstacles. Before achieving worldwide fame with the Harry Potter series, she faced numerous rejections from publishers. As a single mother relying on welfare benefits, she persisted in believing in her story and continued submitting her manuscript. Her perseverance not only brought her literary success but also inspired millions of readers globally. Modern psychology confirms the importance of this quality. Research shows that resilience — the ability to recover from difficulties — plays a crucial role in achieving success. Psychologist Angela Duckworth calls this quality “grit.” Her studies indicate that grit, more than intelligence or natural talent, is what predicts long-term achievement. People with grit maintain their commitment to goals despite slow progress or obstacles. So how can one develop grit? Psychologist Carol Dweck’s concept of “growth mindset” provides an answer. Individuals with a growth mindset believe their abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work. They view challenges as opportunities to improve rather than as threats to their self-esteem. This mindset enables them to persist when facing difficulties, ultimately leading to greater achievement. 1.How did Thomas Edison view his numerous failed attempts? A. As complete wastes of time and resources. B. As evidence that he lacked enough talent. C. As necessary steps in the invention process. D. As reasons to consider giving up on his project. 2.What quality does the author emphasize in J.K. Rowling’s story? A. Her exceptional writing talent. B. Her persistence through difficulties. C. Her ability to get welfare support. D. Her good connections with publishers. 3.According to Angela Duckworth’s research, what best predicts long-term success? A. Grit and perseverance. B. A comfortable financial situation. C. High intelligence and natural talent. D. Formal education level. 4.What do people with a growth mindset believe? A. Intelligence is fixed and cannot be changed. B. Challenges should be avoided to prevent failure. C. Success depends mainly on natural talent. D. Abilities can be developed through effort. 主题语境05 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·安徽合肥六中·期中）A study published on Monday in The Annals of Internal Medicine led researchers to conclude that drinking a cup of coffee in the morning could be linked to a lower risk of death. Those who consumed 1.5 to 3.5 cups of coffee per day, even with a teaspoon of sugar, were up to 30 percent less likely to die during the study period than those who didn’t drink coffee. Those who preferred unsweetened coffee were 16 to 21 percent less likely to die during the study period, with those drinking about three cups per day having the lowest risk of death when compared with non-coffee drinkers. The U. K. Biobank, a large-scale medical database with health data from people all over Britain, provided the researchers with data on coffee consumption. The team then analyzed this data, as well as demographic data, lifestyle details, and dietary patterns collected from more than 170,000 participants aged 37 to 73 over a median follow-up period of seven years. The researchers found the risk of dying remained lower for people who drank both decaffeinated (不含咖啡因的) and caffeinated coffee. “It’s huge. There are very few things that reduce your risk of dying by 30 percent,” said Dr. Cristina Wee, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. There are, however, major caveats to interpreting this research, she added. This is an observational study, which means the data cannot conclusively prove that coffee itself lowers the risk of dying; there may be other lifestyle factors contributing to that lower risk of dying among people who drink coffee, like a healthy diet or a consistent exercise routine. Despite the encouraging evidence about coffee, there isn’t enough data to suggest that people who don’t currently drink coffee should add a stop to Starbucks during their morning routines, Dr. Wee said. And even keen coffee drinkers shouldn’t use the study to justify endless cups of coffee. The study showed that the benefits of coffee reduced for people who drank more than 4.5 cups of coffee each day. Past studies have shown that consuming “extreme amounts” — over seven cups per day — can lead to adverse effects, she said. 1.Which of the following is a finding of the study? A. Decaffeinated coffee doesn’t help reduce death risk. B. Having moderate coffee intake may cut the death risk. C. Adding sugar to coffee may take away its good effects. D. Non-coffee drinkers tend to live longer than coffee lovers. 2.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. What amount of coffee brought the greatest benefit. B. How the study on coffee and death risk was conducted. C. How different coffee types influenced human health. D. Which age groups gained the most from coffee drinking. 3.Which of the following words can replace the underlined word “caveats” in paragraph 4? A. Applications. B. Expansions. C. Foundations. D. Limitations. 4.What is Dr. Wee’s attitude towards coffee consumption? A. Cautious. B. Negative. C. Critical. D. Approving. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·安徽省大联考·期中）First proposed in the 1920s by Alfred Adler, the birth order theory (理论) suggests that the child’s position in the family may shape key characters. While not exact science, it offers some interesting thoughts. Eldest children often show leadership qualities and a strong drive for success. Many wellknown leaders and CEOs are firstborns. Research shows they tend to get better grades and often have higher IQs, possibly resulting from the fact that they receive more attention from parents. The “eldest daughter phenomenon” further explains this: firstborn girls often take on a parent-like role, becoming both high achievers and anxious people-pleasers. In contrast, younger kids are usually seen as more easy-going and humorous. According to a YouGov survey, the youngest child is usually the “funniest in the family”. This may be why so many famous comic masters are the youngest in their families. In sports, the “younger kid effect” suggests younger kids are more likely to become top athletes, probably because they grew up competing with their elder brothers or sisters. Middle children, however, often say they feel left out—a situation known as the “middle-child pattern”. It’s interesting to note that there’s limited research on middle children, which seems to prove the point. One survey about family positions completely ignored middle children, focusing only on the oldest and youngest. Only children often break the “selfish only child” stereotype (刻板印象). Studies show that they are as sociable and emotionally well-adapted as children with siblings (兄弟姐妹). Like firstborns, they are often high achievers, and are also very creative, likely because they spend more time alone, learning to entertain themselves. Birth order may even affect food preferences and health. Firstborns are more likely to enjoy complex flavors like dark chocolate, probably because parents took more time to introduce different foods to them. Younger kids, however, are often physically stronger, thanks to early contact with germs (病菌) brought home by older siblings. While birth order doesn’t determine us completely, it provides interesting views on our behaviors and preferences. Understanding these patterns can help us appreciate how family relationships contribute to making us who we are. 1.What may account for firstborns’ better academic performance? A. More parental attention. B. Strong hope to please parents. C. Their natural leadership abilities. D. The desire to set an example. 2.What can be inferred about the youngest children in the family? A. They receive the least attention from parents. B. They benefit from early family competition. C. They usually feel pressure to become comic masters. D. They have weaker ability to fight sickness than others. 3.What does the text say about only children? A. They regard themselves as the center. B. They tend to be capable and imaginative. C. They struggle to organize their time reasonably. D. They are less socially comfortable than children with siblings. 4.What does the author think of the birth order theory? A. Misleading. B. Impractical. C. Meaningless. D. Useful. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·安徽合肥八中·期中）When you shop in a supermarket, there are so many foods to choose from. You can buy fresh produce, dairy, proteins, wholesome grains, and just about everything to cook nutritious and healthy foods for your family. But people who suffer from food insecurity usually do not get to make their own choices. But now a food bank in Regina, Canada, Saskatchewan is opening a food hub that looks and feels like a grocery store, And its clients get to choose their own food. The food bank in Regina doesn’t receive government funding for operating costs and depends on donations. But the organization still took it upon itself to build and open a food hub that will give its clients autonomy (自主权) over what they want to feed their families. That’s because clients don’t always use what they receive from the standard boxed food distributions. Food bank client Jon White said, “Normally I exchange with my neighbors and we swap back and forth, so it kind of works out that way. But a lot of people don’t do that. So there’s a lot of stuff that just goes to waste.” While White is a bachelor and likes to cook easy meals like pasta, a family with children have other needs like fresh produce, dairy, and meat. That’s why the food hub will be stocked like any other grocery store. While the food hub will look like a usual grocery store, there is one big disparity, according to Curly Tales — a folk media group — you won’t have to pay. While other Canadian food banks have piloted the choice model in a smaller scale with limited hours, the new food hub will be open five days a week and has the feel of a regular supermarket. Registered food bank clients will be able to shop every two weeks by appointment. They will receive around $200 worth of food per person, reported CBC. 1.What is a big feature of the food bank? A. Being open to anyone. B. Having the most items. C. Allowing clients to pick food. D. Being extremely large in size. 2.Why are Jon White’s words mentioned? A. To prove food waste is unavoidable. B. To explain the need for government funding. C. To show such a food bank is reasonable. D. To discourage people from using food banks. 3.What does the underlined word “disparity” in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Difference. B. Drawback. C. Controversy. D. Reduction. 4.What does the food bank allow clients to do? A. Enter it anytime they want. B. Get some food once a week. C. Get food without registration. D. Enter it according to appointments. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·安徽省大联考·期中）A groundbreaking AI model developed by Stanford University researchers is changing how virtual characters communicate, enabling them to gesture naturally while speaking. This technological advancement creates the way for more realistic AI newsreaders, virtual influencers, and digital assistants that move and express themselves in very human-like ways. When humans communicate, we naturally use body language like hand movements and head turns to stress points and show emotions. However, traditional digital characters and video game characters typically rely on repetitive, common gestures that often feel disconnected from their actual speech content, creating an unnatural viewing experience. To address this limitation, the research team led by Changan Chen employed an innovative training approach. They gave their AI system mass data:1,000 hours of audiobooks paired with matching text, along with 60 hours of video recordings showing people’s natural gestures during conversation. This large training allowed the AI to understand relationships between spoken words, textual meaning, and the physical movements that go with them. The model has remarkable learning capabilities, recognizing small but important patterns in human communication——such as how people naturally turn their heads before making major hand gestures, or how voice variations match specific emotional states. This understanding enables the AI to produce context-appropriate gestures using fewer examples than previous systems required. Unlike earlier technologies that processed either text or audio (音频), this innovative model integrates both kinds of information at the same time. Remarkably, it can even figure out emotional states only from movement patterns, without any audio cues (提示). In comparative testing, the system did much better than existing AI models, producing more varied and expressive gestures that closely match human behavior. The technology holds practical value across various fields. It can contribute to more engaging AI assistants and virtual customer service representatives, while also promoting character movements in video games and films. As the technology advances, we move closer to a future where digital beings communicate as naturally as humans, completely reshaping how we communicate with virtual characters. 1.What is a limitation of traditional virtual characters? A. They take on the same appearance. B. They can’t understand human emotions well. C. Their gestures don’t match their speech naturally. D. Their facial expressions are too difficult to understand. 2.How did the research team train their AI system? A. By entering clear instructions. B. By making recordings of its progress. C. By carrying out conversations with it. D. By feeding it with related materials. 3.What is special about the new AI model? A. It can tell emotions by movements. B. It can process text and audio separately. C. It focuses mainly on large gesture patterns. D. It requires more training examples than before. 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. The primary challenges waiting ahead. B. The potential application of the system. C. The technical basics behind the system. D. The high need for better customer service. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·安徽合肥八中·期中）Starting in the mid-2010s, the success of streaming services like Spotify, Tencent and Apple Music led the music industry into a period of steady income growth. But the rise of streaming hasn’t just transformed the business of music; it has changed the music as well. In 1972, the Temptations hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts, winning three Grammys, with a seven-minute version of the song “Papa Was a Rollin’ Stone”. Before the Temptations sing a word, an instrumental introduction plays for more than four minutes. If the group were in the studio today, the title chorus (副歌) would most likely have been featured much earlier in the song. That’s because music streaming services pay artists based on the number of plays each month, and to count as a play, a user must listen to the song past the 30-second mark. If a song you’ve never heard before takes a long time to get to the hook (旋律最好的部分), there is a good chance that you may simply hit the button to go to the next song. To keep the “skip rate (跳过率)” as low as possible, musical artists are increasingly moving a song’s hook to that initial 30-second sweet spot. Every track that is listened to for more than 30 seconds counts as a play, but whether a listener makes it all the way through a song helps to determine whether a streaming service like Spotify will recommend similar songs in the future. For a musician, getting a song on Spotify’s popular Today’s Top Hits playlist means real money. A study by researchers at the University of Minnesota and the European Joint Research Centre found that songs on the list gained an average of 20 million streams, worth up to $163,000 in royalties (版税). As a result, according to an analysis by blogger Michael Tauberg, the average length of hit songs has dropped by more than 30 seconds since 2000, when it was over four minutes. Nearly two-thirds of the songs that achieved the number one spot in the first half of 2021 were under three minutes long. 1.Why is the Temptations mentioned in paragraph 2? A. To explain what made a song special in the past. B. To show admiration for their musical achievements. C. To illustrate the structure of popular songs in the past. D. To introduce the changes in song structure brought about by streaming. 2.What is the result of a song taking a long time to get to the hook? A. The artists will receive higher royalties. B. The listeners are more likely to skip it. C. It will be recommended to more users. D. It will be more popular among listeners. 3.What contributes to the decreasing average length of hit songs? A. Advance in music production technology. B. The change in listeners’ musical preference. C. The desire for higher streaming-based income. D. Increased competition among streaming platforms. 4.What does the text mainly talk about? A. How streaming changes the length of music. B. How streaming services produce hit songs. C. How streaming promotes the development of music. D. How streaming influences our preference for music. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·安徽合肥八中·期中）Funded by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture’s Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI), a three-year, nearly $1 million Washington State University-led project explores and supports expanded testing for diseases that damage potato crops, with a broader goal of guarding the U.S. food supply from biological threats. Farmers who grow potatoes must test to ensure their crops are free of viruses and other pathogens (致病菌). Unchecked, viral, bacterial, and fungal (真菌的) diseases cause crop damage and great financial and food losses. “We need to detect pathogens early, accurately, and quickly to avoid large crop losses, helping fewer people around the world go hungry,” said Chakradhar Mattupalli, an assistant professor of plant pathology at the WSU Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center. A test recently developed by the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) allows growers to take samples of their crop, send the DNA and RNA to labs, and get results in around two weeks as to whether their potatoes are infected with a virus. However, the potato industry still lacks a way to test for many pathogens on a nationwide scale, Mattupalli said. To address this challenge, Mattupalli and his colleagues’ project has three primary objectives: (1) Develop a testing lab to check large volumes of potato samples for viruses. (2) Investigate if the testing protocol (科学实验计划) for viruses in potatoes can be expanded to detect fungal or bacterial pathogens. (3) Create training opportunities for students and field personnel on how to properly collect samples from plants and how to ship them to the lab for testing. “It’s a huge advantage when you don’t have to ship potatoes to testing locations and wait so long to get results,” Mattupalli said. “It took many years to develop this pathogen detection protocol, so now we want to expand this testing ability to make sure all potato growers benefit.” 1.Why was the project started? A. To prevent diseases in potato crops. B. To find new types of fungal diseases. C. To increase production of each potato crop. D. To avoid diseases threatening human health. 2.What does the author want to show in Paragraph 2? A. Farmers want their crops to be tested. B. Fewer people worldwide will go hungry. C. Avoiding large potato losses is important. D. Detecting pathogens early is challenging. 3.What are Mattupalli and his colleagues working hard at? A. Educating farmers on crop diseases. B. Improving and promoting their test. C. Making great profits from their test. D. Receiving more training themselves. 4.What would be the best title for the text? A. Increasing Production of Potatoes B. Attempting to Prevent World Hunger C. Reducing Biological Threats in Crops D. Testing Potato Crops to Detect Diseases Early 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·安徽A10联盟·期中）One of the most important medical advances in the 20th century was the discovery of antibiotics(抗生素). The first antibiotic was introduced in 1910 and changed modern medicine significantly. Penicillin was discovered in 1928, and these medications that could kill bacteria extended people’s average lifetime by 23 years. However, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have also changed and adapted, and the bacteria are winning. New research from Tel Aviv University(TAU) in Israel has found a way to get the better of bacteria and shut down its defense systems when transferring(转移)DNA．The transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another is how these bacteria change and adapt. During this process, known as conjugation(接合), one bacterial cell attaches to another through a small tube, allowing the transfer of genetic material called plasmids(质粒). Bruria Samuel, a PhD student working with Professor David Burstein at TAU’s Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, led the study published in Nature. Samuel analyzed 33,000 plasmids and identified the gene that allowed plasmids to pass by bacterial defense mechanisms when transferring DNA．The team used plasmids that give antibiotic resistance and put them into bacteria with CRISPR, a defense system that can target and destroy DNA. The location of anti-defense systems on plasmids determines whether the bacterium can overcome the CRISPR system or if it will die. Understanding how this positioning works means that antibiotic-resistant genes could be blocked effectively. The research could help design effective plasmids for changing natural bacterial populations. According to Burstein, this may help block antibiotic resistance genes in hospitals, teach bacteria to break down pollutants, and improve human health through gut bacteria. Additionally, modified bacteria could be used in agriculture and food technology to protect against foodborne illness. 1.Why does the author mention the discovery of antibiotics in paragraph 1? A. To compare different medical advances. B. To show the history of antibiotic research. C. To recommend a way to live a longer life. D. To introduce its value and a related challenge. 2.What do we know about conjugation? A. It helps bacteria destroy all the plasmids. B. It is a system stopping antibiotic resistance. C. It enables bacteria to turn plasmids into CRISPR. D. It lets bacteria transfer DNA through a small tube. 3.What did Bruria Samuel do in the study? A. He analyzed plasmids to find a gene. B. He destroyed bacteria with CRISPR. C. He collected data from previous researches. D. He employed bacteria to break down pollutants. 4.What can be inferred about the research? A. It only benefits in hospital settings. B. It aims to reduce bacterial population. C. It may have broad implications. D. It will stop antibiotic resistance totally. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·安徽鼎尖名校大联考·期中）Scientists have made an exciting breakthrough in our understanding of how our immune systems respond to cancer. By understanding these biochemical pathways, we may be able to increase the effectiveness of existing immunotherapy (免疫疗法) treatments and make them accessible to a wider range of patients. Immunotherapy uses our body’s own immune system to fight cancer. Normally our immune systems work hard to spot and destroy potential cancer cells before they can grow into a tumor (肿瘤). Immunotherapy works by helping our immune systems to recognize and attack these cancer cells, and has several key benefits over traditional chemotherapy (化疗). Firstly, although it does have some side effects, immunotherapy is less harmful and easier for the patient to handle. Secondly, by training the immune system to fight off the tumor, patients can develop long-term immunological memory which helps stop the tumor from coming back. However, immunotherapy doesn’t work for everyone. Although three in five patients could be responsive to certain immunotherapies, what about the other 40 percent? What if there was a way to boost their immune system’s response to these cancers? In a new study, published in the journal Nature Genes&Immunity, researchers from the University of Turku in Finland may have found just that. The research focuses on a protein called TIMP-1, which has traditionally been known to play a role in protecting the body’s cells and tissues from damage. However, according to the new research, led by Carlos Rogerio Figueiredo, a professor in biomedicine at the University of Turku, it may also be able to help boost the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Figueiredo and his team had seen that when there is a lot of TIMP-1 in melanoma tissue, more “killer” T-cells (the soldiers of our immune system) will enter it. And patients also tend to survive longer. “For patients with low levels of TIMP-1 expression, our discovery helps create practical treatment innovations,” Figueiredo said in a statement. 1.What advantage does immunotherapy have over traditional chemotherapy? A. It has no side effects. B. It works for all cancer patients. C. It uses “killer” T-cells to directly destroy tumors. D. It helps develop long-term immunological memory. 2.What was the originally known function of TIMP-1? A. To replace traditional chemotherapy treatments. B. To help the immune system recognize cancer cells. C. To guard the body’s cells and tissues against injury. D. To increase the number of “killer” T-cells in tumors. 3.What is Figueiredo’s attitude towards the new discovery about TIMP-1? A. Optimistic. B. Unconcerned. C. Doubtful. D. Critical. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. TIMP-1: A Key to Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy. B. Limitations that Current Cancer Immunotherapy Has. C. Ways that the Immune System Fights Against Cancer. D. Chemotherapy: A New Hope for Cancer Patients. 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·安徽A10联盟·期中）A new study has revealed for the first time that ancient carbon, stored in landscapes for thousands of years or more, can find its way back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2) released (释放) from the surfaces of rivers. Rivers transport and release CO2 as part of the global carbon cycle. Until now, scientists believed the majority of this was a quick turnover originating from the recycling of recent plant growth— organic material broken down and carried into the river system in the past 70 years or so. However, this new study indicates more than half— some 60%— of emissions (排放) come from long-term carbon stores collected over thousands of years ago. Lead author Dr Josh Dean said, “The results took us by surprise because it turns out that old carbon stores are leaking out much more into the atmosphere than previously thought. We don’t yet know how humans affect this flow of ancient carbon, but plants must absorb more carbon from the atmosphere today to account for this recognized release of old carbon.” The international research team studied more than 700 river reaches from 26 different countries across the world. They took detailed radiocarbon measurements of CO2 from the rivers. By comparing the levels of carbon-14 in the target rivers with a standard reference for modern atmospheric CO2, the team was able to date the river carbon. Co-author Dr Gemma Coxon said, “Rivers globally release about two billion tonnes of carbon each year, compared to human activity that results in about 13 billion tonnes of carbon emissions. These river emissions are significant at a global scale, and over half of these emissions may be coming from carbon stores we considered relatively stable (稳定的). This means we need to re-evaluate these crucial parts of the global carbon cycle.” Further building on these findings, the researchers plan to explore how the age of river carbon emissions varies across rivers the study was not able to capture, as well as investigating how the age of these emissions may have changed through time. 1.What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A. The global carbon cycle is always stable. B. It took decades to complete the new study. C. River carbon emissions have long been ignored. D. The new study proved the previous belief wrong. 2.What do Dr Josh Dean’s words imply? A. The recognized old carbon will be beneficial. B. The release of ancient carbon is underestimated. C. Plants fail to absorb carbon from the atmosphere. D. Human activity boosts the flow of ancient carbon. 3.What is Dr Gemma Coxon’s advice? A. Investigating the impact of human activity. B. Making full use of long-term carbon stores. C. Paying more attention to river carbon emissions. D. Ensuring plants’ role in radiocarbon measurements. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Rivers Are Releasing Ancient Carbon into Air B. Carbon Emissions Are Being Measured Globally C. A New Carbon Cycle Research Method Is Found D. Plants Help Fight Against Climate Change Greatly 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·安徽淮南二中·期中）The concept of “China chic”, or guochao, has become popular in recent years. According to relevant data, the search volume for the keyword “Guochao” increased by 392.66% year-on-year from January to July 2022. The Baidu 2021 Guochao Pride Search Big Data Report revealed that interest in guochao has skyrocketed over the past 10 years. Domestic products are now in fashion, and domestic consumption has increasingly become an important choice for the new generation of consumers. China chic integrates unique cultural elements with the latest trends across various industries. It not only meets younger consumers’ desire for personality and fashion but also helps revive traditional culture. The rise of China chic is a result of China’s rapid economic development and is driven by certain cultural motivations. Additionally, the continuous improvement of Chinese people’s consumption power is an important factor behind the rise of China chic. Most importantly, cultural confidence is the driving force behind the rise of China chic. Five thousand years of Chinese civilization have left behind a rich cultural heritage. In many ways, guochao is the perfect representative of the new wave of Chinese cultural pride. Originating in the fashion industry, this trend reflects Chinese consumers’ renewed interest in their cultural heritage. The guochao trend is strongest among young adults who have grown up in an increasingly powerful China and thus possess a strong sense of national pride. China’s national strength is growing, and its soft power is also on the rise. Even so, we still have a long way to go in promoting China chic. But as it has become a part of people’s lives, there is no doubt that even more diverse China chic products will emerge in the future to showcase Chinese charm. 1.What does the underlined word “skyrocketed” in the first paragraph mean? A. Risen sharply. B. Dropped obviously. C. Remained stable. D. Changed slightly. 2.Which best describes “China chic”? A. It aims mainly to promote Chinese exports. B. It mixes traditional culture with current trends. C. It attracts mostly middle-aged and older consumers. D. It draws major inspiration from Western fashion styles. 3.What is identified as the primary driver behind the rise of China chic? A. The expansion of China’s economy. B. The growth in people’s purchasing power. C. A renewed sense of cultural identity. D. The influence of social media on the youth. 4.What does the author imply about the future of China chic? A. It will soon lead global fashion. B. It will need more policy support. C. It will remain a small market. D. It will continue to develop and diversify. 主题语境02 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·安徽六安毛坦厂中学·期中）We all have good days and bad days with our health, and it can be difficult when our bodies are not performing the way we want them to or need them to. But our health is not out of our power to control. As a matter of fact, we all do have a super powerful tool right in our own heads. It’s our amazing brain. Researchers that study the brain-body connection have shown in numerous experiments how the brain can be tricked into believing it is getting better. A simple sugar pill (药片) can relieve pain or even cure an illness if the person believes that the pill being taken is genuine medicine. That’s how powerful our brains are. They can make physical changes in our bodies beyond what we would normally give them credit for. There is a book I reread regularly called Super Brain. The authors, Deepak Chopra and Rudolph E. Tanzi, point out that any of us can, if we choose, set up or create our own placebo (安慰剂) effect at any time without any kind of pill. What’s super interesting, as Chopra and Tanzi explain, is that “the effect isn’t limited to drugs, which is important to remember: anything you believe in can act as a placebo”. They also ask where the relief comes from when the placebos are not actually doing anything themselves. They explain that it is simply “the mind telling the body to get well”. The body really believes what it was being told and then it relieves the pain or heals (治愈) the sickness because it believes it can. In other words, your mind can and does influence healing of all kinds including pain, disease and wounds that our bodies deal with from time to time. That is certainly worth trying for most, if not all of us, whenever we want to cure our pain, problems or disease. These kinds of things are probably very helpful to do on a regular basis even. 1.What does the author think of the role of the brain in health? A. It’s strange. B. It’s powerless. C. It’s fantastic. D. It’s uncertain. 2.What does Super Brain suggest about placebo effects? A. They need pills. B. They’re limited to drugs. C. They’re always temporary. D. They can be created mentally. 3.What is the key for a placebo to work according to the text? A. The degree of pain. B. The person’s belief. C. The type of illness. D. The doctor’s advice. 4.What does the author want to say in the text? A. Placebo s are ineffective in medicine. B. Medicine is the best way to treat illness. C. Pain cannot be relieved without medicine. D. The mind influences the healing of the body. 主题语境03 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·安徽六安一中·期中）There are plenty of health benefits of spending time in the great outdoors. According to a study published in the International Journal of Environmental Health Research, people who grew up with access to nature may have better mental health as adults than those who did not. To test their hypothesis (假设) ，researchers sent questionnaires to 3, 585 adults aged 18 to 75 in four European cities on topics such as how often they visited natural spaces as children and now as adults. Participants were also given psychological test to determine the state of their mental health in the last month. Adults with low levels of nature exposure during childhood saw “significantly worse” mental health issues and did not view natural spaces as much importance in adulthood as those who spent more time growing up outside. Researchers say that their findings show the importance of childhood exposure to natural spaces as it relates to developing an appreciation of nature and healthy psychological state in adulthood. This is particularly significant, because almost three-quarters of Europeans currently live in urban areas with little access to green spaces. That number is expected to increase to 80 percent in the next three decades. Mental health has been shown to be negatively influenced by urban environments due to exposure to noise, crowds and a lack of green spaces among other things. Children who lead inactive lifestyles are more likely to have a lower quality of life and physical health. “Many children in Europe lead an indoor lifestyle, so it would be desirable to make natural outdoor environments available, attractive and safe for them to play in," said study author Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, director of ISGlobal's Urban Planning, Environment and Health Initiative. "We make a call on policymakers to improve the availability of natural spaces for children and green schoolyards." 1.What inspiration do researchers take from their findings ? A. the health of children's psychology. B. the state of children's mental health. C. the development of nature appreciation. D. the importance of childhood exposure to nature. 2.What can we infer from Paragraph 4 ? A. Europeans prefer an inactive lifestyle. B. European Children are in good physical health. C. Europeans lack access to natural spaces. D. European Children probably suffer lower quality of life. 3.What in the future is the study most likely to influence according to the last paragraph? A. Urban planning. B. Economic policies. C. Child education. D. Local tourism. 4.What can be the best title for the text? A. Indoor Activities Are Good for Children's Growth B. Living in Urban Areas Harms Psychological Health C. An Inactive Lifestyle Means a Lower Quality of Life D. Childhood Exposure to Nature Benefits Mental Health / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·安徽皖江名校联盟·期中）Cities are where the majority of the population lives. Also,90 percent of global GDP is generated in urban areas. All the essential necessities needed for a human settlement — energy, transport, water, shelter, food, construction materials, green and public spaces, waste management — come together in urban areas. So there’s an opportunity to transform these systems. You can think about getting to net zero from a supply-side part — using renewable, or green, energy for power supply and transport — which is what I think dominates the conversation. But to get to net zero, you need to also shape the demand, or consumption side: reduce the demand for energy. But we haven’t done enough research to understand what policies and urban designs help reduce demand in cities. Most national plans focus largely on the supply side. You also need to figure out ways to create carbon sinks: that is, remove carbon from the atmosphere to help offset the greenhouse gas emissions (排放) from burning fossil fuels. These three — renewable energy supply, demand reduction through efficient urban design and lifestyle changes, and carbon sinks — are the broad strategies to get to net zero. The urban carbon cycle Carbon fluxes (通量): Driven by human-driven activities Driven by natural processes Lateral connection with urban footprint ←Indirect effects How can a city tackle demand? Reducing demand for energy can be through efficiency — using less energy for the same services. This can be done through better land-use planning, and through behavior and lifestyle changes. Transportation is a great example. So much energy is spent in moving people, and most of that personal mobility happens in cities. But better urban planning can reduce vehicle travel substantially. Mitigating spawl (缓解城市蔓延) is one of the biggest ways to reduce demand for travel and thus reduce travel emissions. In India, for example, Ahmedabad has planned better to reduce urban sprawl, compared to Bangalore, where sprawl is huge. 1.What is the author’s advice about net zero besides using renewables? A. Limit our need for sources. B. Add more waste management. C. Focus less on the supply side. D. Plant trees around settlements. 2.What do heats and O₃ belong to? A. Indirect effect of human-driven and natural activities. B. By-products of wastes thrown by people in settlements. C. Gases produced by materials and energy from exports. D. Natural sources gained from the renewable materials. 3.Ahmedabad is an example for ______. A. huge sprawl B. less vehicle travel C. much energy consumption D. efficient land-use planning 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍城市在全球发展中的重要地位，以及实现净零排放的三大策略，重点阐述了通过城市规划和生活方式调整减少能源需求的方法。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But to get to net zero, you need to also shape the demand, or consumption side: reduce the demand for energy.(但要实现净零排放，你还需要调整需求侧或消费侧：减少能源需求。)”可知，除了使用可再生能源外，还需要塑造需求端，减少能源需求，也就是限制对能源的需求。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文中“The urban carbon cycle”部分的碳通量相关描述“Driven by human-driven activities; Driven by natural processes; Lateral connection with urban footprint ←Indirect effects(由人类活动驱动；由自然过程驱动；与城市足迹的横向关联←间接影响)”可知，热量（heats）和臭氧（O₃）属于人类活动与自然过程产生的间接影响。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Mitigating sprawl is one of the biggest ways to reduce demand for travel and thus reduce travel emissions. In India, for example, Ahmedabad has planned better to reduce urban sprawl, compared to Bangalore, where sprawl is huge.(缓解城市蔓延是减少出行需求从而减少出行排放的最大方式之一。例如，在印度，与城市蔓延严重的班加罗尔相比，艾哈迈达巴德的规划更好，减少了城市蔓延。)”可知，艾哈迈达巴德通过优化规划减少城市蔓延，而这一举措属于“更好的土地利用规划”的范畴，因此它是高效土地利用规划的范例。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·安徽皖江名校联盟·期中）At more than 110 million years old, a fossil (化石) unearthed in Brazil is the oldest undoubted ant fossil ever discovered. The finding adds to evidence that the first ants developed on the supercontinent of Gondwana in the southern hemisphere (半球)before spreading across the rest of the world. “We have evidence they were in South America, they were in Gondwana, during their early development,” says Anderson Lepeco at the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil. Lepeco came across the fossil in a large collection delivered to the university’s zoological museum. The specimens all came from the Crato Formation in north-east Brazil, which formed during the Lower Cretaceous Period. He immediately suspected this fossil was from an extinct group of insects called hell ants. “That head shape was similar to one species we found in Burmese amber,” he says. “This gave me the hint.” Hell ants are particularly interesting because they represent a transitional “stem lineage”, says Lepeco — they are more closely related to the wasp-like common ancestor of all ants than to the species alive today, although they did have ant-like social structures. When the fossil was 3D scanned, this revealed other characteristics that identified it as a hell ant. For instance, it had forklift-like mandibles (下颌骨) that may have enabled it to catch other insects. In fact, it is this feature that gave the hell ant group its name. The researchers named the new hell ant species Vulcanidris cratensis, in recognition of the Brazilian entomologist Maria Aparecida Vulcano. Based on the rock in which it was found, the researchers suspect the fossil is about 113 million years old, 13 million years older than the previous oldest known ant fossil. “Before our new fossil, the earliest ants known as fossils were from France and Myanmar,” says Lepeco. Finding such an ancient hell ant in South America aligns with genomic evidence suggesting ants first appeared in the southern hemisphere before getting throughout much of the rest of the world and establishing the dominant ecological role they maintain today. 1.What does the underlined word “hint” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Praise. B. Signal. C. Warning. D. Instruction. 2.What can we infer about hell ants? A. They look exactly like modern ants. B. They had no social structures. C. They were poor at catching prey. D. They were ancestors of modern ants. 3.Why was the new ant species named Vulcanidris cratensis? A. To honor a scientist. B. To show its special shape. C. To mark its discovery place. D. To reflect its living habit. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. The History of Ants. B. A Newly-named Ant Species. C. Ancient Ants’ Social Structures. D. Oldest Ant Fossil Found in Brazil. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍巴西出土了迄今最古老的蚂蚁化石，该化石为地狱蚁物种且佐证了蚂蚁起源于南半球。 (1)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“That head shape was similar to one species we found in Burmese amber,(它的头部形状与我们在缅甸琥珀中发现的一个物种相似)” 可知，这个相似点给了Lepeco线索，因此hint意为“信号；线索”，与signal同义。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Hell ants are particularly interesting because they represent a transitional “stem lineage”, says Lepeco — they are more closely related to the wasp-like common ancestor of all ants than to the species alive today, although they did have ant-like social structures.(莱佩科说，地狱蚁特别有趣，因为它们代表了一种过渡性的“茎系”——它们与所有蚂蚁的类似黄蜂的共同祖先关系更密切，而不是与今天存活的蚂蚁更密切，尽管它们确实有类似蚂蚁的社会结构)”可知，地狱蚁是现代蚂蚁的祖先。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The researchers named the new hell ant species Vulcanidris cratensis, in recognition of the Brazilian entomologist Maria Aparecida Vulcano.(研究人员将这种新的地狱蚁物种命名为Vulcanidris cratensis，以表彰巴西昆虫学家玛丽亚・阿帕雷西达・沃尔卡诺)”可知，新物种命名是为了致敬一位科学家。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“At more than 110 million years old, a fossil (化石) unearthed in Brazil is the oldest undoubted ant fossil ever discovered.(在巴西出土的一块化石已有1.1亿多年的历史，这是迄今为止发现的最古老的、确凿无疑的蚂蚁化石)”及全文内容可知，文章核心是巴西发现最古老的蚂蚁化石。因此D项“巴西发现最古老的蚂蚁化石”可以作为文章的最佳标题。故选D项。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·安徽皖江名校联盟·期中）In comparison with the history of Western theatre, the history of scenic design is short. While the golden age of Greek theatre occurred more than two thousand years ago, the intensive use of scenery in the theatre did not begin until after 1600, and the position of scenic designer — the individual responsible for the visual appearance and function of the scenic and property elements of a theatrical production — did not become a commonly credited production position until the mid-1920s. Robert Edmond Jones is generally acknowledged as among the first credited scenic designers, for a 1915 production of The Man Who Married a Dumb Wife. The term scenery can include any noncostume visual element used in support of a production. In the context of this article, however, it will be defined as any nonpermanent two- or three-dimensional background or environmental element that is placed on the stage so as to suggest the historical period, location, and mood of the play being performed. While properties — e.g., set props (sofas, chairs, and so forth) and hand props (any noncostume items handled by the actors, such as glassware, or books) — do the same, they generally are not considered to be scenery. There was very little scenery used in Western theatres before the early 1600s. While Greek and Roman plays were performed outdoors in delicate and grand structures, there is little physical evidence to suggest that scenery, as defined above, was used on these stages. Medieval European drama used standardized scenic elements called “mansions” (representations of heaven, and so forth) to describe the various locations needed in the drama that constituted the most part of the period’s plays. Mansions were often mounted in the nave (正厅) of a church, on a platform in front of a church, or in a town square. They were also used in combination with pageant wagons (盛会马车), usually held between one and three mansions, and were pulled from location to location, and were arranged to create the appropriate setting. 1.What’s the purpose of the author mentioning Greek theatre? A. To illustrate the Greek civilization. B. To tell the advancement of Greece in theatre. C. To tell the short history of the scenic design. D. To explain the significance of Western theatre. 2.The Man Who Married a Dumb Wife is accepted as the symbol of a drama with ______. A. a commonly credited production position B. a good fame for Robert Edmond Jones C. detailed chapters enjoyed by audience D. the first widely approved scenic design 3.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. Set props and hand props. B. The definition of scenery. C. Materials placed on the stage. D. The historical period of the play. 4.What can be inferred from paragraph 3? A. “Mansions” quite fit the concept of scenery. B. Greek and Roman plays used mixed scenery. C. Greek and Roman plays used excellent scenery. D. Mansions were movable scenery drawn by horses. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。介绍了舞台布景设计的发展历史、“舞台布景(scenery)”的定义，以及早期西方戏剧中舞台布景的使用情况。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“In comparison with the history of Western theatre, the history of scenic design is short. While the golden age of Greek theatre occurred more than two thousand years ago, the intensive use of scenery in the theatre did not begin until after 1600 (与西方戏剧的历史相比，舞台布景设计的历史很短。希腊戏剧的黄金时代在两千多年前，但舞台布景在戏剧中的广泛使用直到1600年后才开始)”可知，作者提及希腊戏剧是为了说明舞台布景设计的历史较短。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“Robert Edmond Jones is generally acknowledged as among the first credited scenic designers, for a 1915 production of The Man Who Married a Dumb Wife. (Robert Edmond Jones被公认为最早获得署名的舞台布景设计师之一，他参与了1915年《娶了哑妻的男人》的制作)”可知，这部剧是首个被广泛认可的舞台布景设计作品的代表。故选D。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The term scenery can include any noncostume visual element used in support of a production. In the context of this article, however, it will be defined as any nonpermanent two- or three-dimensional background or environmental element (舞台布景一词可以包括任何用于支持制作的非服装视觉元素。然而，在本文的语境中，它将被定义为任何非永久性的二维或三维背景或环境元素)”可知，本段主要讲的是舞台布景的定义。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Medieval European drama used standardized scenic elements called “mansions” (representations of heaven, and so forth) to describe the various locations needed in the drama (中世纪欧洲戏剧使用名为“mansions”（天堂等的象征）的标准化舞台元素来呈现戏剧所需的不同场景)”、“to create the appropriate setting (以营造合适的布景)”以及第二段中舞台布景的定义可推知，“mansions”符合舞台布景的概念。故选A。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·安徽芜湖一中·期中）In satellite images of the Earth from space, the United States seems to split in half: the eastern side is much brighter than the west. Across the Atlantic, Europe glints. The Nile Delta in Africa glows like a diamond. Farther east, Hong Kong and Shanghai are afire. Developed society, it’s clear, is where the light is. A growing field of research suggests that night-time light itself is far more dangerous than the dark. Everything that lives on this planet evolved during billions of years along a reliable cycle of day and night. But artificial light breaks the cycle. This causes sleeplessness among astronauts who take pills but still get only six hours of shuteye. Shift workers, who rise with the night and work in blue light, experience not only disturbed circadian rhythms (昼夜节律), but an increased likelihood of breast cancer. When we, in the industrialized world, do manage to turn off the lights, there are measurable, beneficial effects. In a widely reported paper last summer, Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado took eight students camping in the Rocky Mountains for two weeks. They weren’t allowed to use any artificial light after sunset — only the glow of campfire. After a week, melatonin (褪黑素) started to rise at sunset, peak at midnight, and decrease just at sunrise. “Internal biological time under natural light-dark conditions tightly synchronizes with environmental time,” he said. For those of us addicted to our glowing phones and tablets, an app called Flux can help. It ‘warms’ your device’s display screen so that it shifts red in the evening, more closely matching the color of the setting sun. Just a brief glimpse at your mobile phone at bedtime is enough to expose your eyes to artificial light, so fighting such a disturbance might be an exercise in vain. But even if we can’t completely contain our thirst for light, we can all make one small gesture, which could stimulate us to unplug a little more. 1.What can we infer from paragraph 2? A. Darkness poses health threats to shift workers. B. Sleeplessness are more likely to cause breast cancer. C. Humans can easily adapt to the changing surroundings. D. Astronauts take pills to minimize day-and-night cycle disturbance. 2.What does the underlined word “synchronize with” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Correspond to. B. Interact with C. Object to. D. Blend with. 3.How does Flux help reduce the harmful effects of artificial light? A. By blocking artificial lights. B. By warming the screen temperature. C. By reducing screen brightness. D. By creating the natural change of light. 4.What’s the purpose of the final sentence? A. To settle a debate. B. To suggest a solution. C. To promote a product. D. To contradict an assumption. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人工夜光对生物节律和健康的危害，并呼吁减少使用发光设备。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“This causes sleeplessness among astronauts who take pills but still get only six hours of shuteye. (这导致服用安眠药的宇航员仍只能获得六小时睡眠)”可知，宇航员服用药物是为了缓解昼夜节律被打乱导致的睡眠问题。故选D。 (2)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第三段“After a week, melatonin (褪黑素) started to rise at sunset, peak at midnight, and decrease just at sunrise. (一周后，褪黑素水平开始随着日落而上升，在午夜时分达到峰值，并随着日出逐渐下降)”可知，人体生物钟在自然光下与环境时间“同步”，划线短语synchronizes with与选项A含义相近，意为“与……一致”。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“For those of us addicted to our glowing phones and tablets, an app called Flux can help. It ‘warms’ your device’s display screen so that it shifts red in the evening, more closely matching the color of the setting sun. (对于那些沉迷于发光手机和平板电脑的人来说，一款名为Flux的应用程序可以提供帮助。该功能会使设备屏幕‘变暖’，在傍晚时分逐渐转为红色调，更接近落日余晖的色温)”可知，Flux通过调整屏幕颜色接近夕阳的红光，模拟自然光线变化。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。最后一段最后一句“But even if we can’t completely contain our thirst for light, we can all make one small gesture, which could stimulate us to unplug a little more. (但即便我们无法彻底抑制对光明的渴望，至少可以做一个小小举动，这或许能激励我们稍离电子设备，重拾自然节律)”可知，建议人们采取小行动，属于提出解决方案。故选B。 主题语境04 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高二上·安徽淮南二中·期中）What does it take to achieve true success? While talent and intelligence are often celebrated, real-world examples and psychological research suggest that other factors may matter more. One of the most famous examples comes from Thomas Edison. It’s reported that he failed over 1,000 times before successfully inventing the light bulb. Rather than seeing these as failures, Edison famously remarked, “I didn’t fail 1,000 times. The light bulb was an invention with 1,000 steps.” This perspective demonstrates a powerful approach to setbacks: viewing them as necessary steps toward growth rather than as defeats. Similarly, J.K. Rowling’s journey to success was filled with obstacles. Before achieving worldwide fame with the Harry Potter series, she faced numerous rejections from publishers. As a single mother relying on welfare benefits, she persisted in believing in her story and continued submitting her manuscript. Her perseverance not only brought her literary success but also inspired millions of readers globally. Modern psychology confirms the importance of this quality. Research shows that resilience — the ability to recover from difficulties — plays a crucial role in achieving success. Psychologist Angela Duckworth calls this quality “grit.” Her studies indicate that grit, more than intelligence or natural talent, is what predicts long-term achievement. People with grit maintain their commitment to goals despite slow progress or obstacles. So how can one develop grit? Psychologist Carol Dweck’s concept of “growth mindset” provides an answer. Individuals with a growth mindset believe their abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work. They view challenges as opportunities to improve rather than as threats to their self-esteem. This mindset enables them to persist when facing difficulties, ultimately leading to greater achievement. 1.How did Thomas Edison view his numerous failed attempts? A. As complete wastes of time and resources. B. As evidence that he lacked enough talent. C. As necessary steps in the invention process. D. As reasons to consider giving up on his project. 2.What quality does the author emphasize in J.K. Rowling’s story? A. Her exceptional writing talent. B. Her persistence through difficulties. C. Her ability to get welfare support. D. Her good connections with publishers. 3.According to Angela Duckworth’s research, what best predicts long-term success? A. Grit and perseverance. B. A comfortable financial situation. C. High intelligence and natural talent. D. Formal education level. 4.What do people with a growth mindset believe? A. Intelligence is fixed and cannot be changed. B. Challenges should be avoided to prevent failure. C. Success depends mainly on natural talent. D. Abilities can be developed through effort. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。本文探讨了实现真正成功所需的关键因素，指出天赋和智力虽常被赞颂，但其他因素可能更为重要。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“I didn’t fail 1,000 times. The light bulb was an invention with 1,000 steps.(我并没有失败1000次。电灯泡是一个经历了1000个步骤的发明。)”可知，爱迪生认为他的多次尝试是发明过程中必要的步骤。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Before achieving worldwide fame with the Harry Potter series, she faced numerous rejections from publishers. As a single mother relying on welfare benefits, she persisted in believing in her story and continued submitting her manuscript.(在凭借《哈利·波特》系列获得全球声誉之前，她遭到了出版商的多次拒绝。作为一名依靠福利救济的单亲母亲，她坚持相信自己的故事，并继续提交手稿。)”可知，作者在J.K.罗琳的故事中强调的是她在困难中的坚持。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Psychologist Angela Duckworth calls this quality “grit”. Her studies indicate that grit, more than intelligence or natural talent, is what predicts long-term achievement.(心理学家安吉拉·达克沃斯称这种品质为“毅力”。她的研究表明，与智力或天赋相比，毅力更能预测长期成就。)”可知，根据安吉拉·达克沃斯的研究，毅力和坚持不懈最能预测长期成功。故选A。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Individuals with a growth mindset believe their abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work.(拥有成长型思维的人相信他们的能力可以通过专注和努力工作得到发展。)”可知，拥有成长型思维的人相信能力可以通过努力得到发展。故选D。 主题语境05 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·安徽合肥六中·期中）A study published on Monday in The Annals of Internal Medicine led researchers to conclude that drinking a cup of coffee in the morning could be linked to a lower risk of death. Those who consumed 1.5 to 3.5 cups of coffee per day, even with a teaspoon of sugar, were up to 30 percent less likely to die during the study period than those who didn’t drink coffee. Those who preferred unsweetened coffee were 16 to 21 percent less likely to die during the study period, with those drinking about three cups per day having the lowest risk of death when compared with non-coffee drinkers. The U. K. Biobank, a large-scale medical database with health data from people all over Britain, provided the researchers with data on coffee consumption. The team then analyzed this data, as well as demographic data, lifestyle details, and dietary patterns collected from more than 170,000 participants aged 37 to 73 over a median follow-up period of seven years. The researchers found the risk of dying remained lower for people who drank both decaffeinated (不含咖啡因的) and caffeinated coffee. “It’s huge. There are very few things that reduce your risk of dying by 30 percent,” said Dr. Cristina Wee, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. There are, however, major caveats to interpreting this research, she added. This is an observational study, which means the data cannot conclusively prove that coffee itself lowers the risk of dying; there may be other lifestyle factors contributing to that lower risk of dying among people who drink coffee, like a healthy diet or a consistent exercise routine. Despite the encouraging evidence about coffee, there isn’t enough data to suggest that people who don’t currently drink coffee should add a stop to Starbucks during their morning routines, Dr. Wee said. And even keen coffee drinkers shouldn’t use the study to justify endless cups of coffee. The study showed that the benefits of coffee reduced for people who drank more than 4.5 cups of coffee each day. Past studies have shown that consuming “extreme amounts” — over seven cups per day — can lead to adverse effects, she said. 1.Which of the following is a finding of the study? A. Decaffeinated coffee doesn’t help reduce death risk. B. Having moderate coffee intake may cut the death risk. C. Adding sugar to coffee may take away its good effects. D. Non-coffee drinkers tend to live longer than coffee lovers. 2.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. What amount of coffee brought the greatest benefit. B. How the study on coffee and death risk was conducted. C. How different coffee types influenced human health. D. Which age groups gained the most from coffee drinking. 3.Which of the following words can replace the underlined word “caveats” in paragraph 4? A. Applications. B. Expansions. C. Foundations. D. Limitations. 4.What is Dr. Wee’s attitude towards coffee consumption? A. Cautious. B. Negative. C. Critical. D. Approving. 【答案】1. B　2. B　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。一项研究表明适量饮用咖啡（含咖啡因或不含咖啡因）可能降低死亡风险，但该研究存在局限性，专家建议人们谨慎看待，不可过量饮用。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“Those who consumed 1.5 to 3.5 cups of coffee per day, even with a teaspoon of sugar, were up to 30 percent less likely to die during the study period than those who didn’t drink coffee. Those who preferred unsweetened coffee were 16 to 21 percent less likely to die during the study period, with those drinking about three cups per day having the lowest risk of death when compared with non-coffee drinkers.(那些每天饮用1.5至3.5杯咖啡（即便加了一茶匙糖）的人，在研究期间的死亡率比不喝咖啡的人低30%。那些偏好不加糖咖啡的人，在研究期间的死亡率也低16%至21%。与不喝咖啡的人相比，每天饮用约三杯咖啡的人死亡风险最低)”可知，该研究得出的结论是适量饮用咖啡可能降低死亡风险。故选B。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The U.K. Biobank, a large-scale medical database with health data from people all over Britain, provided the researchers with data on coffee consumption. The team then analyzed this data, as well as demographic data, lifestyle details, and dietary patterns collected from more than 170,000 participants aged 37 to 73 over a median follow-up period of seven years. The researchers found the risk of dying remained lower for people who drank both decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee.(英国生物银行是一个存有全英国人口健康数据的大型医疗数据库，它为研究人员提供了咖啡摄入量相关数据。随后，研究团队分析了这些数据，以及在七年中位随访期内，从17万余名37至73岁的参与者中收集到的人口统计数据、生活方式详情和饮食模式。研究人员发现，饮用含咖啡因咖啡和不含咖啡因咖啡的人群，死亡风险均相对更低)”可知，第二段主要讲了关于咖啡与死亡风险的研究是如何开展的。故选B。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第四段“This is an observational study, which means the data cannot conclusively prove that coffee itself lowers the risk of dying; there may be other lifestyle factors contributing to that lower risk of dying among people who drink coffee, like a healthy diet or a consistent exercise routine.(这是一项观察性研究，这意味着这些数据无法确切证明咖啡本身能够降低死亡风险；可能还有其他生活方式因素（比如健康的饮食或规律的锻炼习惯）与喝咖啡的人群较低的死亡风险之间存在关联)”可知，该研究存在一些限制，不能确凿地证明咖啡本身能降低死亡风险，故划线词意思是“限制”。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despite the encouraging evidence about coffee, there isn’t enough data to suggest that people who don’t currently drink coffee should add a stop to Starbucks during their morning routines, Dr. Wee said. And even keen coffee drinkers shouldn’t use the study to justify endless cups of coffee. The study showed that the benefits of coffee reduced for people who drank more than 4.5 cups of coffee each day. Past studies have shown that consuming “extreme amounts” — over seven cups per day — can lead to adverse effects, she said.(Wee博士表示，尽管有关咖啡的证据令人鼓舞，但目前尚无足够的数据表明那些目前不喝咖啡的人应该在日常早晨活动中取消去星巴克的行程。而且即便是热衷于喝咖啡的人也不应该将这项研究结果用作无限制饮用咖啡的正当理由。该研究显示，每天饮用超过4.5杯咖啡的人，咖啡带来的益处会减少。她还表示，以往的研究表明，摄入“过量”——每天超过7杯——可能会导致不良影响)”可知，Wee博士对饮用咖啡持谨慎态度。故选A。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·安徽省大联考·期中）First proposed in the 1920s by Alfred Adler, the birth order theory (理论) suggests that the child’s position in the family may shape key characters. While not exact science, it offers some interesting thoughts. Eldest children often show leadership qualities and a strong drive for success. Many wellknown leaders and CEOs are firstborns. Research shows they tend to get better grades and often have higher IQs, possibly resulting from the fact that they receive more attention from parents. The “eldest daughter phenomenon” further explains this: firstborn girls often take on a parent-like role, becoming both high achievers and anxious people-pleasers. In contrast, younger kids are usually seen as more easy-going and humorous. According to a YouGov survey, the youngest child is usually the “funniest in the family”. This may be why so many famous comic masters are the youngest in their families. In sports, the “younger kid effect” suggests younger kids are more likely to become top athletes, probably because they grew up competing with their elder brothers or sisters. Middle children, however, often say they feel left out—a situation known as the “middle-child pattern”. It’s interesting to note that there’s limited research on middle children, which seems to prove the point. One survey about family positions completely ignored middle children, focusing only on the oldest and youngest. Only children often break the “selfish only child” stereotype (刻板印象). Studies show that they are as sociable and emotionally well-adapted as children with siblings (兄弟姐妹). Like firstborns, they are often high achievers, and are also very creative, likely because they spend more time alone, learning to entertain themselves. Birth order may even affect food preferences and health. Firstborns are more likely to enjoy complex flavors like dark chocolate, probably because parents took more time to introduce different foods to them. Younger kids, however, are often physically stronger, thanks to early contact with germs (病菌) brought home by older siblings. While birth order doesn’t determine us completely, it provides interesting views on our behaviors and preferences. Understanding these patterns can help us appreciate how family relationships contribute to making us who we are. 1.What may account for firstborns’ better academic performance? A. More parental attention. B. Strong hope to please parents. C. Their natural leadership abilities. D. The desire to set an example. 2.What can be inferred about the youngest children in the family? A. They receive the least attention from parents. B. They benefit from early family competition. C. They usually feel pressure to become comic masters. D. They have weaker ability to fight sickness than others. 3.What does the text say about only children? A. They regard themselves as the center. B. They tend to be capable and imaginative. C. They struggle to organize their time reasonably. D. They are less socially comfortable than children with siblings. 4.What does the author think of the birth order theory? A. Misleading. B. Impractical. C. Meaningless. D. Useful. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了出生顺序理论，探讨了不同排行的孩子可能形成的性格特点及原因。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Research shows they tend to get better grades and often have higher IQs, possibly resulting from the fact that they receive more attention from parents.(研究表明，他们往往成绩更好，智商也更高，这可能是因为他们从父母那里得到了更多的关注。)”可知，长子女学业成就更高可能的原因是他们获得了父母更多的关注。故选A。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In sports, the “younger kid effect” suggests younger kids are more likely to become top athletes, probably because they grew up competing with their elder brothers or sisters.(在体育运动中，“幼童效应”表明，年幼的孩子更有可能成为顶级运动员，这可能是因为他们在成长过程中与哥哥姐姐竞争。)”可推断，排行最小的子女从早期的家庭竞争中受益。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Like firstborns, they are often high achievers, and are also very creative, likely because they spend more time alone, learning to entertain themselves.( 和长子长女一样，他们通常都很有成就，也很有创造力，这可能是因为他们花了更多的时间独处，学会了娱乐自己。)”可知，独生子女往往成就高且富有想象力。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。作者在文章开头指出该理论“While not exact science, it offers some interesting thoughts.(虽然不是精确的科学，但它提供了一些有趣的想法。)”，结尾又强调“While birth order doesn’t determine us completely, it provides interesting views on our behaviors and preferences.(虽然出生顺序不能完全决定我们，但它为我们的行为和偏好提供了有趣的观点。)”，并认为理解这些模式有助于认识家庭关系对个人成长的影响。整体态度是积极正面的，认为该理论具有实用价值。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·安徽合肥八中·期中）When you shop in a supermarket, there are so many foods to choose from. You can buy fresh produce, dairy, proteins, wholesome grains, and just about everything to cook nutritious and healthy foods for your family. But people who suffer from food insecurity usually do not get to make their own choices. But now a food bank in Regina, Canada, Saskatchewan is opening a food hub that looks and feels like a grocery store, And its clients get to choose their own food. The food bank in Regina doesn’t receive government funding for operating costs and depends on donations. But the organization still took it upon itself to build and open a food hub that will give its clients autonomy (自主权) over what they want to feed their families. That’s because clients don’t always use what they receive from the standard boxed food distributions. Food bank client Jon White said, “Normally I exchange with my neighbors and we swap back and forth, so it kind of works out that way. But a lot of people don’t do that. So there’s a lot of stuff that just goes to waste.” While White is a bachelor and likes to cook easy meals like pasta, a family with children have other needs like fresh produce, dairy, and meat. That’s why the food hub will be stocked like any other grocery store. While the food hub will look like a usual grocery store, there is one big disparity, according to Curly Tales — a folk media group — you won’t have to pay. While other Canadian food banks have piloted the choice model in a smaller scale with limited hours, the new food hub will be open five days a week and has the feel of a regular supermarket. Registered food bank clients will be able to shop every two weeks by appointment. They will receive around $200 worth of food per person, reported CBC. 1.What is a big feature of the food bank? A. Being open to anyone. B. Having the most items. C. Allowing clients to pick food. D. Being extremely large in size. 2.Why are Jon White’s words mentioned? A. To prove food waste is unavoidable. B. To explain the need for government funding. C. To show such a food bank is reasonable. D. To discourage people from using food banks. 3.What does the underlined word “disparity” in Paragraph 5 mean? A. Difference. B. Drawback. C. Controversy. D. Reduction. 4.What does the food bank allow clients to do? A. Enter it anytime they want. B. Get some food once a week. C. Get food without registration. D. Enter it according to appointments. 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍加拿大里贾纳市一家食品银行开设超市式食品中心，让食物不安全人群自主选择食物的创新举措。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But now a food bank in Regina, Canada, Saskatchewan is opening a food hub that looks and feels like a grocery store. And its clients get to choose their own food.(但现在，加拿大萨斯喀彻温省里贾纳市的一家食品银行开设了一个食品中心，其外观和氛围都像一家杂货店，客户可以自己选择食物。)”可知，该食品银行的最大特色是允许客户自主挑选食物。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Food bank client Jon White said, “Normally I exchange with my neighbors and we swap back and forth, so it kind of works out that way. But a lot of people don’t do that. So there’s a lot of stuff that just goes to waste.”(食品银行客户乔恩·怀特说：“通常我会和邻居交换食物，这样互相调剂还能应付。但很多人不会这么做，所以很多食物都被浪费了。”)”可知，乔恩·怀特的话反映了传统食品银行“盒装配给”模式导致食物浪费的问题，而新食品中心允许自主选择的模式恰好能解决这一问题，从而说明这种新型食品银行的合理性。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第五段中的“While the food hub will look like a usual grocery store, there is one big disparity, according to Curly Tales—a folk media group—you won’t have to pay.(据民间媒体集团Curly Tales报道，虽然这个食品中心看起来和普通杂货店一样，但有一个很大的disparity——你不需要付钱。)”可知，“看起来一样”与“无需付费”形成对比，因此“disparity”应意为“差异、不同”。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Registered food bank clients will be able to shop every two weeks by appointment.(注册食品银行的客户可以每两周预约一次购物。)”可知，客户需按预约进入食品中心。故选D项。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·安徽省大联考·期中）A groundbreaking AI model developed by Stanford University researchers is changing how virtual characters communicate, enabling them to gesture naturally while speaking. This technological advancement creates the way for more realistic AI newsreaders, virtual influencers, and digital assistants that move and express themselves in very human-like ways. When humans communicate, we naturally use body language like hand movements and head turns to stress points and show emotions. However, traditional digital characters and video game characters typically rely on repetitive, common gestures that often feel disconnected from their actual speech content, creating an unnatural viewing experience. To address this limitation, the research team led by Changan Chen employed an innovative training approach. They gave their AI system mass data:1,000 hours of audiobooks paired with matching text, along with 60 hours of video recordings showing people’s natural gestures during conversation. This large training allowed the AI to understand relationships between spoken words, textual meaning, and the physical movements that go with them. The model has remarkable learning capabilities, recognizing small but important patterns in human communication——such as how people naturally turn their heads before making major hand gestures, or how voice variations match specific emotional states. This understanding enables the AI to produce context-appropriate gestures using fewer examples than previous systems required. Unlike earlier technologies that processed either text or audio (音频), this innovative model integrates both kinds of information at the same time. Remarkably, it can even figure out emotional states only from movement patterns, without any audio cues (提示). In comparative testing, the system did much better than existing AI models, producing more varied and expressive gestures that closely match human behavior. The technology holds practical value across various fields. It can contribute to more engaging AI assistants and virtual customer service representatives, while also promoting character movements in video games and films. As the technology advances, we move closer to a future where digital beings communicate as naturally as humans, completely reshaping how we communicate with virtual characters. 1.What is a limitation of traditional virtual characters? A. They take on the same appearance. B. They can’t understand human emotions well. C. Their gestures don’t match their speech naturally. D. Their facial expressions are too difficult to understand. 2.How did the research team train their AI system? A. By entering clear instructions. B. By making recordings of its progress. C. By carrying out conversations with it. D. By feeding it with related materials. 3.What is special about the new AI model? A. It can tell emotions by movements. B. It can process text and audio separately. C. It focuses mainly on large gesture patterns. D. It requires more training examples than before. 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. The primary challenges waiting ahead. B. The potential application of the system. C. The technical basics behind the system. D. The high need for better customer service. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍斯坦福大学研究人员开发的一款突破性AI模型，该模型能让虚拟角色在说话时做出自然手势，解决了传统虚拟角色手势与语言脱节的问题，并详细阐述其训练方式、独特优势及多领域应用前景。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However, traditional digital characters and video game characters typically rely on repetitive, common gestures that often feel disconnected from their actual speech content, creating an unnatural viewing experience.(然而，传统的数字角色和视频游戏角色通常依赖重复、常见的手势，这些手势往往与其实际语音内容脱节，带来不自然的观看体验。)”可知，传统虚拟角色的局限性在于其手势与语音内容无法自然匹配。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They gave their AI system mass data: 1,000 hours of audiobooks paired with matching text, along with 60 hours of video recordings showing people’s natural gestures during conversation.(他们为AI系统提供了大量数据：1000小时配有对应文本的有声读物，以及60小时记录人们在交谈中自然手势的视频素材。)”可知，研究团队通过向AI系统输入相关数据（有声读物、文本、视频素材）进行训练。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Remarkably, it can even figure out emotional states only from movement patterns, without any audio cues.(值得注意的是，它甚至可以仅通过动作模式判断情绪状态，无需任何音频提示。)”可知，新AI模型的特别之处在于能通过动作识别情绪。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“The technology holds practical value across various fields. It can contribute to more engaging AI assistants and virtual customer service representatives, while also promoting character movements in video games and films.(这项技术在各个领域都具有实用价值。它有助于打造更具吸引力的人工智能助手和虚拟客服代表，同时也能提升电子游戏和电影中的角色动作表现力。)”可知，该段主要讲述新AI系统的潜在应用场景。故选B项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·安徽合肥八中·期中）Starting in the mid-2010s, the success of streaming services like Spotify, Tencent and Apple Music led the music industry into a period of steady income growth. But the rise of streaming hasn’t just transformed the business of music; it has changed the music as well. In 1972, the Temptations hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts, winning three Grammys, with a seven-minute version of the song “Papa Was a Rollin’ Stone”. Before the Temptations sing a word, an instrumental introduction plays for more than four minutes. If the group were in the studio today, the title chorus (副歌) would most likely have been featured much earlier in the song. That’s because music streaming services pay artists based on the number of plays each month, and to count as a play, a user must listen to the song past the 30-second mark. If a song you’ve never heard before takes a long time to get to the hook (旋律最好的部分), there is a good chance that you may simply hit the button to go to the next song. To keep the “skip rate (跳过率)” as low as possible, musical artists are increasingly moving a song’s hook to that initial 30-second sweet spot. Every track that is listened to for more than 30 seconds counts as a play, but whether a listener makes it all the way through a song helps to determine whether a streaming service like Spotify will recommend similar songs in the future. For a musician, getting a song on Spotify’s popular Today’s Top Hits playlist means real money. A study by researchers at the University of Minnesota and the European Joint Research Centre found that songs on the list gained an average of 20 million streams, worth up to $163,000 in royalties (版税). As a result, according to an analysis by blogger Michael Tauberg, the average length of hit songs has dropped by more than 30 seconds since 2000, when it was over four minutes. Nearly two-thirds of the songs that achieved the number one spot in the first half of 2021 were under three minutes long. 1.Why is the Temptations mentioned in paragraph 2? A. To explain what made a song special in the past. B. To show admiration for their musical achievements. C. To illustrate the structure of popular songs in the past. D. To introduce the changes in song structure brought about by streaming. 2.What is the result of a song taking a long time to get to the hook? A. The artists will receive higher royalties. B. The listeners are more likely to skip it. C. It will be recommended to more users. D. It will be more popular among listeners. 3.What contributes to the decreasing average length of hit songs? A. Advance in music production technology. B. The change in listeners’ musical preference. C. The desire for higher streaming-based income. D. Increased competition among streaming platforms. 4.What does the text mainly talk about? A. How streaming changes the length of music. B. How streaming services produce hit songs. C. How streaming promotes the development of music. D. How streaming influences our preference for music. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是流媒体的兴起不仅改变了音乐行业，它也改变了音乐，尤其是音乐的长度。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“But the rise of streaming hasn’t just transformed the business of music; it has changed the music as well.(但流媒体的兴起不仅改变了音乐行业；它也改变了音乐。)”和第二段“That’s because music streaming services pay artists based on the number of plays each month, and to count as a play, a user must listen to the song past the 30-second mark.(这是因为音乐流媒体服务根据每个月的播放次数向艺人支付报酬，而要算作一次播放，用户必须收听歌曲超过30秒。)”可知，第二段提到Temptations的目的是介绍流媒体给歌曲结构带来的变化。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“If a song you’ve never heard before takes a long time to get to the hook (旋律最好的部分), there is a good chance that you may simply hit the button to go to the next song.(如果一首你从未听过的歌花了很长时间才听进去，那么你很有可能会直接按下按钮去听下一首歌。)”可知，一首歌曲要花很长时间才能被人听进去，结果会是听众更有可能跳过它。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Every track that is listened to for more than 30 seconds counts as a play, but whether a listener makes it all the way through a song helps to determine whether a streaming service like Spotify will recommend similar songs in the future. For a musician, getting a song on Spotify’s popular Today’s Top Hits playlist means real money.(每首歌的收听时间超过30秒就算作一次播放，但听众是否能从头到尾听完一首歌，有助于决定Spotify等流媒体服务将来是否会推荐类似的歌曲。对于音乐家来说，在Spotify流行的今日热门歌曲播放列表中获得一首歌意味着真正的金钱。)”可知，导致了热门歌曲平均长度的减少的是对基于流媒体的更高收入的渴望。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“But the rise of streaming hasn’t just transformed the business of music; it has changed the music as well.(但流媒体的兴起不仅改变了音乐行业；它也改变了音乐。)”和最后一段“As a result, according to an analysis by blogger Michael Tauberg, the average length of hit songs has dropped by more than 30 seconds since 2000, when it was over four minutes.(因此，根据博主Michael Tauberg的分析，自2000年以来，热门歌曲的平均长度减少了30多秒，当时它超过4分钟。)”可知，本文主要讲的是流媒体的兴起不仅改变了音乐行业，它也改变了音乐，尤其是音乐的长度，因此主旨是A选项“How streaming changes the length of music.(流媒体如何改变音乐的长度。)”。故选A。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·安徽合肥八中·期中）Funded by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture’s Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI), a three-year, nearly $1 million Washington State University-led project explores and supports expanded testing for diseases that damage potato crops, with a broader goal of guarding the U.S. food supply from biological threats. Farmers who grow potatoes must test to ensure their crops are free of viruses and other pathogens (致病菌). Unchecked, viral, bacterial, and fungal (真菌的) diseases cause crop damage and great financial and food losses. “We need to detect pathogens early, accurately, and quickly to avoid large crop losses, helping fewer people around the world go hungry,” said Chakradhar Mattupalli, an assistant professor of plant pathology at the WSU Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center. A test recently developed by the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) allows growers to take samples of their crop, send the DNA and RNA to labs, and get results in around two weeks as to whether their potatoes are infected with a virus. However, the potato industry still lacks a way to test for many pathogens on a nationwide scale, Mattupalli said. To address this challenge, Mattupalli and his colleagues’ project has three primary objectives: (1) Develop a testing lab to check large volumes of potato samples for viruses. (2) Investigate if the testing protocol (科学实验计划) for viruses in potatoes can be expanded to detect fungal or bacterial pathogens. (3) Create training opportunities for students and field personnel on how to properly collect samples from plants and how to ship them to the lab for testing. “It’s a huge advantage when you don’t have to ship potatoes to testing locations and wait so long to get results,” Mattupalli said. “It took many years to develop this pathogen detection protocol, so now we want to expand this testing ability to make sure all potato growers benefit.” 1.Why was the project started? A. To prevent diseases in potato crops. B. To find new types of fungal diseases. C. To increase production of each potato crop. D. To avoid diseases threatening human health. 2.What does the author want to show in Paragraph 2? A. Farmers want their crops to be tested. B. Fewer people worldwide will go hungry. C. Avoiding large potato losses is important. D. Detecting pathogens early is challenging. 3.What are Mattupalli and his colleagues working hard at? A. Educating farmers on crop diseases. B. Improving and promoting their test. C. Making great profits from their test. D. Receiving more training themselves. 4.What would be the best title for the text? A. Increasing Production of Potatoes B. Attempting to Prevent World Hunger C. Reducing Biological Threats in Crops D. Testing Potato Crops to Detect Diseases Early 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国一项旨在通过早期检测技术预防马铃薯病害的科研项目，该项目通过建立检测体系、扩展检测范围和开展培训，以保障作物安全和粮食供应。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“a three-year, nearly $1 million Washington State University-led project explores and supports expanded testing for diseases that damage potato crops, with a broader goal of guarding the U.S. food supply from biological threats (华盛顿州立大学主导的为期三年、近100万美元的项目探索并支持扩大对损害马铃薯作物的疾病的检测，更广泛的目标是保护美国食品供应免受生物威胁)”可知，启动该项目的目的是预防马铃薯作物疾病。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Farmers who grow potatoes must test to ensure their crops are free of viruses and other pathogens (致病菌). Unchecked, viral, bacterial, and fungal (真菌的) diseases cause crop damage and great financial and food losses. (种植马铃薯的农民必须进行测试，以确保他们的作物没有病毒和其他病原体。如果不加以控制，病毒、细菌和真菌疾病会对作物造成损害，并造成巨大的经济和粮食损失。)”和Chakradhar Mattupalli所说的话“We need to detect pathogens early, accurately, and quickly to avoid large crop losses, helping fewer people around the world go hungry (我们需要及早、准确和迅速地发现病原体，以避免作物遭受重大损失，帮助世界各地更少的人挨饿)”可知，作者重点强调了早期检测病原体以避免马铃薯大量损失的重要性。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“To address this challenge, Mattupalli and his colleagues’ project has three primary objectives: (1) Develop a testing lab to check large volumes of potato samples for viruses. (2) Investigate if the testing protocol (科学实验计划) for viruses in potatoes can be expanded to detect fungal or bacterial pathogens. (3) Create training opportunities for students and field personnel on how to properly collect samples from plants and how to ship them to the lab for testing. (为了应对这一挑战，Mattupalli和他的同事们的项目有三个主要目标：(1)建立一个测试实验室，检查大量马铃薯样本的病毒。(2)研究马铃薯病毒检测方案是否可以扩展到检测真菌或细菌病原体。(3)为学生和现场工作人员提供培训机会，让他们了解如何正确地从植物中采集样本，以及如何将样本运送到实验室进行测试。)”可知，Mattupalli和他的同事在努力改进和推广他们的测试。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“a three-year, nearly $1 million Washington State University-led project explores and supports expanded testing for diseases that damage potato crops, with a broader goal of guarding the U.S. food supply from biological threats (华盛顿州立大学主导的为期三年、近100万美元的项目探索并支持扩大对损害马铃薯作物的疾病的检测，更广泛的目标是保护美国食品供应免受生物威胁)”可知，文章围绕一种对损害马铃薯作物的疾病的检测展开，这一检测有助于尽早发现马铃薯感染的疾病，预防作物损失。因此，D项“测试马铃薯作物以及早发现疾病”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·安徽A10联盟·期中）One of the most important medical advances in the 20th century was the discovery of antibiotics(抗生素). The first antibiotic was introduced in 1910 and changed modern medicine significantly. Penicillin was discovered in 1928, and these medications that could kill bacteria extended people’s average lifetime by 23 years. However, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have also changed and adapted, and the bacteria are winning. New research from Tel Aviv University(TAU) in Israel has found a way to get the better of bacteria and shut down its defense systems when transferring(转移)DNA．The transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another is how these bacteria change and adapt. During this process, known as conjugation(接合), one bacterial cell attaches to another through a small tube, allowing the transfer of genetic material called plasmids(质粒). Bruria Samuel, a PhD student working with Professor David Burstein at TAU’s Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, led the study published in Nature. Samuel analyzed 33,000 plasmids and identified the gene that allowed plasmids to pass by bacterial defense mechanisms when transferring DNA．The team used plasmids that give antibiotic resistance and put them into bacteria with CRISPR, a defense system that can target and destroy DNA. The location of anti-defense systems on plasmids determines whether the bacterium can overcome the CRISPR system or if it will die. Understanding how this positioning works means that antibiotic-resistant genes could be blocked effectively. The research could help design effective plasmids for changing natural bacterial populations. According to Burstein, this may help block antibiotic resistance genes in hospitals, teach bacteria to break down pollutants, and improve human health through gut bacteria. Additionally, modified bacteria could be used in agriculture and food technology to protect against foodborne illness. 1.Why does the author mention the discovery of antibiotics in paragraph 1? A. To compare different medical advances. B. To show the history of antibiotic research. C. To recommend a way to live a longer life. D. To introduce its value and a related challenge. 2.What do we know about conjugation? A. It helps bacteria destroy all the plasmids. B. It is a system stopping antibiotic resistance. C. It enables bacteria to turn plasmids into CRISPR. D. It lets bacteria transfer DNA through a small tube. 3.What did Bruria Samuel do in the study? A. He analyzed plasmids to find a gene. B. He destroyed bacteria with CRISPR. C. He collected data from previous researches. D. He employed bacteria to break down pollutants. 4.What can be inferred about the research? A. It only benefits in hospital settings. B. It aims to reduce bacterial population. C. It may have broad implications. D. It will stop antibiotic resistance totally. 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了20世纪抗生素的发现及其面临的耐药性挑战。以色列TAU大学研究揭示细菌转移质粒机制，为克服抗生素耐药性、改造细菌应用于农业和健康领域提供了新思路。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段内容“One of the most important medical advances in the 20th century was the discovery of antibiotics (抗生素). The first antibiotic was introduced in 1910 and changed modern medicine significantly. Penicillin was discovered in 1928, and these medications that could kill bacteria extended people’s average lifetime by 23 years. However, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have also changed and adapted, and the bacteria are winning. (20世纪最重要的医学进步之一是抗生素的发现。第一种抗生素于1910年问世，极大地改变了现代医学。青霉素于1928年被发现，这些能够杀死细菌的药物使人们的平均寿命延长了23年。然而，具有抗生素耐药性的细菌也发生了变化和适应，细菌正在获胜。)”可知，作者在第一段提到抗生素的发现，一方面展示了抗生素的巨大价值，即延长了人们的寿命，改变了现代医学；另一方面也引出了与之相关的一个挑战，即抗生素耐药性细菌的出现和适应，细菌正在占据上风。所以作者提到抗生素的发现是为了介绍其价值和一个相关的挑战。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“During this process, known as conjugation(接合), one bacterial cell attaches to another through a small tube, allowing the transfer of genetic material called plasmids (质粒). (在这个过程中，被称为接合，一个细菌细胞通过一个小管附着在另一个细菌细胞上，允许被称为质粒的遗传物质的转移。)”可知，接合的作用是让细菌通过一个小管转移DNA。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Bruria Samuel, a PhD student working with Professor David Burstein at TAU’s Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, led the study published in Nature. Samuel analyzed 33,000 plasmids and identified the gene that allowed plasmids to pass by bacterial defense mechanisms when transferring DNA. (Bruria Samuel是一名博士生，与特拉维夫大学Shmunis生物医学和癌症研究学院的David Burstein教授一起工作，领导了发表在《自然》杂志上的这项研究。Samuel分析了33,000个质粒，并确定了在转移DNA时允许质粒通过细菌防御机制的基因。)”可知，Bruria Samuel在研究中分析了质粒以找到一个基因。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The research could help design effective plasmids for changing natural bacterial populations. According to Burstein, this may help block antibiotic resistance genes in hospitals, teach bacteria to break down pollutants, and improve human health through gut bacteria. Additionally, modified bacteria could be used in agriculture and food technology to protect against foodborne illness. (这项研究可以帮助设计有效的质粒来改变自然细菌种群。根据Burstein的说法，这可能有助于在医院阻断抗生素耐药性基因，教会细菌分解污染物，并通过肠道细菌改善人类健康。此外，经过改造的细菌可用于农业和食品技术，以预防食源性疾病。)”可知，这项研究可能有很多方面的应用，不仅仅局限于医院，对农业、食品技术等也有影响，所以可以推断出这项研究可能有广泛的影响。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·安徽鼎尖名校大联考·期中）Scientists have made an exciting breakthrough in our understanding of how our immune systems respond to cancer. By understanding these biochemical pathways, we may be able to increase the effectiveness of existing immunotherapy (免疫疗法) treatments and make them accessible to a wider range of patients. Immunotherapy uses our body’s own immune system to fight cancer. Normally our immune systems work hard to spot and destroy potential cancer cells before they can grow into a tumor (肿瘤). Immunotherapy works by helping our immune systems to recognize and attack these cancer cells, and has several key benefits over traditional chemotherapy (化疗). Firstly, although it does have some side effects, immunotherapy is less harmful and easier for the patient to handle. Secondly, by training the immune system to fight off the tumor, patients can develop long-term immunological memory which helps stop the tumor from coming back. However, immunotherapy doesn’t work for everyone. Although three in five patients could be responsive to certain immunotherapies, what about the other 40 percent? What if there was a way to boost their immune system’s response to these cancers? In a new study, published in the journal Nature Genes&Immunity, researchers from the University of Turku in Finland may have found just that. The research focuses on a protein called TIMP-1, which has traditionally been known to play a role in protecting the body’s cells and tissues from damage. However, according to the new research, led by Carlos Rogerio Figueiredo, a professor in biomedicine at the University of Turku, it may also be able to help boost the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Figueiredo and his team had seen that when there is a lot of TIMP-1 in melanoma tissue, more “killer” T-cells (the soldiers of our immune system) will enter it. And patients also tend to survive longer. “For patients with low levels of TIMP-1 expression, our discovery helps create practical treatment innovations,” Figueiredo said in a statement. 1.What advantage does immunotherapy have over traditional chemotherapy? A. It has no side effects. B. It works for all cancer patients. C. It uses “killer” T-cells to directly destroy tumors. D. It helps develop long-term immunological memory. 2.What was the originally known function of TIMP-1? A. To replace traditional chemotherapy treatments. B. To help the immune system recognize cancer cells. C. To guard the body’s cells and tissues against injury. D. To increase the number of “killer” T-cells in tumors. 3.What is Figueiredo’s attitude towards the new discovery about TIMP-1? A. Optimistic. B. Unconcerned. C. Doubtful. D. Critical. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. TIMP-1: A Key to Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy. B. Limitations that Current Cancer Immunotherapy Has. C. Ways that the Immune System Fights Against Cancer. D. Chemotherapy: A New Hope for Cancer Patients. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是说明文。文章核心围绕癌症治疗展开，介绍了免疫疗法的原理及相较于传统化疗的优势，指出其“并非对所有患者有效”的局限，阐述芬兰研究团队的新发现——蛋白质TIMP-1不仅能保护细胞组织，还可增强免疫系统识别并摧毁癌细胞的能力，为提升免疫疗法效果、帮助更多患者提供了新方向。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段的“Secondly, by training the immune system to fight off the tumor, patients can develop long-term immunological memory which helps stop the tumor from coming back.(其次，通过训练免疫系统来对抗肿瘤，患者可以培养长期的免疫记忆，这有助于阻止肿瘤复发)”可知，出免疫疗法的优势之一是有助于培养长期的免疫记忆。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The research focuses on a protein called TIMP-1, which has traditionally been known to play a role in protecting the body’s cells and tissues from damage.(该研究的重点在于一种名为TIMP-1的蛋白质，传统上人们认为这种蛋白质在保护人体细胞和组织免受损伤方面发挥着作用。)”可知，最初知道的关于TIMP-1的功能是保护人体的细胞和组织免受损伤。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“For patients with low levels of TIMP-1 expression, our discovery helps create practical treatment innovations(对于TIMP-1水平较低的患者而言，我们的这一发现有助于推动实用的治疗创新。)”可知，Figueiredo认为这一发现有助于创造切实可行的治疗创新，体现出他对该发现的积极态度，即“乐观的（Optimistic）”，与选项A一致。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists have made an exciting breakthrough in our understanding of how our immune systems respond to cancer. By understanding these biochemical pathways, we may be able to increase the effectiveness of existing immunotherapy(免疫疗法)treatments and make them accessible to a wider range of patients.(科学家们在我们对免疫系统如何应对癌症的理解方面取得了重大突破。通过深入了解这些生物化学过程，我们或许能够提高现有免疫疗法的效果，并使其能够惠及更多患者。)”并通读全文可知，文章核心逻辑为：免疫疗法存在“并非对所有患者有效”的局限，新研究聚焦蛋白质TIMP-1，发现其可能增强免疫系统对抗癌细胞的能力，能为部分患者带来治疗创新。因此推断全文围绕“TIMP-1对提升免疫疗法效果的作用”展开，选项A“TIMP-1：提升癌症免疫疗法的关键”精准概括核心，符合标题要求。故选A。 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·安徽A10联盟·期中）A new study has revealed for the first time that ancient carbon, stored in landscapes for thousands of years or more, can find its way back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2) released (释放) from the surfaces of rivers. Rivers transport and release CO2 as part of the global carbon cycle. Until now, scientists believed the majority of this was a quick turnover originating from the recycling of recent plant growth— organic material broken down and carried into the river system in the past 70 years or so. However, this new study indicates more than half— some 60%— of emissions (排放) come from long-term carbon stores collected over thousands of years ago. Lead author Dr Josh Dean said, “The results took us by surprise because it turns out that old carbon stores are leaking out much more into the atmosphere than previously thought. We don’t yet know how humans affect this flow of ancient carbon, but plants must absorb more carbon from the atmosphere today to account for this recognized release of old carbon.” The international research team studied more than 700 river reaches from 26 different countries across the world. They took detailed radiocarbon measurements of CO2 from the rivers. By comparing the levels of carbon-14 in the target rivers with a standard reference for modern atmospheric CO2, the team was able to date the river carbon. Co-author Dr Gemma Coxon said, “Rivers globally release about two billion tonnes of carbon each year, compared to human activity that results in about 13 billion tonnes of carbon emissions. These river emissions are significant at a global scale, and over half of these emissions may be coming from carbon stores we considered relatively stable (稳定的). This means we need to re-evaluate these crucial parts of the global carbon cycle.” Further building on these findings, the researchers plan to explore how the age of river carbon emissions varies across rivers the study was not able to capture, as well as investigating how the age of these emissions may have changed through time. 1.What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A. The global carbon cycle is always stable. B. It took decades to complete the new study. C. River carbon emissions have long been ignored. D. The new study proved the previous belief wrong. 2.What do Dr Josh Dean’s words imply? A. The recognized old carbon will be beneficial. B. The release of ancient carbon is underestimated. C. Plants fail to absorb carbon from the atmosphere. D. Human activity boosts the flow of ancient carbon. 3.What is Dr Gemma Coxon’s advice? A. Investigating the impact of human activity. B. Making full use of long-term carbon stores. C. Paying more attention to river carbon emissions. D. Ensuring plants’ role in radiocarbon measurements. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Rivers Are Releasing Ancient Carbon into Air B. Carbon Emissions Are Being Measured Globally C. A New Carbon Cycle Research Method Is Found D. Plants Help Fight Against Climate Change Greatly 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项新研究，该研究首次揭示了封存数千年甚至更久远的古代碳会通过河流重返大气。这表明，全球碳循环中曾被视作稳定的部分正在流失，亟需重新评估其影响。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“Until now, scientists believed the majority of this was a quick turnover originating from the recycling of recent plant growth— organic material broken down and carried into the river system in the past 70 years or so. However, this new study indicates more than half— some 60%— of emissions (排放) come from long - term carbon stores collected over thousands of years ago.(直到现在，科学家们还认为，这其中的大部分是来自近期植物生长的快速循环——有机物质在过去的70年左右被分解并带入河流系统。然而，这项新研究表明，超过一半——约60%——的排放来自数千年前积累的长期碳储存。)”可知，新研究证明之前认为河流二氧化碳排放主要来自近期植物生长循环的观点是错误的，新研究推翻了之前的观点。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Lead author Dr Josh Dean said, ‘The results took us by surprise because it turns out that old carbon stores are leaking out much more into the atmosphere than previously thought. We don’t yet know how humans affect this flow of ancient carbon, but plants must absorb more carbon from the atmosphere today to account for this recognized release of old carbon.’(主要作者Josh Dean博士说：‘结果让我们大吃一惊，因为事实证明，古老的碳储存向大气中泄漏的远比我们之前认为的要多。我们尚不清楚人类如何影响这种古老碳的流动，但如今植物必须从大气中吸收更多的碳，以解释这种被确认的古老碳的释放。’)”可知，Josh Dean博士的话表明古老碳的释放量比之前认为的要多，即古老碳的释放被低估了。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“Co - author Dr Gemma Coxon said, ‘Rivers globally release about two billion tonnes of carbon each year, compared to human activity that results in about 13 billion tonnes of carbon emissions. These river emissions are significant at a global scale, and over half of these emissions may be coming from carbon stores we considered relatively stable (稳定的). This means we need to re - evaluate these crucial parts of the global carbon cycle.’(共同作者Gemma Coxon博士说：‘全球河流每年释放约20亿吨碳，而人类活动导致的碳排放约为130亿吨。这些河流排放在全球范围内具有重要意义，其中超过一半的排放可能来自我们认为相对稳定的碳储存。这意味着我们需要重新评估全球碳循环的这些关键部分。’)”可知，Gemma Coxon博士认为河流碳排放在全球范围内很重要，且很多来自相对稳定的碳储存，所以需要重新评估，这意味着要更加关注河流碳排放。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study has revealed for the first time that ancient carbon, stored in landscapes for thousands of years or more, can find its way back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2) released (释放) from the surfaces of rivers.(一项新研究首次揭示，储存在景观中数千年或更长时间的古老碳，可以作为二氧化碳(CO2)从河流表面释放回大气中。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要围绕一项新研究展开，该研究发现河流表面释放的二氧化碳中有很大一部分来自古老的碳储存，所以“Rivers Are Releasing Ancient Carbon into Air(河流正在向空气中释放古老碳)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选A项。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·安徽淮南二中·期中）The concept of “China chic”, or guochao, has become popular in recent years. According to relevant data, the search volume for the keyword “Guochao” increased by 392.66% year-on-year from January to July 2022. The Baidu 2021 Guochao Pride Search Big Data Report revealed that interest in guochao has skyrocketed over the past 10 years. Domestic products are now in fashion, and domestic consumption has increasingly become an important choice for the new generation of consumers. China chic integrates unique cultural elements with the latest trends across various industries. It not only meets younger consumers’ desire for personality and fashion but also helps revive traditional culture. The rise of China chic is a result of China’s rapid economic development and is driven by certain cultural motivations. Additionally, the continuous improvement of Chinese people’s consumption power is an important factor behind the rise of China chic. Most importantly, cultural confidence is the driving force behind the rise of China chic. Five thousand years of Chinese civilization have left behind a rich cultural heritage. In many ways, guochao is the perfect representative of the new wave of Chinese cultural pride. Originating in the fashion industry, this trend reflects Chinese consumers’ renewed interest in their cultural heritage. The guochao trend is strongest among young adults who have grown up in an increasingly powerful China and thus possess a strong sense of national pride. China’s national strength is growing, and its soft power is also on the rise. Even so, we still have a long way to go in promoting China chic. But as it has become a part of people’s lives, there is no doubt that even more diverse China chic products will emerge in the future to showcase Chinese charm. 1.What does the underlined word “skyrocketed” in the first paragraph mean? A. Risen sharply. B. Dropped obviously. C. Remained stable. D. Changed slightly. 2.Which best describes “China chic”? A. It aims mainly to promote Chinese exports. B. It mixes traditional culture with current trends. C. It attracts mostly middle-aged and older consumers. D. It draws major inspiration from Western fashion styles. 3.What is identified as the primary driver behind the rise of China chic? A. The expansion of China’s economy. B. The growth in people’s purchasing power. C. A renewed sense of cultural identity. D. The influence of social media on the youth. 4.What does the author imply about the future of China chic? A. It will soon lead global fashion. B. It will need more policy support. C. It will remain a small market. D. It will continue to develop and diversify. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍国潮的流行、特点及发展动因与前景。 (1)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第一段中“According to relevant data, the search volume for the keyword “Guochao” increased by 392.66% year-on-year from January to July 2022. (根据相关数据显示，2022年1月至7月，“国潮”关键词的搜索量同比增长了392.66%)”可知，国潮关键词搜索量同比大幅增长，由此可推测划线词与选项A含义相近，意为“急剧上升”。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“China chic integrates unique cultural elements with the latest trends across various industries. (“国潮”将独特的文化元素与各行业的最新潮流相融合)”可知，国潮将独特文化元素与最新潮流融合。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Most importantly, cultural confidence is the driving force behind the rise of China chic. (最重要的是，文化自信是国潮兴起的核心驱动力)”可知，国潮兴起的核心驱动力是文化自信，即“重新焕发的文化认同感”。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But as it has become a part of people’s lives, there is no doubt that even more diverse China chic products will emerge in the future to showcase Chinese charm. (但随着它已逐渐融入人们的日常生活，毫无疑问，未来将涌现出更多样化的国潮产品，向世界展现独特的中国魅力)”可知，作者认为未来会出现更多元的国潮产品，即国潮将“继续发展并多元化”。故选D。 主题语境02 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·安徽六安毛坦厂中学·期中）We all have good days and bad days with our health, and it can be difficult when our bodies are not performing the way we want them to or need them to. But our health is not out of our power to control. As a matter of fact, we all do have a super powerful tool right in our own heads. It’s our amazing brain. Researchers that study the brain-body connection have shown in numerous experiments how the brain can be tricked into believing it is getting better. A simple sugar pill (药片) can relieve pain or even cure an illness if the person believes that the pill being taken is genuine medicine. That’s how powerful our brains are. They can make physical changes in our bodies beyond what we would normally give them credit for. There is a book I reread regularly called Super Brain. The authors, Deepak Chopra and Rudolph E. Tanzi, point out that any of us can, if we choose, set up or create our own placebo (安慰剂) effect at any time without any kind of pill. What’s super interesting, as Chopra and Tanzi explain, is that “the effect isn’t limited to drugs, which is important to remember: anything you believe in can act as a placebo”. They also ask where the relief comes from when the placebos are not actually doing anything themselves. They explain that it is simply “the mind telling the body to get well”. The body really believes what it was being told and then it relieves the pain or heals (治愈) the sickness because it believes it can. In other words, your mind can and does influence healing of all kinds including pain, disease and wounds that our bodies deal with from time to time. That is certainly worth trying for most, if not all of us, whenever we want to cure our pain, problems or disease. These kinds of things are probably very helpful to do on a regular basis even. 1.What does the author think of the role of the brain in health? A. It’s strange. B. It’s powerless. C. It’s fantastic. D. It’s uncertain. 2.What does Super Brain suggest about placebo effects? A. They need pills. B. They’re limited to drugs. C. They’re always temporary. D. They can be created mentally. 3.What is the key for a placebo to work according to the text? A. The degree of pain. B. The person’s belief. C. The type of illness. D. The doctor’s advice. 4.What does the author want to say in the text? A. Placebo s are ineffective in medicine. B. Medicine is the best way to treat illness. C. Pain cannot be relieved without medicine. D. The mind influences the healing of the body. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述大脑对于健康而言是一种神奇的工具，它可以创造出“安慰剂效果”，从而减轻疼痛或治愈疾病。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“But our health is not out of our power to control. As a matter of fact, we all do have a super powerful tool right in our own heads. It’s our amazing brain.(但是我们的健康并不是我们无法控制的。事实上，我们每个人的大脑里都有一个超级强大的工具。这是我们神奇的大脑)”可知，作者认为大脑对于健康有神奇的作用，故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“There is a book I reread regularly called Super Brain. The authors, Deepak Chopra and Rudolph E. Tanzi, point out that any of us can, if we choose, set up or create our own placebo (安慰剂) effect at any time without any kind of pill.(有一本我经常重读的书叫做《超级大脑》。作者Deepak Chopra和Rudolph E. Tanzi指出，如果我们愿意，任何人都可以在任何时候建立或创造自己的安慰剂效果，而不需要任何药物)”和第四段“What’s super interesting, as Chopra and Tanzi explain, is that “the effect isn’t limited to drugs, which is important to remember: anything you believe in can act as a placebo”.(超级有趣的是，正如Chopra和Tanzi解释的那样，“这种效果并不局限于药物，重要的是要记住：任何你相信的东西都可以作为安慰剂”)”可知，《超级大脑》这本书表明，安慰剂效果并不局限于药物，可以从思想上被创造出来，故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中“They explain that it is simply “the mind telling the body to get well”. The body really believes what it was being told and then it relieves the pain or heals (治愈) the sickness because it believes it can. In other words, your mind can and does influence healing of all kinds including pain, disease and wounds that our bodies deal with from time to time.(他们解释说，这只是“大脑告诉身体要好起来”。身体真的相信它被告知的，然后它减轻疼痛或治愈疾病，因为它相信它可以。换句话说，你的大脑可以而且确实影响着各种各样的治疗，包括我们身体不时处理的疼痛、疾病和伤口)”可知，安慰剂起作用的关键是人们的信念，故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合第三段中“That’s how powerful our brains are. They can make physical changes in our bodies beyond what we would normally give them credit for.(我们的大脑就是这么强大。它们可以使我们的身体发生超出我们通常认为的生理变化)”和第五段中“In other words, your mind can and does influence healing of all kinds including pain, disease and wounds that our bodies deal with from time to time.(换句话说，你的大脑可以而且确实影响着各种各样的治疗，包括我们身体不时处理的疼痛、疾病和伤口)”可知，本文主要讲述大脑对于健康而言是一种神奇的工具，它可以创造出“安慰剂效果”，从而减轻疼痛或治愈疾病，故作者在本文主要想说的是大脑影响身体的治愈，故选D。 主题语境03 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·安徽六安一中·期中）There are plenty of health benefits of spending time in the great outdoors. According to a study published in the International Journal of Environmental Health Research, people who grew up with access to nature may have better mental health as adults than those who did not. To test their hypothesis (假设) ，researchers sent questionnaires to 3, 585 adults aged 18 to 75 in four European cities on topics such as how often they visited natural spaces as children and now as adults. Participants were also given psychological test to determine the state of their mental health in the last month. Adults with low levels of nature exposure during childhood saw “significantly worse” mental health issues and did not view natural spaces as much importance in adulthood as those who spent more time growing up outside. Researchers say that their findings show the importance of childhood exposure to natural spaces as it relates to developing an appreciation of nature and healthy psychological state in adulthood. This is particularly significant, because almost three-quarters of Europeans currently live in urban areas with little access to green spaces. That number is expected to increase to 80 percent in the next three decades. Mental health has been shown to be negatively influenced by urban environments due to exposure to noise, crowds and a lack of green spaces among other things. Children who lead inactive lifestyles are more likely to have a lower quality of life and physical health. “Many children in Europe lead an indoor lifestyle, so it would be desirable to make natural outdoor environments available, attractive and safe for them to play in," said study author Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, director of ISGlobal's Urban Planning, Environment and Health Initiative. "We make a call on policymakers to improve the availability of natural spaces for children and green schoolyards." 1.What inspiration do researchers take from their findings ? A. the health of children's psychology. B. the state of children's mental health. C. the development of nature appreciation. D. the importance of childhood exposure to nature. 2.What can we infer from Paragraph 4 ? A. Europeans prefer an inactive lifestyle. B. European Children are in good physical health. C. Europeans lack access to natural spaces. D. European Children probably suffer lower quality of life. 3.What in the future is the study most likely to influence according to the last paragraph? A. Urban planning. B. Economic policies. C. Child education. D. Local tourism. 4.What can be the best title for the text? A. Indoor Activities Are Good for Children's Growth B. Living in Urban Areas Harms Psychological Health C. An Inactive Lifestyle Means a Lower Quality of Life D. Childhood Exposure to Nature Benefits Mental Health 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. D 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项研究发现那些从小接触大自然的人成年后可能比那些没有接触大自然的人有更好的心理健康，所以鼓励创造条件让孩子多参与户外活动。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Researchers say that their findings show the importance of childhood exposure to natural spaces as it relates to developing an appreciation of nature and healthy psychological state in adulthood. (研究人员说，他们的发现显示了儿童时期接触自然空间的重要性，因为这关系到他们成年后对自然的欣赏和健康的心理状态) ”可知，研究者从研究结果中发现童年时接触自然的重要性，故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“This is particularly significant, because almost three-quarters of Europeans currently live in urban areas with little access to green spaces. That number is expected to increase to 80 percent in the next three decades. Mental health has been shown to be negatively influenced by urban environments due to exposure to noise, crowds and a lack of green spaces among other things. (这一点尤为重要，因为目前几乎有四分之三的欧洲人居住在城市地区，很少能接触自然环境。这一数字预计在未来30年将增加到80%。由于暴露于噪音、人群和缺乏自然环境等因素，城市环境对心理健康产生了负面影响) ”可知，欧洲大部分的人居住在城市里，欧洲人缺乏接触自然空间的途径。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段““Many children in Europe lead an indoor lifestyle, so it would be desirable to make natural outdoor environments available, attractive and safe for them to play in," said study author Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, director of ISGlobal's Urban Planning, Environment and Health Initiative. "We make a call on policymakers to improve the availability of natural spaces for children and green schoolyards." (ISGlobal城市规划、环境与健康倡议的负责人、研究报告的作者MarkNieuwenhuijsen说： “欧洲的许多儿童都是室内生活方式，因此最好能让他们在户外的自然环境中玩耍，既有吸引力又安全。我们呼吁政策制定者提高儿童自然空间和绿色校园的可用性”)”可知，欧洲孩子们渴望过户外生活，渴望自然的户外生活环境，所以号召政策的制定者，要在城市规划中，增加孩子们户外活动的可用的自然空间。所以这项研究在未来最可能影响的就是城市规划。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“There are plenty of health benefits of spending time in the great outdoors. According to a study published in the International Journal of Environmental Health Research, people who grew up with access to nature may have better mental health as adults than those who did not. (在户外度过的时间对健康有很多好处。根据发表在《国际环境健康研究杂志》上的一项研究，那些从小接触大自然的人成年后可能比那些没有接触大自然的人有更好的心理健康)”表明一项研究结果，儿童时期接触大自然有益于心理健康，接下来用研究证实这个结论，结合上面小题分析，就是因为这个研究结果，呼吁欧洲针对儿童缺乏接触自然的情况，在城市规划中，增加孩子们户外活动的可用的自然空间。所以，整篇文章都是围绕这个研究结论展开，所以选项D “儿童时期接触大自然有益于心理健康”，最能概括文章大意，是最合适的标题，故选D。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. D Passage 2 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. A　4. D 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. A 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. D　4. B 主题语境04 人与自我-做人与做事 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. D 主题语境05 人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1. B　2. B　3. D　4. A 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. B　4. D Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. A　4. D 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. A　4. B Passage 2 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C　4. A Passage 3 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. D 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. A　4. C Passage 2 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. A 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C　4. A 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. D 主题语境02 人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. D 主题语境03 人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. D / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $