专题二 语法运用 三、形容词和副词-【创新教程】2027年山东省普通高中学业水平合格考英语热点专练

三、形容 学考知识必备 形容词常用来修饰名词或代词，说明其性质或 特征。副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或其 他结构。 一、形容词 (一)形容词的用法及位置 说明人或事物的特征、性质或状态，常用来修饰 名词或不定代词的词叫形容词。 1.作定语，放在名词之前，不定代词之后。如： The nice girl is my sister. 这个漂亮的女孩是我妹妹。 I have something important to tell you. 我有一些重要的事情要告诉你。 注意：有少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语， 如：alone,afraid,asleep,awake,.alive,well等。 2.作表语，放在系动词之后。如： He looks very happy. 他看起来很开心。 3.作宾补，放在宾语之后，常与make,leave,keep 等动词连用。如： You must keep your eyes closed. 你必须闭上眼睛。 (二)the十形容词 某些形容词放在定冠词之后，表示一类人。常见 的这类形容词有good/bad,rich/poor,young/old, deaf/blind,black/white,living/dead等。如： The young should be polite to the old. 年轻人应该对老人有礼貌。 (三)分词形容词 ing形容词 -ed形容词 例句 surprising surprised This is a surprising story. 令人惊讶的 感到惊讶的 I am surprised at the news. interesting interested I have an interesting book. 有趣的 感兴趣的 He is interested in science. Have you heard of the exciting exciting excited news? 令人兴奋的 感到兴奋的 We are excited about the trav- eling. 词和副词 续表 pleased This is a pleasing trip. pleasing 感到愉快的 The teacher is pleased with our 令人愉快的 /满意的 performance. This is a frightening story. frightening frightened We are frightened of the 令人恐惧的 感到恐惧的 ghost. Titanic is a moving film. moving moved We are moved by Hong Zhan- 令人感动的 受感动的 hui deeply. tiring tired It's a long tiring day. 令人疲倦的 感到疲倦的 I'm too tired. What a fascinating voice! fascinating fascinated Many boys are fascinated by 迷人的 着迷的 computer games. 特点：表示被 特点：表示主 动意义，多指 动意义，多指 人对事物的 感受，一般修 We are all interested in the in- 事物对人的 饰人，常用于 影响，一般修 teresting story. “sb.+be十 饰事物 -ed形容词十 介词”结构 (四)有一些表示情感等的表语形容词后可接动词 不定式 glad/happy/pleased sorry/sad/sure/kind be+ +to do sth. ready/afraid/able Leasy/difficult 二、副词 (一)副词的分类和用法 1.副词的分类 (1)时间副词 时间副词有now,then,today,tomorrow,yes terday,before,ago,soon,lately,already,yet 时间副词是确定句子时态的重要标志，所以一 定要牢固掌握不同时态的时间标志词。 (2)地点副词 地点副词有outside,inside,upstairs,here, there,home,near,away,in,back,off,up,any- where等。地点副词和动词连用时不加介词。 (3)方式副词 方式副词有quickly,happily,loudly,badly,eas ily,fast等。方式副词大多由“形容 词+ly”构成。 (4)程度副词 程度副词有very,quite,rather,too,much,so 等。有些程度副词可以修饰形容词或副词原 级，有些能修饰形容词或副词比较级。 (5)疑问副词（组）》 疑问副词（组）有when,where,why,how,how long,how soon,how often,how far等。疑问副 词（组）常用来构成特殊疑问句。 (6)关系副词 关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词常 用来引导定语从句。 (7)频度副词 频度副词有often,usually,never,seldom,some times,always等。 2.副词的用法 (1)作状语 He works hard.(修饰动词)他工作努力。 He parked the car very easily..(修饰副词) 他很容易就把汽车停好了。 Unfortunately,he was out.(修饰整个句子) 很遗憾，他出去了。 (2)作定语 有时少数地点副词和时间副词可以作定 语。如： He likes the picture below. 他喜欢下面的那幅画。 (3)作表语/宾语补足语 作表语/宾语补足语的副词多数是表示位置或 状态的，如：in,out,on,back,down,up,off, away,upstairs。如： He is in.他在家。 What's on this evening？今晚演什么节目？ I must be off now.我现在必须走了。 Let them in.让他们进来。 We saw her off two days ago. 两天前我们为她送行。 (二)副词的位置 1.地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句 末。如： I'll meet him at the station tomorrow..(时间副词) 明天我将去车站接他。 Tomorrow I'll meet him at the station 注意：有时为了强调时间，也可把时间副词放在 句首。 The boy did his homework quickly. 这个男孩子写作业很快。 2.频度副词在句中位置有以下两种 (1)在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后。 She is always kind to us. 她总是对我们很好。 The work will never be done. 这份工作永远也做不完。 (2)在实义动词之前。如： He often goes to school early. 他常常很早就去上学。 三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 1.规则变化 规则 例词 单音节词和部分双音 fast→faster->fastest 节词一般直接加-er narrow->narrower- 和-est narrowest 以-e结尾的单音节词 late→later→latest 直接加-r和-st wide->wider->widest 以辅音字母结尾，前 面只有一个元音字母 hot->hotter->hottest 且元音字母的发音为 thin→thinner-→thinnest 重读闭音节的词，双 red-redder->reddest 写最后一个辅音字 母，再加-er和-est 以辅音字母-y结尾 happy->happier >happiest 的双音节词，变y为i easy->easier->easiest 再加-er和-est careful-more careful- 其他双音节词和多音 most careful 节词在前面加more importantly->more impor 和most tantly->most importantly 2.不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 g00d, better best well bad, worse worst ill many, more most much little less least 续表 farther farthest (仅指距离) (仅指距离) far further furthest (指距离或程度) (指距离或程度) older oldest (指年龄或新旧) (指年龄或新旧) old elder eldest (指年纪较长的) (指年纪最长的) 四、比较等级常用句式 1.两者之间比较 (l)相同：as十原级十as.. He gets up as early as I.他和我起得一样早。 (2)不如：not as十原级十as.. He doesn't get up as early as I. 他不如我起得早。 (3)超越：比较级十than.. He gets up earlier than anyone else in his class. 他比班里其他人都起得早。 2.多者：最高级 Li Ming is the most hard-working student in his class.李明是他班里最努力的学生 3.固定句式 (1)more...than... He is more a writer than a teacher. 与其说他是老师还不如说他是作家。 (2)否定式+比较级 I couldn't agree more with the writer. 我非常同意作者的观点。 (3)the十比较级，the+比较级 The harder you work,the better result you'll get. 越努力成绩越好。 (4)比较级+and+比较级 We are becoming richer and richer. 我们变得越来越富裕。 (5)no more...than... He is no more hard-working than Tom. 他和汤姆一样不努力。 4.倍数表达 (1)倍数十as..as.. This new road is three times as wide as the old one. 这条新路是旧路的三倍宽。 (2)倍数+比较级十than.. This new road is three times wider than the old one. 这条新路比那条旧路宽三倍。 (3)倍数+the十名词+of.. This new road is three times the width of the old one. 新路比旧路宽三倍。 5.固定短语：more or less或多或少；what's more 再者；more than多于，很；less than少于。 五、形容词、副词的一些注意事项 1.以-y结尾的形容词 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词，但friendly, deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,broth- erly仍为形容词。 有些以-y结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词，如： daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。 2.易混形容词和副词 (1)worth,worthy worthwhile 易混词 搭配 worth十数词值…钱 worth sth.值得… worth worth doing值得做…（动名词的 主动形式表示被动意义) be worthy of sth.值得… worthy be worthy of being done 。……值得做 be worthy to be done worth- It is worthwhile doing/to do sth. while做某事是值得的 这本书值得读。 -The book is worth reading. -The book is worthy of being read. -The book is worthy to be read. >It is worthwhile reading/to read the book. (2)late与lately late 意为“迟，晚” lately 意为“最近”，和recently是同义词 DMany people sleep late on Sunday. 许多人在星期天睡懒觉。 2What have you been doing lately? 你最近在忙些什么？ (3)high与highly high 意为“高”，表示空间高度 highly 意为“很，非常”，表示程度 ①The plane is flying high.飞机正在高空飞行。 2I think highly of your opinion. 我很欣赏你的观点。 3Dogs have a highly-developed sense of smell. 狗有着非常发达的嗅觉。 (4)hard与hardly hard 意为“努力地，猛烈地” 意为“几乎不，几乎没有”，表抽象 hardly 概念 ①He works hard.他努力工作。 ②He hardly works.他几乎不工作。 (5)free与freely free 意为“免费地，无拘束地” freely 意为“不受限制地，自由地” DYou can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候，只要你喜欢，就可以在 我的饭馆里免费吃饭。 2 You may speak freely;say whatever you 1ike.你可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么。 学考真题精选 单句语法填空 1.(2026·陕西学业水平合格性考试)At that time,it was (usual)for a woman to live in a forest,but Jane never thought of giving up. 2.(2026·陕西学业水平合格性考试)What Jane did is (extreme)important for the survival of chimps,which keeps encouraging people to understand and protect wildlife. 3.(2026·湖南学业水平合格性考试)Besides wu shu,the (interest)film also made good use of China's beautiful mountains,forests and deserts. 4.(2026·湖南学业水平合格性考试)In fact,it was (careful)made in different loca- tions all around the country. 5.(2024-2025·湖南学业水平考试)She walked (quick)towards her usual bus stop, only to be told the bus couldn't run to King Street that day. 6.(2024-2025·湖南学业水平考试)Suddenly, Polly was (frighten)by a man's rough hand brushing her cheek. 7.(2025·广东学业水平考试)“It just shows us how (power)social media is,Simon said. 8.(2024·湖南学业水平测试)The news (immediate)became a hot topic on China's (socially)media platform,with nearly 43 million netizens expressing their joy and excite- ment. 学考素能提升‘ 1.选词填空 shocking;somehow;lucky;better;popular;much; never;enjoyable 1.-Let's go swimming this afternoon,shall we? -Good idea.Nothing is more than swimming in such a holiday. 2.Bob works so hard at his lessons that he waste time playing computer games. 3.Tom was so that he passed the driving test on his first try. 4.He made one of the most British films of the year,which attracted such a large audi- ence. 5.-What do you think of your new iPad? -Good.I can't find a one. 6.I could have got good grades in the maths exam, but I made some mistakes and failed. 7.It was a story,and we all got shocked. 8.-Will you go to the cinema with me this eve- ning? -I'd love to,but I have too work to do this evening. Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1.(2026·1月浙江高考)Life is full of so many (seeming)uneventful moments,but we can turn any of them into a celebration. 2.(2026·全国高考I卷)Before heading home, they fill their shopping bags with fresh fruit and vegetables from local farmers,at prices signifi- cantly (cheap)than those found in supermarkets. 3.(2026·全国高考Ⅱ卷)For the first15 minutes of my tai chi(太极)class,.we remain (entire)in one spot to warm up. 4.(2026·全国高考Ⅱ卷)The movements have (describe)names like "holding the bowl”and“grabbing the bird's tail'” 5.(2026·山东学业水平考试模拟)Compared with other forms of writing,it is easier to operate and takes (little)time. 6.(2026·山东学业水平考试模拟)Sometimes it is hard for you to put them into English (proper). 7.(2025·全国一卷)Tu says that the balance be- tween the black and white pieces,the beauty in the strategy placement of the pieces,and the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings,sculp- tures, (digital)generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition. 8.(2025·全国二卷)..I live in the countryside of Zhejiang,China with my Chinese husband and his family,where bamboo and tea bushes(灌木) grow wild in the mountains,chickens are always free-range,and center)heating doesn't exist. 9.(2025·湖南学业水平考试模拟)Knowing it was too (danger)to hold the wet line, Franklin held a silk ribbon tied to the end of it. 10.(2025·湖南学业水平考试模拟)Conducted on a stormy day in 1752,his experiment proved lightning was (real)just electricity. 11.(2025·福建学业水平考试模拟)As a product of China's mobile Internet ecosystem,micro- dramas (typical)feature episodes that range from tens of seconds to 15 minutes. 12.(2025·福建学业水平考试模拟)Also,micro- dramas serve as a new way to promote Chinese stories and cultures overseas,with North America nowadays being the (large) foreign market for consuming such content in the whole world. 13.(2025·广东模拟)You can imagine how (terrible)Shy I was with so many eyes fixed upon me. 14.(2025·湖南学业水平模拟)The Amazon rain- forest,the largest rainforest in the world,play an (importance)role in maintaining the balance of the Earth's ecosystem. 15.(2025·湖南模拟)There were a lot of difficult English words, (especial)in Geography and Biology. Ⅲ.阅读理解 (2025·陕西学业水平考试)We waste1.3bil lion tons of food every year.This is too much- the waste weighs as much as 200 million ele- phants!Most of food waste happens in North America and Europe,where about 100 kg of food per person is wasted each year.However,there are still millions of people that don't have enough to eat. Food waste isn't just bad for humans, though.It's also bad for the environment.When we put food waste into the landfill,it produces a dangerous gas that can keep heat inside of the Earth's atmosphere.That's why it's one of the causes of global warming.There are also chemi- cals that come out of the food and go into the soil. When it rains,the chemicals then go into our riv- ers and lakes.As a result,food waste seriously harms our bodies of water. People don't think about how food is made when they're throwing it away.A lot of water is used to grow plants that make food.We use a lot of energy because we need fuel to transport food. If we waste this food,we waste our planet's natu- ral resources. For these reasons,it is important for us all to reduce our food waste. 1.How many tons of food are wasted every year? A.1 billion. B.1.3 billion. C.100 million. D.200 million. 2.What's the result when the chemicals go into rivers and lakes? A.The body of water is seriously harmed. B.The heat is kept inside of the atmosphere. C.A dangerous gas is slowly disappearing. D.A piece of land is gradually formed. 3.What do we know from Paragraph 3? A.People think twice before throwing food away. B.Little water is used to grow plants that make food. C.We seldom need fuel to transport food every day. D.Wasting food means wasting our natural re- sources. 4.What will the writer probably talk about in the next paragraph? A.Reasons for reducing our food waste. B.Reasons for saving natural resources. C.Methods of reducing our food waste. D.Methods of growing various plants.名词的数。句意同上。afternoon“下午”是可数名词，此处 指不止一个下午，应用复数形式afternoons。故填after noons。」 8.times [考查名词。句意：由于人们现在选择穿更多衣服 的次数更少了，服装租赁服务越来越受欢迎。time表示 “次数”时是可数名词，fewer修饰可数名词复数形式。故 填times. 9.solution[考查名词。句意：坦尼娅的店提供女性时尚服 装租赁，而不是让她们直接购买，为一次性活动着装提供 了一个更便宜的解决方案。提示词作宾语，用名词solu tion,意为“解决方案”，有冠词a修饰，用单数形式。故填 solution。 l0.people's[考查名词所有格。句意：“我真的想让这个 (服装租绩服务)适合如今人们的生活，我知道这并不总 是意味着在一个特别的周末后的周一归还礼服，”她说。 提示词修饰名词lives,需用名词所有格people's,作定 语。故填people's。] 11.inventor [考查名词。句意：本杰明·富兰克林是一位 著名的科学家、作家、印刷商、发明家和政治家。此处需 要一个表示“发明家”的名词，与前面的“scientist,writ er,printer'”和下文的“politician”并列，invent是动词，其 名词形式为inventor。故填inventor。 l2.experiment's[考查名词的所有格。，句意：虽然有人怀 疑实验的安全性，但富兰克林的工作推动了电学的研 究。他的贡献在科学界仍有影响力。表示“实验的”安全 性，用名词所有格，experiment的所有格是experiment's。故 填experiment's。] 13.actions [考查名词复数。句意：如果无害的行为是有害 行为的对立面，为什么无耻的行为和可耻的行为是一样 的呢？根据空后的are可知，主语应用复数形式，action 是可数名词，应用复数形式。故填actions。] 14.birds 15.muscles Ⅱ.[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作 者对设计的热爱以及从制作衣物到制作鞋子，并最终确定 未来职业方向的经历。 l.A[细节理解题。根据第一段“Then three years ago,I began making shoes,and I now spend my free time doing that,(三年前，我开始制作鞋子，现在我把业余时间都用 来做这个。)”可知，从前两段我们可以知道作者三年前开 始做鞋。】 2.C[细节理解题。根据第三段“The teachers were excel lent.That's what was best about the classes.(老师们都 很优秀。这就是课程最好的地方。)”可知，作者最喜欢这 些课程的一点是那里的老师很优秀。] 3.C[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“At the moment I'm making a pair of trainers(运动鞋)using an old pair of jeans,but I've used all kinds of different things before, from old leather handbags to old cotton dresses！(目前找 正在用一条旧牛仔裤做一双运动鞋，但我以前用过各种 不同的东西，从旧皮革手袋到旧棉质连衣裙！)”可知，作 者现在用旧牛仔裤做运动鞋。 4.B[细节理解题。根据最后一段“I've decided I'lldo home design,(我决定做家居设计。)”可知，作者将来想成 为家居设计师。」 三、形容词和副词 [学考真题精选] 1.unusual[考查形容词。句意：在那时，女性住在森林里 是不寻常的，但简从未想过放弃。所填词在was后作表 语，要用形容词：此处表达“不寻常的”含义，要将usual变 成反义词unusual。 2.extremely[考查副词。句意：简所做的一切对于黑猩猩 的生存极其重要，这不断激励人们去了解并保护野生动 物。所填词作状语修饰形容词important,要将形容词ex treme变成副词extremely。」 3.interesting 「考查形容词。句意：除了武术，这部有趣的 电影还巧妙地运用了中国美丽的山川、森林和沙漠。此 处作定语修饰名词film,指物，用interesting。」 4.carefully L考查副词。句意：事实上，它是在全国各地的 不同地点精心制作而成的。空处用副词修饰动词，填 carefully。 5.quickly 6.frightened 7.powerful 8.immediately;so- cial [学考素能提升] I.1.enjoyable 2.never 3.lucky 4.popular 5.better 6.somehow 7.shocking 8.much II.1.seemingly 2.cheaper 3.entirely 4.descriptive 5.less 6.properly 7.strategic/strategical digitally 8.central 9.dangerous 10.really 11.typically 12.lar- gest 13.terribly 14.important 15.especially Ⅲ.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。 主要讲的是每年全 球存在大量的食物浪费现象，食物浪费不仅对人类不利，还 对环境有害，包括造成全球变暖、污染水体以及浪费自然资 源等，因此减少食物浪费对我们所有人都很重要。 1.B[细节理解题。根据第一段“We waste1.3 billion tons of food every year..(我们每年浪费l3亿吨食物。)” 可知，每年有13亿吨食物被浪费。」 2.A[细节理解题。根据第二段“There are also chemicals that come out of the food and go into the soil.When it rains,the chemicals then go into our rivers and lakes.As a result,food waste seriously harms our bodies of water. (还有一些化学物质从食物中出来进入土壤。下雨时，这 些化学物质就会进入我们的河流和湖泊。因此，食物浪 费严重损害了我们的水体。)”可知，当这些化学物质进入 河流和湖泊，水体会受到严重损害。门 3.D[细节理解题。根据第三段“If we waste this food,we waste our planet's natural resources..(知果我们浪费这 些食物，我们就浪费了地球的自然资源。)”可知，浪费食 物就是浪费自然资源。」 4.C[推理判断题。根据最后一段“For these reasons,itis important for us all to reduce our food waste.(由于这些 原因，减少食物浪费对我们所有人都很重要。)”可知，作 者在下一段可能会谈论减少食物浪费的方法。] 四、代词 「学考真题精选 1.themselves [考查代词。句意：她发现黑猩猩有独特的 方式表达它们自己。所填词作express的宾语，与主语 chimps是对应关系，即“猩猩表达自己”，要将they变成 反身代词themselves。」 2.yOur[考查代词。句意：对于经常被问到的“你最喜欢的 电影是什么？”这个问题，我的回答是《卧虎藏龙》。空出 作定语，修饰名词，用形容词性物主代词，故填your。] 3.our 考查代词。句意：你可以向杨老师学习中国传统戏 曲，她是我们的戏曲老师。空出作定语，修饰名词，用形 容词性物主代词，故填our。」 4.her 5.us 6.his 学考素能提升] I.1.it[it作形式主语，代替后面的不定式。] 2.yours[此处yours相当于your eraser。] 3.Both 4.one 5.None 6.Nothing II.1.us 2.myself 3.its 4.Both 5.myself 6.their 7.herself 8.myself Il.1.help others 2.Each member of 3.at any time 4.Nothing special 5.every word N,[语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍的是美国 各地的音乐节 l.C「细节理解题。根据Electric Daisy Carnival Las Ve gas,Nevada部分“This festival is one of the world'slar gest electronic dance music(EDM)festivals.(这个音乐 节是世界上最大的电子舞曲(EDM)音乐节之一。)”可知， Electric Daisy Carnival会吸引电子舞曲爱好者。故选 C。] 2.C[细节理解题。根据Pickathon|Happy Valley,Ore gon部分“The festival is recognized for its theme on an eco-friendly environment with a commitment to reducing its environmental impact.(该节日以环保为主题，致力于 减少对环境的影响。)”和When We Were Young Las Vegas,Nevada部分“This festival,celebrating the old- time sounds of the early 2000s,brings together some of the biggest names from the pop-punk scenes,featuring legendary bands and artists from the2000s.(这个节日， 庆祝21世纪初的旧时代声音，汇集了流行朋克场景中的 一些最知名的人物，展示了21世纪的传奇乐队和艺术 家。)”可知，这两个节日都有一个中心主题。故选C。]