Unit 1 Relationships 语法 过去完成时导学案-2026-2027学年北师大版高中英语选择性必修第一册

该高中英语导学案聚焦过去完成时语法点，通过“过去的过去”核心定义衔接已学的一般过去时，以时间标志词、四大用法及重难点辨析为支架，构建从概念理解到应用的知识脉络，助力学生掌握语法规则。 资料系统整合定义、结构、用法及辨析，配套分层练习（单词填空、句子改写等）与高考难度短文填空，结合解题口诀提升思维品质，通过多样题型强化语言能力，答案解析支持自主学习，有效培养学生的语法应用与学习能力。

Unit1 Relationships语法讲解与练习 语法：过去完成时详细讲解 （一）核心定义：什么是过去完成时？ 过去完成时表示在过去某一个动作/时间之前已经发生,完成的动作或存在的状态,通俗总结为：过去的过去。 关键前提：必须有一个过去的参照点（一般过去时动作/过去时间点），不能单独使用。 例句1：I had finished my homework before my parents came back. （父母回来前，我就写完了作业） 例句2：By the time I got up, my sister had gone to school. （我起床时，姐姐已经去上学了） （二）完整基本结构（肯定/否定/疑问） 1. 肯定句：主语+ had +过去分词 例句1：She had learned basic communication skills before entering high school. 例句2：They had built a close friendship long ago. 2. 否定句：主语 + had not (hadn’t) + 过去分词 例句1：I hadn’t met him before he joined our class. 例句2：She hadn’t realised her mistake until her friend reminded her. 3. 一般疑问句：Had +主语+过去分词？ 例句1：Had you known each other before the competition? 例句2：Had he finished the report when the teacher checked? 4. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ had +主语+过去分词？ 例句1：What had you done before you moved here? 例句2：How long had they stayed friends before they parted? （三）必考时间标志词（看到直接优先考虑过去完成时） by the time + 过去句子/ before +过去动作/by +过去年份/时间 / until / already / yet / never / just 例句1：By the end of last term, we had mastered basic interpersonal skills. 例句2：He had never argued with his best friend before that incident. （四）四大核心用法 用法1：先后两个过去动作，强调“先完成”的动作用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时 例句1：The rain had stopped when we went out for a walk. 例句2：She had prepared gifts before her friends arrived. 用法2：主句一般过去时，宾语从句动作发生在主句之前，从句用过去完成时 例句1：He said that he had made a new friend in the dorm. 例句2：I found that she had already left the classroom. 用法3：描述过去的经历、次数、持续状态（截止到过去某时间） 例句1：By 2022, he had lived in this community for 8 years. 例句2：She had tried many ways to fix their relationship before giving up. 用法4：虚拟语气高频（本单元拓展考点）：hardly/scarcely…when… / no sooner…than… 固定句式：Hardly had +主语+过去分词+ when +一般过去时 例句1：Hardly had I sat down when the bell rang. 例句2：No sooner had they met than they began to chat warmly. （五）重难点辨析 1. 一般过去时 VS 过去完成时 一般过去时：只陈述过去事实，无先后对比； 过去完成时：强调过去的过去，有明确先后顺序。 例句1（一般过去时）：He left home.（单纯陈述他离开了家） 例句2（过去完成时）：He had left home when I arrived.（我到之前，他就已经走了） 2. already/yet 用法区别 already 多用于肯定句，yet 多用于否定、疑问句，常搭配过去完成时。 例句1：She had already finished her group work. 例句2：I hadn’t heard of the story yet. （六）解题秒杀口诀 有过去、找先后，先发生者用完成； by the time/before 现，过去完成必出现； 主句过去从句先，从句时态往前推。 【配套专项练习】 大题一：单词正确形式填空 1. By the time we got to the cinema, the film ________ (start). 2. He told me that he ________ (know) my elder sister for many years. 3. When I woke up, my parents ________ (go) to work already. 4. They ________ (complete) their group project before the class began. 5. I didn’t know I ________ (make) such a silly mistake before. 6. Had you ________ (communicate) with him before the quarrel? 7. She said she ________ (not meet) her old friend since graduation. 8. By last winter, we ________ (study) English for 8 years. 9. He felt regretful because he ________ (ignore) his friend’s feelings. 10. When the teacher came in, we ________ (not finish) our discussion. 11. I ________ (never see) such a kind person before I met him. 12. By the time the bell rang, we ________ (prepare) for the speech. 13. She realised she ________ (leave) her notebook in the classroom. 14. The coach found that some players ________ (not practise) hard enough. 15. Before he moved abroad, he ________ (live) here for twenty years. 16. ________ they ________ (build) good relationships before the activity? 17. He ________ (learn) how to get along with others before entering senior high. 18. We found out that someone ________ (take) away our team materials. 19. By 2021, she ________ (publish) three articles about interpersonal relationships. 20. Lucy said she ________ (not accept) the apology yet. 21. When we arrived at the park, the rain ________ (stop). 22. I remembered that I ________ (promise) to help him with his study. 23. They ________ (not have) any close friends before they joined the club. 24. He was upset because he ________ (break) his promise to his friend. 25. By the time she was 18, she ________ (develop) great social skills. 大题二：句子改写 1. I finished my homework. Then I chatted with my friend. By the time I chatted with my friend, I ________ (finish) my homework. 2. The party ended. I arrived at the hall. When I arrived at the hall, the party ________ (end). 3. She practiced hard. She won the competition. She won the competition because she ________ (practise) hard. 4. I lost my phone. I asked my classmates for help. Before I asked my classmates for help, I ________ (lose) my phone. 5. They solved the problem before 9 o’clock. By 9 o’clock, they ________ (solve) the problem. 6. He left the dorm. I went to find him. When I went to find him, he ________ (leave) the dorm. 7. We learned teamwork. We took part in the game. We took part in the game after we ________ (learn) teamwork. 8. The wind died down. We went out to exercise. Before we went out to exercise, the wind ________ (die) down. 9. She knew the truth. She felt relieved. She felt relieved after she ________ (know) the truth. 10. He kept silent. I explained my mistake. He ________ (keep) silent until I ________ (explain) my mistake. 大题三：汉译英句子翻译 1. 在我来到这个班级之前，我已经听说过他的名字。 ______________________________________________________ 2. 他告诉我他已经和朋友和好如初了。 ______________________________________________________ 3. 当老师介入时，两个同学已经停止争吵了。 ______________________________________________________ 4. 到上个月月底，我已经认识班里所有的同学了。 ______________________________________________________ 5. 在学会沟通技巧之前，我常常和家人吵架。 ______________________________________________________ 6. 我突然意识到我误解了我的好朋友。 ______________________________________________________ 7. 在他向我道歉之前，我已经原谅他了。 ______________________________________________________ 8. 她说她从未遇到过如此真诚的朋友。 ______________________________________________________ 9. 在天黑之前，我们已经完成了所有的小组任务。 ______________________________________________________ 10. 直到老师提醒我，我才知道我伤害了朋友的感情。 ______________________________________________________ 大题四：高考难度短文填空 I recently reunited with my childhood friend Tom. We 1.________ (not keep) in touch for nearly six years before we met again. Before our reunion, I 2.________ (wonder) whether he had changed. Tom told me that he 3.________ (move) to another city with his parents in 2018. By the time he entered a new school, he 4.________ (make) few new friends, which made him lonely. He said he 5.________ (miss) our old days very much. I felt ashamed because I 6.________ (think) he 7.________ (forget) our friendship. We talked about many funny things that 8.________ (happen) when we were little kids. By the end of our talk, we 9.________ (decide) to contact each other regularly. I was truly thankful that we 10.________ (not lose) our precious friendship. Keys （一）单词正确形式填空 1. had started 2. had known 3. had gone 4. had completed 5. had made 6. had communicated 7. hadn’t met 8. had studied 9. had ignored 10. hadn’t finished 11. had never seen 12. had prepared 13. had left 14. hadn’t practised 15. had lived 16. Had; built 17. had learned/learnt 18. had taken 19. had published 20. hadn’t accepted 21. had stopped 22. had promised 23. hadn’t had 24. had broken 25. had developed （二）句子改写 1. had finished 2. had ended 3. had practised 4. had lost 5. had solved 6. had left 7. had learned/learnt 8. had died 9. had known 10. had kept; explained （三）汉译英 1. Before I came to this class, I had heard of his name. 2. He told me that he had made up with his friends. 3. When the teacher stepped in, the two classmates had stopped quarrelling. 4. By the end of last month, I had known all my classmates. 5. Before I learned communication skills, I had often quarrelled with my family. 6. I suddenly realised that I had misunderstood my best friend. 7. Before he apologized to me, I had already forgiven him. 8. She said she had never met such sincere friends. 9. Before it got dark, we had finished all our group tasks. 10. I didn’t know I had hurt my friend’s feelings until the teacher reminded me. （四）短文填空 1. hadn’t kept 2. had wondered 3. had moved 4. had made 5. had missed 6. had thought 7. had forgotten 8. had happened 9. had decided 10. hadn’t lost 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $