Unit 1 Food matters语法(不定式V-to do作主语和表语) 导学案-2026-2027学年译林版高中英语选择性必修第一册

该高中英语导学案聚焦动词不定式to do作主语和表语，从课本原句切入，先讲解基础结构、否定形式及与动名词的核心区别，再分模块解析作主语的直接前置与it形式主语句型，作表语的解释说明功能及特殊考点，构建从具体例句到抽象规则的学习支架，衔接非谓语动词知识脉络。 资料特色在于结合“Food Matters”单元主题设计语境化例句与练习，通过对比to do与doing的用法培养思维品质，多样化练习（判断、填空、转换、翻译）提升语言应用能力，重难点总结表格与易错提醒助力自主学习，符合新课标语言能力、思维品质和学习能力的培养要求。

Unit1 Food Matters语法讲解与练习 动词不定式 to do 作主语和表语详细讲解 1.To eat out was also a social activity…（todo 作主语） 2.…it was not that difficult to make a simple and tasty dish.（it 形式主语，to make 真正主语） 3.…my first thought at mealtimes was to eat at a restaurant.（todo 作表语） 4.My plan is to invite my friends over at the weekend…（todo 作表语） todo 动词不定式基础 结构：to +动词原形； 否定形式：not to do（否定词not放在to前面,不能写成to not do） 不定式属于非谓语动词：不能单独在句中充当谓语，没有人称、数、时态的变化；可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语等多种句子成分。 ✅核心含义: todo多表示具体的/一次性的/尚未发生/将要发生的动作,侧重某次特定行为、目标。 对比：doing（动名词）作主语多指：泛指、抽象、习惯性、经常性的行为。 经典例句：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。（todo 作主语 + todo 作表语，对称结构） ❌易错：不定式不能直接作谓语 ✅ I hope to cook.（hope 谓语，to cook 宾语） ❌ I to cook meals.（错误，to cook 不能单独做谓语） 第一部分：todo 作主语 不定式放在主语位置，代表一件事情；不定式作主语，谓语动词必须用单数形式。 句式 1：不定式直接置于句首（真实主语在句首） To do sth. +单数谓语+其他. 适用场景：不定式短语较短；书面正式文体。 弊端：不定式短语很长时，句子头重脚轻，阅读别扭，写作尽量避免。 To eat out costs much money. 外出就餐要花不少钱。 To cook healthy food is our goal. 做健康的食物是我们的目标。 拓展例句（单元话题） To cut down on sugar helps us keep fit. 减少糖分摄入有助于我们保持健康。 句式 2：it 作形式主语 逻辑：把真正的主语todo挪到句子后面，句首用虚义代词 it 占住主语位置，解决头重脚轻；it 本身没有实际含义，翻译时不译。 通用框架：It + be /takes/ 其他系表 + … + (for /of sb.) to do sth. 句型① It + be + adj. + for sb. + to do sth. 形容词用来描述这件事情本身的属性, 不是描述人的性格品德。 高频形容词：important, difficult, easy, hard, necessary, possible, dangerous, meaningful, worthwhile 等。 It was not that difficult to make a simple and tasty dish.（课本原句） 做一道简单可口的菜并没有那么难。 It is necessary for us to keep a balanced diet. 对我们来说保持均衡饮食很有必要。 👉深层理解：for sb引出不定式动作的逻辑主语，即 “这件事对某人来说……”。 句型② It + be + adj. + of sb. + to do sth. 形容词用来描述人的性格、品德、品质，不定式说明人的具体行为。 高频形容词：kind, nice, clever, wise, foolish, rude, careless, generous, polite 等。 It is wise of you to choose fresh ingredients. 你选择新鲜食材是很明智的。 💡for /of 判断黄金技巧（必背） 把sb.拿出来作主语，用这个形容词修饰这个人，如果逻辑通顺，就用of；不通顺就用for。 You are wise. ✔通顺 → of You are necessary. ❌逻辑不通 → for 对比练习 It is hard ____ us to give up junk food.（for，不能说 we are hard） It is polite ____ him to respect food.（of，He is polite ✔） 句型③ It takes sb. + 时间/金钱 + to do sth. 固定：做某事花费某人多长时间 / 多少金钱。 It takes me one hour to prepare dinner. 准备晚饭花我一小时。 句型④ It is +名词/名词短语+ to do sth. it 形式主语，后面接 duty, task, honour, responsibility 等名词。 It is our duty to avoid junk food. 远离垃圾食品是我们的责任。 It is a great honour to taste such traditional local food. 品尝这种当地传统食物是一大荣幸。 ✨重难点辨析：todo 作主语 VS doing 作主语 形式 侧重点 例句 To do 具体、一次性、将来某一次特定动作 To learn cooking well takes lots of time.（把做饭学好这件事） Doing 泛指、抽象、长期习惯、经常性活动 Learning cooking brings me joy.（做饭这件事,日常爱好） 考题口诀：具体一次性用 todo；泛指习惯用 doing ⚠️补充：少数形容词后，It is + adj. + doing也存在（it 形式主语，动名词真正主语）， 常见：It is useless / no use doing sth做…… 是没用的。 It is useless complaining about your bad diet. 抱怨自己糟糕的饮食习惯没有用。 ⚠️写作易错： ❌ To eat too much are bad for health.（谓语错，不定式作主语谓语用单数 is） ✅ To eat too much is bad for health. 第二部分：todo 作表语 放在系动词之后（最常用 be 动词 am/is/are/was/were），构成主系表结构。 语义：todo 用来解释、说明主语的具体内容、目标、计划、愿望、职责、安排。 ✅能够用 todo 作表语的常见主语名词： plan, dream, aim, purpose, wish, hope, choice, idea, thought, task, duty, goal 基础结构：主语 + be + to do sth. My first thought at mealtimes was to eat at a restaurant.（课本原句） 吃饭时我的第一个念头就是去餐馆吃饭。 My plan is to invite my friends over at the weekend.（课本原句） 我的计划是周末邀请朋友过来。 Our aim is to eat more fresh vegetables. 我们的目标是多吃新鲜蔬菜。 📌特殊考点 1：前有实义动词 do，后省 to（高频单选考点） 规则：主语部分含有实义动词 do（do / does / did / done），后面作表语的不定式符号to可以省略，也可以保留 to； ⚠️如果主语没有 do，to绝对不能省略。 ✅ All you need to do is (to) buy some fresh fruit. 你需要做的就是买一些新鲜水果。 ❌ My wish is buy fresh fruit.（主语没有 do，to 不能丢） ✅ My wish is to buy fresh fruit. 拓展例句 What I did was (to) change my eating habits. 我所做的就是改变我的饮食习惯。 📌特殊考点 2：todo 作表语表 “计划、命令、安排” be to do 表示按计划、命令将要发生的事，不表示主语的想法，而是官方 / 客观安排。 The meeting is to start at 6 o’clock. 会议定于 6 点开始。 We are to finish the survey on food safety this week. 我们要在本周完成食品安全调查。 📌对称句式：主语 todo，表语 todo，to 不能省略 前后都用不定式，保持结构对称。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 To live is to eat, not to eat is to live. 吃是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃。 📌拓展：todo 作表语 vs doing 作表语 todo 作表语：侧重将来、计划、尚未实现 My dream is to become a nutritionist.（梦想，还未实现） 我的梦想是成为一名营养师。 doing 作表语：主语是事物，doing 说明主语性质，“是什么” My hobby is cooking.（爱好，习惯性） 我的爱好是做饭。 区分小技巧： 主语是 plan /dream/aim /wish（计划梦想）→ 大多用 todo； 主语是 hobby /job（爱好、工作性质）→ 多用 doing。 第三部分：重难点总结表格 用法 位置 核心含义 典型句型 todo作主语 句首;或it形式主语后置 具体、一次性、将要发生的动作 To do…is… / It is +adj. +for/of sb. to do… todo作表语 be系动词之后 解释主语：计划、目的、愿望、任务 plan/dream/thought + be + to do ⚠️四大易错提醒（考试高频丢分点） ✅todo 作主语，谓语动词永远用单数； ✅for /of 区分：修饰事情属性用 for；修饰人的品格用 of； ✅前有实义 do，后 to 可省；无 do，to 不可省； ✅todo 侧重具体、将来；doing 侧重泛指、习惯； ✅不定式否定：not to do，不要写成 to not do； ✅it是形式主语，不能把 todo 删掉；真正主语是 to do。 易错改错示例 ❌ To keep healthy are important. ✅ To keep healthy is important.（谓语单数） ❌ It is kind for him to help us. ✅ It is kind of him to help us.（kind 修饰人） ❌ What I want is cook more healthy dishes. ✅ What I want is to cook more healthy dishes.（无 do，to 不能省） ❌ My hobby is to cook. ✅ My hobby is cooking.（hobby 是长期爱好，用 doing） 【专项课堂练习】 Ⅰ. 判断下列句中划线to do结构作主语还是表语 1. To maintain a balanced diet is essential for physical health. (________) 2. My long-term goal is to develop healthy eating habits. (________) 3. It is worthwhile to choose fresh and local ingredients. (________) 4. The best way to keep fit is to avoid overeating junk food. (________) 5. To cook nutritious meals takes time and patience. (________) 6. Our main task in daily life is to value every healthy meal. (________) 7. It is not difficult to form a regular eating routine. (________) 8. To refuse sugary drinks benefits teenagers’ growth. (________) 9. What I want most is to enjoy safe and tasty food every day. (________) 10. It is our responsibility to protect food safety. (________) Ⅱ. 单句填空（用所给动词的适当形式填空） 1. It is necessary for teenagers ________ (keep) a balanced diet. 2. My lifelong wish is ________ (pursue) a healthy and green lifestyle. 3. ________ (consume) too much processed food does great harm to our body. 4. It is wise ________ (reduce) the intake of high-sugar and high-fat food. 5. All you need ________ (do) is select fresh ingredients for your meals. 6. The purpose of food education is ________ (teach) students to eat healthily. 7. It takes time and effort ________ (develop) a good eating habit. 8. ________ (ignore) food safety rules is extremely dangerous. 9. It is careless of him ________ (take) expired food without checking. 10. The only solution to the problem is ________ (raise) people’s awareness of healthy diets. 11. It is useless ________ (regret) after eating unhealthy food for a long time. 12. Our teacher’s advice is ________ (stick) to regular three meals a day. 13. ________ (cook) home-made food is much healthier than eating out. 14. It is important for us ________ (not waste) any precious food. 15. What he decided to do is ________ (promote) local green food culture. 16. It is generous of volunteers ________ (popularize) healthy eating knowledge. 17. The key to good health is ________ (balance) diet and exercise. 18. ________ (overeat) during festivals leads to many physical problems. 19. It is a must ________ (check) food labels before buying processed food. 20. My suggestion for you is ________ (gradually) change your unhealthy eating habits. Ⅲ. 句型转换 要求：将不定式前置主语改为 it作形式主语，句意不变 1. To develop healthy eating habits is of great importance. _________________________________________________________________ 2. To avoid junk food requires strong self-discipline. _________________________________________________________________ 3. To cook nutritious meals every day takes plenty of time. _________________________________________________________________ 4. To pay attention to food safety is necessary for everyone. _________________________________________________________________ 5. To keep a balanced diet benefits our physical and mental health. _________________________________________________________________ 6. To refuse wasted food is our traditional virtue. _________________________________________________________________ 7. To learn basic cooking skills is useful for teenagers. _________________________________________________________________ 8. To choose green and organic food improves our life quality. _________________________________________________________________ 9. To correct bad eating habits is not that easy. _________________________________________________________________ 10. To spread healthy food culture is meaningful work. _________________________________________________________________ Ⅳ. 汉译英句子翻译 1. 养成健康的饮食习惯是维持身体健康的关键。 _________________________________________________________________ 2. 我的目标是拒绝垃圾食品，坚持均衡饮食。 _________________________________________________________________ 3. 对我们来说，珍惜每一粒粮食是一种责任。 _________________________________________________________________ 4. 学会简单烹饪能帮助我们远离不健康的外卖。 _________________________________________________________________ 5. 他最大的习惯就是从不吃过期食物。 _________________________________________________________________ 6. 减少高糖食物的摄入对青少年的成长至关重要。 _________________________________________________________________ 7. 我们的任务是向身边的人普及健康饮食的知识。 _________________________________________________________________ 8. 改变长期以来的不良饮食方式并非一朝一夕之事。 _________________________________________________________________ 9. 明智的做法是多吃天然新鲜的食材，少吃加工食品。 _________________________________________________________________ 10. 保护食品安全、倡导健康饮食是每个人的义务。 _________________________________________________________________ Keys Ⅰ. 句子成分判断 1. 主语 2. 表语 3. 主语 4. 表语 5. 主语 6. 表语 7. 主语 8. 主语 9. 表语 10. 主语 Ⅱ. 单句填空 1. to keep（it形主，for sb. to do） 2. to pursue（to do作表语，解释goal内容） 3. To consume（to do前置作主语，单数谓语） 4. to reduce（It is wise to do 固定句型） 5. to do（need为实义动词，后接to do） 6. to teach（to do作表语） 7. to develop（It takes time to do 固定句型） 8. To ignore（不定式前置作主语） 9. to take（It is careless of sb. to do） 10. to raise（to do作表语） 11. regretting（It is useless doing 固定高分句型） 12. to stick（to do作表语） 13. To cook（不定式主语） 14. not to waste（不定式否定式） 15. (to) promote（前有do，省略to） 16. to popularize（of sb. to do 赞美品质） 17. to balance（to do作表语） 18. To overeat（不定式主语） 19. to check（It is a must to do 固定句型） 20. to gradually change（to do作表语，副词修饰不定式） Ⅲ. 句型转换 1. It is of great importance to develop healthy eating habits. 2. It requires strong self-discipline to avoid junk food. 3. It takes plenty of time to cook nutritious meals every day. 4. It is necessary for everyone to pay attention to food safety. 5. It benefits our physical and mental health to keep a balanced diet. 6. It is our traditional virtue to refuse wasted food. 7. It is useful for teenagers to learn basic cooking skills. 8. It improves our life quality to choose green and organic food. 9. It is not that easy to correct bad eating habits. 10. It is meaningful work to spread healthy food culture. Ⅳ. 汉译英 1. To form healthy eating habits is the key to maintaining physical health. 2. My goal is to refuse junk food and stick to a balanced diet. 3. It is our duty to treasure every grain of food. 4. To learn simple cooking skills can help us stay away from unhealthy takeout. 5. His biggest habit is never to eat expired food. 6. To reduce the intake of high-sugar food is vital to teenagers’ growth. 7. Our task is to popularize knowledge of healthy eating among people around us. 8. It is not easy to change long-term bad eating habits overnight. 9. It is wise to eat more fresh natural ingredients and less processed food. 10. It is everyone’s obligation to protect food safety and advocate healthy diets. 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $