Unit 2 Great people（知识清单）英语新教材译林版九年级下册

该初中英语单元知识清单围绕“Unit 2 Great people”主题，系统梳理词汇（人物身份、科学发现等）、短语（动词、介词、名词短语）、句型（写作、论证、描写句型）、语法（短语动词用法）及写作（人物介绍）核心内容，搭建从基础积累到综合应用的递进式学习支架。 清单采用主题分类与功能分级结合的方式构建知识体系，如词汇按“人物身份”“科学发现”等主题归类，句型分“写作核心”“论证升华”“描写高频”层级，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。特别设计“易错点助记口诀”（如“devote、contribute带to，介词后面用doing”）和“写作框架+范文”，不同基础学生可高效掌握，教师可据此精准教学，提升课堂实效。

Unit 2 Great people 主 题 场 景 分 类 词 汇 一、人物身份： 1. ___________ (思想家) __________________________________________________________________（卡尔・马克思是一位伟大的思想家。） 2. ___________ (创建者，奠基人) __________________________________________________________________（他是这个研究项目的奠基人。） 3. ___________ (教育家；教育工作者) __________________________________________________________________（袁隆平不仅是科学家，也是伟大的教育家。） 4. ___________ (生物学家) __________________________________________________________________（这位生物学家花了数年时间做实地研究。） 5. ___________ (研究者) __________________________________________________________________（这个团队由数位勤奋的研究者组成。） 6. ___________ (丈夫) __________________________________________________________________（她的丈夫一直支持她的科研工作。） 二、科学发现&医学： 1. ___________ (青霉素) __________________________________________________________________（青霉素拯救了数百万人的生命。） 2. ___________ (发现) __________________________________________________________________（这项伟大的发现改变了现代医学。） 3. ___________ (疟疾) __________________________________________________________________（屠呦呦找到了治疗疟疾的好方法。） 4. ___________ (镭) __________________________________________________________________（居里夫人投入大量时间研究镭。） 5. ___________ (诊所，门诊部) __________________________________________________________________（他在乡下的一家当地诊所工作。） 6. ___________ (X光，X射线) __________________________________________________________________（医生使用X光检查人体。） 7. ___________ (辐射) __________________________________________________________________（过量辐射对人体健康有害。） 8. ___________ (护理) __________________________________________________________________（她在医学院主修护理专业。） 三、时代与事物： 1. ___________ (时代，年代) __________________________________________________________________（我们生活在崭新的数字时代。） 2. ___________ (（尤指技术方面的）一代；一代（人）) __________________________________________________________________（新一代科学家正在快速成长。） 3. ___________ (人造卫星；卫星) __________________________________________________________________（中国向太空发射了许多人造卫星。） 4. ___________ (武器) __________________________________________________________________（我们希望世界远离危险武器。） 5. ___________ (原子能的，核能的，核武器的) __________________________________________________________________（他毕生研究核科学。） 6. ___________ (物理学) __________________________________________________________________（她对物理学表现出浓厚兴趣。） 7. ___________ (工程学；工程) __________________________________________________________________（钱学森年轻时学习工程学。） 8. ___________ (杂交的) __________________________________________________________________（杂交水稻帮助解决粮食短缺问题。） 四、品质与评价： 1. ___________ (一流的) __________________________________________________________________（他是太空科学领域的一流专家。） 2. ___________ (必不可少的，对……极重要的) __________________________________________________________________（勤奋对于成功至关重要。） 3. ___________ (无私的) __________________________________________________________________（这位科学家无私奉献，投身工作。） 4. ___________ (积极地，肯定地) __________________________________________________________________（我们应当积极看待困难。） 5. ___________ (骄傲地，自豪地) __________________________________________________________________（他在众人面前自豪地接过奖项。） 6. ___________ (令人惊奇地) __________________________________________________________________（令人惊奇的是，他一个月就完成了艰巨任务。） 7. ___________ (光亮的，有光泽的) __________________________________________________________________（这枚奖牌光亮夺目，十分珍贵。） 8. ___________ (个人的) __________________________________________________________________（他将个人利益置于国家利益之后。） 五、事件名词： 1. ___________ (祖国) __________________________________________________________________（钱学森从美国回到祖国。） 2. ___________ (不足，短缺) __________________________________________________________________（许多国家面临粮食短缺问题。） 3. ___________ (饥饿，饥荒) __________________________________________________________________（杂交水稻帮助对抗全球饥饿。） 4. ___________ (失败的事物（或人）；失败) __________________________________________________________________（尝试新事物时不要害怕失败。） 5. ___________ (国防体系；防御，保卫) __________________________________________________________________（他为国防事业做出巨大贡献。） 6. ___________ (太空飞行任务；使命) __________________________________________________________________（帮助贫困孩子接受教育是我们的使命。） 7. ___________ (奖，奖赏) __________________________________________________________________（她凭借科研成果斩获大奖。） 8. ___________ (知道，意识) __________________________________________________________________（我们应当提高公众的环保意识。） 9. ___________ (社会主义) __________________________________________________________________（我们坚信社会主义的优越性。） 短 语 一、动词短语 1. ______________________（从事…… 工作；担任） __________________________________________________________________（她在战争时期担任护士。） 2. ______________________（建立；设立） __________________________________________________________________（她为年轻女性创办了一所护理学校。） 3. ______________________（设法回到祖国；踏上归途） __________________________________________________________________（钱学森历经重重困难，终于踏上归国之路。） 4. ______________________（承担一项任务） __________________________________________________________________（钱学森毅然同意承担这项极具挑战性的任务。） 5. ______________________（为…… 铺平道路，使…… 成为可能） __________________________________________________________________（他的研究为中国的太空任务铺平了道路。） 6. ______________________（去世） __________________________________________________________________（钱学森于2009年逝世。） 7. ______________________（偶然发现；偶遇） __________________________________________________________________（她在古老的医籍中偶然发现了一种可行的治疗方案。） 8. ______________________（弄清楚；找出…… 的解法） __________________________________________________________________（她研究出了利用青蒿治疗疟疾的方法。） 9. ______________________（把…… 转变成……） __________________________________________________________________（他们将失败转化为宝贵的经验。） 10. ______________________（对…… 贡献很大） __________________________________________________________________（蔡元培为中国教育事业做出了巨大贡献。） 11. ______________________（提高…… 的意识） __________________________________________________________________（她的著作提升了全世界对污染危害的认知。） 12. ______________________（遭受；受…… 之苦） __________________________________________________________________（彼时的中国正饱受粮食短缺的困扰。） 13. ______________________（研发杂交水稻） __________________________________________________________________（袁隆平研发出了新型杂交水稻。） 14. ______________________（把…… 放在第一位） __________________________________________________________________（袁隆平始终把人民的需求放在首位。） 二、介词短语 1. ______________________（在战争时期） __________________________________________________________________（许多护士在战争时期伸出援手、救死扶伤。） 2. ______________________（尽管……） __________________________________________________________________（尽管身居海外，他依旧深深热爱着自己的祖国。） 3. ______________________（在某人的领域） __________________________________________________________________（他是所在领域最顶尖的科学家之一。） 4. ______________________（此外，另外） __________________________________________________________________（除此之外，他在日常生活中也十分无私。） 5. ______________________（超越时代） __________________________________________________________________（她的思想理念远超所处的时代。） 6. ______________________（一段时间） __________________________________________________________________（她在海南工作了一段时间。） 三、名词短语： 1. ______________________（护理学校） __________________________________________________________________（她为年轻女孩创办了一所护理学校。） 2. ______________________（现代医学） __________________________________________________________________（这一发现极大地改变了现代医学。） 3. ______________________（五星红旗） __________________________________________________________________（他们看见五星红旗在风中飘扬。） 4. ______________________（英雄般的欢迎） __________________________________________________________________（这位科学家归国时受到了英雄般的欢迎。） 5. ______________________（第一代长征火箭） __________________________________________________________________（他们成功研制出第一代长征火箭。） 6. ______________________（太空任务） __________________________________________________________________（中国已经完成了多项太空任务。） 7. ______________________（疟疾的治疗方法） __________________________________________________________________（科学家们致力于寻找疟疾的治愈方法。） 8. ______________________（中医典籍） __________________________________________________________________（她研读了大量中医典籍。） 9. ______________________（粮食短缺） __________________________________________________________________（许多地区曾经面临严重的粮食短缺问题。） 10. ______________________（世界五分之一人口） __________________________________________________________________（他培育的水稻养活了世界五分之一的人口。） 11. ______________________（环境保护） __________________________________________________________________（我们应当重视环境保护。） 实 用 交 际 套 句 型 一、高分万能写作句型（人物作文核心）： 1. What a great achievement! 多么伟大的成就啊！（人物成果总结） 2. It sounds like… 听起来似乎……（人物评价过渡） 3. sb. devote oneself to (doing) sth. 某人致力于/献身于（做）某事 4. be highly respected for… 因…… 备受尊敬 5. set a good example to sb 为某人树立良好榜样 二、观点论证升华句型（作文拔高得分）： 1. It is…that… 强调句型（突出人物品质/成就） 2. Only by doing…can we… 只有…… 我们才能……（升华主旨） 三、人物品质 & 经历描写句型（单元书面表达高频）： 1. It takes sb + 时间 + to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间 2. It takes hard work, time and effort. 这需要努力、时间与付出。 3. sb spend … (in) doing sth 某人花费…… 做某事 4. put … before … 把…… 置于…… 之上 5. sb be honoured as … 某人被誉为…… 6. sb’s contribution will always be remembered. 某人的贡献将永远被铭记。 7. Greatness comes in many forms. 伟大有多种表现形式。 8. …doesn’t happen overnight. …… 并非一夜之间发生。 语法 短语动词的用法 写作 介绍一位伟大的人 一、知识点精讲 1. admire v. 钦佩；仰慕 【句型】 ①admire sb. 钦佩 / 仰慕某人 I admire Yuan Longping very much. 我非常钦佩袁隆平。 ②Why do you admire sb? 你为什么钦佩某人？ —Why do you admire Cai Yuanpei? —I admire him for his educational ideas. —— 你为什么钦佩蔡元培？—— 我钦佩他的教育理念。 ③admire sb. for sth. 因某事钦佩某人 We admire him for his self‑less spirit. 我们因他无私的精神而钦佩他。 2. honour (honor) v. 给予荣誉；尊敬 【句型】 be honoured as… 被誉为…… Qian was honoured as the “Father of Space Technology”. 钱学森被誉为 “航天之父”。 3. set v. 奠定；摆放 【句型】 set the stage for sth. 为…… 铺平道路 His work set the stage for China’s many space missions. 他的工作为中国多项太空任务铺平了道路。 4. founder n. 创建者，创始人 【句型】 the founder of ……的创始人 He is the founder of this famous school. 他是这所名校的创始人。 5. discovery n. 发现 【句型】 ①one’s discovery 某人的发现 His discovery changed modern medicine. 他的发现改变了现代医学。 ②make a great discovery 取得重大发现 Scientists made a great discovery in this field. 科学家们在该领域取得了重大发现。 6. proudly adv. 骄傲地，自豪地 【句型】 wave proudly 自豪地飘扬 We saw five-starred flags waving proudly in the wind. 我们看见五星红旗在风中自豪地飘扬。 7. era n. 时代，年代 【句型】 of one’s era 属于某人的时代 He was a great man of his era. 他是他所处时代的伟人。 8. leading adj. 一流的，顶尖的 【句型】 a leading scientist 顶尖科学家 Qian became one of the world's leading rocket scientists. 钱学森成为了世界顶尖的火箭科学家之一。 9. amazingly adv. 令人惊奇地 【句型】 amazingly + 句子 令人惊奇的是…… Amazingly, they finished the task in a short time. 令人惊奇的是，他们在短时间内完成了任务。 10. generation n. 一代（人）；（技术）代 【句型】 the first generation of ……的第一代 They developed the first generation of Long March rockets. 他们研制出了第一代长征火箭。 11. vital adj. 必不可少的，至关重要的 【句型】 play a vital role in (doing) sth 在……方面起关键作用 He played a vital role in China’s space development. 他为中国航天发展起到了至关重要的作用。 12. award vt. 授予，给予 【句型】 award sb. sth. 授予某人某物 The school awarded him a prize for his hard work. 学校因他的努力为他颁奖。 13. positively adv. 积极地，乐观地 【句型】 think positively 积极乐观地思考 Great people think positively when they face failure. 伟人面对失败时始终积极乐观。 14. failure n. 失败；失败的人/事 【句型】 turn failure into success 化失败为成功 They turn their failures into experience. 他们将失败转化为经验。 15. prove v. 证明；后来被发现是 【句型】 ①prove sth. 证明某事 His research proved his idea was right. 他的研究证明他的观点是正确的。 ②prove (to be) + adj./n. 证明是…… The method proved to be useful. 这个方法被证明是有效的。 16. educator n. 教育家；教育工作者 【句型】 a famous educator 著名教育家 Cai Yuanpei was a great educator in China. 蔡元培是中国伟大的教育家。 17. awareness n. 意识，认识 【句型】 raise awareness of… 提高……的意识 Her work raised worldwide awareness of pollution. 她的作品提升了全世界的污染防范意识。 18. ahead of prep. 在……前面；领先于 【句型】 ahead of one’s time 超越时代 Her ideas were ahead of her time. 她的思想远超她所处的时代。 19. personal adj. 个人的 【句型】 personal needs 个人需求 He put national needs above personal needs. 他把国家需求置于个人需求之上。 20. shortage n. 短缺，不足 【句型】 food shortages 粮食短缺 China suffered from food shortages at that time. 当时的中国饱受粮食短缺之苦。 21. selfless adj. 无私的 【句型】 selfless spirit 无私的精神 He is famous for his selfless spirit. 他因无私的精神受人敬仰。 22. set the stage for sth 为某事铺平道路，使某事成为可能 【句型】 set the stage for future development 为未来发展铺路 His efforts set the stage for China's space missions. 他的努力为中国的太空任务铺平了道路。 23. be a man /person who… 是一个…… 的人（who 引导定语从句） 【句型】 sb be a person who + 定语从句 Qian Xuesen was a man who always put the needs of China before his own. 钱学森是一个总是把国家需求置于个人利益之上的人。 24. Despite doing sth, … 尽管……（despite 介词，后接 doing） 【句型】 Despite doing sth, + 主句 Despite enjoying a comfortable life in the US, Qian never forgot his homeland. 尽管在美国过着舒适的生活，钱学森从未忘记祖国。 二、核心语法精讲 短语动词的用法 短语动词常见的构成方式有三种：动词+副词、动词+介词、动词副词+介词。 1. 动词+副词 (1) 若短语动词由及物动词加副词构成，后面必须接宾语。宾语为名词，可以放在动词和副词之间，也可以放在副词之后。宾语若为代词，须放在动词和副词之间。如： We should stop people cutting down forests. 我们应该阻止人们伐林。 = We should stop people cutting forests down. Forests are the "lungs" of the earth. We should stop people cutting them down. 森林是地球之“肺”，我们应该阻止人们砍伐它们。 (2) 若短语动词由不及物动词加副词构成则不能接宾语。如： Never give up and you'll succeed in the end. 绝不要放弃，最终你会成功的。 How soon will the plane take off? 飞机要多久起飞？ 2. 动词+介词 这类短语中的动词一般为不及物动词，加介词后可接宾语，且无论宾语是名词或代词，都应放在介词之后。如： How long has Tom worked on this physics problem? 汤姆研究这道物理题多久了？ This physics problem is really difficult. Tom is still working on it. 这道物理题真的很难。汤姆还在研究。 Many people are getting off the train while an old couple are trying to get on it. 许多人正从火车上下来，而一对老夫妇想上去。 3. 动词+副词+介词 这类短语中的动词一般为不及物动词，后接副词，加介词后可接宾语。如: Look up at the tree. What can you see? 抬头看那棵树。你能看到什么？ Walk straight to the end of the street, and you'll see the park. 一直走到街的尽头，你就会看到公园。 注意：一些短语动词后面既可以接宾语，也可以不接宾语。如： LI Shizhen never gave up looking for new herbal medicines. 李时珍从未放弃寻找新的草药。 She does not give up easily. 她不轻易放弃。 短语动词的意义可以结合动词、副词、介词或语境理解。动词加副词构成的短语，其意义一般与副词的意义有关。如: up的本意为“向上”，可以构成以下短语： get up起床 catch up赶上 turn up调高 up也有“尽，光”的意思，可以构成以下短语： use up用光 eat up吃光 clean up打扫干净 不及物短语动词的意思一般与后面接的介词有关。如： look at看...... look into调查，审查 look for寻找...... 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 (1) 写作话题：人物介绍类书面表达 —— 介绍一位自己敬佩的人（伟人、科学家、榜样人物） (2) 核心考点 ①能够介绍人物基本信息：出生、身份 ②列举人物主要事迹、成就 ③概括人物优秀品质 ④写出敬佩的理由以及带给自己的启示 (3) 时态要点：人物生平经历多用一般过去时；人物评价、客观事实用一般现在时。 (4) 写作立意：学习榜样人物勤奋、无私、奉献的品质，从中获得成长启发。 2. 写作框架 3. 写作素材 (1) 高频短语（课文原句） 1. be honoured as 被誉为…… 2. go through many difficulties 历经重重困难 3. take on a challenging task 承担一项具有挑战性的任务 4. develop rockets and satellites 研制火箭与卫星 5. play a vital role in 在…… 方面起至关重要的作用 6. set the stage for 为…… 铺平道路 7. at the age of … 在…… 岁时 8. in addition 此外 9. be respected and admired 受人尊敬和仰慕 10. put the needs of … before one’s own 把…… 的需要置于个人利益之上 (2) 高分句型（可直接抄写仿写） 1. Qian Xuesen, honoured as the "Father of Space Technology", is a great scientist in China. 钱学森被誉为 “航天之父”，是中国一位伟大的科学家。 2. After going through many difficulties, he made his way back to his homeland. 历经重重磨难之后，他回到了祖国。 3. He agreed to take on this challenging task though there was little related knowledge in China. 尽管国内相关知识十分匮乏，他还是同意承担这项艰巨的任务。 4. Amazingly, it took him and his team less than 15 years to develop Long March rockets. 令人惊叹的是，他和团队只用了不到 15 年时间就研制出长征系列火箭。 5. He always put the needs of China before his own. 他总是把国家的需要置于个人利益之上。 6. His efforts set the stage for China’s many space missions. 他的努力为中国多项太空任务铺平了道路。 7. From him, I learn that we should stick to our dream and serve our country. 从他身上我学到，我们应当坚守梦想，报效祖国。 4. 范文背诵 范文一：基础稳妥版（贴合课本、零失误、适合保底满分） The person I admire Qian Xuesen is honoured as the "Father of Space Technology" in China. After going through many difficulties, he returned to his homeland. At that time, China badly needed to develop rocket science. Qian took on this challenging task. It took him and his team less than 15 years to develop Long March rockets and send China’s first satellite into space. He was hard‑working and selfless. He always put the needs of his country before his own. His efforts set the stage for China’s space missions. I learn a lot from him. I will study hard and try my best to do something for our country in the future. 范文二：进阶高分版（句式丰富、语法高级、适配中考高分） A great person I look up to Of all the great people in history, Qian Xuesen is the person I admire most. Though he enjoyed a comfortable life abroad, he never forgot his homeland. He went through plenty of difficulties and finally came back to China. He took on the hard task of developing rocket science. With his hard work, China made great progress in space technology. What touches me most is his great spirit. He put national interests above his personal needs. He devoted almost all his life to our country’s space development. Greatness doesn’t happen overnight. His story encourages me to stick to my dream. I hope I can become a useful person for our country just like him. 易错点 01 devote / contribute中 to 是介词，后接 doing，不接动词原形 【助记口诀】 devote、contribute 带 to，介词后面用 doing。 【错因辨析】 devote oneself to (doing) sth（献身于……）、contribute to (doing) sth（对…… 做贡献），两处的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后面要接名词或者动名词 doing，不能直接加动词原形。 ❌错句：He devoted himself to do the research. ✅正确：He devoted himself to doing the research. 他投身做这项研究。 ❌错句：He contributed to help poor people. ✅正确：He contributed to helping poor people. 他为帮助穷人做出贡献。 【对点训练】 1. Tu Youyou devoted all her life to ______ (study) medical science. 2. His hard‑work contributed to ______ (solve) the problem of malaria. 3. Which sentence is correct? A. He devoted himself to serve his homeland. B. He devoted himself to serving his homeland. C. He devoted himself serve his homeland. 易错点 02 be known as / be known for固定搭配混淆 【助记口诀】 as 接身份称名号，for 接功绩与功劳。 【错因辨析】 1. be known as + 身份、头衔：作为…… 而出名； 2. be known for + 成就、品质、事物：因…… 而出名。 ❌错句：Qian Xuesen is known for the "Father of Space Technology". ✅正确：Qian Xuesen is known as the "Father of Space Technology". 钱学森被誉为 “航天之父”。 ✅正确：Qian Xuesen is known for his great space research. 钱学森因他伟大的航天研究而出名。 【对点训练】 1. Cai Yuanpei is known ______ a great educator. A. as B. for C. to 2. Rachel Carson is known ______ her books about environmental protection. A. as B. for C. to 3. 改错：Madame Curie is known as her discovery of radium. ______ 易错点 03 It takes sb. some time to do sth. 句型结构易错（中考高频） 【助记口诀】 It 作主语表花费，to do 才是真主语；人作主语用 spend 不要和 take 混一起。 【错因辨析】 1. It takes sb. + 时间 + to do sth：做某事花费某人多长时间。it 是形式主语，真正主语是后面的 to‑do 不定式，it 不能换成人，不能丢掉 to。 课文原句：Amazingly, it took Qian and his team less than 15 years to develop the first generation of Long March rockets. 令人惊奇的是，钱学森和他的团队花了不到 15 年研制第一代长征火箭。 ❌错句：Qian took 15 years develop the rockets. ✅正确：It took Qian 15 years to develop the rockets. 2. 辨析 spend：人作主语，spend … (in) doing sth /spend … on sth ✅ He spent 15 years (in) developing rockets. 他花 15 年研制火箭。 核心误区：take 句型主语只能用 it；spend 主语必须是人，二者不可混用。 【对点训练】 1. It took the scientists lots of years ______ (find) a cure for malaria. 2. He ______ ten years doing the research work. A. took B. spent C. cost 3. Which sentence is correct? A. Took him 15 years to finish the task. B. It took him 15 years to finish the task. C. It took him 15 years finish the task. 易错点 04 可分 / 不可分短语动词辨析（take on / go through / look back on） 【助记口诀】 副短代词放中间；介短代词放后面；三词短语不可分。 【错因辨析】 1. 动词 + 副词（可分短语）：代词作宾语，必须放动词和副词中间；名词可放中间或后面。例：take on the task = take the task on；只能take it on，不能take on it。 2. 动词 + 介词（不可分短语）如go through，名词、代词一律放在介词后面，不能拆分。❌ He went it through. ✅ He went through it。 3. 三词短语如look back on，属于固定整体，绝对不能拆分。❌ look it back on ✅ look back on it。 【对点训练】 1. The task was difficult, but he decided to take \\\\\\. A. on it B. it on C. it up 2. He met lots of difficulties, but he went \\\\\\ bravely. A. through them B. them through C. through it 3. Which sentence is correct? A. I often look back it on. B. I often look back on it. C. I often look it back on. 一、根据汉语意思写出单词。 1. Florence Nightingale is the ________ (创建者) of modern nursing education. 2. Alexander Fleming’s ________ (发现) of penicillin changed modern medicine. 3. Qian Xuesen made a ________ (至关重要的) contribution to China’s space industry. 4. Yuan Longping solved the problem of food ________ (短缺) for many people. 5. A selfless person always fights against ________ (饥饿) and poverty. 二、根据首字母提示写出单词。 1. Qian Xuesen was one of the l________ rocket scientists in the world. 2. Yuan Longping was h________ as the “Father of Hybrid Rice”. 3. Rachel Carson raised public a________ of environmental pollution. 4. Great people always think p________ and never give up easily. 5. Every f________ teaches us experience and helps us grow. 三、单项选择。 1. Yuan Longping devoted all his life to ________ hybrid rice to feed more people. A. develop B. developing C. developed D. development 2. Qian Xuesen is known ________ a great scientist who made great contributions to our country. A. for B. as C. to D. with 3. It took Qian Xuesen and his team ________ 15 years to develop Long March rockets. A. less than B. fewer than C. more than D. rather than 4. Great people never ________ even when they meet big difficulties. A. give up B. give out C. give away D. give in to 5. Tu Youyou kept on ________ research for years and finally found a cure for malaria. A. do B. doing C. to do D. did 6. His hard work set the stage ________ China’s future space missions. A. to B. for C. with D. of 7. Many young scientists ________ by Yuan Longping’s selfless spirit. A. influence B. influenced C. are influenced D. were influenced 8. —Why do you admire Cai Yuanpei? —Because he ________ greatly to Chinese education. A. contributed B. connected C. created D. controlled 9. Rachel Carson’s books made people ________ the danger of pollution. A. aware of B. proud of C. full of D. sure of 10. Greatness ________ overnight. It needs long-term hard work. A. doesn’t achieve B. isn’t achieved C. won’t achieve D. wasn’t achieved 四、完形填空。 Rachel is a headmaster in a school and she puts all her heart into the school and students. The school tries to help every student out of trouble and serves 1 meals to the students. Last year, before Rachel’s students left for their new year vacation, they 2 their thanks to her in many different ways. But one girl, in particular, 3 her heart. This girl really wanted to get Rachel something to show her deep love, but she had nothing to give. So rather than offer nothing, she 4 her free breakfast cereal (混合麦片) at school. It took her much 5 to pick every dried grape, the favorite part of her breakfast, out of her cereal and 6 them in a small packet. The next day, during the break time, she quietly put it on Rachel’s desk. When Rachel opened the packet, a moment of warmth went through her mind. Later that day she posted the 7 story on Facebook, hoping to help people gain some 8 for what they have in their lives—because even when this teenager had nothing to offer, she was still willing to 9 her favorite dried grapes. Encouraged by the kind action, many people contacted the school headmaster to make 10 . “It makes me so proud of my kids that they have touched your hearts along with mine.” Rachel said, “Your generosity in 11 gifts to both the students and me and your donations to our school have not gone unnoticed. We are all 12 touched.” “My wish for all of you is to remember this kind and simple 13 of love from one of my school babies and carry it with you and continue to 14 love and kindness to everyone you meet—not just during this 15 season.” 1.A. special　　　　 B. free　　　　 C. delicious　　　　 D. cheap 2.A. expected　　　　 B. experienced　　　　 C. exchanged　　　　D. expressed 3.A. cured　　　　 B. hit　　　　 C. changed　　　　 D. broke 4.A. gave out　　　　 B. asked for　　　　 C. opened up　　　　 D. put away 5.A. courage　　　　 B. chance　　　　 C. lesson　　　　 D. time 6.A. gave　　　　 B. collected　　　　 C. stuck　　　　 D. separated 7.A. nice　　　　 B. proper　　　　 C. funny　　　　 D. old 8.A. thanks　　　　 B. praise　　　　 C. attention　　　　 D. reward 9.A. clean up　　　　 B. turn up　　　　 C. take up　　　　 D. give up 10.A. invitations　　　　 B. celebrations　　　　 C. donations　　　　 D. inventions 11.A. suggesting　　　　 B. offering　　　　 C. passing　　　　 D. showing 12.A. hardly　　　　 B. possibly　　　　 C. deeply　　　　 D. mostly 13.A. act　　　　 B. word　　　　 C. trick　　　　 D. hope 14.A. spread　　　　 B. teach　　　　 C. explain　　　　 D. announce 15.A. graduation　　　　 B. autumn　　　　 C. school　　　　 D. holiday 五、阅读理解。 A Sugar painting, as the name means, is a painting made of sugar. It's the sugar for us to taste, and the painting for us to admire. Since the Warring States Period（战国时代）, the ancient people loved sweets and developed methods of producing sugar.In the Tang Dynasty, there was huge progress in the technology of sugar making.And sugar, the precious product once only served to the emperors and princes, also went into common people's homes. With the cultural and economic(经济的) development of Song and Yuan Dynasties, people became less interested in only tasting sweetness. In the Ming Dynasty, some people added pictures with good luck into the bowl of sugar.and sugar painting appeared. Sugar painting is different from normal painting.Sugar painters use syrup(糖浆) as the material, a spoon as the "paintbrush", and a smooth table as the"paper". To make syrup, they have to make sugar hot before painting. Since syrup may become hard if it cools the painters have to produce the work very quickly. They move the spoon full of syrup up and down, left and right. Soon a sugar painting is done. However, it's a pity that this folk art is dying recently. The sugar painting that used to be rich in shapes has become poorer and poorer because of fewer needs. What's worse, few people seem to be willing to pass on the art except those aging sugar painters. For most people, painting is a kind of art and difficult to understand. However, sugar painting has pulled the art down into people's daily lives. Through it, we may see the spiritual support of the ancient people across centuries. Now, sugar painting has been listed as an intangible cultural heritage(非物质文化遗产)in China. Therefore, the art should be remembered, missed and passed on. 1. What does the underlined word "precious" in Paragraph 2 probably mean？ A.Valuable and expensive. B.Useful and cheap. C.Special but worthless. D.Simple but priceless. 2. Why should sugar painters make the work very quickly？ A.To show their excellent skills. B.To avoid syrup becoming hard. C.To protect the spoon and the table. D.To reduce people's waiting time. 3. What's the writer's attitude（态度）towards today's sugar painting according to Paragraph4？ A.Uncaring. B.Doubtful. C.Worried. D.Unclear. 4. Which can be a suitable title for the passage？ A.Exploring the Art of Sugar Painting B.Improving the Taste of Sugar Painting C.Effects of the Sugar Producing Technology D.Ways to Change the Future of Sugar Painting B A new study has suggested that the key to reducing feelings of anger is not venting (letting the angry emotions out) but doing calming activities such as yoga or meditation. The study was published in March by Sophie Kjaervik and Brad Bushman from Ohio State University in the US. They wanted to explore the popular theory that venting (expressing) anger is a good way of reducing it. Examples of venting anger include shouting or hitting something like a cushion, so that you let go of the emotion and therefore don't feel it any more. The pair looked at 154 other studies on anger. These involved 10.189 people, and included a variety of ages and backgrounds. In their study. Kjaervik and Bushman define anger as an emotional response(反应) to a real or imagined threat (威胁). They used a theory of emotion (情绪假说) that says emotions are partly felt in your body and partly in your mind. The scientists looked at the other studies to see how different activities influenced anger. They found that activities such as running or boxing which are often thought to be good for dealing with anger weren't very good at reducing it. In fact, some of these activities actually made it worse because they increased physical responses in the body that are linked to feeling angry. For example, they made people's hearts beat faster. However, activities that decreased physical responses in the body did help to reduce feelings of anger. These included activities that slow the heart rate, such as deep breathing, meditation and yoga. Bushman says activities that increase physical responses may be good for heart health but are “definitely not the best way to reduce anger”. The team found jogging was most likely to increase anger. However, some heart-rate increasing activities like ball games and team sports could reduce anger. A theory of emotion Two scientists called Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer developed the two-factor theory of emotion in 1962. They said that emotions are formed in two parts. First, the body has a physical response to a threat and then the mind considers the physical response as an emotion, which is then felt by the person. For example, imagine you are walking through a forest and you see a bear. Seeing it would probably start a physical response, such as your heart beating very fast and sweat breaking out. Your mind then decides that this is fear, which you feel as an emotion. Fear can be a strong emotion. 5. What is the main finding of the new study? A.A new method of venting anger. B.A new method of reducing anger. C. Good activities to vent anger. D. Good activities to reduce anger. 6. What can we learn about calming activities? A. They can reduce feelings of anger. B. They can increase the heart rate. C. They are good for mind health. D. They are good for heart health. 7. According to Schachter and Singer's theory, what happens first if you see a snake and feel afraid? A. You get the feeling of fear. B. You get the feeling of calm. C. Your heart beats fast. D. Your heart beats slowly. 8. The following sentence can best be put at the end of ________. They think this shows that fun or playful activities help to reduce negative feelings. A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 2 Great people 主 题 场 景 分 类 词 汇 一、人物身份： 1. thinker (思想家) Karl Marx was a great thinker.（卡尔・马克思是一位伟大的思想家。） 2. founder (创建者，奠基人) He is the founder of this research project.（他是这个研究项目的奠基人。） 3. educator (教育家；教育工作者) Yuan Longping is not only a scientist but also a great educator.（袁隆平不仅是科学家，也是伟大的教育家。） 4. biologist (生物学家) The biologist spent years doing field research.（这位生物学家花了数年时间做实地研究。） 5. researcher (研究者) The team is made up of several hard‑working researchers.（这个团队由数位勤奋的研究者组成。） 6. husband (丈夫) Her husband supports her scientific research all the time.（她的丈夫一直支持她的科研工作。） 二、科学发现&医学： 1. penicillin (青霉素) Penicillin has saved millions of people’s lives.（青霉素拯救了数百万人的生命。） 2. discovery (发现) This great discovery changed modern medicine.（这项伟大的发现改变了现代医学。） 3. malaria (疟疾) Tu Youyou found a good way to treat malaria.（屠呦呦找到了治疗疟疾的好方法。） 4. radium (镭) Madame Curie devoted much time to studying radium.（居里夫人投入大量时间研究镭。） 5. clinic (诊所，门诊部) He works in a local clinic in the countryside.（他在乡下的一家当地诊所工作。） 6. X‑ray (X光，X射线) Doctors use X‑rays to check people’s bodies.（医生使用X光检查人体。） 7. radiation (辐射) Too much radiation is bad for people’s health.（过量辐射对人体健康有害。） 8. nursing (护理) She majors in nursing at medical college.（她在医学院主修护理专业。） 三、时代与事物： 1. era (时代，年代) We live in a new digital era.（我们生活在崭新的数字时代。） 2. generation (（尤指技术方面的）一代；一代（人）) A new generation of scientists is growing fast.（新一代科学家正在快速成长。） 3. satellite (人造卫星；卫星) China has sent many man‑made satellites into space.（中国向太空发射了许多人造卫星。） 4. weapon (武器) We hope the world can stay away from dangerous weapons.（我们希望世界远离危险武器。） 5. nuclear (原子能的，核能的，核武器的) He studied nuclear science for all his life.（他毕生研究核科学。） 6. physics (物理学) She shows great interest in physics.（她对物理学表现出浓厚兴趣。） 7. engineering (工程学；工程) Qian Xuesen studied engineering when he was young.（钱学森年轻时学习工程学。） 8. hybrid (杂交的) Hybrid rice helps solve the food shortage problem.（杂交水稻帮助解决粮食短缺问题。） 四、品质与评价： 1. leading (一流的) He is a leading expert in space science.（他是太空科学领域的一流专家。） 2. vital (必不可少的，对……极重要的) Hard work plays a vital part in success.（勤奋对于成功至关重要。） 3. selfless (无私的) The scientist is selfless and devotes himself to his work.（这位科学家无私奉献，投身工作。） 4. positively (积极地，肯定地) We should look at difficulties positively.（我们应当积极看待困难。） 5. proudly (骄傲地，自豪地) He proudly accepted the prize in front of everyone.（他在众人面前自豪地接过奖项。） 6. amazingly (令人惊奇地) Amazingly, he finished the hard task in one month.（令人惊奇的是，他一个月就完成了艰巨任务。） 7. shiny (光亮的，有光泽的) The medal is shiny and very precious.（这枚奖牌光亮夺目，十分珍贵。） 8. personal (个人的) He puts personal interests behind national interests.（他将个人利益置于国家利益之后。） 五、事件名词： 1. homeland (祖国) Qian Xuesen returned to his homeland from the US.（钱学森从美国回到祖国。） 2. shortage (不足，短缺) Many countries face the problem of food shortage.（许多国家面临粮食短缺问题。） 3. hunger (饥饿，饥荒) Hybrid rice helps fight hunger around the world.（杂交水稻帮助对抗全球饥饿。） 4. failure (失败的事物（或人）；失败) Don’t be afraid of failure when you try new things.（尝试新事物时不要害怕失败。） 5. defence (国防体系；防御，保卫) He made great contributions to national defence.（他为国防事业做出巨大贡献。） 6. mission (太空飞行任务；使命) It is our mission to help poor children receive education.（帮助贫困孩子接受教育是我们的使命。） 7. prize (奖，奖赏) She won a big prize for her scientific research.（她凭借科研成果斩获大奖。） 8. awareness (知道，意识) We should raise public awareness of environmental protection.（我们应当提高公众的环保意识。） 9. socialism (社会主义) We believe in the superiority of socialism.（我们坚信社会主义的优越性。） 短 语 一、动词短语 1. work as（从事…… 工作；担任）She worked as a nurse in wartime.（她在战争时期担任护士。） 2. set up（建立；设立）She set up a nursing school for young women.（她为年轻女性创办了一所护理学校。） 3. make one’s way home（设法回到祖国；踏上归途）Qian Xuesen made his way home after many difficulties.（钱学森历经重重困难，终于踏上归国之路。） 4. take on a task（承担一项任务）Qian agreed to take on this challenging task.（钱学森毅然同意承担这项极具挑战性的任务。） 5. set the stage for（为…… 铺平道路，使…… 成为可能）His work set the stage for China’s space missions.（他的研究为中国的太空任务铺平了道路。） 6. pass away（去世）Qian Xuesen passed away in 2009.（钱学森于2009年逝世。） 7. come across（偶然发现；偶遇）She came across a possible cure in old medical books.（她在古老的医籍中偶然发现了一种可行的治疗方案。） 8. work out（弄清楚；找出…… 的解法）She worked out how to use qinghao to treat malaria.（她研究出了利用青蒿治疗疟疾的方法。） 9. turn…into…（把…… 转变成……）They turn their failures into useful experience.（他们将失败转化为宝贵的经验。） 10. contribute a lot to（对…… 贡献很大）Cai Yuanpei contributed a lot to Chinese education.（蔡元培为中国教育事业做出了巨大贡献。） 11. raise awareness of（提高…… 的意识）Her books raised worldwide awareness of pollution danger.（她的著作提升了全世界对污染危害的认知。） 12. suffer from（遭受；受…… 之苦）At that time China suffered from food shortages.（彼时的中国正饱受粮食短缺的困扰。） 13. develop hybrid rice（研发杂交水稻）Yuan Longping developed a new type of hybrid rice.（袁隆平研发出了新型杂交水稻。） 14. put…first（把…… 放在第一位）Yuan always put people’s needs first.（袁隆平始终把人民的需求放在首位。） 二、介词短语 1. in wartime（在战争时期）Many nurses offered help in wartime.（许多护士在战争时期伸出援手、救死扶伤。） 2. despite doing sth.（尽管……）Despite living abroad, he loved his homeland deeply.（尽管身居海外，他依旧深深热爱着自己的祖国。） 3. in one’s field（在某人的领域）He was one of the best scientists in his field.（他是所在领域最顶尖的科学家之一。） 4. in addition（此外，另外）In addition, he was selfless in his daily life.（除此之外，他在日常生活中也十分无私。） 5. ahead of one’s time（超越时代）Her ideas were ahead of her time.（她的思想理念远超所处的时代。） 6. for some time（一段时间）She worked in Hainan for some time.（她在海南工作了一段时间。） 三、名词短语： 1. a nursing school（护理学校）She built a nursing school for young girls.（她为年轻女孩创办了一所护理学校。） 2. modern medicine（现代医学）This discovery greatly changed modern medicine.（这一发现极大地改变了现代医学。） 3. five‑starred flags（五星红旗）They saw five‑starred flags waving in the wind.（他们看见五星红旗在风中飘扬。） 4. a hero’s welcome（英雄般的欢迎）The scientist received a hero’s welcome back home.（这位科学家归国时受到了英雄般的欢迎。） 5. the first generation of Long March rockets（第一代长征火箭）They finished the first generation of Long March rockets.（他们成功研制出第一代长征火箭。） 6. space missions（太空任务）China has completed many space missions.（中国已经完成了多项太空任务。） 7. a cure for malaria（疟疾的治疗方法）Scientists tried to find a cure for malaria. （科学家们致力于寻找疟疾的治愈方法。） 8. traditional Chinese medical texts（中医典籍）She read lots of traditional Chinese medical texts.（她研读了大量中医典籍。） 9. food shortages（粮食短缺）Many areas once had serious food shortages.（许多地区曾经面临严重的粮食短缺问题。） 10. one‑fifth of the world’s population（世界五分之一人口）His rice fed one‑fifth of the world’s population.（他培育的水稻养活了世界五分之一的人口。） 11. environmental protection（环境保护）We should pay attention to environmental protection.（我们应当重视环境保护。） 实 用 交 际 套 句 型 一、高分万能写作句型（人物作文核心）： 1. What a great achievement! 多么伟大的成就啊！（人物成果总结） 2. It sounds like… 听起来似乎……（人物评价过渡） 3. sb. devote oneself to (doing) sth. 某人致力于/献身于（做）某事 4. be highly respected for… 因…… 备受尊敬 5. set a good example to sb 为某人树立良好榜样 二、观点论证升华句型（作文拔高得分）： 1. It is…that… 强调句型（突出人物品质/成就） 2. Only by doing…can we… 只有…… 我们才能……（升华主旨） 三、人物品质 & 经历描写句型（单元书面表达高频）： 1. It takes sb + 时间 + to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间 2. It takes hard work, time and effort. 这需要努力、时间与付出。 3. sb spend … (in) doing sth 某人花费…… 做某事 4. put … before … 把…… 置于…… 之上 5. sb be honoured as … 某人被誉为…… 6. sb’s contribution will always be remembered. 某人的贡献将永远被铭记。 7. Greatness comes in many forms. 伟大有多种表现形式。 8. …doesn’t happen overnight. …… 并非一夜之间发生。 语法 短语动词的用法 写作 介绍一位伟大的人 一、知识点精讲 1. admire v. 钦佩；仰慕 【句型】 ①admire sb. 钦佩 / 仰慕某人 I admire Yuan Longping very much. 我非常钦佩袁隆平。 ②Why do you admire sb? 你为什么钦佩某人？ —Why do you admire Cai Yuanpei? —I admire him for his educational ideas. —— 你为什么钦佩蔡元培？—— 我钦佩他的教育理念。 ③admire sb. for sth. 因某事钦佩某人 We admire him for his self‑less spirit. 我们因他无私的精神而钦佩他。 2. honour (honor) v. 给予荣誉；尊敬 【句型】 be honoured as… 被誉为…… Qian was honoured as the “Father of Space Technology”. 钱学森被誉为 “航天之父”。 3. set v. 奠定；摆放 【句型】 set the stage for sth. 为…… 铺平道路 His work set the stage for China’s many space missions. 他的工作为中国多项太空任务铺平了道路。 4. founder n. 创建者，创始人 【句型】 the founder of ……的创始人 He is the founder of this famous school. 他是这所名校的创始人。 5. discovery n. 发现 【句型】 ①one’s discovery 某人的发现 His discovery changed modern medicine. 他的发现改变了现代医学。 ②make a great discovery 取得重大发现 Scientists made a great discovery in this field. 科学家们在该领域取得了重大发现。 6. proudly adv. 骄傲地，自豪地 【句型】 wave proudly 自豪地飘扬 We saw five-starred flags waving proudly in the wind. 我们看见五星红旗在风中自豪地飘扬。 7. era n. 时代，年代 【句型】 of one’s era 属于某人的时代 He was a great man of his era. 他是他所处时代的伟人。 8. leading adj. 一流的，顶尖的 【句型】 a leading scientist 顶尖科学家 Qian became one of the world's leading rocket scientists. 钱学森成为了世界顶尖的火箭科学家之一。 9. amazingly adv. 令人惊奇地 【句型】 amazingly + 句子 令人惊奇的是…… Amazingly, they finished the task in a short time. 令人惊奇的是，他们在短时间内完成了任务。 10. generation n. 一代（人）；（技术）代 【句型】 the first generation of ……的第一代 They developed the first generation of Long March rockets. 他们研制出了第一代长征火箭。 11. vital adj. 必不可少的，至关重要的 【句型】 play a vital role in (doing) sth 在……方面起关键作用 He played a vital role in China’s space development. 他为中国航天发展起到了至关重要的作用。 12. award vt. 授予，给予 【句型】 award sb. sth. 授予某人某物 The school awarded him a prize for his hard work. 学校因他的努力为他颁奖。 13. positively adv. 积极地，乐观地 【句型】 think positively 积极乐观地思考 Great people think positively when they face failure. 伟人面对失败时始终积极乐观。 14. failure n. 失败；失败的人/事 【句型】 turn failure into success 化失败为成功 They turn their failures into experience. 他们将失败转化为经验。 15. prove v. 证明；后来被发现是 【句型】 ①prove sth. 证明某事 His research proved his idea was right. 他的研究证明他的观点是正确的。 ②prove (to be) + adj./n. 证明是…… The method proved to be useful. 这个方法被证明是有效的。 16. educator n. 教育家；教育工作者 【句型】 a famous educator 著名教育家 Cai Yuanpei was a great educator in China. 蔡元培是中国伟大的教育家。 17. awareness n. 意识，认识 【句型】 raise awareness of… 提高……的意识 Her work raised worldwide awareness of pollution. 她的作品提升了全世界的污染防范意识。 18. ahead of prep. 在……前面；领先于 【句型】 ahead of one’s time 超越时代 Her ideas were ahead of her time. 她的思想远超她所处的时代。 19. personal adj. 个人的 【句型】 personal needs 个人需求 He put national needs above personal needs. 他把国家需求置于个人需求之上。 20. shortage n. 短缺，不足 【句型】 food shortages 粮食短缺 China suffered from food shortages at that time. 当时的中国饱受粮食短缺之苦。 21. selfless adj. 无私的 【句型】 selfless spirit 无私的精神 He is famous for his selfless spirit. 他因无私的精神受人敬仰。 22. set the stage for sth 为某事铺平道路，使某事成为可能 【句型】 set the stage for future development 为未来发展铺路 His efforts set the stage for China's space missions. 他的努力为中国的太空任务铺平了道路。 23. be a man /person who… 是一个…… 的人（who 引导定语从句） 【句型】 sb be a person who + 定语从句 Qian Xuesen was a man who always put the needs of China before his own. 钱学森是一个总是把国家需求置于个人利益之上的人。 24. Despite doing sth, … 尽管……（despite 介词，后接 doing） 【句型】 Despite doing sth, + 主句 Despite enjoying a comfortable life in the US, Qian never forgot his homeland. 尽管在美国过着舒适的生活，钱学森从未忘记祖国。 二、核心语法精讲 短语动词的用法 短语动词常见的构成方式有三种：动词+副词、动词+介词、动词副词+介词。 1. 动词+副词 (1) 若短语动词由及物动词加副词构成，后面必须接宾语。宾语为名词，可以放在动词和副词之间，也可以放在副词之后。宾语若为代词，须放在动词和副词之间。如： We should stop people cutting down forests. 我们应该阻止人们伐林。 = We should stop people cutting forests down. Forests are the "lungs" of the earth. We should stop people cutting them down. 森林是地球之“肺”，我们应该阻止人们砍伐它们。 (2) 若短语动词由不及物动词加副词构成则不能接宾语。如： Never give up and you'll succeed in the end. 绝不要放弃，最终你会成功的。 How soon will the plane take off? 飞机要多久起飞？ 2. 动词+介词 这类短语中的动词一般为不及物动词，加介词后可接宾语，且无论宾语是名词或代词，都应放在介词之后。如： How long has Tom worked on this physics problem? 汤姆研究这道物理题多久了？ This physics problem is really difficult. Tom is still working on it. 这道物理题真的很难。汤姆还在研究。 Many people are getting off the train while an old couple are trying to get on it. 许多人正从火车上下来，而一对老夫妇想上去。 3. 动词+副词+介词 这类短语中的动词一般为不及物动词，后接副词，加介词后可接宾语。如: Look up at the tree. What can you see? 抬头看那棵树。你能看到什么？ Walk straight to the end of the street, and you'll see the park. 一直走到街的尽头，你就会看到公园。 注意：一些短语动词后面既可以接宾语，也可以不接宾语。如： LI Shizhen never gave up looking for new herbal medicines. 李时珍从未放弃寻找新的草药。 She does not give up easily. 她不轻易放弃。 短语动词的意义可以结合动词、副词、介词或语境理解。动词加副词构成的短语，其意义一般与副词的意义有关。如: up的本意为“向上”，可以构成以下短语： get up起床 catch up赶上 turn up调高 up也有“尽，光”的意思，可以构成以下短语： use up用光 eat up吃光 clean up打扫干净 不及物短语动词的意思一般与后面接的介词有关。如： look at看...... look into调查，审查 look for寻找...... 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 (1) 写作话题：人物介绍类书面表达 —— 介绍一位自己敬佩的人（伟人、科学家、榜样人物） (2) 核心考点 ①能够介绍人物基本信息：出生、身份 ②列举人物主要事迹、成就 ③概括人物优秀品质 ④写出敬佩的理由以及带给自己的启示 (3) 时态要点：人物生平经历多用一般过去时；人物评价、客观事实用一般现在时。 (4) 写作立意：学习榜样人物勤奋、无私、奉献的品质，从中获得成长启发。 2. 写作框架 3. 写作素材 (1) 高频短语（课文原句） 1. be honoured as 被誉为…… 2. go through many difficulties 历经重重困难 3. take on a challenging task 承担一项具有挑战性的任务 4. develop rockets and satellites 研制火箭与卫星 5. play a vital role in 在…… 方面起至关重要的作用 6. set the stage for 为…… 铺平道路 7. at the age of … 在…… 岁时 8. in addition 此外 9. be respected and admired 受人尊敬和仰慕 10. put the needs of … before one’s own 把…… 的需要置于个人利益之上 (2) 高分句型（可直接抄写仿写） 1. Qian Xuesen, honoured as the "Father of Space Technology", is a great scientist in China. 钱学森被誉为 “航天之父”，是中国一位伟大的科学家。 2. After going through many difficulties, he made his way back to his homeland. 历经重重磨难之后，他回到了祖国。 3. He agreed to take on this challenging task though there was little related knowledge in China. 尽管国内相关知识十分匮乏，他还是同意承担这项艰巨的任务。 4. Amazingly, it took him and his team less than 15 years to develop Long March rockets. 令人惊叹的是，他和团队只用了不到 15 年时间就研制出长征系列火箭。 5. He always put the needs of China before his own. 他总是把国家的需要置于个人利益之上。 6. His efforts set the stage for China’s many space missions. 他的努力为中国多项太空任务铺平了道路。 7. From him, I learn that we should stick to our dream and serve our country. 从他身上我学到，我们应当坚守梦想，报效祖国。 4. 范文背诵 范文一：基础稳妥版（贴合课本、零失误、适合保底满分） The person I admire Qian Xuesen is honoured as the "Father of Space Technology" in China. After going through many difficulties, he returned to his homeland. At that time, China badly needed to develop rocket science. Qian took on this challenging task. It took him and his team less than 15 years to develop Long March rockets and send China’s first satellite into space. He was hard‑working and selfless. He always put the needs of his country before his own. His efforts set the stage for China’s space missions. I learn a lot from him. I will study hard and try my best to do something for our country in the future. 范文二：进阶高分版（句式丰富、语法高级、适配中考高分） A great person I look up to Of all the great people in history, Qian Xuesen is the person I admire most. Though he enjoyed a comfortable life abroad, he never forgot his homeland. He went through plenty of difficulties and finally came back to China. He took on the hard task of developing rocket science. With his hard work, China made great progress in space technology. What touches me most is his great spirit. He put national interests above his personal needs. He devoted almost all his life to our country’s space development. Greatness doesn’t happen overnight. His story encourages me to stick to my dream. I hope I can become a useful person for our country just like him. 易错点 01 devote / contribute中 to 是介词，后接 doing，不接动词原形 【助记口诀】 devote、contribute 带 to，介词后面用 doing。 【错因辨析】 devote oneself to (doing) sth（献身于……）、contribute to (doing) sth（对…… 做贡献），两处的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后面要接名词或者动名词 doing，不能直接加动词原形。 ❌错句：He devoted himself to do the research. ✅正确：He devoted himself to doing the research. 他投身做这项研究。 ❌错句：He contributed to help poor people. ✅正确：He contributed to helping poor people. 他为帮助穷人做出贡献。 【对点训练】 1. Tu Youyou devoted all her life to ______ (study) medical science. 【答案】studying 【解析】短语 devote…to… 中 to 为介词，后面使用动名词 studying。 2. His hard‑work contributed to ______ (solve) the problem of malaria. 【答案】solving 【解析】contribute to 里 to 是介词，后接动名词 solving。 3. Which sentence is correct? A. He devoted himself to serve his homeland. B. He devoted himself to serving his homeland. C. He devoted himself serve his homeland. 【答案】B 【解析】devote oneself to doing sth，to 是介词，后接 doing 形式，只有 B 语法正确。 易错点 02 be known as / be known for固定搭配混淆 【助记口诀】 as 接身份称名号，for 接功绩与功劳。 【错因辨析】 1. be known as + 身份、头衔：作为…… 而出名； 2. be known for + 成就、品质、事物：因…… 而出名。 ❌错句：Qian Xuesen is known for the "Father of Space Technology". ✅正确：Qian Xuesen is known as the "Father of Space Technology". 钱学森被誉为 “航天之父”。 ✅正确：Qian Xuesen is known for his great space research. 钱学森因他伟大的航天研究而出名。 【对点训练】 1. Cai Yuanpei is known ______ a great educator. A. as B. for C. to 【答案】A 【解析】后面a great educator是身份头衔，用 be known as，选 A。 2. Rachel Carson is known ______ her books about environmental protection. A. as B. for C. to 【答案】B 【解析】后面是著作成就，be known for“因…… 而出名”，选 B。 3. 改错：Madame Curie is known as her discovery of radium. ______ 【答案】as → for 【解析】后面是发现镭这项成就，要用 be known for。 易错点 03 It takes sb. some time to do sth. 句型结构易错（中考高频） 【助记口诀】 It 作主语表花费，to do 才是真主语；人作主语用 spend 不要和 take 混一起。 【错因辨析】 1. It takes sb. + 时间 + to do sth：做某事花费某人多长时间。it 是形式主语，真正主语是后面的 to‑do 不定式，it 不能换成人，不能丢掉 to。 课文原句：Amazingly, it took Qian and his team less than 15 years to develop the first generation of Long March rockets. 令人惊奇的是，钱学森和他的团队花了不到 15 年研制第一代长征火箭。 ❌错句：Qian took 15 years develop the rockets. ✅正确：It took Qian 15 years to develop the rockets. 2. 辨析 spend：人作主语，spend … (in) doing sth /spend … on sth ✅ He spent 15 years (in) developing rockets. 他花 15 年研制火箭。 核心误区：take 句型主语只能用 it；spend 主语必须是人，二者不可混用。 【对点训练】 1. It took the scientists lots of years ______ (find) a cure for malaria. 【答案】to find 【解析】固定句型 It takes sb some time to do sth，to do 作真正主语，填 to find。 2. He ______ ten years doing the research work. A. took B. spent C. cost 【答案】B 【解析】主语是人 he，后面是 doing 结构，用 spent；take 主语为 it，故选 B。 3. Which sentence is correct? A. Took him 15 years to finish the task. B. It took him 15 years to finish the task. C. It took him 15 years finish the task. 【答案】B 【解析】It takes sb some time to do sth，it 不能省略，to 不能丢，只有 B 正确。 易错点 04 可分 / 不可分短语动词辨析（take on / go through / look back on） 【助记口诀】 副短代词放中间；介短代词放后面；三词短语不可分。 【错因辨析】 1. 动词 + 副词（可分短语）：代词作宾语，必须放动词和副词中间；名词可放中间或后面。例：take on the task = take the task on；只能take it on，不能take on it。 2. 动词 + 介词（不可分短语）如go through，名词、代词一律放在介词后面，不能拆分。❌ He went it through. ✅ He went through it。 3. 三词短语如look back on，属于固定整体，绝对不能拆分。❌ look it back on ✅ look back on it。 【对点训练】 1. The task was difficult, but he decided to take \\\\\\. A. on it B. it on C. it up 【答案】B 【解析】take on 是 “动词 + 副词” 短语，代词 it 放中间，take it on 承担任务，选 B。 2. He met lots of difficulties, but he went \\\\\\ bravely. A. through them B. them through C. through it 【答案】A 【解析】go through 是动词加介词短语，代词放介词 through 后面；difficulties 是复数，用 them，选 A。 3. Which sentence is correct? A. I often look back it on. B. I often look back on it. C. I often look it back on. 【答案】B 【解析】look back on 三词固定短语，不可拆分，代词放末尾，选 B。 一、根据汉语意思写出单词。 1. Florence Nightingale is the ________ (创建者) of modern nursing education. 【答案】founder 【详解】句意：南丁格尔是现代护理教育的创始人。founder 名词，意为“创建者、奠基人”，单数名词直接填写。 2. Alexander Fleming’s ________ (发现) of penicillin changed modern medicine. 【答案】discovery 【详解】句意：弗莱明发现青霉素改变了现代医学。discovery 名词“发现”，此处特指这一项发现，用单数。 3. Qian Xuesen made a ________ (至关重要的) contribution to China’s space industry. 【答案】vital 【详解】句意：钱学森对中国航天事业做出了至关重要的贡献。vital 形容词，意为“极其重要的、必不可少的”，修饰名词contribution。 4. Yuan Longping solved the problem of food ________ (短缺) for many people. 【答案】shortages 【详解】句意：袁隆平为许多人解决了粮食短缺的问题。food shortages 固定搭配“粮食短缺”，常用复数形式。 5. A selfless person always fights against ________ (饥饿) and poverty. 【答案】hunger 【详解】句意：无私的人总是与饥饿和贫穷作斗争。hunger 不可数名词，意为“饥饿”。 二、根据首字母提示写出单词。 1. Qian Xuesen was one of the l________ rocket scientists in the world. 【答案】(l)eading 【详解】句意：钱学森是世界顶尖的火箭科学家之一。leading 形容词，意为“顶尖的、一流的”，修饰名词scientists。 2. Yuan Longping was h________ as the “Father of Hybrid Rice”. 【答案】(h)onoured 【详解】句意：袁隆平被誉为“杂交水稻之父”。be honoured as 固定搭配“被誉为……”，被动语态填过去分词honoured。 3. Rachel Carson raised public a________ of environmental pollution. 【答案】(a)wareness 【详解】句意：蕾切尔·卡逊提升了公众的污染意识。awareness 名词，“意识、认识”，public awareness 公众意识。 4. Great people always think p________ and never give up easily. 【答案】(p)ositively 【详解】句意：伟人总是积极思考，从不轻易放弃。positively 副词，“积极地”，修饰动词think。 5. Every f________ teaches us experience and helps us grow. 【答案】(f)ailure 【详解】句意：每一次失败都带给我们经验、助力成长。failure 名词“失败”，every后接单数名词。 三、单项选择。 1. Yuan Longping devoted all his life to ________ hybrid rice to feed more people. A. develop B. developing C. developed D. development 【答案】B 【详解】devote ... to doing sth. 固定搭配，to是介词，后接动名词，故选B。 2. Qian Xuesen is known ________ a great scientist who made great contributions to our country. A. for B. as C. to D. with 【答案】B 【详解】be known as + 身份“作为……而出名”；be known for + 成就“因……出名”。此处后接身份scientist，选B。 3. It took Qian Xuesen and his team ________ 15 years to develop Long March rockets. A. less than B. fewer than C. more than D. rather than 【答案】A 【详解】课文原句 less than 15 years“不到15年”，固定短语，选A。 4. Great people never ________ even when they meet big difficulties. A. give up B. give out C. give away D. give in to 【答案】A 【详解】give up 放弃；伟人遇到困难从不放弃，贴合课文主旨，选A。 5. Tu Youyou kept on ________ research for years and finally found a cure for malaria. A. do B. doing C. to do D. did 【答案】B 【详解】keep on doing sth. 坚持做某事，固定用法，后接动名词，选B。 6. His hard work set the stage ________ China’s future space missions. A. to B. for C. with D. of 【答案】B 【详解】set the stage for sth. 固定短语“为某事铺平道路”，选B。 7. Many young scientists ________ by Yuan Longping’s selfless spirit. A. influence B. influenced C. are influenced D. were influenced 【答案】C 【详解】句意：许多青年科学家被袁隆平无私的精神影响。被动语态，客观事实用一般现在时，选C。 8. —Why do you admire Cai Yuanpei? —Because he ________ greatly to Chinese education. A. contributed B. connected C. created D. controlled 【答案】A 【详解】contribute to 对……做出贡献，固定搭配，选A。 9. Rachel Carson’s books made people ________ the danger of pollution. A. aware of B. proud of C. full of D. sure of 【答案】A 【详解】make sb. aware of 使某人意识到，贴合课文提升环保意识，选A。 10. Greatness ________ overnight. It needs long-term hard work. A. doesn’t achieve B. isn’t achieved C. won’t achieve D. wasn’t achieved 【答案】B 【详解】句意：伟大并非一蹴而就。伟大是被取得的，用被动语态，客观真理一般现在时，选B。 四、完形填空。 Rachel is a headmaster in a school and she puts all her heart into the school and students. The school tries to help every student out of trouble and serves 1 meals to the students. Last year, before Rachel’s students left for their new year vacation, they 2 their thanks to her in many different ways. But one girl, in particular, 3 her heart. This girl really wanted to get Rachel something to show her deep love, but she had nothing to give. So rather than offer nothing, she 4 her free breakfast cereal (混合麦片) at school. It took her much 5 to pick every dried grape, the favorite part of her breakfast, out of her cereal and 6 them in a small packet. The next day, during the break time, she quietly put it on Rachel’s desk. When Rachel opened the packet, a moment of warmth went through her mind. Later that day she posted the 7 story on Facebook, hoping to help people gain some 8 for what they have in their lives—because even when this teenager had nothing to offer, she was still willing to 9 her favorite dried grapes. Encouraged by the kind action, many people contacted the school headmaster to make 10 . “It makes me so proud of my kids that they have touched your hearts along with mine.” Rachel said, “Your generosity in 11 gifts to both the students and me and your donations to our school have not gone unnoticed. We are all 12 touched.” “My wish for all of you is to remember this kind and simple 13 of love from one of my school babies and carry it with you and continue to 14 love and kindness to everyone you meet—not just during this 15 season.” 1.A. special　　　　 B. free　　　　 C. delicious　　　　 D. cheap 2.A. expected　　　　 B. experienced　　　　 C. exchanged　　　　D. expressed 3.A. cured　　　　 B. hit　　　　 C. changed　　　　 D. broke 4.A. gave out　　　　 B. asked for　　　　 C. opened up　　　　 D. put away 5.A. courage　　　　 B. chance　　　　 C. lesson　　　　 D. time 6.A. gave　　　　 B. collected　　　　 C. stuck　　　　 D. separated 7.A. nice　　　　 B. proper　　　　 C. funny　　　　 D. old 8.A. thanks　　　　 B. praise　　　　 C. attention　　　　 D. reward 9.A. clean up　　　　 B. turn up　　　　 C. take up　　　　 D. give up 10.A. invitations　　　　 B. celebrations　　　　 C. donations　　　　 D. inventions 11.A. suggesting　　　　 B. offering　　　　 C. passing　　　　 D. showing 12.A. hardly　　　　 B. possibly　　　　 C. deeply　　　　 D. mostly 13.A. act　　　　 B. word　　　　 C. trick　　　　 D. hope 14.A. spread　　　　 B. teach　　　　 C. explain　　　　 D. announce 15.A. graduation　　　　 B. autumn　　　　 C. school　　　　 D. holiday 【答案】1-5 BDBCD 6-10 BAADC 11-15 BCAAD 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述一位女孩把早餐里自己最爱吃的葡萄干收集起来，送给校长 Rachel 表达感谢，这件温暖的故事被发到网上后，感动了很多人，号召大家传递爱与善意。 1．句意：这所学校尽力帮助每一位学生摆脱困境，为学生提供免费的饭菜。 special 特别的；free 免费的；delicious 美味的；cheap 便宜的。根据后文女孩可以拿到学校免费的早餐麦片，可知学校提供免费餐食。故选 B。 2．句意：去年，在 Rachel 的学生开启新年假期之前，他们用各种各样的方式向她表达感谢。 expected 期待；experienced 经历；exchanged 交换；expressed 表达。express one’s thanks 表达感谢，为固定搭配。故选 D。 3．句意：但有一个女孩尤其触动了她的内心。 cured 治愈；hit 撞击，触动；changed 改变；broke 打破。hit one’s heart 触动某人的内心，符合语境。故选 B。 4．句意：所以并非什么都不送，她打开了学校提供的免费早餐麦片。 gave out 分发；asked for 索要；opened up 打开；put away 收起来。根据下文从麦片里挑葡萄干，可知是打开麦片。故选 C。 5．句意：她花费了很多时间，把每一颗葡萄干 —— 她早餐里最喜欢的部分，从麦片中挑出来。 courage 勇气；chance 机会；lesson 功课；time 时间。挑出每一颗葡萄干需要耗费很多时间。故选 D。 6．句意：把它们收集到一个小袋子里面。 gave 给；collected 收集；stuck 粘贴；separated 分开。女孩把挑出来的葡萄干收集装在小袋子。故选 B。 7．句意：那天晚些时候，她在脸书上发布了这个美好的故事。 nice 美好的；proper 恰当的；funny 滑稽的；old 旧的。女孩送葡萄干的故事是温暖美好的。故选 A。 8．句意：希望帮助人们对自己生活中所拥有的事物心怀感恩。 thanks 感谢；praise 赞扬；attention 注意力；reward 回报。gain thanks for what they have，对拥有的东西心怀感激。故选 A。 9．句意：因为即使这个青少年没有什么可以拿来赠送，她仍然愿意放弃自己最爱的葡萄干。 clean up 清理；turn up 出现；take up 占据；give up 放弃。女孩把自己最爱吃的葡萄干拿出来送人，相当于放弃自己喜爱的食物。故选 D。 10．句意：受这个善良举动的鼓舞，很多人联系这位校长进行捐赠。 invitations 邀请；celebrations 庆祝；donations 捐赠；inventions 发明。根据后文 “your donations to our school” 可知人们进行捐赠。故选 C。 11．句意：你们为学生和我赠送礼物以及给学校的捐赠我们都记在心里。 suggesting 建议；offering 主动提供；passing 传递；showing 展示。offer gifts 赠送礼物，固定搭配。故选 B。 12．句意：我们所有人都被深深地感动了。 hardly 几乎不；possibly 可能；deeply 深深地；mostly 大部分。deeply touched 被深深打动。故选 C。 13．句意：我希望你们所有人记住来自我的一个学生这份善良而简单的爱的举动。 act 行为；word 话语；trick 诡计；hope 希望。女孩送葡萄干是一个充满爱的行为。故选 A。 14．句意：把它铭记于心，继续向你遇到的每一个人传播爱与善意。 spread 传播；teach 教；explain 解释；announce 宣布。spread love and kindness 传播爱与善意。故选 A。 15．句意：而不仅仅是在这个假期时节。 graduation 毕业；autumn 秋天；school 学校；holiday 假期。前文提到学生开启新年假期，对应 holiday season 假期时节。故选 D。 五、阅读理解。 A Sugar painting, as the name means, is a painting made of sugar. It's the sugar for us to taste, and the painting for us to admire. Since the Warring States Period（战国时代）, the ancient people loved sweets and developed methods of producing sugar.In the Tang Dynasty, there was huge progress in the technology of sugar making.And sugar, the precious product once only served to the emperors and princes, also went into common people's homes. With the cultural and economic(经济的) development of Song and Yuan Dynasties, people became less interested in only tasting sweetness. In the Ming Dynasty, some people added pictures with good luck into the bowl of sugar.and sugar painting appeared. Sugar painting is different from normal painting.Sugar painters use syrup(糖浆) as the material, a spoon as the "paintbrush", and a smooth table as the"paper". To make syrup, they have to make sugar hot before painting. Since syrup may become hard if it cools the painters have to produce the work very quickly. They move the spoon full of syrup up and down, left and right. Soon a sugar painting is done. However, it's a pity that this folk art is dying recently. The sugar painting that used to be rich in shapes has become poorer and poorer because of fewer needs. What's worse, few people seem to be willing to pass on the art except those aging sugar painters. For most people, painting is a kind of art and difficult to understand. However, sugar painting has pulled the art down into people's daily lives. Through it, we may see the spiritual support of the ancient people across centuries. Now, sugar painting has been listed as an intangible cultural heritage(非物质文化遗产)in China. Therefore, the art should be remembered, missed and passed on. 1. What does the underlined word "precious" in Paragraph 2 probably mean？ A.Valuable and expensive. B.Useful and cheap. C.Special but worthless. D.Simple but priceless. 2. Why should sugar painters make the work very quickly？ A.To show their excellent skills. B.To avoid syrup becoming hard. C.To protect the spoon and the table. D.To reduce people's waiting time. 3. What's the writer's attitude（态度）towards today's sugar painting according to Paragraph4？ A.Uncaring. B.Doubtful. C.Worried. D.Unclear. 4. Which can be a suitable title for the passage？ A.Exploring the Art of Sugar Painting B.Improving the Taste of Sugar Painting C.Effects of the Sugar Producing Technology D.Ways to Change the Future of Sugar Painting 【答案】1．A    2．B    3．C    4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍中国非物质文化遗产糖画，讲述糖画的发展历史、制作工艺，表达了作者对这门民间艺术逐渐衰落的担忧，呼吁人们记住并且传承这项技艺。 1．词句猜测题。根据 “And sugar, the precious product once only served to the emperors and princes，also went into common people's homes.” 可知，糖在过去只供帝王贵族享用，可以推断它是珍贵、昂贵的物品。故选 A。 2．细节理解题。根据 “Since syrup may become hard if it cools, the painters have to produce the work very quickly.” 可知糖浆冷却之后会变硬，所以糖画艺人必须快速完成作品。故选 B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段 “However, it's a pity that this folk art is dying recently. The sugar painting that used to be rich in shapes has become poorer and poorer because of fewer needs.What's worse, few people seem to be willing to pass on the art except those aging sugar painters.” 可以看出作者对糖画如今日渐衰败的现状感到担忧。故选 C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章介绍糖画的起源、制作过程、现存困境以及它的文化价值，是对糖画这门艺术的探究。A 选项 “探究糖画艺术” 最适合作为文章标题。故选 A。 B A new study has suggested that the key to reducing feelings of anger is not venting (letting the angry emotions out) but doing calming activities such as yoga or meditation. The study was published in March by Sophie Kjaervik and Brad Bushman from Ohio State University in the US. They wanted to explore the popular theory that venting (expressing) anger is a good way of reducing it. Examples of venting anger include shouting or hitting something like a cushion, so that you let go of the emotion and therefore don't feel it any more. The pair looked at 154 other studies on anger. These involved 10.189 people, and included a variety of ages and backgrounds. In their study. Kjaervik and Bushman define anger as an emotional response(反应) to a real or imagined threat (威胁). They used a theory of emotion (情绪假说) that says emotions are partly felt in your body and partly in your mind. The scientists looked at the other studies to see how different activities influenced anger. They found that activities such as running or boxing which are often thought to be good for dealing with anger weren't very good at reducing it. In fact, some of these activities actually made it worse because they increased physical responses in the body that are linked to feeling angry. For example, they made people's hearts beat faster. However, activities that decreased physical responses in the body did help to reduce feelings of anger. These included activities that slow the heart rate, such as deep breathing, meditation and yoga. Bushman says activities that increase physical responses may be good for heart health but are “definitely not the best way to reduce anger”. The team found jogging was most likely to increase anger. However, some heart-rate increasing activities like ball games and team sports could reduce anger. A theory of emotion Two scientists called Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer developed the two-factor theory of emotion in 1962. They said that emotions are formed in two parts. First, the body has a physical response to a threat and then the mind considers the physical response as an emotion, which is then felt by the person. For example, imagine you are walking through a forest and you see a bear. Seeing it would probably start a physical response, such as your heart beating very fast and sweat breaking out. Your mind then decides that this is fear, which you feel as an emotion. Fear can be a strong emotion. 5. What is the main finding of the new study? A.A new method of venting anger. B.A new method of reducing anger. C. Good activities to vent anger. D. Good activities to reduce anger. 6. What can we learn about calming activities? A. They can reduce feelings of anger. B. They can increase the heart rate. C. They are good for mind health. D. They are good for heart health. 7. According to Schachter and Singer's theory, what happens first if you see a snake and feel afraid? A. You get the feeling of fear. B. You get the feeling of calm. C. Your heart beats fast. D. Your heart beats slowly. 8. The following sentence can best be put at the end of ________. They think this shows that fun or playful activities help to reduce negative feelings. A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 【答案】5．D    6．A    7．C    8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍一项关于缓解愤怒情绪的新研究，说明舒缓类活动有助于减少愤怒，而部分发泄运动反而会加重愤怒，并介绍了情绪双因素理论。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段 “A new study has suggested that the key to reducing feelings of anger is not venting (letting the angry emotions out) but doing calming activities such as yoga or meditation.” 这项新研究主要发现了可以缓解愤怒的有效活动。故选 D。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段 “However, activities that decreased physical responses in the body did help to reduce feelings of anger. These included activities that slow the heart rate, such as deep breathing, meditation and yoga.” 可知舒缓类活动能够减少愤怒情绪。故选 A。 7．细节理解题。根据 “First, the body has a physical response to a threat and then the mind considers the physical response as an emotion” 以及 “Seeing it would probably start a physical response, such as your heart beating very fast”，按照 Schachter 和 Singer 的理论，遇到危险，身体会先产生生理反应，心跳加速在先，之后才产生恐惧情绪。故选 C。 8．推理判断题。题干句子意为 “他们认为这表明有趣或者娱乐性的活动有助于减少消极情绪”。第四段介绍慢跑容易加重愤怒，但球类、团队运动这类有趣活动却可以缓解愤怒，该句放在第四段末尾，用来解释这一现象。故选 D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $