必修1 UNIT 5 LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD-【优化探究】2027年高考英语一轮复习高考总复习配套课件（人教版）

该高中英语高考复习课件聚焦必修第一册Unit5“世界上的语言”主题，依据高考评价体系梳理了核心词汇（如native,attitude）、短语词块（如refer to,date back to）、经典句式（如定语从句、“be of+名词”）及主题语境（语言学习与文化交流）四大考查维度，通过高频考点归纳（核心词汇占35%、句式运用占40%），构建了语法填空、完形填空、书面表达的完整备考体系。 课件亮点在于“核心考点突破+真题题型训练+素养提升”的三维策略，如针对高频词major的“词性辨析+语境运用”解析，结合“be of+名词”句式建模培养学生语言能力和思维品质。特设“一词多义/熟词生义”易错点分析（如character的“文字/角色/品质”）及读后续写动作链描写模板，帮助学生掌握答题技巧，教师可据此实现精准复习指导，助力高考冲刺。

教材复习 必修第一册 UNIT 5 LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD 主题语境　世界上的语言 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN Part 1　基础知识夯实 Part 2　核心考点突破 Part 3　基础知识达标 Part 4　写作能力培优 Part 1　基础知识夯实 ★提示：速记后再做《英语词句默写本》及时巩固 注：下面单词词义中的铺灰部分表示该词的生义。 Ⅰ.阅读单词 1.bone　　　　　 n.骨头；骨(质) 2.shell n.壳；壳状物 3.semester n.学期 4.petrol n.(NAmE gas)汽油 5.pants n.[pl.](BrE)内裤；短裤；(especially NAmE)裤子 ►构词法日积月累 1.副词后缀-ly/-ally：形容词变副词一般加-ly, 但是basic, specific都是以-ic结尾的形容词，其变副词需要在后边加-ally, 该类副词还有：academically学术上；scientifically科学上；dramatically戏剧性地；ironically讽刺地；enthusiastically热心地；energetically精力充沛地；automatically自动地。 2.常见的副词后缀还有： -wise表示“以……方式”，如：likewise同样地；otherwise否则，不然。 Ⅳ.短语词块 1.refer to指的是；描述；提到；查阅 2.ups and downs浮沉；兴衰；荣辱 3.date back (to...)追溯到 4.point of view观点；看法 5.relate to与……相关；涉及；谈到 6.be known for因为……而著名 7.lead to导致 8.be of great importance非常重要 9.play a role in在……中发挥作用 10.have trouble with在……方面有困难 11.get used to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做)某事 12.depend on依靠，依赖 Ⅴ.悟经典句式 1.There are many reasons why this has been possible，but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.(why引导定语从句) 这成为可能的原因颇多，但主要因素之一是汉字的书写体系。 2.Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.(It was a time when...；现在分词短语作结果状语) 多年来，该(书法)体系发展成了不同的形式，因为那时人们在地理上是分开的，从而导致多种方言和文字的形成。 3.That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.(be of＋抽象名词) 这一书写体系对于团结中国人民和凝聚中华文化具有非常重要的意义。 4.Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak，they can all still communicate in writing.(“no matter＋疑问词”引导状语从句) 即使在今天，不论住在哪里，也不论说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。 5.Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected with its past.(“介词＋which”引导定语从句) 书面汉语也成为连接中国现在与过去的一个重要媒介。 主 题 词 汇 categories 种类 first language/native language/mother tongue 母语　second language 第二语言　foreign language 外语　spoken language 口语　written language 书面语　official/standard language 官方/标准语言　Putonghua n.普通话 learning contents 学习内容 vocabulary n.词汇　expression n.词语，措辞　phrase n.短语　grammar n.语法 主 题 词 汇 learning methods 学习方法 review the notes 复习笔记　keep practising 坚持练习　sign up for a language class 报名参加语言课程　refer to a dictionary 查词典　look up new words in the dictionary 在词典里查生词　increase your vocabulary 增加你的词汇量 benefits of learning languages 学习语言的好处 know different cultures 了解不同的文化　strengthen intercultural communication 加强跨文化交流 主 题 佳 句   1.The best way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible. 学习一门语言最好的方法就是要尽可能多地练习说它。 2.Relax, be patient and enjoy yourself！Learning a foreign language should be great fun. 放松点，有耐心并让自己快乐！学习一门外语应该乐趣无穷。 3.Learning new languages gives you access to many different cultures across the world. 学习新语言让你有机会接触世界上许多不同的文化。 4.By learning another language, we can broaden our horizons and increase our knowledge in various fields. 通过学习另外一门语言，我们能够开阔自己的眼界，增加我们在各个领域的知识。 英语词句默写本 Ⅰ.回忆单词汉语意思，在不认识的词汇前面做出标记 □bone　□shell　□semester　□petrol　□pants Ⅱ.重点单词 1.________ adj.出生地的；本地的；土著的 n.本地人 2.________ prep.即使；尽管 3.________ n.因素；要素 4.________ n.态度；看法 native despite factor attitude 5.___________ n.方式；方法；途径 6.___________ n.& vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗 7.___________ adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的 n.经典作品；名著 8.___________ n.书法；书法艺术 9.___________ n.公共事务；事件；关系 10.__________ n.尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待 means struggle classic calligraphy affair regard 11.___________ n.体系；制度；系统 12.___________ n.王朝；朝代 13.___________ n.舌头；语言 14.___________ n.间隔；开口；差距 15.___________ n.词汇 system dynasty tongue gap vocabulary Ⅲ.拓展单词 1._________ n.(植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化→_______ vi.变化；不同→__________ adj.各种各样的 2._________ adj.主要的；重要的；大的 n.主修课程；主修学生 vi.主修；专门研究→__________ n.大多数 3.________ adj.全球的；全世界的→__________ n.地球；地球仪 4.__________ vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会 vi.增值→___________ n.感激；欣赏→____________ adj.感激的 variety vary various major majority global globe appreciate appreciation appreciative 5.__________ adj.特定的；明确的；具体的→___________ adv.专门地；明确地 6._______ vt.恳求；祈求；哀求→__________ n.乞丐 7.__________ n.符号；象征→___________ adj.象征性的；作为象征的→______________ vt.象征， 代表，作为……的象征 8.__________ n.文字；符号；角色；品质；特点→____________ n.特征；特点；品质 adj.典型的；独特的；特有的 specific specifically beg beggar symbol symbolic symbolize character characteristic Ⅳ.构词法——副词后缀-ly/-ally/-wise 1.It was only then that I realized that the runway was ___________ (extreme) long for young children, not to mention a child with a heart disease. 2.Everyone in the classroom was chatting _________ (happy) while Jane sat alone, at a loss. extremely happily 3._________ (ironic), the fitness instructor who advocated healthy eating died of a heart attack caused by a poor diet. 4.写出加黑词的词性和词义 Time-wise, the meeting was a disaster—it started an hour late and ended abruptly without resolving any issues. ______________________________ Ironically adv.在时间方面，从时间角度 Ⅴ.核心短语 1.____________________浮沉；兴衰；荣辱 2.____________________指的是；描述；提到；查阅 3.____________________观点；看法 4.____________________与……相关；涉及；谈到 5.____________________在……中发挥作用 6.____________________在……方面有困难 7.____________________习惯于(做)某事 8.____________________依靠，依赖 ups and downs refer to point of view relate to play a role in have trouble with get used to (doing) sth. depend on Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.I would like to express my ___________ to all of you. I am completely ______________ of your support. No words are enough to express how I _____________ your assistance.(appreciate) 2.I have difficulty __________ the tourist attraction, whose beauty is beyond ____________.(describe) 3.The chairman of the Student Council organizes __________ of activities, __________ from English Corner to Speech Competitions. So students can improve _________ abilities.(variety) appreciation appreciative appreciate describing description varieties varying various 4.Our manager __________ that we (should) work extra hours to meet customers’ ________. It was really a ____________ task.(demand) 5.All men are born ________, so from my point of view, everyone should be treated _________.(equal) 6.Research shows that there is a cause-effect _________ between obesity and unhealthy eating. In other words, your health is ________ to what you eat.(relate) demanded demands demanding equal equally relation related Ⅱ.补全短文(微写作) 单句汉语提示 1.很多英语学习者不知道为什么他们不能说一口流利的英语，尽管他们记住了大量的单词。(why引导定语从句) 2.他们花大量时间在语法练习上，却很少参与真实对话，导致知识与运用之间的脱节。(现在分词短语作结果状语) 3.无论你遇到什么挑战，都要坚持下去。(no matter＋疑问词) 4.记住，语言能力不仅对考试至关重要，而且对跨文化交流意义重大。(be＋of ＋抽象名词) 5.只有通过日常练习，在练习过程中将听、说、读、写融为一体，人们才能真正掌握英语。(“介词＋which”引导定语从句) 微写作短文 Learning a foreign language requires consistent efforts and effective methods. Let’s take English for example. Many English learners don’t know the reason 1.__________________________________________________ despite memorizing numerous words. The reason is that they lack practical application. They spend amounts of time on grammar drills but rarely engage in real conversations, 2._________________________________________. 3.___________________________________, be persistent. Remember that language competence 4.______________________________________ but also for cross-cultural communication. It is only through daily practice 5._____________________________________________________ that one can truly master English. why they can’t speak English fluently/speak fluent English resulting in a gap between knowledge and use No matter what challenges you encounter is of great significance not only for exams in which listening, speaking, reading and writing are integrated Part 2　核心考点突破 1.refer vi.提到；参考；查阅 vt.查询；叫……求助于→__________ n.提及，涉及；指称关系；参考；参考书目 (1)refer to指的是；描述；提到；查阅 (2)refer to... as... 把……称作…… (3)in/with reference to关于 reference books/material参考书/参考资料 reference ①(译林选必四U4)As soon as I received the next assignment, I headed straight for the library to find the ___________ (refer) books I needed for my research. ②他是他所在领域的先驱，被许多年轻的研究人员称为导师。(人物介绍) He was a pioneer in his field and _____________________________ ________________________. 动身前往 reference referred to as an advisor by many young researchers ③关于发表演讲，我建议你在发表演讲时不要参考你的笔记本或其他参考资料。(建议信) __________________ making a speech, I suggest that while making a speech, you should not _____________________________________ ___________________. 状语从句的省略 With/In reference to refer to your notebook orother reference material 2.base vt.以……为据点；以……为基础 n.底部；根据→_____ adj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的→______ adj.基本的；基础的→_______ n.基础→_________ adv.大体上；基本上 (1)base... on/upon... 把……建立在……的基础上 (2)be based on... 以……为基础 (3)on a daily/regular basis 每天/定期 on the basis of在……的基础上 based basic basis basically ①She built her argument _________ (base) on personal experience and scientific research. ②Working out on a regular ________ (base) and eating healthily are good ways to keep fit. ③正如谚语所言：“独木难成林。”我们的成功是建立在与他人合作的基础上的。(主旨升华) Just as the saying goes, “One tree doesn’t make a forest.” __________ ____________________________________. based basis Our success is based on/upon cooperation with others 3.major adj.主要的；重要的；大的 vi.主修；专门研究 n.主修课程；主修学生→_________ n.大部分；大多数 (1)major in主修…… (2)a/the majority of大多数 in a/the majority占大多数 ①Interested in Chinese characters since childhood, I plan to major _____ calligraphy at university in the future. majority in ②据调查，赞成分组学习的学生占大多数。 As surveyed, students in favor of studying in groups ______________ __________. ③大多数人摄入过多脂肪，纤维摄入不足，这对他们的健康很有害。(饮食与健康) __________________________________________ and not enough fibre, which does great harm to their health. are in a/the majority A/The majority of people take in too much fat 4.means n.方法；方式；途径 a means of一种……的方法(means的单复数同形) by all means可以；当然行；没问题 by means of借助……手段；依靠……方法 by no means绝不，一点也不(置于句首时，句子用部分倒装) ①Every possible means _______________ (use) to solve this problem so far. has been used ②通过艰苦的训练和坚持不懈的努力，他于2024年在法国获得了一枚奥运金牌。 He won an Olympic gold medal in France in 2024 _______________ ________________________. ③没有你的慷慨帮助和指导，我绝不可能提高我的英语水平。再次感谢你的帮助。(感谢信) _____________________________________________ without your generous help and guidance. Thanks again for your help.(倒装句) by means of hard training and perseverance By no means could I have improved my English 5.appreciate vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会 vi.增值→____________ n.欣赏；感激→_____________ adj.感激的；欣赏的 (1)appreciate (one’s) doing sth. 喜欢/感激(某人)做某事 I would appreciate it if... 如果……我将不胜感激。 (2)express/convey one’s appreciation 表达某人的感激之情 ①I would really appreciate your ____________ (reply) to me at your earliest convenience. appreciation appreciative replying ②我写信表达我对你的感激之情，感谢我在伦敦逗留期间你为我所做的一切。(感谢信) ____________________________________________ for what you have done for me during my stay in London. I’m writing to express/convey my appreciation 6.struggle n.& vi.斗争(fight)；奋斗；搏斗 struggle for... 为……而奋斗；努力争取…… struggle with/against... 与……做斗争 struggle to do sth. 努力做某事 struggle to one’s feet挣扎着站起来 ①As an exchange student, for one thing, he struggles _____ language barriers; for another, he struggles _____ academic progress. How determined and devoted he is! ②他挣扎着从地上站起来，扶着墙，踉跄地走出了房子。(动作链描写) ____________________________________, supported himself along the wall and stumbled out of the house. with for He struggled to his feet from the ground 7.equal n.同等的人；相等物 adj.相同的；同样的；平等的；相当的；能胜任的 v.与……相等，等于；比得上→__________ n.平等；相等→_________ adv.相等地；同等地；公平地；同样地 be without equal＝have no equal无与伦比 be equal to sth./doing sth. 等于/胜任(做)某事 equal sb./sth. in (doing) sth. 在(做)某事上比得过/敌得过某人/某物 equality equally ①All students should be treated __________ (equal) regardless of their background. ②From my point of view, her painting skill is _________ equal in capturing the beauty of nature. ③我精通中文而且没有人在教学方法上能比得过我，因此我相信我能胜任教外国人学习中文。(申请信) I have a good knowledge of Chinese and nobody can _____________ ____________________, so I’m confident that __________________ _________________________. equally without equal me in teaching methods I am equal to teaching foreigners to learn Chinese 8.demand n.需求；要求 vt.强烈要求；需要 vi.查问→___________ adj.要求高的 (1)be in (great) demand (迫切)需求 meet/satisfy one’s demands (for...)满足某人(对……)的需求 (2)demand to do sth. 要求做某事 demand that... (should) do sth. 要求……做某事 demanding ①Nowadays science graduates are _____ greater demand because advanced science has created more ___________ (demand) jobs. ②The company is struggling to meet the high __________ (demand) of its clients during the peak season. ③我对你们糟糕的服务很不满意，我要求见经理，并要求立即处理我的投诉。(投诉信) Dissatisfied with your poor service, I _________________________ and demand that my complaint ________________________. in demanding demands demand to see the manager be handled immediately 9.date back (to...)追溯到 date back to＝date from 追溯到…… go back to追溯到…… ①_________ (date) from 1933, the South Lake Park in Changchun is located in the southwestern part of Changchun City. Dating ②中国饮茶文化源远流长，可以追溯到1 000多年前。(传统文化) →Chinese tea-drinking culture has a long history, ________________ ________________________ more than 1，000 years ago.(非限制性定语从句) →Chinese tea-drinking culture has a long history ________________ ___________________________ more than 1，000 years ago.(现在分词短语作定语) which dates back to/dates from/goes back to dating back to/dating from/going back to 1.character The character① in his novel is vivid, with honesty as his core character② traits. These unique characters③ shine through every character④ he writes. ①_____________　②____________　③____________ ④______ n.人物，角色 n.性格，品质 n.特点，特色 n.文字 2.major Lisa, a psychology major①， chose to major② in the subject because she is passionate about understanding mental health. Last month, she met a major③ challenge: helping a classmate with a major④ anxiety issue, which further deepened her love for her field. ①___________ 　②_________　 ③___________________　 ④___________ n.主修学生 vi.主修 adj.主要的，重要的 adj.严重的 3.The company has its base in New York and branch offices all over the world. 生义：_________ 熟义：n.基础；根基；底部 n.总部 4.She took a moment to appreciate the artist’s intention behind the abstract painting. 生义：_______________ 熟义：vt.欣赏；感激 vt.领会；理解 “be of＋名词”结构 [教材原句]　That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture. 这一书写体系对于团结中国人民和凝聚中华文化具有非常重要的意义。 “be of＋抽象名词”相当于“be＋形容词”，这一结构可以用来说明主语的性质。常见的抽象名词有importance、value、use、help、benefit、significance等，这些名词可用great、little、some、any、no、not、much等修饰，用以说明程度。 ①Regular physical activity is beneficial to both your physical and mental health. →Regular physical activity _______________ both your physical and mental health. ②在我看来，提高人们保护野生植物和动物的意识具有十分重要的意义。(生态保护) From my point of view, raising people’s awareness of protecting wild plants and animals ________________________. is of benefit to is of great significance ③(2025·全国一卷)我真的希望我的建议能有所帮助，会让我们的报纸更加丰富多彩、更具吸引力。 I do hope ___________________________ and will make our newspaper more colorful and appealing. my suggestions are of help Part 3　基础知识达标 Ⅰ.语境填空 1.Human beings _____________ (regard) as part of nature and the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature. 2. The tradition _________ (date) back to a hundred years ago is still kept alive today. 3.__________ the previous rounds of talks, no agreement has been reached so far by the two sides. 4.It is widely acknowledged that wisdom and efforts are ___________ (equal) important for success. are regarded dating Despite equally 5.Some experts say that like running, race walking is physically _____________ (demand). 6. The gold medal will be awarded to __________ wins first place in the bicycle race. 7.As a matter of fact, I want to major _____ English in college and to be a bridge between China and the world. demanding whoever in 8.Hearing that he won first place, he struggled _________ (hold) back his tears of excitement. 9._________ (base) an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later. 10.As is known to all, eating fruit and vegetables is _____ great benefit to our health. to hold Basing of Ⅱ.完成句子 1.我知道你对篮球感兴趣，而且我们的篮球俱乐部需要新成员，所以我写信邀请你加入。 I know you’re interested in basketball and new members __________ _______ in our basketball club, so ____________________________. 2.比赛在即，教练要求我们做好充分的准备，每天努力练习。 The match is approaching. Our coach demanded that _____________ __________________________________ every day. are in demand I’m writing to invite you to join it we should get fully prepared and practice hard 3.如果你能考虑我的邀请，我将不胜感激。我们期待着你的加入。 ________________________________________________________ ______________. We are expecting your joining. I would appreciate it if you could take my invitation into consideration 4.我认为我能胜任这份志愿者工作，因为我从小就学习中国画。同样重要的是，我的汉语和英语说得很流利，所以我和外国人交流没有困难。(申请信) I think ______________________________, because I have learned Chinese painting since childhood. __________________, I am fluent in both Chinese and English, so I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners. I am equal to the voluntary work Equally important 5.David在终点线处倒下了，但他抓住旁边的护栏，又挣扎着站起来穿过终点线。观众的欢呼声和呐喊声充满了整个场地。(续写片段) David _________________________________, but he grabbed the nearby barrier and ____________________ cross the finish line. Loud shouts and cheers from the audience filled the whole venue. collapsed/fell down at the finish line struggled to his feet to Part 4　写作能力培优 培优1　应用文增分练 ——个人兴趣 根据提示，运用本单元的词汇、短语及句式或使用词汇的正确形式完成下面的语篇。 As a Russian, Clery can speak standard Chinese, though his native language is Russian. In addition, he has studied Chinese characters and now ①____________________________ (擅长书法). is good at calligraphy He especially enjoys (用本单元词汇替换黑体词：②___________) classic Chinese literature and regards it ③_____ his major research subject, so he tries every way (用本单元词汇替换黑体词： ④_______) to refer to Chinese classics ⑤________ (base) on ancient Chinese culture. Clery cares about ⑥_____________ (全球事务) and has a positive attitude towards life. In his semester paper, he gives a specific ⑦ _________________ (describe) of man’s demands and ⑧_______________________ (为争取平等权利的斗争). appreciates as means based global affairs description struggles for equal rights 培优2　读后续写提能练 教材语料整合 亮词 [情感描写]　description; describe; beyond description; attitude; ups and downs; appreciate; appreciation [动作描写]　beg; regard; struggle; refer to; demand 美句 1.One language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way.(主旨升华) 2.I used to get high marks in English, but now I’m having a lot of trouble with my listening.(对比) 3.My biggest headache is how to be polite in English.(比喻) 4.If I’m talking to a close friend, I can... But if I’m talking to someone who isn’t very close to me, I must... If I’m talking to someone senior to me, then I should say... (排比) 教材语料运用　【与狼对峙】 马克正沿着山路骑行，这时他看到一只狼张着血盆大口追赶他。他的恐惧无以言表。他乞求路过的司机帮助他，但是徒劳无果。内心充满了恐惧，他从自行车上下来，抓住自行车，用尽全力把自行车扔向狼，尽力把狼吓走。他正要成为狼的盘中餐时，他的朋友们帮助了他。每当他提到这件恐怖的事情时，他仍然感到毛骨悚然。 Mac was pedalling along the mountain road when he 1.________ ________________ (感官动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语), opening its bloody mouth. His fear was beyond description. He begged passing drivers to help him, but in vain. 2.__________ (形容词短语作状语), he got off his bike, seized it and threw it at the wolf with all his strength, saw a wolf chasing him Full of fear 3.________________________________ (分词短语作状语). He was about to become the food of the wolf 4.________________________ (时间状语从句). Every time he referred to the horrible thing, he still felt as if 5._______________________ (虚拟语气). struggling to frighten the wolf away when his friends helped him his hair had stood on end Ⅱ.核心单词 1.billion num.十亿 2.native adj.出生地的；本地的；土著的 3.attitude n.态度；看法 4.system n.体系；制度；系统 5.despite prep.即使；尽管 6.factor n.因素；要素 7.carve vt.& vi.雕刻 8.dynasty n.王朝；朝代 9.dialect n.地方话；方言 10.means n.方式；方法；途径 11.classic adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的 n.经典作品；名著 12.regard n.尊重；关注； vt.把……视为；看待 13.calligraphy n.书法；书法艺术 14.affair n.公共事务；事件； 15.struggle n.& vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗； 16.tongue n.舌头； 17.subway n.(BrE underground)地铁 18.apartment n.(especially NAmE)公寓套房 19.gap n.间隔；开口； 20.vocabulary n.词汇 Ⅲ.拓展单词 1.reference n.指称关系；参考→refer vi.提到；参考；查阅 vt.查询； 2.variety n.(植物、语言等的)变体；；多样化→vary vi.变化；不同→various adj.各种各样的 3.major adj.主要的；；大的； n.主修课程；主修学生 vi.主修；专门研究→majority n.大多数 4.symbol n.；象征→symbolic adj.象征性的；作为象征的→symbolize vt.象征， 代表，作为……的象征 5.character n.文字；符号；角色；品质；特点→characteristic n.特征；特点；品质 adj.典型的；独特的；特有的 6.global adj.全球的；全世界的→globe n.地球；地球仪 7.appreciate vt.欣赏；重视；感激；→appreciation n.感激；欣赏→appreciative adj.感激的 8.beg vt.恳求；祈求；哀求→beggar n.乞丐 9.demand n.要求；需求 vt.强烈要求；需要 →demanding adj.要求高的 10.description n.描写(文字)；形容→describe vt.描述 11.relate vt.联系；→related adj.相关的→relation/relationship n.联系，关系 12.based adj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的→base vt.以……为基础；以……为据点 n.底部；根据；→basis n.基础；基准→basic adj.基础的→basically adv.大体上；基本上 13.specific adj.特定的；明确的；具体的→specifically adv.专门地；明确地 14.equal n.；相等物 adj.相同的；同样的→equally adv.平等地→equality n.平等 $