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中职英语基础模块 3 · Unit 7 Natural Disasters
Unit 7 Natural Disasters 讲义
00 学习导航 · 重难点总览
本单元以「自然灾害」为话题主线,围绕地震、洪水、台风、火灾等灾害的成因、预警、防范与自救展开听说读写训练,语法聚焦名词性从句中的主语从句与表语从句——这是本册最重要的语法难点,也是高考/学业水平考的高频考点。
学习目标(四维)
维度
具体目标
语言能力
掌握 disaster, earthquake, flood, typhoon, wildfire, warning, damage, rescue, survive 等话题词汇;能听懂、说出并写出灾害描述与防范措施。
文化意识
了解常见自然灾害的成因与预警信号,树立防灾避险、珍爱生命的安全意识与人类命运共同体理念。
思维品质
能分析灾害成因与后果的逻辑关系,运用主语从句、表语从句准确表达观点与判断。
学习能力
借助课文与听力材料梳理灾害信息,学会用「成因—现象—措施」结构组织表达与写作。
重点难点一览
类型
内容说明
★ 重点一
灾害话题核心词汇与短语(disaster, damage, warn... of, take measures to 等)
★ 重点二
主语从句的引导词选择(that / whether / wh-)及 it 作形式主语结构
★★ 难点一
表语从句:系动词后从句的引导词判断,与定语从句、主语从句的区分
★★ 难点二
that / what / whether / if 的辨析;it 作形式主语/形式宾语的综合运用
01 核心词汇精讲
1.1 灾害与防灾类核心词汇
单词
词性与释义
拓展 / 例句
disaster
n. 灾难
natural disaster 自然灾害;a major disaster
earthquake
n. 地震
strike v. 侵袭;The quake struck at noon.
flood
n./v. 洪水;淹没
flooded adj. 被淹的;heavy floods
typhoon
n. 台风
hurricane(飓风,大西洋);cyclone(气旋)
wildfire
n. 野火
forest fire 森林火灾
warning
n. 警告,预警
warn v.;warn sb of sth 警告某人某事
damage
n./v. 破坏
cause great damage;damaged 受损的
rescue
n./v. 救援
rescue team / workers 救援队
survive
v. 幸存
survivor n. 幸存者;survival n. 幸存
measure
n. 措施;v. 测量
take measures to do 采取措施
reduce
v. 减少
reduce the risk of... 降低……风险
prepare
v. 准备
preparation n.;prepare for 为……做准备
1. 常见灾害表达:
1. an earthquake / a flood / a typhoon / a wildfire / a landslide(滑坡)/ a tsunami(海啸)
1. 描述影响:
1. cause great damage(造成重大破坏)| leave thousands homeless(使数千人无家可归)| cut off electricity(切断电力)
1.2 重点词汇深度辨析
① damage / destroy / ruin
词
程度
侧重点
damage
部分破坏
可修复,常用被动 be badly damaged
destroy
彻底摧毁
无法修复,程度最重
ruin
ruin 毁坏
多用于抽象或长期损害(ruin one's health)
The flood damaged many houses. 洪水损坏了许多房屋。
The fire destroyed the whole building. 大火烧毁了整栋楼。
② warn sb of / about / not to do
warn 的搭配是高频考点,注意介词与不定式的不同结构:
The radio warned us of the coming storm. 广播警告我们即将来临的暴风雨。
She warned her son not to go near the river. 她警告儿子不要靠近河边。
③ survive / save / suffer
词
用法要点
survive
vt./vi. 幸存;survive the earthquake 经历地震幸存(不用被动)
save
vt. 拯救;save sb from... 把某人从……中救出(常用被动)
suffer
vt./vi. 遭受;suffer (from) great losses 遭受巨大损失
⚠ survive 的用法(必背考点)
survive 本身是「经历……幸存」,是及物动词,后面直接接宾语,不加介词:
✅ He survived the disaster.(✔)
❌ He survived from the disaster.(✘ 多余 from)
其名词 survival(幸存)、survivor(幸存者)常出现在阅读与写作中。
1.3 词形转换必背表
动词 / 名词
→ 形容词 / 相关词
disaster n.
→ disastrous adj. 灾难性的
survive v.
→ survivor n. 幸存者 / survival n. 幸存
prepare v.
→ preparation n. 准备 / prepared adj. 准备好的
warn v.
→ warning n. 警告,预警
reduce v.
→ reduction n. 减少
danger n.
→ dangerous adj. 危险的 / endangered 濒危的
02 核心短语与固定搭配
短语
释义 / 用法
natural disaster
自然灾害
take measures to do sth
采取措施做某事(=take steps to)
warn sb of / about sth
警告某人某事
warn sb (not) to do sth
警告某人(不要)做某事
prepare for
为……做准备(prepare for an exam)
in danger
处于危险中(反义:out of danger)
cut off
切断(电力、水源、联系)
run out of
用完,耗尽(=use up)
take action
采取行动
reduce the risk of
降低……的风险
at least / at most
至少 / 至多
as soon as possible
尽快(=as soon as one can)
⚠ 介词搭配易错(改错高频)
warn sb of sth(✔)| warn sb about sth(✔)| warn sb against doing sth(警告别做某事)(✔)
❌ warn sb to not do sth(应说 warn sb not to do sth)
❌ prepare to do sth ≠ prepare for doing sth:前者「准备去做」,后者「为……做准备」,注意区分。
We must take action to reduce the risk of floods. 我们必须采取行动降低洪水风险。
Please prepare for the coming typhoon. 请为即将到来的台风做好准备。
03 核心语法一:主语从句(★★重点)
主语从句属于名词性从句,即用一个完整的句子充当主句的主语。它是本单元语法核心,也是中职升高职、学业水平考试的高频考点。
3.1 三种引导方式一览
引导词
意义
例句
that
本身无意义,只起连接作用,不可省略
That the earth moves around the sun is known to all.
whether / if
是否(是否发生)
Whether it will rain tomorrow is still unknown.
wh- (what/who/when/how/why 等)
保留疑问意义
What we should do next is very important.
That he survived the earthquake is a miracle. 他能在大地震中幸存是个奇迹。(that 引导,无意义)
How the fire started remains a mystery. 火灾是如何发生的仍是个谜。(how 保留「如何」之意)
3.2 关键规则一:that 是否可省略
位置
that 能否省略
主语从句(句首)
❌ 不可省略(That he is honest is... ✔ / 省略 that ✘)
宾语从句(动词后)
✅ 常可省略(I think (that) he is right.)
表语从句(系动词后)
❌ 一般不可省略(The truth is that...)
定语从句
关系代词作宾语时可省(见备注)
⚠ 主语从句的 that 绝不省略(必背考点)
当 that 从句位于句首作主语时,that 是连词,不能省:
❌ He survived the disaster is surprising.(缺 that)
✅ That he survived the disaster is surprising.(✔)
口诀:句首 that 不能少,动后 that 可省掉。
3.3 关键规则二:it 作形式主语(最高频结构)
主语从句太长时,为避免「头重脚轻」,常用 it 作形式主语置于句首,把真正的主语从句放到句末。这是考试与写作的绝对重点。
句型
例句
It is + adj. + that...
It is important that we prepare for disasters.
It is + n. + that...
It is a fact that the earth is getting warmer.
It is said / reported that...
It is reported that a strong quake hit the area.
It seems / happens that...
It seems that no one was hurt in the fire.
It is necessary that we (should) take measures in advance. 我们提前采取措施是必要的。
★ 形式主语三步判断法(重点框)
① 看到句首 It is / It was,先找后面的 that / whether / wh- 从句——它就是真正主语;
② 真正主语是 that 从句时,that 同样不可省略;
③ 常见搭配:It is clear / important / necessary / a pity that...;It is reported / said that...
3.4 关键规则三:whether 与 if 的选择
情况
可用 whether
可用 if
主语从句(句首)
✅ Whether he will come is...
❌ If he will come is...(禁止)
介词后
✅ It depends on whether...
❌ ...on if(禁止)
与 or not 连用
✅ whether or not
⚠ if... or not(口语可用,书面慎用)
宾语从句
✅
✅
Whether we can arrive on time depends on the weather. 我们能否准时到达取决于天气。
⚠ 主语从句只用 whether 不用 if(必背考点)
当从句作主语、或在介词后、或紧跟 or not 时,只能用 whether,不能用 if:
❌ If it will rain tomorrow is unknown.(✘)
✅ Whether it will rain tomorrow is unknown.(✔)
记忆:句首、介词后、or not 前 → whether 三情形。
3.5 主语从句 vs 定语从句(易混辨析)
比较项
主语从句
定语从句
句法功能
在主语位置,充当主语
修饰前面的名词(先行词)
引导词 that
无意义,不作成分,不可省
作主语/宾语,有时可省
例句
That he came is true.(that 无意义)
The news that he told us is true.(that 作宾语)
04 核心语法二:表语从句(★★难点)
表语从句同样属于名词性从句,置于系动词(be, seem, look, become, feel 等)之后,对主语进行解释、说明。它与主语从句用相同的引导词,但位置与判断方式不同,是最易失分的难点。
4.1 基本结构与引导词
引导词
意义
例句
that
无实义,一般不可省
The truth is that we were too late.
whether
是否
The question is whether we can help.
wh- (what/where/how...)
保留疑问意义
This is where the flood started.
because / as if
因为 / 好像
It looks as if it is going to rain.
The most important thing is that we stay calm. 最重要的事是我们保持冷静。
This is why we must prepare for disasters. 这就是为什么我们必须为灾害做准备。
4.2 表语从句的引导词判断
从句是否缺成分
引导词选择
不缺成分(结构完整)
that / whether / if(无实义连接)
缺主语 / 宾语
what / who / which(保留实义)
缺状语(时间/地点/原因/方式)
when / where / why / how
What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多时间。(what 作 need 的宾语)
That is where the accident happened. 那就是事故发生的地方。(where 作地点状语)
4.3 重点难点:that / what 辨析(最高频失分点)
引导词
是否作成分 | 有无词义
例句
that
不作成分,无词义,不可省
The fact is that he is honest.(✔)
what
作主语/宾语,意为「所……的事」
What he said is true.(what = the thing that)
⚠ that 还是 what?(难点突破)
判断秘诀:看从句是否「缺主语或宾语」——
① 从句结构完整(主谓宾齐全)→ 用 that(无实义):
The problem is that we have no time.(we have no time 完整 → that)
② 从句缺主语或宾语 → 用 what(= the thing that):
This is what we need.(need 后缺宾语 → what)
口诀:完整用 that,缺成分用 what。
4.4 表语从句 vs 定语从句(易混辨析)
比较项
表语从句
定语从句
位置
系动词(be 等)之后
修饰前面先行词
that 的作用
连词,不作成分,不可省
关系代词,作成分,常可省
例句
The truth is that he survived.(解释 truth)
The news that he told us is true.(修饰 news)
★ 系表结构判断法(重点框)
① 先找系动词 be / seem / look / become / feel;
② 系动词后跟的是「从句」→ 表语从句;
③ 若 be 前是名词,be 后跟关系词修饰该名词 → 定语从句;
④ 表语从句的 that 不可省;定语从句中 that 作宾语时可省。
4.5 名词性从句综合对比(主语 + 表语 + 宾语)
从句类型
位置
引导词
主语从句
系动词/谓语之前(句首)
that, whether, wh-(+ it 形式主语)
表语从句
系动词(be 等)之后
that, whether, wh-, because, as if
宾语从句
及物动词 / 介词之后
that(可省), whether/if, wh-
★ 名词性从句总口诀(背诵)
① 引导词:that 无义不作成分,what 有义作成分;whether 表「是否」,wh- 保留疑问;
② that 省略:动后宾从可省,句首主从、系后表从绝不省;
③ whether 不用 if:句首作主、介词后、or not 前三情形;
④ 长主句用 it 作形式主语:It is + adj./n. + that...。
05 情景交际 · 谈论灾害与防范
5.1 核心句型(教材主线)
功能
句型
描述灾害
A terrible earthquake hit / struck the city last night.
表达担忧
I'm worried about the coming typhoon.
提出建议
We should / had better prepare some food and water.
发出警告
The radio warns us that a flood may come.
谈论应对措施
What can we do to protect ourselves?
表达看法
It is important that we stay calm in an earthquake.
5.2 完整对话框架(Disaster Preparedness)
A: Have you heard the news? A big typhoon is coming.
B: Yes, I'm really worried about it. What should we do to get ready?
A: We'd better store some food, water and medicine. It's also important that we charge our phones in advance.
B: That's a good idea. The radio warns us that the storm may cause floods.
A: Right. Whether we can stay safe depends on how well we prepare.
B: I hope everything will be all right.
5.3 语法在交际中的运用(点明本课重点)
1. 用主语从句表达观点:It is necessary that we... / That we prepare early is very important.
1. 用表语从句说明判断:The truth is that... / The problem is whether...
1. 用 whether 引导主语从句:Whether the bridge is safe remains unknown.
06 阅读与写作
6.1 课文要点速览(Earthquakes)
段落
要点
成因
板块运动(movement of the earth's plates)导致能量释放
现象
地面震动、房屋倒塌、引发火灾与海啸
预警
监测地震活动,发布 early warning
自救
保持冷静、躲避坚固桌下、远离玻璃与高楼
6.2 长句拆解与仿写
It is reported that many people lost their homes in the flood. 据报道许多人在洪水中失去了家园。
拆解:It(形式主语)+ is reported(谓语)+ that 从句(真正主语)。
Whether we can prevent the disaster is still a question. 我们能否阻止这场灾难仍是个问题。
仿写练习:用 It is important that... 造句表达「学习防灾知识很重要」。
★ 写作要点提示(重点框)
① 用 That / Whether / What 引导的主语从句点明观点;
② 用 It is + adj. + that... 句型提升表达档次;
③ 用表语从句 The most important thing is that... 收束段落;
④ 恰当使用话题词汇:take measures, warn, survive, reduce the risk of。
6.3 写作模板:How to Protect Ourselves in a Disaster
Everyone knows that natural disasters may happen at any time. That we should get prepared in advance is very important. (主语从句开篇点题)
First, we should learn some basic knowledge about disasters. It is necessary that we know what to do when an earthquake comes. (it 形式主语)
Second, we must prepare some food, water and medicine at home. The truth is that being prepared can save lives. (表语从句)
Third, when a disaster really happens, the most important thing is that we stay calm and follow the rescue workers' instructions. (表语从句)
In a word, whether we can stay safe depends on how well we prepare. Let's take action now! (主语从句收尾)
亮点拆解
1. 主语从句:That we should get prepared... / Whether we can stay safe...
1. it 形式主语:It is necessary that we know...
1. 表语从句:The truth is that... / the most important thing is that...
07 高频易错点汇总
类型
易错点
正确用法
引导词
主语从句句首用 if
用 whether:Whether he will come is...
that 省略
句首主语从句省 that
不可省:That he is... is true.
that 省略
表语从句省 that
不可省:The fact is that...
what/that
从句完整却用 what
完整用 that,缺成分才用 what
搭配
warn sb to not do
warn sb not to do
搭配
survive from...
survive 直接接宾语,无 from
介词
depend on if...
depend on whether...
词义
damage / destroy 混用
damage 部分,destroy 彻底
08 分层巩固练习
A 基础篇 · 用适当的引导词填空(that / whether / what / who / how)
1. ________ he will come to the party is still unknown.
1. It is reported ________ a strong earthquake struck the area.
1. ________ we need most is clean water and food.
1. The problem is ________ we can get there in time.
1. That the earth moves around the sun is a fact ________ no one can doubt.
B 提高篇 · 用单词正确形式填空
1.It is important that we ________ (prepare) for natural disasters in advance.
2.________ we can reduce the damage depends on how well we prepare.
3.The truth is ________ many people still don't know the warning signs.
4.The radio warned people ________ (stay) away from the river.
5.________ (survive) the flood, they climbed onto the roof.
C 提升篇 · 微写作(用名词性从句改写)
1. 1. 我们应该学习防灾知识。→ 改写为含主语从句的句子:
1. 2. 最重要的事情是我们保持冷静。→ 改写为含表语从句的句子:
1. 3. 据报道这场台风造成了很大损失。→ 用 it 作形式主语改写:
09 参考答案 · 解析
A 基础篇
题号
答案
解析
1
Whether
句首主语从句表「是否」,whether 不用 if。
2
that
It is reported that... 主语从句,that 不可省。
3
What
从句缺宾语(need 后),用 what = the thing that。
4
whether / how
表语从句,结合语境「我们能否/如何及时赶到」。
5
that
fact 后的同位语从句(此处可视为修饰 fact 的从句),that 不作成分。
B 提高篇
题号
答案
解析
1
(should) prepare
It is important that... 虚拟语气,should + 原形,should 可省。
2
Whether
主语从句句首,表「是否」,用 whether。
3
that
表语从句结构完整,用 that,不可省。
4
(not) to stay
warn sb (not) to do sth 固定搭配。
5
To survive
不定式表目的:为了在大水中幸存,他们爬上屋顶。
C 提升篇 · 参考改写
1. 1. That we should learn about disaster prevention is very important. / It is very important that we (should) learn about disaster prevention.
1. 2. The most important thing is that we (should) stay calm.
1. 3. It is reported that the typhoon caused great damage.
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