Unit 2 Great Ideas 精读精练学案 2026-2027学年沪教版英语九年级上册

该初中英语学案以“Great Ideas”为主题，围绕核心问题“How do great ideas change the world?”展开，聚焦句子类型（陈述句、疑问句等）核心语法，通过整合单元语法、词汇、句型为精读范文，引导学生在语篇语境中理解语言点逻辑关联，配合知识点索引与逐点解析，构建系统连贯的知识学习路径。 亮点在于以阿基米德发现浮力原理的故事为载体，融合语言知识与主题探究，读后思考问题培养思维品质，写作常用句式与典型错例分析提升语言能力，多样化练习题（词汇语法选择、句型转换等）巩固学习，为教师实施单元复习提供完整支撑，促进学生深度学习与综合能力发展。

九年级英语(沪教版)上册 精读精练学案 Unit 2 Great Ideas 本单元主题为“Great Ideas”,属于“人与社会”范畴,涉及“人类发明与创新”“科学精神”“文化自信”等子主题。单元以核心问题“How do great ideas change the world?”统领,围绕伟大想法从哪里来、带来什么、为什么需要新想法、怎样影响生活四条线索展开。本单元核心语法为句子类型(Sentence Types),涵盖陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四大类别。 本学案将单元各板块的语法规则、核心词汇、固定搭配、重点句型系统整合为一篇精读范文,通过精读该文,学生能够在语篇语境中系统理解各项语言点的实际用法,整体把握各知识点之间的逻辑关联。 一、精读范文 Eureka! How a Great Idea Was Born ①Good morning, everyone. ②Today I would like to share with you one of the most famous stories about how a great idea changed the world. ③I am sure that you have heard of Archimedes, one of the greatest scientists in ancient history. ④Archimedes lived in the ancient Greek city of Syracuse. ⑤One day, King Hiero asked a crown maker to make him a fancy golden crown. ⑥At first, the king was very satisfied with it. ⑦However, he later began to doubt whether it was a real golden crown. ⑧Is it made completely of gold? he wondered. ⑨He sent the crown to Archimedes and asked him to find out the truth. ⑩Was the crown made of pure gold or something else? Archimedes needed to find it out. ⑪This problem seemed difficult to solve. ⑫Archimedes thought about it for a long time. ⑬One day, as he filled his bath with water, he noticed something unusual. ⑭When he got into the bath, some water ran over. ⑮What a brilliant observation! he thought. ⑯Suddenly, he had an idea. ⑰Eureka! That's it! he shouted. ⑱I know how to solve the king's problem! ⑲Archimedes went straight to the palace. ⑳First, he weighed the crown and asked the king for some gold of the same weight. ㉑Next, he put two pots into two big bowls and filled both pots with water. ㉒He put the gold into one pot, and some water ran into the bowl. ㉓Then he put the crown into the other pot. ㉔This time, even more water ran into the bowl. ㉕Look at this, said Archimedes to the king. ㉖A crown made completely of gold displaces less water than a crown made of gold and another metal. ㉗This crown displaced more water than gold of the same weight, so I know it's definitely not completely made of gold. ㉘The crown maker fooled me, didn't he? shouted King Hiero. ㉙What a bad man he is! ㉚He sent the crown maker to prison and praised Archimedes for his clever discovery. ㉛This principle proved to be one of the most important discoveries in physics. ㉜Archimedes' principle has had a great impact on the world. ㉝Ship designers use it to make sure their ships float on water. ㉞How amazing it is that a simple bath could lead to such a great idea! ㉟Please remember — great ideas can come from the most ordinary moments. ㊱Don't ignore the small observations in your daily life. ㊲Who knows what great idea you might discover next? 【中文翻译】 ①大家早上好。②今天我想和大家分享一个关于伟大想法如何改变世界的最著名的故事之一。③我相信你一定听说过阿基米德,他是古代历史上最伟大的科学家之一。 ④阿基米德生活在古希腊城市叙拉古。⑤有一天,希罗王请一位王冠工匠为他制作一顶精致的金王冠。⑥起初,国王对王冠非常满意。⑦然而,他后来开始怀疑这是否是真正的金王冠。⑧它是纯金做的吗? 他思索着。⑨他把王冠送到阿基米德那里,让他查明真相。⑩这个王冠是纯金做的还是其他材料做的? 阿基米德需要查明真相。⑪这个问题似乎很难解决。 ⑫阿基米德思考了很久。⑬有一天,当他往浴缸里放水时,他注意到了一些不寻常的现象。⑭当他进入浴缸时,一些水溢了出来。⑮多么精彩的观察啊! 他想。⑯突然,他有了一个主意。⑰我发现了!就是它! 他喊道。⑱我知道如何解决国王的问题了! ⑲阿基米德直奔王宫。⑳首先,他称了王冠的重量,并向国王要了一些同等重量的黄金。㉑接着,他把两个罐子放入两个大碗中,并往两个罐子里都加满了水。㉒他把黄金放入其中一个罐子,一些水溢到了碗里。㉓然后他把王冠放入另一个罐子。㉔这一次,溢出的水更多了。 ㉕看这个,阿基米德对国王说。㉖纯金制成的王冠排出的水比金和其他金属混合制成的王冠要少。 ㉗这顶王冠排出的水比同等重量的黄金多,所以我知道它肯定不是纯金制成的。 ㉘那个王冠工匠骗了我,不是吗? 希罗王喊道。㉙他是个多么坏的人啊! ㉚他把王冠工匠关进了监狱,并称赞阿基米德的巧妙发现。㉛这一原理被证明是物理学史上最重要的发现之一。 ㉜阿基米德原理对世界产生了巨大影响。㉝船舶设计师利用它来确保船只能够漂浮在水面上。㉞多么令人惊叹啊,一次简单的沐浴竟能催生如此伟大的想法! ㉟请记住——伟大的想法可以来自最平凡的时刻。㊱不要忽视日常生活中细微的观察。㊲谁知道你接下来会发现什么伟大的想法呢? 【读后思考】 1. What problem did King Hiero ask Archimedes to solve? 2. How did Archimedes discover the solution to the king's problem? 3. What can we learn from Archimedes' story about how great ideas are born? 【知识点索引】 加粗知识点 所在句号 类别 I am sure that ③ 陈述句(表达观点) However ⑦ 转折副词 Is it made completely of gold? ⑧ 一般疑问句 Was the crown made of pure gold or something else? ⑩ 选择疑问句 This problem seemed difficult to solve. ⑪ 陈述句(肯定) What a brilliant observation! ⑮ 感叹句(What型) Eureka! That's it! ⑰ 感叹句/陈述句 I know how to solve the king's problem! ⑱ 陈述句(肯定) Look at this, ㉕ 祈使句(肯定) A crown made completely of gold displaces ㉖ 陈述句(陈述事实) I know it's definitely not completely made of gold. ㉗ 陈述句(否定) The crown maker fooled me, didn't he? ㉘ 反意疑问句 What a bad man he is! ㉙ 感叹句(What型) proved to be ㉛ 核心词汇 prove have an impact on / make sure / lead to ㉜㉝㉞ 核心短语 How amazing it is that ㉞ 感叹句(How型) Please remember ㉟ 祈使句(委婉) Don't ignore ㊱ 祈使句(否定) Who knows what great idea you might discover next? ㊲ 特殊疑问句 二、范文逐点解析 ① Good morning, everyone. 知识点:演讲稿开场白,用于正式讲话的开头,体现演讲稿的文体特征。 例句:Good morning, everyone. Today I'm going to talk about how great ideas have shaped our modern world. ② Today I would like to share with you one of the most famous stories about how a great idea changed the world. 知识点:would like to share with you意为“想要与你们分享”,share sth. with sb. 为固定搭配,share后可接名词(如share a story)或that从句作宾语。one of the most famous stories为“one of + 最高级 + 复数名词”结构。how a great idea changed the world为how引导的宾语从句,作介词about的宾语,从句用陈述语序。该句点明演讲主题。 例句:I would like to share with you what I have learned from reading about great scientists. ③ I am sure that you have heard of Archimedes, one of the greatest scientists in ancient history. 知识点:I am sure that 为“形容词 + that从句”结构(Unit 1核心语法,此处复习巩固)。have heard of为现在完成时,意为“听说过”,hear of为固定短语,强调“听说”这一事实。one of the greatest scientists为最高级结构,谓语动词用单数(因为主语是one)。in ancient history意为“在古代历史上”。该句引出故事主人公。 例句:I am sure that you have heard of the famous story about how Newton discovered the law of gravity. ④ Archimedes lived in the ancient Greek city of Syracuse. 知识点:lived in为一般过去时,描述过去的事实。the ancient Greek city of Syracuse为专有名词,Syracuse(叙拉古)为古希腊城邦。该句为陈述句(肯定句),句末用句号。 例句:The great philosopher Confucius lived in the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. ⑤ One day, King Hiero asked a crown maker to make him a fancy golden crown. 知识点:asked sb. to do sth. 意为“请某人做某事”,ask后接宾语+不定式作宾补。a crown maker意为“王冠工匠”。make him a fancy golden crown为S + V + IO + DO结构(双宾语),him为间接宾语,a fancy golden crown为直接宾语。fancy意为“精致的、绚丽的”,为单元核心词汇。该句为陈述句(肯定句)。 例句:My mother asked me to buy her some fresh vegetables from the market, but I forgot to do so. ⑥ At first, the king was very satisfied with it. 知识点:At first意为“起初”,为时间状语。be satisfied with为单元核心短语,意为“对……感到满意”,satisfied为形容词(感到满意的),来源于动词satisfy(使满意)。辨析:satisfying意为“令人满意的”(修饰物)。it指代上文中的the crown。该句为陈述句(肯定句)。 例句:The teacher was very satisfied with the answers that we gave in the class discussion. ⑦ However, he later began to doubt whether it was a real golden crown. 知识点:However为转折副词,意为“然而”,常用于句首,后用逗号隔开。began to doubt意为“开始怀疑”,doubt为动词。whether引导宾语从句,意为“是否”。辨析:doubt在肯定句中接whether/if(两者均可),在否定句和疑问句中接that;在介词后或与or not连用时只能用whether。该句为陈述句(肯定句)。whether it was a real golden crown为宾语从句,用陈述语序。 例句:However, she began to doubt whether she had made the right decision when she saw the disappointed look on her friend's face. ⑧ Is it made completely of gold? 知识点:该句为一般疑问句(Yes/No question)。be made of意为“由……制成”(看得出原材料),辨析:be made from意为“由……制成”(看不出原材料),如Paper is made from wood(纸由木材制成,看不出木头的痕迹)。completely意为“完全地”,为副词,修饰made。句末用问号。作答只能用Yes或No。 例句:Is this beautiful necklace made of real gold or just gold-plated metal? ⑨ He sent the crown to Archimedes and asked him to find out the truth. 知识点:sentto 意为“把……送到……”。asked him to find out为“请某人查明”。find out意为“查明、弄清”,强调经过努力、调查或研究后得知真相,与find(找到)不同。the truth意为“真相”,为单元核心词汇。该句为陈述句(肯定句),and连接两个并列谓语。 例句:The detective spent several months trying to find out the truth behind the mysterious case. ⑩ Was the crown made of pure gold or something else? 知识点:该句为选择疑问句(Alternative question)。结构为“一般疑问句 + or + 选项”,标志性词汇为or。作答时不能使用Yes或No,必须直接选择其中一个选项。句末用问号。此处放在阿基米德刚接到任务时,表达他内心的疑问,逻辑通顺。 例句:Is this beautiful vase made of glass or crystal? I can't tell the difference just by looking at it. ⑪ This problem seemed difficult to solve. 知识点:seemed为系动词,意为“似乎”,后接形容词difficult作表语。to solve为不定式作状语,修饰difficult,说明在“解决”这一方面是困难的。该句为陈述句(肯定句),表达阿基米德的初步感受。 例句:The maths problem that our teacher assigned yesterday seemed too difficult for most of us to solve. ⑫ Archimedes thought about it for a long time. 知识点:thought about意为“思考、考虑”,后接名词或代词。for a long time意为“很长一段时间”,与延续性动词(如think)连用,不可与短暂性动词连用。该句为陈述句(肯定句)。 例句:She thought about the question for a long time before she finally came up with a satisfactory answer. ⑬ One day, as he filled his bath with water, he noticed something unusual. 知识点:as引导时间状语从句,意为“当……时”,强调两个动作同时发生。filledwith 意为“把……装满……”,fillwith为单元核心短语,with后接填充物。noticed意为“注意到”,后接something unusual(不定代词+形容词,形容词后置)。该句为陈述句(肯定句)。as he filled his bath with water为时间状语从句。 例句:As I was walking through the park yesterday morning, I noticed something strange lying on the ground. ⑭ When he got into the bath, some water ran over. 知识点:When引导时间状语从句,意为“当……时”。got into意为“进入”。ran over为单元核心短语,意为“溢出”,为不及物动词短语,无被动语态。该句为陈述句(肯定句),描述关键事件——水溢出浴缸。 例句:When he poured too much water into the glass, some of it ran over onto the table. ⑮ What a brilliant observation! 知识点:该句为感叹句(What型)。What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语! 此处省略了主语和谓语(口语中常见),完整的应为What a brilliant observation it was! brilliant意为“才华横溢的、杰出的”,observation意为“观察”,来源于动词observe(观察)。句末用感叹号。该句抒发阿基米德对自己观察的惊叹。 例句:What a wonderful view it is that we can enjoy from the top of this mountain! ⑯ Suddenly, he had an idea. 知识点:Suddenly为副词,意为“突然地”,修饰整个句子。have an idea意为“有了一个主意/想法”,idea为可数名词。该句为陈述句(肯定句),简洁有力地引出灵感的到来。 例句:Suddenly, I had an idea that might solve the problem we had been discussing for hours. ⑰ Eureka! That's it! 知识点:Eureka为希腊语感叹词,意为“我发现了!”,相传阿基米德发现浮力原理时喊出此词。That's it! 为口语化表达,意为“就是它!/对了!”两句均为感叹句/陈述句(表达强烈情感)。句末用感叹号。 例句:After hours of hard work, he finally found the solution. “Eureka! That's it!” he cried out excitedly. ⑱ I know how to solve the king's problem! 知识点:I know后接how to solve the king's problem(“疑问词 + 不定式”结构作宾语)。该结构相当于宾语从句,即how I can solve the king's problem,在句中作know的宾语。该句为陈述句(肯定句),句末用感叹号表激动情绪。 例句:I finally know how to deal with this difficult situation that has been troubling me for weeks. ⑲ Archimedes went straight to the palace. 知识点:went straight to意为“直奔”,straight为副词,意为“径直地”,修饰动词went。the palace意为“宫殿”。该句为陈述句(肯定句),描述阿基米德的行动。 例句:After he received the urgent message, he went straight to the hospital without saying a word. ⑳ First, he weighed the crown and asked the king for some gold of the same weight. 知识点:First为顺序副词,意为“首先”。weighed意为“称重”(过去式)。asked the king for为ask sb. for sth. 结构,意为“向某人要某物”。of the same weight为介词短语作后置定语,修饰gold,意为“同等重量的”。该句为陈述句(肯定句)。 例句:First, she weighed the vegetables carefully and then asked the seller for a plastic bag to put them in. ㉑ Next, he put two pots into two big bowls and filled both pots with water. 知识点:Next为顺序副词,意为“接着”。putinto 意为“把……放入……”。filled both pots with water为fillwith 结构,意为“把两个罐子都装满水”。该句为陈述句(肯定句),描述实验步骤。 例句:Next, put the eggs gently into the boiling water and fill the pot with enough water to cover them completely. ㉒ He put the gold into one pot, and some water ran into the bowl. 知识点:and连接两个并列分句。ran into意为“流入”。该句为陈述句(肯定句),描述实验现象——黄金放入后水溢出流入碗中。 例句:He put the heavy stone into the bucket, and some water ran out onto the floor immediately. ㉓ Then he put the crown into the other pot. 知识点:Then为顺序副词,意为“然后”。the other意为“另一个”(两者中的另一个),此处指两个罐子中的另一个。该句为陈述句(肯定句)。 例句:Then he put the remaining books into the other box that was standing in the corner of the room. ㉔ This time, even more water ran into the bowl. 知识点:This time意为“这一次”。even more为比较级的强调形式,even修饰比较级more,意为“甚至更多”。该句为陈述句(肯定句),关键对比信息——王冠排出更多水。 例句:This time, even more people came to the concert than we had expected. ㉕ Look at this, said Archimedes to the king. 知识点:Look at this为祈使句(肯定式),look at意为“看”。said Archimedes to the king为倒装语序(主语后置),用于引述对话。该句为祈使句,表示“请求/命令”对方看。 例句:Listen carefully to what I am going to say, said the teacher to the students who were talking in class. ㉖ A crown made completely of gold displaces less water than a crown made of gold and another metal. 知识点:该句为陈述句(肯定句),陈述科学原理。made completely of gold为过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰crown,意为“纯金制成的”。displaces意为“排出、替代”,为及物动词。lessthan为比较级结构,意为“比……少”,less为little的比较级,修饰不可数名词water。another metal意为“另一种金属”。该句是阿基米德推理的核心——比较不同材质王冠的排水量。 例句:A ball made of solid iron displaces less water than a ball of the same size that is made of wood. ㉗ This crown displaced more water than gold of the same weight, so I know it's definitely not completely made of gold. 知识点:该句为陈述句(否定句)。displaced为过去时(描述实验事实)。morethan为比较级结构,more为many/much的比较级。so为并列连词,表因果关系。it's definitely not为否定陈述,definitely意为“肯定地”,not构成否定。该句是阿基米德的结论——用事实证明王冠不是纯金的。 例句:This box is much heavier than that one, so I know it cannot be empty. ㉘ The crown maker fooled me, didn't he? 知识点:该句为反意疑问句(Tag question)。结构为“陈述句 + 简短问句”:前肯后否(fooled为肯定,didn't he为否定)。fool意为“欺骗、愚弄”,为单元核心词汇。反意疑问句的作答根据事实,而非问句形式。例如:He didn't come, did he? —Yes, he did.(不,他来了。)句末用问号。 例句:You have finished your homework, haven't you? The teacher is coming to check it right now. ㉙ What a bad man he is! 知识点:该句为感叹句(What型)。What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语! 表达国王对王冠工匠的愤怒。句末用感叹号。 例句:What a talented musician he is that he can play three different instruments so well! ㉚ He sent the crown maker to prison and praised Archimedes for his clever discovery. 知识点:sentto prison意为“把……关进监狱”,prison前不加冠词,类似用法还有go to school, go to bed等。praisedfor 意为“因……而称赞……”,praise sb. for sth. 为固定搭配。该句为陈述句(肯定句),讲述故事的结局。 例句:The manager praised the young employee for his creative solution to the difficult problem. ㉛ This principle proved to be one of the most important discoveries in physics. 知识点:prove有两种用法:①及物动词,意为“证明”,后接名词或that从句,如He proved his theory(他证明了他的理论);②系动词,意为“被证明是”,后接形容词或不定式to be,如This principle proved to be important(这一原理被证明是重要的)。句中proved to be为系动词用法。one of the most important discoveries为最高级结构。in physics意为“在物理学领域”。该句为陈述句(肯定句),从故事过渡到该发现的重要性,同时补入核心词汇prove。 例句:His method proved to be one of the most effective ways to solve this type of problem. ㉜ Archimedes' principle has had a great impact on the world. 知识点:has had为现在完成时,表示“已经产生了……”,强调对现在的影响。have an impact on意为“对……产生影响”,impact为单元核心词汇,与effect/influence同义,但impact强调“冲击性影响”。该句为陈述句(肯定句)。 例句:The invention of the Internet has had a great impact on almost every aspect of our daily lives. ㉝ Ship designers use it to make sure their ships float on water. 知识点:useto do 意为“用……来做……”,不定式作目的状语。make sure意为“确保”,后接that从句(that可省略),从句用陈述语序。float on water意为“浮在水面上”。该句为陈述句(肯定句),举例说明阿基米德原理的应用。 例句:Engineers use advanced computer models to make sure that the new bridge will be strong enough to survive the strongest storms. ㉞ How amazing it is that a simple bath could lead to such a great idea! 知识点:该句为感叹句(How型)。How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语! 此处How amazing it is that 为感叹句结构,that a simple bath could lead to such a great idea为真正主语(it为形式主语)。lead to意为“导致、通向”,to为介词,后接名词或动名词。句末用感叹号。 例句:How wonderful it is that we can travel to so many different countries without leaving our homes thanks to the Internet! ㉟ Please remember — great ideas can come from the most ordinary moments. 知识点:Please remember为祈使句(肯定式,加please表委婉)。remember后接省略that的宾语从句。ordinary意为“普通的、平凡的”(Unit 1词汇复习)。moments意为“时刻”。该句为全文的第一个启示——伟大想法源于平凡时刻。 例句:Please remember that success seldom comes overnight; it requires years of hard work and dedication. ㊱ Don't ignore the small observations in your daily life. 知识点:Don't ignore为祈使句(否定式),Don't + 动词原形表禁止或劝告。ignore意为“忽视、忽略”,其名词形式为ignorance(无知),形容词形式为ignorant(无知的)。observations意为“观察”。该句为全文的第二个启示——不要忽视日常观察。 例句:Don't ignore the warning signs that your body gives you when you are too tired. ㊲ Who knows what great idea you might discover next? 知识点:该句为特殊疑问句(Wh-question)。Who为疑问词作主语,后接陈述语序(Who knows),不加助动词。what great idea you might discover next为宾语从句,用陈述语序(what great idea + 主语you + 谓语might discover)。句末用问号。该句为全文的第三个启示——以反问句结尾,引人思考。 例句:Who knows what wonderful opportunities we might find if we keep exploring the world around us? 三、知识梳理 (一)重点词汇 词汇 词性 释义 词形变换 用法辨析与搭配 fancy adj. 精致的、绚丽的 — 同义词:elaborate, decorative。反义词:plain, simple。 satisfied adj. 满意的、满足的 satisfy (v.) 使满意;satisfying (adj.) 令人满意的 be satisfied with(对……感到满意)。辨析:satisfied修饰人(感到满意的),satisfying修饰物(令人满意的)。 doubt v./n. 怀疑 doubtful (adj.) 怀疑的 doubt whether/if(怀疑是否……)。规则:肯定句用whether/if,否定句/疑问句用that,介词后/or not连用时只能用whether。 displace v. 排出、替代 displacement (n.) 排水量 displace water(排水),及物动词。 fool v. 欺骗、愚弄 foolish (adj.) 愚蠢的 fool sb.(欺骗某人)。辨析:fool为动词,foolish为形容词。 prison n. 监狱、牢狱 prisoner (n.) 囚犯 send sb. to prison(把某人关进监狱),prison前不加冠词。 prove v. 证明、证实 proof (n.) 证据 两种用法:①及物动词,prove sth.(证明某事);②系动词,prove (to be) + adj./n.(被证明是……)。 impact n. 巨大影响、强大作用 impact (v.) 对……产生影响 have an impact on(对……产生影响)。辨析:与effect/influence同义,但impact强调“冲击性影响”。 application n. 应用(尤指理论、发现等的) apply (v.) 应用;applicable (adj.) 适用的 the application of(……的应用)。 ignorance n. 无知 ignorant (adj.) 无知的;ignore (v.) 忽视 ignorance of sth.(对某事的无知)。 observation n. 观察 observe (v.) 观察;observant (adj.) 善于观察的 make an observation(进行观察)。 ordinary adj. 普通的、平凡的 ordinarily (adv.) 通常地 同义词:common, average(Unit 1词汇复习)。 ignore v. 忽视、忽略 ignorance (n.) 无知;ignorant (adj.) 无知的 ignore sth./sb.(忽视某事/某人)。 brilliant adj. 才华横溢的、杰出的 brilliantly (adv.) 杰出地 同义词:excellent, outstanding。 discovery n. 发现 discover (v.) 发现 make a discovery(做出发现)。 hardly adv. 几乎不、几乎没有 — 本身含否定意义,与否定词连用时注意双重否定。 wire n. 金属丝、电线 — electric wire(电线)。 firm adj. 牢固的、坚定的 firmly (adv.) 坚定地 a firm belief(坚定的信念)。 reject v. 拒绝接受、不予考虑 rejection (n.) 拒绝 同义词:refuse, turn down。辨析:reject语气更正式、更强烈。 prince n. 王子 princess (n.) 公主 the prince and princess(王子和公主)。 (二)重点短语 短语 释义 例句 注意事项 be satisfied with 对……感到满意 The king was satisfied with the crown. with后接名词/代词。 fillwith 把……装满…… He filled the bath with water. with后接填充物。 run over 溢出 Some water ran over. 不及物动词短语,无被动。 go straight to 直奔 He went straight to the palace. straight为副词。 ask sb. for sth. 向某人要某物 He asked the king for some gold. for后接所要的物品。 find out 查明、弄清 He wanted to find out the truth. 强调“经过努力得知”,与find不同。 have an impact on 对……产生影响 The discovery had a great impact on the world. impact前可用great, significant等修饰。 make sure 确保 Use it to make sure ships float. 后接that从句(that可省略),从句用陈述语序。 lead to 导致、通向 A simple bath led to a great idea. to为介词,后接名词/动名词。 prove to be 被证明是…… This principle proved to be important. 后接形容词或不定式to be,系动词用法。 hear of 听说过 Have you heard of Archimedes? 强调“听说”,后接名词。 be made of 由……制成 The crown was made of gold. 看得出原材料。辨析:be made from(看不出原材料)。 send sb. to prison 把某人关进监狱 The king sent him to prison. prison前不加冠词。 praise sb. for sth. 因……而称赞某人 He praised Archimedes for his discovery. for后接被称赞的原因。 think about 思考、考虑 He thought about the problem. 后接名词/代词/动名词。 at first 起初 At first, he was satisfied. 同义:in the beginning。反义:in the end。 for a long time 很长一段时间 He thought about it for a long time. 与延续性动词连用。 even more 甚至更多 Even more water ran into the bowl. even修饰比较级。 of the same weight 同等重量的 He asked for gold of the same weight. 介词短语作后置定语。 in ancient history 在古代历史上 He was a great scientist in ancient history. 介词用in。 (三)重点句型 句型 结构 例句 考点说明 陈述句(肯定) 主语 + 谓语 + 其他 Archimedes discovered the principle. 句末用句号。 陈述句(否定) 主语 + be/情态动词 + not + 其他 The crown was not made of gold. 句末用句号。含实义动词时借助do/does/did。 一般疑问句 Be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 其他? Is it made of gold? 句末用问号,Yes/No作答。 特殊疑问句 疑问词 + 一般疑问语序? How did he solve the problem? 句末用问号。疑问词作主语时用陈述语序。 选择疑问句 一般疑问句 + A or B? Is it made of gold or silver? 句末用问号,直接选A或B,不用Yes/No。 祈使句(肯定) 动词原形 + 其他 Please remember this. 句末用句号或感叹号。 祈使句(否定) Don't + 动词原形 + 其他 Don't ignore small observations. 句末用句号或感叹号。 感叹句(What型) What + a/an + adj. + n. + 主+谓! What a bad man he is! 句末用感叹号。 感叹句(How型) How + adj./adv. + 主+谓! How amazing it is! 句末用感叹号。 反意疑问句 陈述句 + 简短问句? He fooled me, didn't he? 前肯后否/前否后肯,作答根据事实。 (四)单元语法:句子类型(Sentence Types) 英语按照表意功能划分为四类句子: 1. 陈述句(Statements) 功能:客观陈述事实、观点。句末用句号。 肯定陈述句:主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分 • 例句:Archimedes discovered the principle of buoyancy. 否定陈述句:两种构成方式 • 含be动词/情态动词:主语 + be/情态动词 + not + 其他 – 例句:The crown was not made of pure gold. • 含实义动词:借助助动词do/does/did + not,动词变回原形 – 例句:Benjamin Franklin didn't stop his risky experiment. • 补充:never、few、little、hardly等含否定意义的词也可构成否定陈述句。 2. 疑问句(Questions) 句末用问号。 一般疑问句(Yes/No question) • 结构:Be动词/助动词/情态动词前置至句首 • 作答:只能用Yes或No • 例句:Did Darwin write On the Origin of Species? 特殊疑问句(Wh-question) • 由what/who/where/when/why/how/which等疑问词引导 • 作答:不能用Yes/No • 两种语序: – 疑问词作状语/定语:疑问词 + 一般疑问语序 – 例句:How did Newton find the law of gravity? – 疑问词作主语:直接使用陈述语序 – 例句:Who put forward the theory of evolution? 选择疑问句(Alternative question) • 标志性词汇:or • 作答:直接选取选项,严禁使用Yes/No • 两种结构: – 一般疑问语序 + A or B? – 例句:Is the silk string wet or dry? – 特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问语序 + A or B? – 例句:Which invention changed the world more, the Internet or the kite experiment? 3. 祈使句(Imperatives) 功能:表达命令、请求、劝告、警示。隐含主语为第二人称you。句末用句号或感叹号。 肯定祈使句:动词原形直接置于句首,可在句首或句尾加please表委婉 • 例句:Please record your experimental data. 否定祈使句:Don't + 动词原形 • 例句:Don't touch the live electric wire. 拓展:Let型祈使句,动词let后接人称代词宾格(Let us/Let me)。 4. 感叹句(Exclamations) 功能:抒发强烈情绪。句末用感叹号。 How型感叹句 • How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语! • 例句:How clever Archimedes was!(形容词) • 例句:How quickly this new idea spread!(副词) What型感叹句 • What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语! – 例句:What a great scientific theory it is! • What + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 + 主语 + 谓语! – 例句:What amazing discoveries these scientists made! • What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语! – 例句:What precious knowledge it is! 判断技巧:紧挨感叹词之后是名词短语用What;紧跟形容词/副词选用How。 易错点: • 选择疑问句作答不能出现Yes、No • 祈使句开头只能使用动词原形 (五)典型错例分析与纠正 错例1(感叹句中What与How的混淆) 错句:How a beautiful day it is! 正句:What a beautiful day it is! 解析:紧挨感叹词之后是名词短语“a beautiful day”,应用What。How修饰形容词或副词。判断方法:看感叹词后第一个词——名词用What,形容词/副词用How。 同类错误: What beautiful she is! How beautiful she is!(beautiful为形容词,用How) How amazing discoveries! What amazing discoveries!(discoveries为名词,用What) 错例2(选择疑问句用Yes/No作答) 错句:—Is the silk string wet or dry? —Yes, it is. 正句:—Is the silk string wet or dry? —It is wet. 解析:选择疑问句的标志是or,作答时必须直接选择其中一个选项,不能使用Yes或No。 同类错误: —Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? —Yes. —Coffee. 错例3(否定陈述句中实义动词的变化错误) 错句:He didn't went to the palace. 正句:He didn't go to the palace. 解析:含实义动词的否定陈述句需借助助动词did,助动词后的动词必须变回原形。did已经表达了过去时,go不再需要变化。 同类错误: She doesn't likes science. She doesn't like science. They didn't knew the answer. They didn't know the answer. 错例4(特殊疑问句语序错误) 错句:How he solved the problem? 正句:How did he solve the problem? 解析:特殊疑问句中,当疑问词作状语时,需用“疑问词 + 一般疑问语序”。How在句中作状语(修饰solve),故需用did构成一般疑问语序。当疑问词作主语时,才用陈述语序。 同类错误: When he will come? When will he come?(when作状语) Who did come? Who came?(who作主语,不需倒装) 错例5(祈使句误用第三人称单数) 错句:Please remembers this rule. 正句:Please remember this rule. 解析:祈使句隐含主语为第二人称you,谓语动词必须用动词原形。无论句首是否有please,动词都不加-s。 同类错误: Don't touches the wire. Don't touch the wire. Let us goes. Let us go. 错例6(反意疑问句前后不一致) 错句:He didn't fool me, didn't he? 正句:He didn't fool me, did he? 解析:反意疑问句遵循“前肯后否,前否后肯”原则。前句为否定(didn't),后句应用肯定(did he)。 同类错误: She is a scientist, isn't she?(前肯后否,正确) They weren't at home, weren't they? They weren't at home, were they? (六)写作常用句式 1. 引入故事或话题 ① Today I would like to share with you one of the most famous stories about 今天我想和大家分享一个关于……的最著名的故事之一。 ② I am sure that you have heard of, one of the greatest in history. 我相信你一定听说过……,历史上最伟大的……之一。 2. 描述问题与困惑 ③ One day, asked to do sth. 有一天,……请……做某事。 ④ At first, was satisfied with, but later he began to doubt whether 起初,……对……很满意,但后来他开始怀疑是否…… ⑤ This problem seemed difficult to solve. 这个问题似乎很难解决。 3. 描述灵感与发现 ⑥ One day, as he was doing, he noticed something unusual. 有一天,当他在做……时,他注意到了一些不寻常的现象。 ⑦ Suddenly, he had an idea. “Eureka! That's it!” he shouted. 突然,他有了一个主意。“我发现了!就是它!”他喊道。 4. 描述实验与验证 ⑧ First, he weighed and asked for 首先,他称了……的重量,并要了一些…… ⑨ Next, he put into and filled with 接着,他把……放入……,并把……装满…… ⑩ Then he put into the other 然后他把……放入另一个…… ⑪ This time, even more ran into 这一次,甚至更多的……溢入了…… 5. 得出结论与影响 ⑫ This displaced more than, so I know it's definitely not 这个……排出的……比……多,所以我知道它肯定不是…… ⑬ has had a great impact on the world. ……对世界产生了巨大影响。 ⑭ use it to make sure ……用它来确保…… 6. 总结与启示 ⑮ How amazing it is that could lead to such a great idea! 多么令人惊叹啊,……竟能催生如此伟大的想法! ⑯ Please remember — great ideas can come from the most ordinary moments. 请记住——伟大的想法可以来自最平凡的时刻。 ⑰ Don't ignore the small observations in your daily life. 不要忽视日常生活中细微的观察。 ⑱ Who knows what great idea you might discover next? 谁知道你接下来会发现什么伟大的想法呢? 一、词汇与语法选择 阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Archimedes was one of the greatest scientists in 1. history. One day, King Hiero asked a crown maker to make him a fancy golden crown. At first, the king was very 2. it. However, he later began to doubt 3. it was a real golden crown. He sent the crown to Archimedes and asked him to 4. the truth. Archimedes thought about the problem for a long time. One day, as he 5. his bath with water, some water ran over. Suddenly, he had an idea. He went straight to the palace. First, he weighed the crown and asked the king for some gold of the same weight. Next, he put two pots into two big bowls and 6. both pots with water. He put the gold into one pot, and some water ran into the bowl. Then he put the crown into the other pot. This time, even 7. water ran into the bowl. “Look at this,” said Archimedes. “A crown made completely of gold displaces 8. water than a crown made of gold and another metal. This crown displaced more water than gold of the same weight, 9. I know it's definitely not completely made of gold.” The king praised Archimedes 10. his clever discovery. Archimedes' principle has had a great 11. on the world. Ship designers use it to make sure their ships float on water. 12. amazing it is that a simple bath could lead to such a great idea! 1. A.future B. modern C. recent D. ancient 2. A. satisfied with B. worried about C. afraid of D. interested in 3. A. that B. what C. whether D. which 4. A. look for B. find out C. think about D. hear of 5. A. filled B. had filled C. has filled D. was filling 6. A. filled B. fill C. filling D. had filled 7. A. many B. much C. more D. most 8. A. many B. much C. less D. fewer 9. A. but B. or C. for D. so 10. A. to B. for C. with D. of 11. A. effect B. affect C. impact D. effort 12. A. What B. How C. Which D. Who 二、句型转换 按要求改写句子,每空一词。 1. Archimedes discovered the principle of buoyancy.(改为否定句) Archimedes the principle of buoyancy. 2. The crown was made of gold.(改为一般疑问句) the crown of gold? 3. He solved the problem in a clever way.(对划线部分提问) he solve the problem? 4. Please remember this rule.(改为否定祈使句) this rule. 5. He is a bad man.(改为感叹句,用What) bad man he is! 6. It is amazing that a simple bath could lead to such a great idea.(改为感叹句,用How) it is that a simple bath could lead to such a great idea! 7. The crown maker fooled the king.(改为反意疑问句) The crown maker fooled the king, ? 8. The crown was made of gold.(改为选择疑问句,补充选项silver) the crown made of gold silver? 三、补全对话 阅读下面对话,从方框中选择恰当的句子补全对话(有两项多余)。 A. How did you come up with such a great idea? B. I am sure that you will succeed. C. What a great idea it is! D. Don't give up even if it seems difficult. E. I know how to solve the problem now. F. Is it safe to do this experiment at home? G. Please tell me more about your plan. Student A and Student B are talking about a school science project. A: Hey, have you finished your science project yet? B: Not yet. I was thinking about it for days, but I couldn't find a good topic. However, I just had an idea when I was taking a shower this morning. A: Really? (1) B: I'm going to build a small model to show how ships float on water. I will use Archimedes' principle. A: (2) I'm sure your teacher will be impressed. B: Thanks. But I'm not sure whether I can finish it on time. A: (3) I believe you can make it if you work hard. B: You're right. I'll start working on it right away. (4) A: Of course. You can come to my house after school, and we can work on it together. B: That's very kind of you. (5) A: You're welcome. Let's make it a great project! 四、完成句子 根据中文意思完成句子,每空一词。 1. 我相信你一定听说过阿基米德。 I that you have heard of Archimedes. 2. 起初,国王对王冠非常满意。 , the king was very satisfied with the crown. 3. 当他进入浴缸时,一些水溢了出来。 When he got into the bath, some water . 4. 他直奔王宫。 He to the palace. 5. 这个王冠排出的水比同等重量的黄金多,所以我知道它肯定不是纯金制成的。 This crown displaced more water than gold of the same weight, I know it's not completely made of gold. 6. 国王称赞阿基米德的巧妙发现。 The king Archimedes his clever discovery. 五、任务型阅读 阅读下面短文,根据短文内容完成各项任务。 The Kite Experiment Benjamin Franklin is one of the most famous scientists in American history. I am sure that you have heard of his kite experiment. But do you know how this great idea came about? In 1752, Franklin was trying to prove that lightning was a form of electricity. At that time, many people believed that lightning was a sign of heaven's anger. Franklin thought differently. He was confident that he could prove his theory. One stormy day, Franklin went out with his son and a kite. The kite was made of silk and had a metal key tied to the string. Don't try this experiment at home! It is very dangerous. As the kite flew into the storm clouds, Franklin noticed that the loose threads of the string were standing up. He reached his hand toward the key. Suddenly, he felt an electric shock! What a thrilling moment it was! He had proved that lightning was electricity. How did this great idea change the world? Franklin's discovery led to the invention of the lightning rod. The lightning rod protects buildings from lightning strikes. How amazing it is that a simple kite could lead to such an important invention! Franklin's story teaches us an important lesson. Great ideas often come from curiosity and careful observation. Please remember — never stop asking questions about the world around you. [Benjamin Franklin 本杰明 富兰克林,美国科学家、政治家。lightning rod 避雷针。] 任务一:根据短文内容,判断下列句子正误。正确的写T,错误的写F。 1. Benjamin Franklin was trying to prove that lightning was a form of electricity. ( ) 2. Franklin did the kite experiment on a sunny day. ( ) 3. The kite was made of paper and had a metal key tied to it. ( ) 4. Franklin felt an electric shock during the experiment. ( ) 5. Franklin's discovery led to the invention of the lightning rod. ( ) 任务二:根据短文内容,用完整句子回答下列问题。 6. What was Franklin trying to prove in 1752? 7. What was the kite made of? 8. What did Franklin notice as the kite flew into the storm clouds? 9. What happened when Franklin reached his hand toward the key? 10. What did Franklin's discovery lead to? 任务三:根据短文内容,完成下面的信息梳理(每空不超过四个词)。 Information Details Year of the experiment 11. What Franklin wanted to prove Lightning was a form of 12. Material of th