内容正文:
Unit 2 Morals and Virtues 精品讲义2027春高一(下)英语-新教材人教版必修三
第9讲 道德两难故事写作(读)
Reading for Writing(学生版)
阅读课 ● 道德两难故事读写·第1课时
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【课时安排】 本讲为Unit 2 第9讲,建议用时1—2课时。
【学习目标】
1. 能通过"三钉子"判断法识别道德两难故事的四个要素(背景、人物、冲突选项、无标准答案)。
2. 能判断动词-ing形式作状语在叙事中的四种功能(时间、原因、伴随、结果)并完成语篇填空。
3. 能区分核心词 dilemma、conscience、hesitate、sacrifice 并完成语境选择。
1、 先辨清:什么样的故事才算"道德两难"
(1) 课堂启动·判断:这两个情景,哪个是"道德两难"?
先别急着看定义,凭直觉判断下面两个情景:
情景甲:小明在路边捡到一个装有1000元的钱包,钱包里有失主的身份证。他决定寻找失主归还钱包。
情景乙:英语竞赛中,好友当众作弊拿了高分,小明亲眼看见。赛后老师单独问小明:"你看到了什么?"小明知道,说实话会毁掉好友的参赛资格和保送机会,但不说实话则意味着包庇作弊。
问题:甲和乙,哪个算"道德两难"?为什么?
想清楚再往下读。
我的判断与理由:
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(2) 给"两难"下个定义
翻开本单元,整册书都在围绕"道德与美德"打转,而读写课要解决的,是一个极容易被糊弄过去的概念——道德两难。
moral dilemma = a situation in which you have to make a difficult choice between two actions, both of which seem right in some way.
这句话里有三个钉子,缺一个都不能叫"两难":
第一颗钉子:必须有 difficult choice——这个选择难以下手,不是随便选一个都行。
第二颗钉子:必须是 two actions——两件事可选,不是三件,也不是一件。
第三颗钉子(也是最关键的一条):both seem right——两个选项各自都占着理,各自都说得通。
现在回头看你刚才对情景甲和情景乙的判断:
情景甲:归还钱包是明显正确的选择,不涉及"两个都占理"的冲突——这属于________。
情景乙:说真话守住诚实却毁掉好友前途,撒谎包庇保住友情却违背公正——两个选项都占理——这属于________。
如果你刚才把情景甲判断为"两难",现在应该明白了:你把"好人好事"和"两难选择"搞混了。这个混淆,是本节课要解决的第一个认知障碍。
(3) 四要素:一个两难故事由什么撑起来
把一段"两难"摊开,一定藏着四个零件。读的时候照表找,但注意读的顺序(先看下一段的"读法顺序"):
四要素的读法顺序(按这个顺序读,找不到A就不要跳到B):
第1步: 读开篇1—2句,找 Setting——时间、地点、人物、事件,搞清楚"什么事发生了"。
第2步: 问"这个选择落在谁身上",定 Character——"他珍视什么"是理解两难的关键。
第3步: 在文中找标记词(If... / or... / either...or...),划出 Two choices——两个选项往往用"如果选A则……如果选B则……"的对称结构写出来。
第4步: 看结尾——故事给出了明确答案还是留白了?如果是留白,就是 No right answer 的标志。
(4) 关键判别:两难不等于困难,两难不等于善恶选择题
这是本讲第一个要撞的墙。最容易犯的错,是把"简单的善恶选择"当成"两难"。
捡到钱包该不该还给失主——这不是两难,因为正确答案太明显:归还不涉及价值层面的冲突性牺牲(即不牺牲友情、诚信、公正等核心价值),这是善恶测试。
真正的两难里,无论选哪个,都要放弃一样他真正珍视的东西——要么放弃友情,要么放弃诚实;要么放弃公平,要么放弃忠诚。
判断尺:一个故事算不算"道德两难",不看它"难不难",看它"有没有一个让主角两败俱伤的选择结构"——两个选项都站得住脚,选哪个都得割舍一样珍视之物。
错误路径演示:拿到一个故事,先别急着站队"他该选A还是选B",先问"两个选项各自牺牲了什么"。这一问能立刻分辨真两难和假两难。
(5) 课堂即练:这个情景是两难吗?
判断下面三个情景,是"道德两难"的打√,不是的打×,并写一句理由。
(1) 小明捡到装有1000元的钱包,决定寻找失主归还。
(2) 英语竞赛中,好友当众作弊拿了高分,小明亲眼看见。赛后老师单独问小明:"你看到了什么?"小明知道,说实话会毁掉好友的参赛资格和保送机会,但不说实话则意味着包庇作弊。
(3) 公交车司机看见有人闯红灯横穿马路,心里觉得"这人真危险"。
判断提示:套用"三钉子"尺——有没有 difficult choice?有没有 two actions?两个选项是不是 both seem right?
作答区:
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【变式追问】
把情景(2)改为"小明没有亲眼看见作弊,只是听别人说的"——这还是两难吗?
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2、 读进去:一篇道德两难故事
(1) 先读全文,然后完成复述填空
下面是本讲的主阅读文本。读完先做一件事:把下面的"两难复述框架"填完整。填不出来,说明故事没读透。
A Friend on the Line
Tom and Mark had been best friends since primary school. This year they both entered the city history contest, and Mark won first place. Everyone congratulated him, but Tom felt uneasy. During the final round, Tom had seen Mark quietly check his phone under the desk — the exact answer they had been forbidden to use. Mark did not notice him.
Now Tom sat in the library, staring at the certificate Mark had shown him. If he reported what he had seen, the school would take away Mark's prize and perhaps his chance to apply for the top university. Their friendship, built over nine years, would be ruined. But if he said nothing, Tom would have to sit in class every day knowing that a cheat had beaten honest students, and that lie would eat at his own conscience.
Tom looked out of the window. The rain was falling steadily, and he could see Mark walking home with his mother, both of them smiling. Tom knew that whatever he chose, something precious would be lost.
两难复述框架(读完填空):
Tom的两难是:如果他选择(1)________,他会(2)________;但如果他选择(3)________,他会(4)________。无论选哪个,他都将会失去(5)________。
框架的三个空分别对应"两个选项"和"代价",正好对应故事第二段的两个 If 和结尾句。
(2) 第一遍读:照着四要素找零件
在文中找出并标出:
(1) Setting:这场两难发生在什么处境下?
(2) Character:两难落在谁身上?他珍视的两样东西是什么?
(3) Two conflicting choices:两个选项分别是什么?
(4) The price:每个选项各牺牲什么?
作答区:
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提示:题干问的是"要素",就回到四要素表逐项对。Setting 看开头两句(时地人与事件),Character 看"两难落在谁身上"及后文他纠结的东西,Conflicting choices 看第二段的两个 If 引导的假设,Price 看每个 If 后面的后果。
(3) 第二遍读:做阅读题
先整体判断——这个故事算不算真两难?算/不算:________ 判断依据:第二段的两个 If 给足了两个选项的正当理由与代价,结尾 whatever he chose, something precious would be lost 直接点破了无解。
阅读以下短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
1. What was Tom's real dilemma?
A. He doubted whether Mark truly won the contest.
B. He felt torn between exposing the truth and keeping the secret.
C. He was worried about his own performance in the contest.
D. He wanted to take away the prize from Mark.
2. What made it difficult for Tom to report Mark?
A. Because he was afraid of being punished by the school.
B. Because he valued their friendship and didn't want to ruin Mark's future.
C. Because he was not sure whether Mark had really cheated.
D. Because Mark's mother was a close friend of his.
3. The underlined word "conscience" in Paragraph 2 most probably means ______.
A. 内疚感(guilt) B. 良知(moral sense) C. 责任感(responsibility) D. 犹豫(hesitation)
4. Which of the following can best describe the ending of the story?
A. Tom finally reported Mark and the truth won.
B. The story does not tell us what Tom finally chose.
C. Tom decided to say nothing to protect their friendship.
D. Mark realized his mistake and confessed on his own.
5. Which of the following best explains why Tom's situation qualifies as a moral dilemma?
A. Both choices would force Tom to give up something he values.
B. One choice is obviously right and the other is obviously wrong.
C. Tom doesn't know which choice is morally right.
D. The contest rules were unclear to everyone.
作答区:1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____
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提示:题干问 dilemma,答案要在两个 If 形成的冲突上找,能同时涵盖两个方向的选项才是对的,只指向单边的都是干扰项。
3、 扣准词:几个让选择变"两难"的核心词
下面四个词是本单元读写的高频词,也是让"两难"立得住的语言材料。逐个深挖。
(1) dilemma 两难,进退两难
含义:名词,指"必须在两个都不理想、又各有道理的选项之间做艰难选择"的处境。
搭配:
face a dilemma 面临两难;be in a dilemma 处于两难;be caught in a dilemma 被卷进两难;a moral dilemma 道德两难
考点:语法填空里考查介词搭配——caught in a dilemma(in 不可漏,不可误用 of)。写作里"面对两难"几乎固定用 face a dilemma,是应用文与续写里点题的常用表达。
易错:dilemma 是名词,不能当动词用。常见错误是漏掉介词 in,写成 He was caught a dilemma——记住 caught in 是固定搭配。
例句:Caught in a dilemma between honesty and friendship, Tom did not know what to do.
(2) moral 道德的 / conscience 良心
moral:形容词"道德的、道义的",也可作名词"寓意、教益"(the moral of the story 故事的寓意)。
派生:moral → immoral 不道德的(反义)→ morality 道德(名词)→ morally 道德上(副词)。
conscience:名词"良心、良知",是两难故事里主角内心挣扎的落点。
搭配:
a clear conscience 问心无愧;a guilty conscience 良心不安;a matter of conscience 关乎良心的事
考点:a guilty conscience 是完形与阅读里表示"内心有愧"的高频搭配;moral 的形容词性在写作里用来给人物定调(a moral person)。
例句:Tom's conscience would not let him rest if he chose to remain silent.
(3) hesitate 犹豫
形式:hesitate(动词)→ hesitation(名词)→ hesitant(形容词,犹豫的)
搭配:
hesitate to do sth 犹豫做某事;without hesitation 毫不犹豫;don't hesitate to do sth 尽管放心做(表鼓励)
考点:语法填空最常考"动词变名词"——hesitate 设空,填 hesitation;"without + 名词"是固定结构。
易错:hesitate 后接不定式 to do,不接 doing。错误写法 hesitate doing 是高考改错常设陷阱。
例句:Tom hesitated to speak, knowing that his words could ruin a friendship.
(4) sacrifice 牺牲
含义:动词"牺牲",名词"牺牲、献祭"。
搭配:
make a sacrifice 做出牺牲;sacrifice A for B = 为 B(保全之物/受益者)而牺牲 A(放弃之物)。示例:He sacrificed his friendship for honesty.(他为了诚实而牺牲了友谊——友谊被放弃,诚实被保全。);at the sacrifice of 以牺牲……为代价
考点:写作里"为……牺牲……"用 sacrifice A for B,点出两难的代价时极好用。
易错:介词搭配是 for(为谁/为什么而牺牲),不是 to。sacrifice himself to his friend 错误,正确是 for his friend。
例句:Every choice in a dilemma asks us to sacrifice something we hold dear.
(5) 语段综合填空
用上面学过的词的正确形式填空(每空一词或一个搭配)。
In every moral dilemma, a person must make a difficult (1)______ between two options, both of which seem right. The person may (2)______ to act, weighing the cost of each side. Whatever he decides, he will have to (3)______ something — perhaps his principle, perhaps his friendship. It is his (4)______, which finally tells him which way to turn. Only a person of strong (5)______ can make such a choice without regret.
4、 读懂叙事里的"同时进行":动词-ing形式作状语
这是本单元的核心语法。在两难故事里,主角的纠结往往是"一边做着一件事,一边内心翻腾"——英语里这种"同时进行"大多用动词-ing形式作状语来写。
(1) 零层判断:这个-ing是谓语还是状语?
拿到一个带-ing的句子,先做零层判断(不做这个判断,后面三步都会错):
问自己:这个-ing前面有没有助动词(be动词)?
· 如果有且与其构成进行时态(如 was walking),那它是谓语动词的一部分,不是状语。
· 如果没有助动词,那它才是我们要讨论的 -ing作状语。
示例:
· Tom was walking home.——walking 前面有 was,是谓语的一部分,不是状语。
· Walking home, Tom saw Mark.——Walking 前面没有助动词,是状语,逻辑主语是 Tom。
(2) -ing作状语,主要管四件事
动词-ing形式作状语,可以表达四种关系:时间、原因、伴随、结果。
高考聚焦:本讲聚焦高考最高频的四种-ing状语功能:时间、原因、伴随、结果。掌握这四种,足以应对 90% 以上的考点。
(3) 判断技巧(三步走,顺序不可乱)
第1步: 把带-ing短语的部分框出来,看剩下的主句是否完整。主句完整,这个 -ing 才可能是状语(否则它是谓语的一部分——零层判断已经帮我们过滤了)。
第2步: 问——这个 -ing 动作的主语是谁?状语中的逻辑主语必须等于主句的主语。
第3步: 问——是主动还是被动?主语主动发出这个动作用 -ing,被动承受用 -ed。
三步走完,这个 -ing 是哪种状语、对不对,就清楚了。
(4) 与-ed分词的边界:主动用-ing,被动用-ed
同一句话,主语角色不同,分词形式就不同:
· The students, excited by the news, cheered loudly.(学生被消息鼓舞——被动,用 -ed)
· The news excited the students, making them cheer loudly.(消息使学生激动——主动,用 -ing)
判断尺:看分词动作是"主语自己做"还是"主语被做"。自己做用 -ing,被做用 -ed。
随堂即时判断(只判断用 -ing 还是 -ed,不写完整句子):
(1) The news ______ (excite) the students, they all jumped up.
(2) ______ (excite) by the news, the students jumped up.
(3) The boy ______ (cry) in the corner is my brother.
作答区:(1)____ (2)____ (3)____
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提示:逐句看逻辑主语与分词动作的关系——主语"做"这个动作就用 -ing,主语"被做"就用 -ed。
(5) 与状语从句互换:从句是"长了脚手架的-ing"
状语从句去掉连词和主语、动词改 -ing,就是分词状语。请把下列状语从句改写成分词状语:
· While he was sitting in the library, he stared at the certificate. → ______________________(时间)
· Because he knew the truth, Tom felt uneasy. → ______________________(原因)
(6) 错误路径:悬垂分词(逻辑主语对不上)
分词作状语最经典的坑,是逻辑主语和主句主语不一致——这叫悬垂分词(dangling participle)。
· 错误:Walking home, the rain began to fall.(雨"走路"?逻辑主语错)
· 正确:Walking home, Mark saw the rain begin to fall.(Mark 走路)
判断尺:把 -ing 动作的主语默认为主句主语,读一遍通不通。主语"不会做"这个动作,就是悬垂,要改。
(7) 语篇语法填空:在完整故事里用出-ing
The Wind and the Kite
(1)______ (walk) along the beach, Ben noticed a kite caught in a tree. It belonged to a little boy, who sat on the sand, (2)______ (cry). Ben wanted to help, but the kite was high and the tree was thin. (3)______ (know) that climbing it might be dangerous, Ben still decided to try. (4)______ (hold) the boy's hand, he began to climb. When he reached the kite, he found the branch (5)______ (shake) violently in the wind. Carefully, he pulled the kite free and threw it down to the boy. The boy ran off, (6)______ (laugh) happily. Ben climbed down, (7)______ (feel) proud that he had helped.
5、 综合运用:把本讲的本事合起来
(1) 基础层:判断-ing作状语的类型
判断下列句中画线 -ing 短语作哪种状语(时间/原因/伴随/结果)。
(1) Hearing the bell, the students rushed out of the classroom.( )
(2) Being ill, she stayed at home all day.( )
(3) He stood by the door, waiting for his friend.( )
(4) The team trained hard, winning the championship at last.( )
提示:把 -ing 短语还原成状语从句(When/Because/While/so that 开头),看哪个连词放进去最通顺,就对应哪种类型。
(2) 中档层:语篇填空(道德两难主题语境)
读下面短文,用括号内所给词的适当形式填空(每空一词)。
The Unwritten Note
Lily and Emma had been desk mates for three years. When the teacher asked them to grade each other's practice essays, Lily noticed that Emma's essay contained several paragraphs copied directly from an online source. (1)______ (know) the school's strict policy on plagiarism, Lily knew she should report it. But Emma was going through a family crisis, and this essay counted for 30% of her final grade. (2)______ (expose) the truth would cost Emma her academic record and their friendship. Yet (3)______ (keep) silent would mean betraying her own sense of fairness. Lily sat in the classroom, (4)______ (stare) at the two papers on her desk. She felt (5)______ (tear) between two choices, neither of which felt completely right.
(3) 挑战层:用-ing合并句子,把两难写紧凑
把下列每组两个简单句,用动词-ing形式合并成一句(保持原意,可加必要连接)。
(1) Tom sat in the library. He stared at the certificate.
(2) Because he knew the truth, he felt uneasy.(提示:用 Knowing 开头重写)
(3) The boy ran away. He laughed happily.
合并思路(先看第1题):合并两个句子,先找出两个动作的共同主语——都是 Tom。然后判断哪个动作是"主要动作"(坐),哪个是"伴随动作"(盯)。主要动作作谓语,伴随动作降级为 -ing 短语,放在句尾。
作答区:(1)(2)(3)
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6、 本讲小结:带走三件工具
读一个道德两难故事,你手里要有三件工具:
第一件,"三钉子"尺——difficult choice、two actions、both seem right。用它判断一个故事是不是真两难,也用它判断自己会不会被"假两难"骗。
第二件,四要素表——Setting、Character、Two choices、No right answer。读到哪,对到哪,故事结构一目了然。
第三件,-ing 识别三步——框主句、查逻辑主语、辨主被动。读到"一边做一边想"的地方,知道是哪种状语,也知道哪里埋了悬垂分词的雷。
三件工具的关系:这三件工具不是并列的——三钉子帮你判断"算不算两难";四要素帮你拆解"两难怎么构成的";-ing 三步帮你读懂"作者用什么语言把两难写活的"。从判断到分析到语言解码,一步接一步。
这三件工具本讲学,下一讲(第10讲)就要倒过来用——把它们从"读懂"翻成"写清"。一读一写,正是读写课的意义。
7、 课后巩固练习
练习1:道德两难情景判断
判断下面两个情景,是"道德两难"的打√,不是的打×,并写一句理由。
(1) 李华在超市收银台发现收银员多找了50元给他,他犹豫要不要还回去。
(2) 王丽是校辩论队队长。决赛前夜,她无意中看到对手队伍的战术笔记。她必须在"偷看对手战术获取优势"和"假装没看见、公平竞争但可能输掉比赛"之间做选择。两队实力接近,这场比赛关系到学校的年度总冠军。
作答区:
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练习2:阅读微故事+选择
The Last Slice
Mia and her younger brother Leo were home alone. Their mother had left one slice of chocolate cake in the fridge — a reward for whoever finished their homework first. Leo finished first and ate half of it, then wrapped the other half in a napkin and put it back, saving it for later.
When Mia opened the fridge, she found the cake slice already half-eaten. She was hungry and tired after three hours of homework. Then she noticed a note beside the cake, in Leo's handwriting: "For Mia, if she wants it." But Mia had also seen Leo secretly eating a cookie earlier, which their mother had forbidden because it would spoil his dinner.
Now Mia stood in front of the fridge, torn. If she took the cake, Leo would lose his treat — and he had written that note for her. If she left it, she would go hungry after a long afternoon, and Leo would have gotten both the cake and the cookie he wasn't supposed to eat.
阅读以下短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
1. What makes Mia's situation a moral dilemma?
A. She doesn't know whether Leo actually finished his homework first.
B. Both choices require her to give up something she cares about.
C. She is too hungry to think clearly.
D. The cake is too small for two people.
2. The story ends with Mia "standing in front of the fridge, torn." This suggests that ______.
A. Mia will definitely take the cake
B. Mia has already made her decision
C. Mia is still struggling between the two choices
D. Mia will call her mother for advice
作答区:1. ____ 2. ____
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练习3:语法填空(-ing/-ed混合)
读下面短文,用括号内所给词的适当形式填空(每空一词)。
A Difficult Choice
(1)______ (face) with a moral dilemma, Sarah felt her heart race. Her best friend Amy had asked her to lie to the teacher about the missing homework, (2)______ (say) that she had turned it in. Sarah knew that lying was wrong. But Amy was (3)______ (worry) about being punished by her strict parents.
(4)______ (sit) in the classroom, Sarah looked at Amy's pleading eyes. She thought about the trust between them, (5)______ (build) over five years of friendship. Then she thought about her own honesty, which she had always (6)______ (pride) herself on.
(7)______ (tell) the truth would keep her conscience clear but would let her friend down. (8)______ (protect) Amy would save their friendship but would make Sarah feel guilty for weeks. Either way, something dear would be lost.
提示:先判断每空在句中的成分和主动/被动关系。be faced with、be worried about 是固定被动搭配;trust 是被"建立"的用 -ed;谓语动词要与上下文时态一致;其余主动非谓语填 -ing。
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Unit 2 Morals and Virtues 精品讲义2027春高一(下)英语-新教材人教版必修三
第9讲 道德两难故事写作(读)
Reading for Writing(教师版)
阅读课 ● 道德两难故事读写
【课时安排】 本讲为Unit 2 第9讲,建议用时1—2课时。
【学习目标】
1. 能通过"三钉子"判断法识别道德两难故事的四个要素(背景、人物、冲突选项、无标准答案)。
2. 能判断动词-ing形式作状语在叙事中的四种功能(时间、原因、伴随、结果)并完成语篇填空。
3. 能区分核心词 dilemma、conscience、hesitate、sacrifice 并完成语境选择。
1、 先辨清:什么样的故事才算"道德两难"
(1) 课堂启动·判断:这两个情景,哪个是"道德两难"?
先别急着看定义,凭直觉判断下面两个情景:
情景甲:小明在路边捡到一个装有1000元的钱包,钱包里有失主的身份证。他决定寻找失主归还钱包。
情景乙:英语竞赛中,好友当众作弊拿了高分,小明亲眼看见。赛后老师单独问小明:"你看到了什么?"小明知道,说实话会毁掉好友的参赛资格和保送机会,但不说实话则意味着包庇作弊。
问题:甲和乙,哪个算"道德两难"?为什么?
想清楚再往下读。
(2) 给"两难"下个定义
翻开本单元,整册书都在围绕"道德与美德"打转,而读写课要解决的,是一个极容易被糊弄过去的概念——道德两难。
moral dilemma = a situation in which you have to make a difficult choice between two actions, both of which seem right in some way.
这句话里有三个钉子,缺一个都不能叫"两难":
第一颗钉子:必须有 difficult choice——这个选择难以下手,不是随便选一个都行。
第二颗钉子:必须是 two actions——两件事可选,不是三件,也不是一件。
第三颗钉子(也是最关键的一条):both seem right——两个选项各自都占着理,各自都说得通。
现在回头看你刚才对情景甲和情景乙的判断:
- 情景甲:归还钱包是明显正确的选择,不涉及"两个都占理"的冲突——这不是两难。
- 情景乙:说真话守住诚实却毁掉好友前途,撒谎包庇保住友情却违背公正——两个选项都占理——这是两难。
如果你刚才把情景甲判断为"两难",现在应该明白了:你把"好人好事"和"两难选择"搞混了。这个混淆,是本节课要解决的第一个认知障碍。
(3) 四要素:一个两难故事由什么撑起来
把一段"两难"摊开,一定藏着四个零件。读的时候照表找,但注意读的顺序(先看下一段的"读法顺序"):
要素
它在故事里做什么
读到它时问自己
**Setting 背景**
交代时间、地点、人物身份,把选择放进具体处境
他在什么处境下被逼着做选择?
**Character 人物**
两难落在谁身上,他背着什么责任
他的身份、责任、牵挂是什么?
**Two choices 冲突选项**
两个方向,各有正当理由,各伤一样珍视的东西
选A会失去什么?选B会失去什么?
**No right answer 无标准解**
没有两全,必须割舍一样
结尾是不是留下了挣扎或留白?
四要素的读法顺序(按这个顺序读,找不到A就不要跳到B):
第1步: 读开篇1—2句,找 Setting——时间、地点、人物、事件,搞清楚"什么事发生了"。
第2步: 问"这个选择落在谁身上",定 Character——"他珍视什么"是理解两难的关键。
第3步: 在文中找标记词(If... / or... / either...or...),划出 Two choices——两个选项往往用"如果选A则……如果选B则……"的对称结构写出来。
第4步: 看结尾——故事给出了明确答案还是留白了?如果是留白,就是 No right answer 的标志。
(4) 关键判别:两难不等于困难,两难不等于善恶选择题
这是本讲第一个要撞的墙。学生最容易犯的错,是把"简单的善恶选择"当成"两难"。
捡到钱包该不该还给失主——这不是两难,因为正确答案太明显:归还不涉及价值层面的冲突性牺牲(即不牺牲友情、诚信、公正等核心价值),这是善恶测试。
真正的两难里,无论选哪个,都要放弃一样他真正珍视的东西——要么放弃友情,要么放弃诚实;要么放弃公平,要么放弃忠诚。
判断尺:一个故事算不算"道德两难",不看它"难不难",看它"有没有一个让主角两败俱伤的选择结构"——两个选项都站得住脚,选哪个都得割舍一样珍视之物。
错误路径演示:拿到一个故事,先别急着站队"他该选A还是选B",先问"两个选项各自牺牲了什么"。这一问能立刻分辨真两难和假两难。
(5) 课堂即练:这个情景是两难吗?
判断下面三个情景,是"道德两难"的打√,不是的打×,并写一句理由。
(1) 小明捡到装有1000元的钱包,决定寻找失主归还。
(2) 英语竞赛中,好友当众作弊拿了高分,小明亲眼看见。赛后老师单独问小明:"你看到了什么?"小明知道,说实话会毁掉好友的参赛资格和保送机会,但不说实话则意味着包庇作弊。
(3) 公交车司机看见有人闯红灯横穿马路,心里觉得"这人真危险"。
【参考答案与解析】
(1) ×。还钱包是明显正确的选择,不涉及价值层面的冲突性牺牲,属于善恶选择而非两难。套"三钉子"——虽然有"选择"(还或不还),但"不还"并不占理,不满足 both seem right。
(2) √。两个选项都站得住脚——说真话守住诚实却毁掉好友的前途与友谊,撒谎包庇护住友情却违背公正,无论选哪个都要牺牲一样珍视之物。套"三钉子"——difficult choice(是)、two actions(是)、both seem right(是),三钉俱全。
(3) ×。这只是公交司机的一个主观判断,没有人被逼着在两个"都占理"的选项中做选择,不构成两难。连 choice 都没有,直接出局。
【变式追问】
把情景(2)改为"小明没有亲眼看见作弊,只是听别人说的"——这还是两难吗?
答:不是。因为小明不确定真相,他的纠结是"信息不足",而非"两难"。两难的前提是"两个选项都清楚且都占理",信息不足时的犹豫不叫两难。
2、 读进去:一篇道德两难故事
(1) 先读全文,然后完成复述填空
下面是本讲的主阅读文本。读完先做一件事:把下面的"两难复述框架"填完整。填不出来,说明故事没读透。
A Friend on the Line
Tom and Mark had been best friends since primary school. This year they both entered the city history contest, and Mark won first place. Everyone congratulated him, but Tom felt uneasy. During the final round, Tom had seen Mark quietly check his phone under the desk — the exact answer they had been forbidden to use. Mark did not notice him.
Now Tom sat in the library, staring at the certificate Mark had shown him. If he reported what he had seen, the school would take away Mark's prize and perhaps his chance to apply for the top university. Their friendship, built over nine years, would be ruined. But if he said nothing, Tom would have to sit in class every day knowing that a cheat had beaten honest students, and that lie would eat at his own conscience.
Tom looked out of the window. The rain was falling steadily, and he could see Mark walking home with his mother, both of them smiling. Tom knew that whatever he chose, something precious would be lost.
两难复述框架(读完填空):
Tom的两难是:如果他选择(1)______,他会(2)______;但如果他选择(3)______,他会(4)______。无论选哪个,他都将会失去(5)______。
【参考答案与解析】
(1) 向学校举报Mark作弊
(2) 让Mark被取消奖项、失去顶尖大学的申请机会、毁掉九年的友谊
(3) 保持沉默,什么都不说
(4) 每天面对良心的煎熬,知道自己包庇了一个作弊者
(5) 一样珍视的东西——要么是友谊和Mark的前途,要么是自己的诚实原则与内心的安宁
框架的三个空分别对应"两个选项"和"代价",正好对应故事第二段的两个 If 和结尾句。
(2) 第一遍读:照着四要素找零件
在文中找出并标出:
(1) Setting:这场两难发生在什么处境下?
(2) Character:两难落在谁身上?他珍视的两样东西是什么?
(3) Two conflicting choices:两个选项分别是什么?
(4) The price:每个选项各牺牲什么?
【参考答案与解析】
(1) Tom和Mark是发小,一起参加城市历史竞赛,Mark夺冠。处境是"好友赢得了荣誉,而Tom掌握了能推翻它的证据"。
(2) 两难落在Tom身上。他珍视的两样东西:一是诚实与公正(不愿让作弊者蒙混过关),二是九年的友谊(不愿亲手毁掉好友的前途与情谊)。
(3) 选项一:向学校举报Mark作弊,追回荣誉;选项二:保持沉默,让作弊者赢得名次。
(4) 选项一牺牲友谊与Mark的前途;选项二牺牲自己的诚实原则与内心的安宁(承受良知的煎熬)。
题干问的是"要素",就回到四要素表逐项对。Setting 看开头两句(时地人与事件),Character 看"两难落在谁身上"及后文他纠结的东西,Conflicting choices 看第二段的两个 If 引导的假设,Price 看每个 If 后面的后果。第二段里两个 If 就是标准的"两个选项+各自代价"结构。
(3) 第二遍读:做阅读题
先整体判断——这个故事算不算真两难?算。因为第二段的两个 If 给足了两个选项的正当理由与代价,结尾 whatever he chose, something precious would be lost 直接点破了无解。
1. What was Tom's real dilemma?
A. He doubted whether Mark truly won the contest.
B. He felt torn between exposing the truth and keeping the secret.
C. He was worried about his own performance in the contest.
D. He wanted to take away the prize from Mark.
【答案】B
【解析】
题干问"Tom真正的两难是什么"。定位到第二段两个 If——举报与沉默各有利弊,这正是"在揭露真相与保守秘密之间左右为难"(torn between exposing the truth and keeping the secret)。A 错在 Tom 并不怀疑 Mark 是否真的获胜(他亲眼看见作弊,是确定的);C 错在 Tom 担心的是 Mark 而非自己;D 错在 Tom 心里想的是公正,而非"夺走奖项"这个行为本身。题干问 dilemma,答案要在两个 If 形成的冲突上找,能同时涵盖两个方向的选项才是对的,只指向单边的都是干扰项。
2. What made it difficult for Tom to report Mark?
A. Because he was afraid of being punished by the school.
B. Because he valued their friendship and didn't want to ruin Mark's future.
C. Because he was not sure whether Mark had really cheated.
D. Because Mark's mother was a close friend of his.
【答案】B
【解析】
第二段明确写 If he reported... the school would take away Mark's prize and perhaps his chance to apply for the top university. Their friendship... would be ruined.——Tom 珍视这段友谊(built over nine years),不忍心毁掉 Mark 的前途(chance to apply for the top university)和他们的情谊。A 文中无据(Tom 怕的不是被学校罚);C 与事实相反(Tom 亲眼看见了,很确定);D 无中生有(文中只提 Mark 和母亲走路回家,并未说她是 Tom 的密友)。题干问"为什么难举报",直接定位 If he reported 后面跟的后果,两处后果(前途被毁+友谊被毁)对应 B 中的 valued their friendship 和 ruin Mark's future。
3. The underlined word "conscience" in Paragraph 2 most probably means ______.
A. 内疚感(guilt)
B. 良知(moral sense)
C. 责任感(responsibility)
D. 犹豫(hesitation)
【答案】B
【解析】
前文说 that lie would eat at his own conscience——如果保持沉默,这个谎言会"啃噬"他的什么。能"被谎言啃噬"的、让他坐立不安的,是"良知"(moral sense of right and wrong),不是内疚感(内疚是良知被触犯后的情绪结果,而非被啃噬的对象本身)、责任感或犹豫。词义猜测靠上下文线索。eat at(不断侵蚀、困扰)这个搭配加上整句的愧疚意味,指向内在的道德判断机制,故选 B。A 是"良知被触发后的情绪",因果倒置了。
4. Which of the following can best describe the ending of the story?
A. Tom finally reported Mark and the truth won.
B. The story does not tell us what Tom finally chose.
C. Tom decided to say nothing to protect their friendship.
D. Mark realized his mistake and confessed on his own.
【答案】B
【解析】
末段没有给出 Tom 的决定,只写 whatever he chose, something precious would be lost,把选择留在读者面前——这是无标准解(no right answer)两难的典型开放式结尾。A、C 都替作者作了决定(文中根本没有);D 更是在原文里找不到 Mark 自责的情节。题干问"结尾如何",就要看末段是否给出了结论。末段以雨景与"无论选什么都失去珍爱之物"收束,显然是开放式留白,故选 B。
5. Which of the following best explains why Tom's situation qualifies as a moral dilemma?
A. Both choices would force Tom to give up something he values.
B. One choice is obviously right and the other is obviously wrong.
C. Tom doesn't know which choice is morally right.
D. The contest rules were unclear to everyone.
【答案】A
【解析】
真正的两难,两个选项各自都有正当理由,选哪个都要割舍珍视之物——正是 A 说的"两个选择都逼 Tom 放弃他在乎的东西"(举报失去友谊与 Mark 前途,沉默失去诚实原则与内心安宁)。B 把两难降格成善恶选择,恰与 both seem right 相悖;C 把两难与"不知道哪个对"混淆——两难不是"不知道",而是"知道两个都有道理但必须选一个";D 文中根本没提规则不清。题干问的是"为什么是真两难",就回到开篇"三钉子"里的第三条 both seem right + 都要付出代价,A 恰好是它的复述。
3、 扣准词:几个让选择变"两难"的核心词
下面四个词是本单元读写的高频词,也是让"两难"立得住的语言材料。逐个深挖。
(1) dilemma 两难,进退两难
含义:名词,指"必须在两个都不理想、又各有道理的选项之间做艰难选择"的处境。
搭配:
- face a dilemma 面临两难
- be in a dilemma 处于两难
- be caught in a dilemma 被卷进两难
- a moral dilemma 道德两难
考点:语法填空里考查介词搭配——caught in a dilemma(in 不可漏,不可误用 of)。写作里"面对两难"几乎固定用 face a dilemma,是应用文与续写里点题的常用表达。
易错:dilemma 是名词,不能当动词用。常见错误是漏掉介词 in,写成 He was caught a dilemma——记住 caught in 是固定搭配。
例句:Caught in a dilemma between honesty and friendship, Tom did not know what to do.
(2) moral 道德的 / conscience 良心
moral:形容词"道德的、道义的",也可作名词"寓意、教益"(the moral of the story 故事的寓意)。
派生:moral → immoral 不道德的(反义)→ morality 道德(名词)→ morally 道德上(副词)。
conscience:名词"良心、良知",是两难故事里主角内心挣扎的落点。
搭配:
- a clear conscience 问心无愧
- a guilty conscience 良心不安
- a matter of conscience 关乎良心的事
考点:a guilty conscience 是完形与阅读里表示"内心有愧"的高频搭配;moral 的形容词性在写作里用来给人物定调(a moral person)。
例句:Tom's conscience would not let him rest if he chose to remain silent.
(3) hesitate 犹豫
形式:hesitate(动词)→ hesitation(名词)→ hesitant(形容词,犹豫的)
搭配:
- hesitate to do sth 犹豫做某事
- without hesitation 毫不犹豫
- don't hesitate to do sth 尽管放心做(表鼓励)
考点:语法填空最常考"动词变名词"——hesitate 设空,填 hesitation;"without + 名词"是固定结构。
易错:hesitate 后接不定式 to do,不接 doing。错误写法 hesitate doing 是高考改错常设陷阱。
例句:Tom hesitated to speak, knowing that his words could ruin a friendship.
(4) sacrifice 牺牲
含义:动词"牺牲",名词"牺牲、献祭"。
搭配:
- make a sacrifice 做出牺牲
- sacrifice A for B = 为 B(保全之物/受益者)而牺牲 A(放弃之物)。示例:He sacrificed his friendship for honesty.(他为了诚实而牺牲了友谊——友谊被放弃,诚实被保全。)
- at the sacrifice of 以牺牲……为代价
考点:写作里"为……牺牲……"用 sacrifice A for B,点出两难的代价时极好用。
易错:介词搭配是 for(为谁/为什么而牺牲),不是 to。sacrifice himself to his friend 错误,正确是 for his friend。
例句:Every choice in a dilemma asks us to sacrifice something we hold dear.
(5) 语段综合填空
用上面学过的词的正确形式填空(每空一词或一个搭配)。
In every moral dilemma, a person must make a difficult (1)______ between two options, both of which seem right. The person may (2)______ to act, weighing the cost of each side. Whatever he decides, he will have to (3)______ something — perhaps his principle, perhaps his friendship. It is his (4)______, which finally tells him which way to turn. Only a person of strong (5)______ can make such a choice without regret.
【参考答案与解析】
(1) choice(选择;make a choice 固定搭配)。
(2) hesitate(犹豫;hesitate to act,后接不定式,与搭配一致)。
(3) sacrifice(牺牲;have to sacrifice sth,动词原形)。
(4) conscience(良心;his conscience 作主语,被定语从句 which finally tells him 修饰——先行词为物(conscience),而非人。前文多次出现 conscience,指内心道德感)。
(5) morality(道德;a person of strong morality = 道德坚定的人,名词作 of 的宾语)。
这是语篇填空,先通读把握"两难中要抉择、要牺牲、靠良心与道德定方向"的主题,再逐空看句内结构。第(2)空看后面的 to act,判断要填能用 to do 结构的动词——hesitate 正好;第(4)空看 his ______, which finally tells him——这个"最终告诉、指引他"的只能是内在的 conscience,且定语从句的先行词是物(conscience),进一步确认。
4、 读懂叙事里的"同时进行":动词-ing形式作状语
这是本单元的核心语法。在两难故事里,主角的纠结往往是"一边做着一件事,一边内心翻腾"——英语里这种"同时进行"大多用动词-ing形式作状语来写。
(1) 零层判断:这个-ing是谓语还是状语?
拿到一个带-ing的句子,先做零层判断(不做这个判断,后面三步都会错):
> 问自己:这个-ing前面有没有助动词(be动词)?
> - 如果有且与其构成进行时态(如 was walking),那它是谓语动词的一部分,不是状语。
> - 如果没有助动词,那它才是我们要讨论的 -ing作状语。
示例:
- Tom was walking home.——walking 前面有 was,是谓语的一部分,不是状语。
- Walking home, Tom saw Mark.——Walking 前面没有助动词,是状语,逻辑主语是 Tom。
(2) -ing作状语,主要管四件事
动词-ing形式作状语,可以表达四种关系。拿本讲的故事各举一个例子:
类型
功能
故事里的例子
**时间**
在做……的同时/之后
*Looking out of the window, Tom saw Mark walking home.*(看着窗外时)
**原因**
因为……
*Knowing that a lie would eat at his conscience, Tom felt uneasy.*(因为知道……)
**伴随**
同时发生的动作
*Tom sat in the library, staring at the certificate.*(坐着,盯着证书)
**结果**
自然而然地导致
*Mark won first place, making the whole class proud.*(结果使全班自豪)
高考聚焦:本讲聚焦高考最高频的四种-ing状语功能:时间、原因、伴随、结果。掌握这四种,足以应对 90% 以上的考点。
(3) 判断技巧(三步走,顺序不可乱)
第1步: 把带-ing短语的部分框出来,看剩下的主句是否完整。主句完整,这个-ing 才可能是状语(否则它是谓语的一部分——零层判断已经帮我们过滤了)。
第2步: 问——这个-ing 动作的主语是谁?状语中的逻辑主语必须等于主句的主语。
第3步: 问——是主动还是被动?主语主动发出这个动作用 -ing,被动承受用 -ed。
三步走完,这个-ing 是哪种状语、对不对,就清楚了。
(4) 与-ed分词的边界:主动用-ing,被动用-ed
同一句话,主语角色不同,分词形式就不同:
- The students, excited by the news, cheered loudly.(学生被消息鼓舞——被动,用 -ed)
- The news excited the students, making them cheer loudly.(消息使学生激动——主动,用 -ing)
判断尺:看分词动作是"主语自己做"还是"主语被做"。自己做用 -ing,被做用 -ed。
随堂即时判断(只判断用 -ing 还是 -ed,不写完整句子):
(1) The news ______ (excite) the students, they all jumped up.
(2) ______ (excite) by the news, the students jumped up.
(3) The boy ______ (cry) in the corner is my brother.
【参考答案与解析】
(1) exciting(主动;news 发出"使激动"的动作,用 -ing)
(2) Excited(被动;students 被 news"所激动",用 -ed)
(3) crying(主动;boy 自己发出"哭"的动作,用 -ing;此处为现在分词作定语,修饰 boy)
逐句看逻辑主语与分词动作的关系——主语"做"这个动作就用 -ing,主语"被做"就用 -ed。
(5) 与状语从句互换:从句是"长了脚手架的-ing"
状语从句去掉连词和主语、动词改 -ing,就是分词状语:
- While he was sitting in the library, he stared at the certificate. → Sitting in the library, he stared at the certificate.(时间)
- Because he knew the truth, Tom felt uneasy. → Knowing the truth, Tom felt uneasy.(原因)
(6) 错误路径:悬垂分词(逻辑主语对不上)
分词作状语最经典的坑,是逻辑主语和主句主语不一致——这叫悬垂分词(dangling participle)。
- 错误:Walking home, the rain began to fall.(雨"走路"?逻辑主语错)
- 正确:Walking home, Mark saw the rain begin to fall.(Mark 走路)
判断尺:把 -ing 动作的主语默认为主句主语,读一遍通不通。主语"不会做"这个动作,就是悬垂,要改。
(7) 语篇语法填空:在完整故事里用出-ing
The Wind and the Kite
(1)______ (walk) along the beach, Ben noticed a kite caught in a tree. It belonged to a little boy, who sat on the sand, (2)______ (cry). Ben wanted to help, but the kite was high and the tree was thin. (3)______ (know) that climbing it might be dangerous, Ben still decided to try. (4)______ (hold) the boy's hand, he began to climb. When he reached the kite, he found the branch (5)______ (shake) violently in the wind. Carefully, he pulled the kite free and threw it down to the boy. The boy ran off, (6)______ (laugh) happily. Ben climbed down, (7)______ (feel) proud that he had helped.
【参考答案与解析】
(1) Walking(时间状语;Walking along the beach = While Ben was walking along the beach,逻辑主语 Ben,主动)
(2) crying(伴随状语;sat on the sand, crying = 坐着同时哭着,逻辑主语 the boy,主动)
(3) Knowing(原因状语;Knowing that = Because he knew that,逻辑主语 Ben,主动)
(4) Holding(伴随状语;Holding the boy's hand = while holding,主动)
(5) shaking(宾语补足语;found the branch shaking,树枝自己"在摇晃",主动且正在进行)
(6) laughing(伴随状语;ran off, laughing happily,主动)
(7) feeling(结果/伴随状语;climbed down, feeling proud,主动)
语法填空先定"有提示词/无提示词"。这 7 空全是有提示词(给出动词原形),先看该空是谓语还是非谓语:第(5)空前已有谓语 found,故为非谓语;其余空也均无并列连词连接谓语→非谓语。再看逻辑主语(都是 Ben 或 the boy)和主动被动(都主动)→填 -ing。第(2)空易误判,记住"sat, crying"是"坐着哭"的伴随状态,作状语。
5、 综合运用:把本讲的本事合起来
(1) 基础层:判断-ing作状语的类型
判断下列句中画线 -ing 短语作哪种状语(时间/原因/伴随/结果)。
(1) Hearing the bell, the students rushed out of the classroom.( )
(2) Being ill, she stayed at home all day.( )
(3) He stood by the door, waiting for his friend.( )
(4) The team trained hard, winning the championship at last.( )
【参考答案与解析】
(1) 时间(Hearing = When they heard,听到铃声时)
(2) 原因(Being ill = Because she was ill)
(3) 伴随(stood, waiting = 站着同时等待)
(4) 结果(training hard, winning = 努力训练,结果夺冠)
把 -ing 短语还原成状语从句(When/Because/While/so that 开头),看哪个连词放进去最通顺,就对应哪种类型。
(2) 中档层:语篇填空(道德两难主题语境)
读下面短文,用括号内所给词的适当形式填空(每空一词)。
The Unwritten Note
Lily and Emma had been desk mates for three years. When the teacher asked them to grade each other's practice essays, Lily noticed that Emma's essay contained several paragraphs copied directly from an online source. (1)______ (know) the school's strict policy on plagiarism, Lily knew she should report it. But Emma was going through a family crisis, and this essay counted for 30% of her final grade. (2)______ (expose) the truth would cost Emma her academic record and their friendship. Yet (3)______ (keep) silent would mean betraying her own sense of fairness. Lily sat in the classroom, (4)______ (stare) at the two papers on her desk. She felt (5)______ (tear) between two choices, neither of which felt completely right.
【参考答案与解析】
(1) Knowing(原因状语;Knowing the school's policy = Because she knew the school's policy,逻辑主语 Lily,主动)
(2) Exposing(主语;此处 -ing 作句子主语,表"揭露真相"这一行为,主动)
(3) keeping(主语;与 Exposing 并列,-ing 作主语,表"保持沉默"这一行为)
(4) staring(伴随状语;sat, staring = 坐着同时盯着,逻辑主语 Lily,主动)
(5) torn(过去分词作表语;feel torn between = 在……之间左右为难,固定搭配,被动意义——她被两个选择"撕扯")
先判断每空在句中的成分——第(1)空为非谓语作状语,逻辑主语 Lily 且主动,填 -ing;第(2)(3)空作句子主语,填 -ing;第(4)空作伴随状语,填 -ing;第(5)空为固定搭配 feel torn between,用 -ed 表被动状态。
(3) 挑战层:用-ing合并句子,把两难写紧凑
把下列每组两个简单句,用动词-ing形式合并成一句(保持原意,可加必要连接)。
(1) Tom sat in the library. He stared at the certificate.
(2) Because he knew the truth, he felt uneasy.(提示:用 Knowing 开头重写)
(3) The boy ran away. He laughed happily.
【合并思路(先看第1题)】
合并两个句子,先找出两个动作的共同主语——都是 Tom。然后判断哪个动作是"主要动作"(坐),哪个是"伴随动作"(盯)。主要动作作谓语,伴随动作降级为 -ing 短语,放在句尾。
【参考答案与解析】
(1) Sitting in the library, Tom stared at the certificate.(或 Tom sat in the library, staring at the certificate.——伴随状语,两种位置均可)
两个动作同一主语(Tom),"坐"和"盯"同时发生,选"坐"作谓语,"盯"降级为 -ing 短语放句尾。
(2) Knowing the truth, he felt uneasy.(原因状语,把 Because he knew 压缩成 Knowing)
因果关系,"知道"是因,"不安"是果,-ing 短语表原因,放句首。
(3) The boy ran away, laughing happily.(伴随状语)
两个动作同一主语(the boy),"跑"和"笑"同时发生,"跑"作谓语,"笑"降级为 -ing 短语放句尾。
6、 本讲小结:带走三件工具
读一个道德两难故事,你手里要有三件工具:
第一件,"三钉子"尺——difficult choice、two actions、both seem right。用它判断一个故事是不是真两难,也用它判断自己会不会被"假两难"骗。
第二件,四要素表——Setting、Character、Two choices、No right answer。读到哪,对到哪,故事结构一目了然。
第三件,-ing 识别三步——框主句、查逻辑主语、辨主被动。读到"一边做一边想"的地方,知道是哪种状语,也知道哪里埋了悬垂分词的雷。
三件工具的关系:这三件工具不是并列的——三钉子帮你判断"算不算两难";四要素帮你拆解"两难怎么构成的";-ing 三步帮你读懂"作者用什么语言把两难写活的"。从判断到分析到语言解码,一步接一步。
这三件工具本讲学,下一讲(第10讲)就要倒过来用——把它们从"读懂"翻成"写清"。一读一写,正是读写课的意义。
7、 课后巩固练习
练习1:道德两难情景判断
判断下面两个情景,是"道德两难"的打√,不是的打×,并写一句理由。
(1) 李华在超市收银台发现收银员多找了50元给他,他犹豫要不要还回去。
(2) 王丽是校辩论队队长。决赛前夜,她无意中看到对手队伍的战术笔记。她必须在"偷看对手战术获取优势"和"假装没看见、公平竞争但可能输掉比赛"之间做选择。两队实力接近,这场比赛关系到学校的年度总冠军。
【参考答案与解析】
(1) ×。还钱是明显正确的选择,不还则涉及不诚信——两个选项并非"都占理",不构成两难。套"三钉子"——虽然有 choice(还/不还),但"不还"不占理,不满足 both seem right。
(2) √。两个选项都站得住脚:偷看战术利用了意外获得的信息,可能为学校赢得冠军(对团队负责);不看则守住诚信但可能输掉比赛(对原则负责)。无论选哪个,都要牺牲一样珍视之物——要么牺牲公平精神,要么牺牲团队荣誉。套"三钉子"——difficult choice(是)、two actions(是)、both seem right(是→"对团队负责"和"对原则负责"都有道理),三钉俱全。
练习2:阅读微故事+选择
The Last Slice
Mia and her younger brother Leo were home alone. Their mother had left one slice of chocolate cake in the fridge — a reward for whoever finished their homework first. Leo finished first and ate half of it, then wrapped the other half in a napkin and put it back, saving it for later.
When Mia opened the fridge, she found the cake slice already half-eaten. She was hungry and tired after three hours of homework. Then she noticed a note beside the cake, in Leo's handwriting: "For Mia, if she wants it." But Mia had also seen Leo secretly eating a cookie earlier, which their mother had forbidden because it would spoil his dinner.
Now Mia stood in front of the fridge, torn. If she took the cake, Leo would lose his treat — and he had written that note for her. If she left it, she would go hungry after a long afternoon, and Leo would have gotten both the cake and the cookie he wasn't supposed to eat.
1. What makes Mia's situation a moral dilemma?
A. She doesn't know whether Leo actually finished his homework first.
B. Both choices require her to give up something she cares about.
C. She is too hungry to think clearly.
D. The cake is too small for two people.
【答案】B
【解析】
真正的两难在于:拿走蛋糕→Leo 失去他应得的奖励(而且他写了"给 Mia"的暖心便条);不拿蛋糕→Mia 饿着肚子,而且 Leo 违规吃了饼干却未被发现。两个选择都让她放弃或违背自己在意的东西。A 错在 Mia 并不怀疑 Leo 做作业的顺序;C 把两难归因于饥饿,是误读;D 把两难简化为物理分配问题,忽略了道德冲突。题干问"为什么是道德两难",对应"三钉子"中的 both seem right + 都要付出代价,B 是它的直接复述。
2. The story ends with Mia "standing in front of the fridge, torn." This suggests that ______.
A. Mia will definitely take the cake
B. Mia has already made her decision
C. Mia is still struggling between the two choices
D. Mia will call her mother for advice
【答案】C
【解析】
torn 意为"被撕扯的、左右为难的",暗示 Mia 仍然在两个选择之间挣扎,未做决定。A、B 都与 torn 矛盾(未决定);D 文中无据。torn 是 feel torn between 的变体,在本讲词汇和语法部分均有涉及,此处考查其在语境中的理解——"左右为难"即"仍在挣扎"。
练习3:语法填空(-ing/-ed混合)
读下面短文,用括号内所给词的适当形式填空(每空一词)。
A Difficult Choice
(1)______ (face) with a moral dilemma, Sarah felt her heart race. Her best friend Amy had asked her to lie to the teacher about the missing homework, (2)______ (say) that she had turned it in. Sarah knew that lying was wrong. But Amy was (3)______ (worry) about being punished by her strict parents.
(4)______ (sit) in the classroom, Sarah looked at Amy's pleading eyes. She thought about the trust between them, (5)______ (build) over five years of friendship. Then she thought about her own honesty, which she had always (6)______ (pride) herself on.
(7)______ (tell) the truth would keep her conscience clear but would let her friend down. (8)______ (protect) Amy would save their friendship but would make Sarah feel guilty for weeks. Either way, something dear would be lost.
【参考答案与解析】
(1) Faced(过去分词作状语;be faced with = 面对,固定搭配,被动意义——Sarah 是被"面对"这一处境所笼罩的,用 -ed)
(2) saying(伴随状语;asked... saying = 请求的同时说,逻辑主语 Amy,主动,用 -ing)
(3) worried(形容词作表语;be worried about = 担心,固定搭配,用 -ed)
(4) Sitting(时间状语;Sitting in the classroom = While she was sitting,逻辑主语 Sarah,主动,用 -ing)
(5) built(过去分词作后置定语;the trust... built over five years = 建立了五年的友谊,trust 是被"建立"的,用 -ed)
(6) prided(过去式作谓语;prided herself on = 以……自豪,固定搭配,时态与上下文一致用过去式;注意:此处为谓语动词,非非谓语)
(7) Telling(动名词作主语;Telling the truth 作句子主语,表"说真话"这一行为,主动,用 -ing)
(8) Protecting(动名词作主语;与 Telling 并列,作句子主语,表"保护 Amy"这一行为,用 -ing)
先判断每空在句中的成分和主动/被动关系。第(1)空 be faced with 是固定被动搭配,用 -ed;第(3)空 be worried about 也是固定搭配,用 -ed;第(5)空 trust 是被建立的,用 -ed;第(6)空为谓语动词(与上下文时态一致),需判断——had always prided herself on 是过去完成时,pride 在此作动词。其余各空均为主动非谓语,填 -ing。
课后练习总解析
三个练习分别对应本讲的三个核心能力:
- 练习1→"三钉子"判断法(判断是不是两难)
- 练习2→四要素阅读分析法(在短文中找出 Setting/Character/Two choices/No right answer)
- 练习3→-ing/-ed 语法填空(在道德两难主题语境中运用分词知识)
三道题的共同原则:先判断句子成分,再判断主动/被动,最后确定填 -ing 还是 -ed。顺序不可乱。
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