内容正文:
Unit 2 Morals and Virtues 精品讲义2027春季高一(下)英语-新教材人教版必修三
第2讲 说出选择——道德困境口语表达
听说课(教师版)
【课时安排】
本讲为 Unit 2 Listening and Speaking(听说课)第2讲,建议用时 1 课时。
【学习目标】
1. 能用“观点→理由→让步→决定”四步结构,把对道德困境的判断说得清楚、有说服力;
2. 能辨析并运用 worthwhile / worth / worthy、reject、reveal、escape、elect、replace 这 6 个判断取舍类词,覆盖考点与易错;
3. 能在听说与写作语境中识别并运用过去分词作定语、表语(微技能)。
1、 先破后立:一句平庸的口语回答,病在哪
本讲把第 1 讲学到的“听出倾向”接上“说”。开口对道德困境表态,很多学生不是没观点,是话一出口就干瘪、站不住脚。
【自测】
先别往下看。如果面对“该不该向朋友说实话”这个问题,让你用英语说一段话表态,你会怎么说?写下一句或两句你真实会说的话。
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写完了吗?大多数学生面对这个问题,第一反应会说类似下面这句话:
“I think he should tell the truth because honesty is important. So he must tell the truth.”
你写的是不是也差不多?这句话比“Because it is right”稍微好一点,但问题更隐蔽——它给了理由(“honesty is important”),理由却悬在空中没落地。对谁重要?为什么重要?不说清楚就等于没说。
拆开看,这句话有三处硬伤:
1. 理由悬空:“honesty is important”是一个判断,不是理由。理由要落到“对谁造成什么具体影响”上;
2. 没有让步:完全没考虑“说了实话可能伤感情、得罪人”的另一面,显得武断;
3. 收尾草率:“So he must tell the truth”只是重复了观点,没落到“我会怎么做”的具体决定上。
一句话概括:这句话只完成了“表态”这半步,缺了“讲理、权衡、落定”的后三步。本讲要做的,就是把这三步补起来——它们不是加分项,而是让判断“立得住”的必需品。
2、 四步话语骨架:观点→理由→让步→决定
补全上面那句平庸回答,靠的不是背更多句子,而是套一个能迁移的骨架。面对任何道德困境,都按四步走:
第1步 · 观点(View):先亮明你站在哪一边。用 I believe / In my opinion / From my point of view 开头。
第2步 · 理由(Reason):给一条具体、站得住的理由。用 because / since,理由要落到“对谁造成什么影响”上,而不是空说 it is right。
第3步 · 让步(Concession):主动承认另一面的合理性。用 Of course… / However… / On the other hand…。这一句最容易得分,也最常被漏掉。
第4步 · 决定(Decision):回到“我会怎么做”,用 I would rather… than… / So my final decision is… 收尾。
【先试一步:强制选择】
在看成品的正确示范之前,先看一个“四步只走了三步”的半成品:
“I believe he should tell the truth, because hiding a mistake hurts his friend in the long run. Of course, telling the truth may risk their friendship.”
还差哪一步?——差“决定/落定”。
下面两个收尾,哪个更适合接在上面这段话后面?
A. “So I think he should tell the truth.”
B. “So I would rather he faced the truth now than lived with a lie later.”
你的选择:____ 理由:_________________________________
(答案:B。A 只是重复了开头观点,没新增信息;B 用 would rather… than… 把“怎么做”说死了,并形成“隐瞒谎言”与“面对真相”的对比,收束有力。)
【完整示范】
把前面那句平庸回答重写一遍:
“I believe he should tell the truth, because hiding a mistake only makes it grow and hurts his friend in the long run. Of course, telling the truth may risk their friendship, and that is not easy. However, honesty is the base of any real friendship. So I would rather he faced the truth now than lived with a lie later.”
对比原句,这一版多了三层:理由具体了(hurt his friend in the long run),让步出来了(Of course… not easy),决定落定了(I would rather… than…)。
【步步有误判·步步有纠偏】
观点步 · 常见误判:“In my opinion, I think he should tell the truth.”(In my opinion 和 I think 重复冗余)
纠正:二选一即可。In my opinion 更正式,适合口头陈述的开场;I think 更口语化,可在理由展开时自然带出。
理由步 · 常见误判:“because honesty is important.”(只说了“重要”,没落到“对谁造成什么影响”)
纠正:把“重要”转化为具体后果——“because honesty keeps the friendship from breaking apart when the truth comes out later.”
让步步 · 常见误判:“Of course, telling the truth may hurt someone. However, he should still do it.”(However 后没有新信息,只是重复观点)
纠正:However 后面要换角度说为什么仍选择这个立场——“However, avoiding the truth now will only make the final conflict harder to resolve.”——给一个新的理由拉回来。
决定步 · 常见误判:“So my final decision is that he should tell the truth because honesty is important.”(决定步里又把理由复述一遍,结尾拖沓无力)
纠正:决定步不再复述理由,直接用对比收束——“So I would rather he faced the short-term pain than lived with a long-term lie.”
【检验标准】
读完你自己写的一段,能不能让听的人清楚“你站在哪边、为什么、考虑了什么、最后怎么做”?能——四步就到位了。
3、 功能句型库:表态、理由、让步、落定
四步骨架的每一步里,有几组“即拿即用”的句子。选用建议附在每组后面——不是让你死记所有句子,而是知道什么场景选哪句。
【1】 表态(观点步)
· In my opinion / From my point of view, he should…
· As far as I am concerned, honesty matters more than anything else.
· I am strongly in favour of telling the truth.
选用建议:对方观点明确对立 → 用 I am strongly in favour of…(立场强硬);还在探讨阶段 → 用 In my opinion…(留有余地)。
考场信号:听力中听到 As far as I am concerned 或 From my point of view,其后紧跟的内容往往是说话人的核心立场,需重点抓取。
【2】 给理由(理由步)
· … because it will help him avoid bigger trouble in the long run.
· … since a lie, once started, is hard to stop.
选用建议:强调“长远后果”用 because it will help…;强调“谎言本身的特性”用 since a lie, once started…。前者适合“对他人造成的影响”,后者适合“对说谎者自身的反噬”。
考场信号:since 引导的理由句在听力中常被弱读,注意识别其后的完整句意。
【3】 让步(让步步)
· Of course, telling the truth may hurt someone’s feelings, and that is hard.
· On the other hand, keeping silent seems easier at the moment.
选用建议:口语对话场景多用 Of course…(自然、流畅);正式发言或书面准备多用 On the other hand…(结构更清晰)。
考场信号:Of course 和 On the other hand 是听力中立场转折的信号词,听到后要警觉“后面可能有 However”。
【4】 落定(决定步)
· So my final decision is to tell the truth.
· I would rather be honest and risk the loss than keep a lie and lose myself.
选用建议:要突出“两难中选了更难但正确的那条路” → 用 I would rather… than…(有对比冲击力);只是陈述结论 → 用 So my final decision is…(平实收尾)。
考场信号:I would rather… than… 是语法填空的高频结构,考点为 would rather do than do(前后平行),than 后必须接动词原形。
4、 听力进阶(题号 1—2)
第 1 讲练的是“听出倾向”,这一讲把信号词继续用在一个新情境里——体育赛场上的道德困境。先听(或读)下面的朗读稿,再回答问题。朗读时请控制语速,重点读出情态词和转折词。
【朗读稿】(教师朗读)
At the school tennis final, Mia hit a ball that landed just outside the line. The line judge missed it and called it in, so the point went to Mia. No one else noticed that the ball was out. If Mia said nothing, she would win the point and probably the whole match. If she told the truth, she might lose the match and disappoint her team.
After a long pause, Mia walked to the net and said, “The ball was out. The point is yours.” Her opponent stared in surprise and asked, “Why? You could have won.” Mia smiled. “Because a win built on a lie is not worth having. I would rather lose the match than lose my honesty.”
【Task】单项选择(每题唯一答案,高考标准题型)。(题号 1—2)
1. What did the line judge call the ball?
A. It was out.
B. It was in.
C. It was missed.
2. Why did Mia tell the truth?
A. Because she was afraid of losing her honesty.
B. Because a win built on a lie is not worth having.
C. Because she wanted to disappoint her team.
【题号 1—2 答案与解析】
第 1 题:B。材料原句 “The line judge missed it and called it in”——裁判没察觉出界,判了“界内”,即 called it in。A 与原文相反;C 是裁判的动作(missed the ball),不是对球的判罚结果。
第 2 题:B。题干问“Mia 说出真相的原因”。材料里 Mia 的原话是 “Because a win built on a lie is not worth having.”,B 是原文原句,直接对应。A 是接近干扰项,但 Mia 说的是 “lose my honesty”,不是 “afraid of losing”;C 与原文相反(她不想让队伍失望)。
5、 判断取舍类考点词汇精讲
本讲听力语篇里出现了几个“判断值不值得、要不要”的词。它们正是道德困境语境里最高频的一类词,也是完形和写作的爱考点,一次讲清。所有例句统一到“道德困境 / 诚实与谎言”主题下,便于记忆和迁移。
【1】 worthwhile / worth / worthy——“值得”三兄弟的用法边界
这是高考最容易混的三件套。别背定义,直接看空格后面跟什么,三个路数:
· 空格后是 doing 或名词 → worth(be worth doing / be worth n):The book is worth reading. / It is worth trying.
· 空格后是 of + doing 或 to be done → worthy(be worthy of being done / be worthy to be done).
· 空格后是 to do,或空格直接放在名词前作定语 → worthwhile(It is worthwhile to do sth / a worthwhile task).
一句话分清三兄弟:worth 后面“直接跟 doing”(省事);worthy 后面“要加 of 或 to be”(讲究);worthwhile 可作定语(a worthwhile task),也可 It is worthwhile to do/doing(灵活)。
主题例句:A win built on a lie is not worth having.(材料原句,worth + having)
错误路径演示:
× It is worth to do it. → √ It is worth doing it.(worth 后接 doing,不接 to do)
× The book is worthy reading. → √ The book is worthy of being read.(worthy 后要 of 或 to be)
× a worth task → √ a worthwhile task(worth 不能作定语放在名词前)
这三条都是单选和语法填空的经典陷阱。
【2】 reject v. 拒绝;排斥 / rejection n. 拒绝
搭配:reject sth / reject doing sth。
辨析:reject 强调“拒绝接受、拒不采纳”(较正式),与 refuse(拒绝做,后接 to do)不同,与 decline(婉拒)不同。reject 后接名词或动名词,不接 to do。
主题例句:She rejected the chance to win by cheating, because she valued honesty more.
高考考点聚焦:
· reject 是及物动词,后面只能接名词 / 代词 / 动名词,不接 to do(语法填空和改错的铁律)。
· refuse 可以接 to do(refuse to do),也可以接名词,但不接动名词。
· decline 接名词或 to do,语气最委婉,常用于“谢绝邀请 / 提议”。
速记:reject + 物 / 事(拒绝接受某物);refuse + to do(拒绝做某事);decline + 邀请(婉拒)。
考点:reject an offer / reject the plan 是高频搭配;名词形式是 rejection。
【3】 reveal v. 揭露;显示 / revelation n. 揭露
搭配:reveal sth to sb(向某人透露某事);reveal that 从句。
辨析:reveal 强调“把隐藏的显现出来”,与 show(一般展示)不同——reveal 带有“揭开遮盖”的意味,正好呼应本单元“诚实 / 隐瞒”主题。
主题例句:Mia chose to reveal the truth to the judge, although it might cost her the match.
考点:reveal the truth / reveal a secret 是高频搭配;注意拼写 reveal 中间是 ea,不是 ie。
【4】 escape v./n. 逃离;躲避
搭配:escape from + 地点(从……逃离);escape doing sth(避免做某事)。
escape 的核心考点(填空必背):
· escape from + 地点 / 具体危险:He escaped from the burning building.
· escape + 动名词(无介词!):He escaped being punished.(逃过了被惩罚)
· escape + 名词(抽象事物,无介词!):escape punishment / escape one’s duty(逃避惩罚 / 逃避责任)
判断边界:escape + 具体地点(如 escape the room)在语法上成立,但高考聚焦的是 “escape from + 具体地点” 和 “escape + 动作 / 抽象事物” 这两条。考场判断的唯一标准:空格后是 doing 或抽象名词(如 punishment / responsibility)→ 不填介词;空格后是具体地点名词 → 填 from。
错误路径演示:× He escaped from being punished. → √ He escaped being punished.(没有 from)
主题例句:In a moral dilemma, escaping from the truth only makes the final situation worse.
语境呼应:在道德困境里,“逃避”常是错误选项——材料中 Mia 选择直面而非 escape。
【5】 elect v. 选举;选择 / election n. 选举
搭配:elect sb (as)…(选举某人为……);elect to do sth(选择做某事)。
考点:elect sb as / elect to do;名词形式是 election。注意 elect 表“选人担任职务”,与 choose(一般挑选)不同。
主题例句:They elected her as the team leader because of her reputation for honesty.
辨析提醒:elect 后接 to do 表“选择做”,与 choose to do 相近,但 elect 更正式,多与职务、选择挂钩。
【6】 replace v. 代替;替换 / replacement n. 替换
搭配:replace A with B(用 B 替换 A);take the place of(代替)。
易错与考点:replace 是及物动词,直接接宾语(replace A with B);take the place of 是短语动词,整体作及物用,可直接接宾语(take the place of + 宾语)。
主题例句:No honest act can be replaced with a lie, no matter how convenient the lie seems.
考场提示:replace 的过去分词 replaced 常作定语,如 the replaced rule(被替换的规则),与本讲语法“过去分词作定语”呼应。
语法填空常考 replace 的过去分词或替换搭配。replace 强调“用新换旧”,与 take the place of 同义,但 replace 可直接接宾语,take the place of 也可直接接宾语(作为整体及物短语)。
6、 语音与语法的微技能:过去分词作定语、表语(题号 1—6)
本单元的重点语法是过去分词作定语和表语。它是语法填空的常客,但在听说课里不必单独成块——它藏在很多你熟悉的句子里,你只需要“认得出、用得上”。作定语,它相当于一个“缩略的被动定语从句”;作表语,它常与 be 连用表示状态。
压缩规则(必记):定语从句压缩为分词短语的规则——去掉关系代词(that / which / who),将谓语动词变为过去分词(被动)或现在分词(主动),其他成分位置不变。
例:a win that is built on a lie → a win built on a lie
例:a game that is lost → a lost game
【1】 作定语(表被动 / 已完成):
· a win built on a lie(建立在谎言上的胜利)← a win that is built on a lie
· a broken promise(破碎的诺言)← a promise that has been broken
【2】 作表语(be + 过去分词,表状态):
· He felt disappointed at the result.(感到失望)
· The door is closed.(关着的,表状态)
关键判断:过去分词与现在分词的区别,不在“被动或主动”这么简单,而在“动作发出者是谁”。名词后接的分词,若这个名词是被动的接受者,用过去分词(-ed);若它是主动的发出者,用现在分词(-ing)。
错误路径演示:
· a game that excites us → an exciting game(比赛使人兴奋,game 是发出者,用 -ing)
· children who are excited → excited children(孩子们被激发,children 是接受者,用 -ed)
同一个动作,看主语是谁,决定用 -ed 还是 -ing——这是本单元语法最核心的一句话,也是完形里 “frightened / frightening” 这类题的快速判断钥匙。
【Task】用括号内动词的正确形式填空。(题号 1—6)
第一层(基础 · 辨别 -ed / -ing,题号 1—2)
1. The audience felt deeply ________ (move) by her honesty.
2. She seemed ________ (tire) after the long match.
第二层(中档 · 定语 vs 表语区分,题号 3—4)
3. The rule ________ (explain) by the teacher was about fair play.
4. The players looked ________ (exhaust) after the three-hour match.
第三层(较难 · 混排辨析,题号 5—6)
5. A promise ________ (break) is harder to fix than a promise never made.
6. The ________ (frighten) look on her face showed that she had seen something ________ (frighten).
【题号 1—6 答案与解析】
第 1 题:moved。the audience 是“被感动的”接受者,用 moved;be moved by 表“被……感动”。若用 -ing(moving)表“令人感动”,与“主语是人”不符。
第 2 题:tired。seem 是系动词,后接表语;she 处于“疲惫的”状态,用 tired(感到累),不用 tiring(令人累)。
第 3 题:explained。rule 是“被解释的”,过去分词作定语,相当于 the rule that was explained,表已完成被动。
第 4 题:exhausted。looked 是系动词,后接表语;players 是人,处于“精疲力尽的”状态,用 exhausted,不用 exhausting。过去分词作表语,表主语的状态。
第 5 题:broken。promise 是“被违背的”,被动,用过去分词 broken 作定语,相当于 a promise that has been broken。
第 6 题:frightened;frightening。第一个空修饰 look(表情 / 神色),是“她脸上带着惊恐的表情”,属于她本人的感受,用 frightened;若用 frightening,则表示这个表情本身令旁人害怕,与语境不符。第二个空——“她看到的东西”令人害怕,用 -ing(frightening)。判断:修饰人的感受用 -ed,修饰事物的性质用 -ing。
7、 判断取舍类词汇活用(题号 1—6)
【Task】选择填空(每题唯一答案)。(覆盖全部 6 个词汇,分层设计)
第一层(基础,题号 1—2)
1. It is not ________ spending so much money on a single game.
A. worth to spend
B. worth spending
C. worthy spending
2. The captain ________ the offer to play unfairly and insisted on honesty.
A. accepted
B. rejected
C. received
第二层(中档,题号 3—4)
3. She refused to ________ the truth to anyone outside the team.
A. reveal
B. reject
C. replace
4. By admitting his mistake, he managed to ________ being punished by the coach.
A. escape from
B. escape
C. escape to
第三层(较难,题号 5—6)
5. The team ________ him as their new leader after he showed great honesty.
A. elected
B. rejected
C. avoided
6. The old rule was ________ with a new one that encouraged fair play.
A. taken the place of
B. replaced
C. replacing
【题号 1—6 答案与解析】
第 1 题:B。空格后是 spending(动名词),符合“worth + doing”结构。A 的 worth to spend 违反“worth 后接 doing、不接 to do”;C 的 worthy 后需加 of(worthy of being spent),不能直接跟 spending。
第 2 题:B。句意“队长拒绝了不公平比赛的提议,坚持诚实”。B rejected the offer(拒绝提议)搭配正确、语义通顺;A accepted 与“坚持诚实”矛盾;C received 只表“收到”,不含拒绝与否。
第 3 题:A。reveal the truth to sb 是固定搭配(向某人透露真相)。B reject(拒绝)、C replace(替换)均不符合“透露真相”的语义。
第 4 题:B。escape + doing 表“避免做某事”,且后接动名词时不加介词 from(核心考点)。A 的 from 只用于 escape from + 地点 / 具体危险,此处后面是 being punished(动作),不能用;C 的 escape to 表“逃到……”,语义不符。
第 5 题:A。elect sb as… 是固定搭配,表“选举某人为……”,与“团队领袖”的职务身份契合。B rejected 不接 as;C avoided 语义不通。
第 6 题:B。replace A with B 的被动是 A was replaced with B,句意“旧规则被新规则替换了”。A taken the place of 是短语动词、无被动形式,且缺 with 结构;C replacing 是主动形式,与主语 old rule(被替换)矛盾。
8、 口语输出任务:把四步骨架用起来
情境:你的朋友做了一项不诚实的决定,你要在班里表态。请用“观点→理由→让步→决定”四步,写出一段口头表达(60 词左右)。
参考表达(示例):
“In my opinion, my friend should be honest, because a lie only brings more trouble later. Of course, telling the truth is never easy and may hurt someone. However, trust is built on honesty. So I would rather face the difficulty now than lose trust forever.”
评分检查单(自己写完后逐条核对,三级评分):
1. 观点是否清晰可辨?
· 0 分:没有明确观点句。
· 0.5 分:有 I think / In my opinion,但后续立场模糊。
· 1 分:开头一句即明确立场,整段未偏离。
2. 理由是否具体?
· 0 分:理由为空话(如 it is right)。
· 0.5 分:理由涉及影响,但未落到具体对象。
· 1 分:理由落到“对谁造成什么具体影响”。
3. 让步是否到位?
· 0 分:没有让步。
· 0.5 分:有 Of course / On the other hand,但让步后未拉回。
· 1 分:有让步,且有 However 换角度拉回。
4. 决定是否落定?
· 0 分:只是重复观点。
· 0.5 分:有决定句,但力度不足(如 So I think…)。
· 1 分:用 I would rather… than… 或 So my final decision is… 落到具体行动。
总评阈值:总分 ≥ 3 分视为合格表达;若 ≤ 2 分,需对照四步骨架重写。
9、 课后巩固练习
【课后练习 1】词汇填空(覆盖 worthwhile / reject / reveal / escape / elect / replace)
用所给词的正确形式填空。(每题 1 分,共 6 分)
1. It is ________ (worth) to spend time discussing this moral dilemma with your friends.
2. The athlete ________ (reject) the chance to use illegal drugs and chose fair play.
3. The report ________ (reveal) that many young people face honesty dilemmas at school.
4. He tried to ________ (escape) the responsibility by blaming others, but it didn’t work.
5. The club ________ (elect) her as president because of her strong sense of justice.
6. Lies can never ________ (replace) trust in a true friendship.
【课后练习 1 答案与解析】
1. worthwhile。空格后是 to spend(不定式)。worth 后不能接 to do,worthy 后需加 of(worthy of being spent),只有 worthwhile 可接不定式:It is worthwhile to spend time…。
2. rejected。rejected the chance(拒绝机会),搭配正确,与“坚持公平”语义一致。
3. revealed。revealed that…(揭露……),与“诚实”主题呼应。
4. escape。escape the responsibility(逃避责任),escape 后直接接名词、无介词——核心考点。
5. elected。elected her as president(选她当主席),与职务搭配。
6. replace。情态动词 can never 后接动词原形 replace;句意“谎言永远无法取代信任”。
【课后练习 2】过去分词填空(覆盖 -ed / -ing 辨析及作定语 / 表语)
用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。(每题 1 分,共 6 分)
1. The decision ________ (make) by the judge surprised everyone.
2. The audience felt deeply ________ (move) by the player’s honesty.
3. A promise ________ (break) is often harder to fix than a promise never made.
4. The players looked ________ (exhaust) after the three-hour match.
5. The ________ (frighten) look on her face showed she was telling the truth.
6. It is ________ (excite) to see someone choose honesty over winning.
【课后练习 2 答案与解析】
1. made。decision 是被做出的,过去分词作定语,表被动 / 已完成。
2. moved。观众是被感动的,用 -ed;be moved by 表“被……感动”。
3. broken。promise 是被违背的,过去分词作定语,表被动。
4. exhausted。looked 是系动词,后接表语;players 是人,表“精疲力尽的”状态,用过去分词作表语。
5. frightened。空格修饰 look(表情),是“她脸上带着惊恐的表情”,属于她本人的感受,用 frightened;若用 frightening 表示这个表情令旁人害怕,与语境不符。
6. exciting。“看到……令人兴奋”修饰的是事情本身,用 -ing。
【课后练习 3】四步口语框架写作(覆盖四步骨架综合运用)
情境:你在校队的朋友在比赛中被裁判误判得分,他犹豫要不要告诉裁判真相。请用“观点→理由→让步→决定”四步结构,写出你的建议(60—80 词)。
参考范文(教师用):
“In my opinion, my friend should tell the referee the truth, because keeping a false score would make him feel guilty every time he thinks about the match. Of course, admitting the mistake may cost our team the victory, and that is painful. However, a victory built on a mistake is not a real win. So I would rather we lost fairly than won unfairly.”
评分要点(教师批改时对照):
· 是否亮出明确观点(In my opinion… / I believe…)(1 分)
· 理由是否具体(落到“对谁造成什么影响”)(1 分)
· 是否有让步(Of course… / On the other hand…)(1 分)
· 是否拉回并落到决定(However… + I would rather…)(1 分)
· 语法与拼写正确,用词恰当(1 分)
10、 本讲收束
学完这一讲,你能带走四样东西,课后逐条自查:
1. 四步口语骨架:观点→理由→让步→决定(每一步的常见误判已纠偏,三级评分检查单可自查);
2. 判断取舍类词汇 6 个:worthwhile / worth / worthy、reject、reveal、escape、elect、replace(用法 + 考点 + 判断边界 + 高考聚焦);
3. 过去分词作定语(= 被动定语从句)和作表语(= 状态)的辨别方法(核心判断:看名词 / 主语是“发出动作”还是“接受动作”;压缩规则:去掉关系代词,变谓语为分词);
4. 课后 3 个练习已覆盖以上全部考点,可自主检测。
两讲连起来看:第 1 讲学会“听出别人的倾向”,第 2 讲学会“说出自己的判断”,这正是听说课“输入→输出”的完整闭环,也是道德与美德主题里最实用的两把能力。
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Unit 2 Morals and Virtues 精品讲义2027春季高一(下)英语-新教材人教版必修三
第2讲 说出选择——道德困境口语表达
听说课(学生版)
【课时安排】
本讲为 Unit 2 Listening and Speaking(听说课)第2讲,建议用时 1 课时。
【学习目标】
1. 能用“观点→理由→让步→决定”四步结构,把对道德困境的判断说得清楚、有说服力;
2. 能辨析并运用 worthwhile / worth / worthy、reject、reveal、escape、elect、replace 这 6 个判断取舍类词,覆盖考点与易错;
3. 能在听说与写作语境中识别并运用过去分词作定语、表语(微技能)。
1、 先破后立:一句平庸的口语回答,病在哪
本讲把第 1 讲学到的“听出倾向”接上“说”。开口对道德困境表态,很多学生不是没观点,是话一出口就干瘪、站不住脚。
【自测】
先别往下看。如果面对“该不该向朋友说实话”这个问题,让你用英语说一段话表态,你会怎么说?写下一句或两句你真实会说的话。
____________________________________
写完了吗?大多数学生面对这个问题,第一反应会说类似下面这句话:
“I think he should tell the truth because honesty is important. So he must tell the truth.”
你写的是不是也差不多?这句话比“Because it is right”稍微好一点,但问题更隐蔽——它给了理由(“honesty is important”),理由却悬在空中没落地。对谁重要?为什么重要?不说清楚就等于没说。
拆开看,这句话有三处硬伤:
1. 理由悬空:“honesty is important”是一个判断,不是理由。理由要落到“对谁造成什么具体影响”上;
2. 没有让步:完全没考虑“说了实话可能伤感情、得罪人”的另一面,显得武断;
3. 收尾草率:“So he must tell the truth”只是重复了观点,没落到“我会怎么做”的具体决定上。
一句话概括:这句话只完成了“表态”这半步,缺了“讲理、权衡、落定”的后三步。本讲要做的,就是把这三步补起来——它们不是加分项,而是让判断“立得住”的必需品。
2、 四步话语骨架:观点→理由→让步→决定
补全上面那句平庸回答,靠的不是背更多句子,而是套一个能迁移的骨架。面对任何道德困境,都按四步走:
第1步 · 观点(View):先亮明你站在哪一边。用 I believe / In my opinion / From my point of view 开头。
第2步 · 理由(Reason):给一条具体、站得住的理由。用 because / since,理由要落到“对谁造成什么影响”上,而不是空说 it is right。
第3步 · 让步(Concession):主动承认另一面的合理性。用 Of course… / However… / On the other hand…。这一句最容易得分,也最常被漏掉。
第4步 · 决定(Decision):回到“我会怎么做”,用 I would rather… than… / So my final decision is… 收尾。
【先试一步:强制选择】
在看成品的正确示范之前,先看一个“四步只走了三步”的半成品:
“I believe he should tell the truth, because hiding a mistake hurts his friend in the long run. Of course, telling the truth may risk their friendship.”
还差哪一步?——我的判断:____________________
下面两个收尾,哪个更适合接在上面这段话后面?
A. “So I think he should tell the truth.”
B. “So I would rather he faced the truth now than lived with a lie later.”
你的选择:______ 理由:_______________________________________________
【完整示范】
把前面那句平庸回答重写一遍,看看四步齐全的样子:
“I believe he should tell the truth, because hiding a mistake only makes it grow and hurts his friend in the long run. Of course, telling the truth may risk their friendship, and that is not easy. However, honesty is the base of any real friendship. So I would rather he faced the truth now than lived with a lie later.”
对比原句,这一版多了三层:理由具体了(hurt his friend in the long run)、让步出来了(Of course… not easy)、决定落定了(I would rather… than…)。
【步步有误判·步步有纠偏】
每步最常见的误判,以及怎么拉回来——这是本讲最该记的四组对照。
观点步 · 常见误判:“In my opinion, I think he should tell the truth.”(In my opinion 和 I think 重复冗余)
纠正:二选一即可。In my opinion 更正式,适合口头陈述的开场;I think 更口语化,可在理由展开时自然带出。
理由步 · 常见误判:“because honesty is important.”(只说了“重要”,没落到“对谁造成什么影响”)
纠正:把“重要”转化为具体后果——“because honesty keeps the friendship from breaking apart when the truth comes out later.”
让步步 · 常见误判:“Of course, telling the truth may hurt someone. However, he should still do it.”(However 后没有新信息,只是重复观点)
纠正:However 后面要换角度说为什么仍选择这个立场——“However, avoiding the truth now will only make the final conflict harder to resolve.”——给一个新的理由拉回来。
决定步 · 常见误判:“So my final decision is that he should tell the truth because honesty is important.”(决定步里又把理由复述一遍,结尾拖沓无力)
纠正:决定步不再复述理由,直接用对比收束——“So I would rather he faced the short-term pain than lived with a long-term lie.”
【检验标准】
读完你自己写的一段,能不能让听的人清楚“你站在哪边、为什么、考虑了什么、最后怎么做”?能——四步就到位了。
3、 功能句型库:表态、理由、让步、落定
四步骨架的每一步里,有几组“即拿即用”的句子。选用建议附在每组后面——不是让你死记所有句子,而是知道什么场景选哪句。
【1】 表态(观点步)
· In my opinion / From my point of view, he should…
· As far as I am concerned, honesty matters more than anything else.
· I am strongly in favour of telling the truth.
选用建议:对方观点明确对立 → 用 I am strongly in favour of…(立场强硬);还在探讨阶段 → 用 In my opinion…(留有余地)。
考场信号:听力中听到 As far as I am concerned 或 From my point of view,其后紧跟的内容往往是说话人的核心立场,需重点抓取。
【2】 给理由(理由步)
· … because it will help him avoid bigger trouble in the long run.
· … since a lie, once started, is hard to stop.
选用建议:强调“长远后果”用 because it will help…;强调“谎言本身的特性”用 since a lie, once started…。前者适合“对他人造成的影响”,后者适合“对说谎者自身的反噬”。
考场信号:since 引导的理由句在听力中常被弱读,注意识别其后的完整句意。
【3】 让步(让步步)
· Of course, telling the truth may hurt someone’s feelings, and that is hard.
· On the other hand, keeping silent seems easier at the moment.
选用建议:口语对话场景多用 Of course…(自然、流畅);正式发言或书面准备多用 On the other hand…(结构更清晰)。
考场信号:Of course 和 On the other hand 是听力中立场转折的信号词,听到后要警觉“后面可能有 However”。
【4】 落定(决定步)
· So my final decision is to tell the truth.
· I would rather be honest and risk the loss than keep a lie and lose myself.
选用建议:要突出“两难中选了更难但正确的那条路” → 用 I would rather… than…(有对比冲击力);只是陈述结论 → 用 So my final decision is…(平实收尾)。
考场信号:I would rather… than… 是语法填空的高频结构,考点为 would rather do than do(前后平行),than 后必须接动词原形。
4、 听力进阶(题号 1—2)
第 1 讲练的是“听出倾向”,这一讲把信号词继续用在一个新情境里——体育赛场上的道德困境。先听(或读)下面的朗读稿,再回答问题。朗读时请控制语速,重点读出情态词和转折词。
【朗读稿】(教师朗读)
At the school tennis final, Mia hit a ball that landed just outside the line. The line judge missed it and called it in, so the point went to Mia. No one else noticed that the ball was out. If Mia said nothing, she would win the point and probably the whole match. If she told the truth, she might lose the match and disappoint her team.
After a long pause, Mia walked to the net and said, “The ball was out. The point is yours.” Her opponent stared in surprise and asked, “Why? You could have won.” Mia smiled. “Because a win built on a lie is not worth having. I would rather lose the match than lose my honesty.”
【Task】单项选择(每题唯一答案,高考标准题型)。(题号 1—2)
1. What did the line judge call the ball?
A. It was out. B. It was in. C. It was missed.
2. Why did Mia tell the truth?
A. Because she was afraid of losing her honesty. B. Because a win built on a lie is not worth having. C. Because she wanted to disappoint her team.
5、 判断取舍类考点词汇精讲
本讲听力语篇里出现了几个“判断值不值得、要不要”的词。它们正是道德困境语境里最高频的一类词,也是完形和写作的爱考点,一次讲清。所有例句统一到“道德困境 / 诚实与谎言”主题下,便于记忆和迁移。
【1】 worthwhile / worth / worthy——“值得”三兄弟的用法边界
这是高考最容易混的三件套。别背定义,直接看空格后面跟什么,三个路数:
· 空格后是 doing 或名词 → worth(be worth doing / be worth n):The book is worth reading. / It is worth trying.
· 空格后是 of + doing 或 to be done → worthy(be worthy of being done / be worthy to be done).
· 空格后是 to do,或空格直接放在名词前作定语 → worthwhile(It is worthwhile to do sth / a worthwhile task).
一句话分清三兄弟:worth 后面“直接跟 doing”(省事);worthy 后面“要加 of 或 to be”(讲究);worthwhile 可作定语(a worthwhile task),也可 It is worthwhile to do/doing(灵活)。
主题例句:A win built on a lie is not worth having.(材料原句,worth + having)
错误路径演示(这三条都是单选和语法填空的经典陷阱):
× It is worth to do it. → √ It is worth doing it.(worth 后接 doing,不接 to do)
× The book is worthy reading. → √ The book is worthy of being read.(worthy 后要 of 或 to be)
× a worth task → √ a worthwhile task(worth 不能作定语放在名词前)
【2】 reject v. 拒绝;排斥 / rejection n. 拒绝
搭配:reject sth / reject doing sth。辨析:reject 强调“拒绝接受、拒不采纳”(较正式),与 refuse(拒绝做,后接 to do)不同,与 decline(婉拒)不同。reject 后接名词或动名词,不接 to do。
主题例句:She rejected the chance to win by cheating, because she valued honesty more.
高考考点聚焦:reject 是及物动词,后面只能接名词 / 代词 / 动名词,不接 to do(语法填空和改错的铁律)。refuse 可以接 to do(refuse to do),也可以接名词,但不接动名词。decline 接名词或 to do,语气最委婉,常用于“谢绝邀请 / 提议”。
速记:reject + 物 / 事(拒绝接受某物);refuse + to do(拒绝做某事);decline + 邀请(婉拒)。考点:reject an offer / reject the plan 是高频搭配;名词形式是 rejection。
【3】 reveal v. 揭露;显示 / revelation n. 揭露
搭配:reveal sth to sb(向某人透露某事);reveal that 从句。辨析:reveal 强调“把隐藏的显现出来”,与 show(一般展示)不同——reveal 带有“揭开遮盖”的意味,正好呼应本单元“诚实 / 隐瞒”主题。
主题例句:Mia chose to reveal the truth to the judge, although it might cost her the match.
考点:reveal the truth / reveal a secret 是高频搭配;注意拼写 reveal 中间是 ea,不是 ie。
【4】 escape v./n. 逃离;躲避
搭配:escape from + 地点(从……逃离);escape doing sth(避免做某事)。escape 的核心考点(填空必背):
· escape from + 地点 / 具体危险:He escaped from the burning building.
· escape + 动名词(无介词!):He escaped being punished.(逃过了被惩罚)
· escape + 名词(抽象事物,无介词!):escape punishment / escape one’s duty(逃避惩罚 / 逃避责任)
判断边界:escape + 具体地点(如 escape the room)在语法上成立,但高考聚焦的是“escape from + 具体地点”和“escape + 动作 / 抽象事物”这两条。考场判断的唯一标准:空格后是 doing 或抽象名词(如 punishment / responsibility)→ 不填介词;空格后是具体地点名词 → 填 from。
错误路径演示:× He escaped from being punished. → √ He escaped being punished.(没有 from)
主题例句:In a moral dilemma, escaping from the truth only makes the final situation worse.
语境呼应:在道德困境里,“逃避”常是错误选项——材料中 Mia 选择直面而非 escape。
【5】 elect v. 选举;选择 / election n. 选举
搭配:elect sb (as)…(选举某人为……);elect to do sth(选择做某事)。考点:elect sb as / elect to do;名词形式是 election。注意 elect 表“选人担任职务”,与 choose(一般挑选)不同。
主题例句:They elected her as the team leader because of her reputation for honesty.
辨析提醒:elect 后接 to do 表“选择做”,与 choose to do 相近,但 elect 更正式,多与职务、选择挂钩。
【6】 replace v. 代替;替换 / replacement n. 替换
搭配:replace A with B(用 B 替换 A);take the place of(代替)。
易错与考点:replace 是及物动词,直接接宾语(replace A with B);take the place of 是短语动词,整体作及物用,可直接接宾语(take the place of + 宾语)。
主题例句:No honest act can be replaced with a lie, no matter how convenient the lie seems.
考场提示:replace 的过去分词 replaced 常作定语,如 the replaced rule(被替换的规则),与本讲语法“过去分词作定语”呼应。
语法填空常考 replace 的过去分词或替换搭配。replace 强调“用新换旧”,与 take the place of 同义,但 replace 可直接接宾语,take the place of 也可直接接宾语(作为整体及物短语)。
6、 语音与语法的微技能:过去分词作定语、表语(题号 1—6)
本单元的重点语法是过去分词作定语和表语。它是语法填空的常客,但在听说课里不必单独成块——它藏在很多你熟悉的句子里,你只需要“认得出、用得上”。作定语,它相当于一个“缩略的被动定语从句”;作表语,它常与 be 连用表示状态。
压缩规则(必记):定语从句压缩为分词短语的规则——去掉关系代词(that / which / who),将谓语动词变为过去分词(被动)或现在分词(主动),其他成分位置不变。
例:a win that is built on a lie → a win built on a lie;a game that is lost → a lost game
【1】 作定语(表被动 / 已完成):
· a win built on a lie(建立在谎言上的胜利) ← a win that is built on a lie
· a broken promise(破碎的诺言) ← a promise that has been broken
【2】 作表语(be + 过去分词,表状态):
· He felt disappointed at the result.(感到失望)
· The door is closed.(关着的,表状态)
关键判断:过去分词与现在分词的区别,不在“被动或主动”这么简单,而在“动作发出者是谁”。名词后接的分词,若这个名词是被动的接受者,用过去分词(-ed);若它是主动的发出者,用现在分词(-ing)。
错误路径演示:a game that excites us → an exciting game(比赛使人兴奋,game 是发出者,用 -ing);children who are excited → excited children(孩子们被激发,children 是接受者,用 -ed)。
同一个动作,看主语是谁,决定用 -ed 还是 -ing——这是本单元语法最核心的一句话,也是完形里“frightened / frightening”这类题的快速判断钥匙。
【Task】用括号内动词的正确形式填空。(题号 1—6)
第一层(基础 · 辨别 -ed / -ing,题号 1—2):
1. The audience felt deeply ________ (move) by her honesty.
2. She seemed ________ (tire) after the long match.
第二层(中档 · 定语 vs 表语区分,题号 3—4):
3. The rule ________ (explain) by the teacher was about fair play.
4. The players looked ________ (exhaust) after the three-hour match.
第三层(较难 · 混排辨析,题号 5—6):
5. A promise ________ (break) is harder to fix than a promise never made.
6. The ________ (frighten) look on her face showed that she had seen something ________ (frighten).
7、 判断取舍类词汇活用(题号 1—6)
【Task】选择填空(每题唯一答案)。(覆盖全部 6 个词汇,分层设计)
第一层(基础,题号 1—2):
1. It is not ________ spending so much money on a single game.
A. worth to spend B. worth spending C. worthy spending
2. The captain ________ the offer to play unfairly and insisted on honesty.
A. accepted B. rejected C. received
第二层(中档,题号 3—4):
3. She refused to ________ the truth to anyone outside the team.
A. reveal B. reject C. replace
4. By admitting his mistake, he managed to ________ being punished by the coach.
A. escape from B. escape C. escape to
第三层(较难,题号 5—6):
5. The team ________ him as their new leader after he showed great honesty.
A. elected B. rejected C. avoided
6. The old rule was ________ with a new one that encouraged fair play.
A. taken the place of B. replaced C. replacing
8、 口语输出任务:把四步骨架用起来
情境:你的朋友做了一项不诚实的决定,你要在班里表态。请用“观点→理由→让步→决定”四步,写出一段口头表达(60 词左右)。
【我的表达】
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
评分检查单(自己写完后逐条核对,三级评分):
1. 观点是否清晰可辨? 0 分:没有明确观点句;0.5 分:有 I think / In my opinion,但后续立场模糊;1 分:开头一句即明确立场,整段未偏离。
2. 理由是否具体? 0 分:理由为空话(如 it is right);0.5 分:理由涉及影响,但未落到具体对象;1 分:理由落到“对谁造成什么具体影响”。
3. 让步是否到位? 0 分:没有让步;0.5 分:有 Of course / On the other hand,但让步后未拉回;1 分:有让步,且有 However 换角度拉回。
4. 决定是否落定? 0 分:只是重复观点;0.5 分:有决定句,但力度不足(如 So I think…);1 分:用 I would rather… than… 或 So my final decision is… 落到具体行动。
总评阈值:总分 ≥ 3 分视为合格表达;若 ≤ 2 分,需对照四步骨架重写。
9、 课后巩固练习
【课后练习 1】词汇填空(覆盖 worthwhile / reject / reveal / escape / elect / replace)
用所给词的正确形式填空。(每题 1 分,共 6 分)
1. It is ________ (worth) to spend time discussing this moral dilemma with your friends.
2. The athlete ________ (reject) the chance to use illegal drugs and chose fair play.
3. The report ________ (reveal) that many young people face honesty dilemmas at school.
4. He tried to ________ (escape) the responsibility by blaming others, but it didn’t work.
5. The club ________ (elect) her as president because of her strong sense of justice.
6. Lies can never ________ (replace) trust in a true friendship.
【课后练习 2】过去分词填空(覆盖 -ed / -ing 辨析及作定语 / 表语)
用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。(每题 1 分,共 6 分)
1. The decision ________ (make) by the judge surprised everyone.
2. The audience felt deeply ________ (move) by the player’s honesty.
3. A promise ________ (break) is often harder to fix than a promise never made.
4. The players looked ________ (exhaust) after the three-hour match.
5. The ________ (frighten) look on her face showed she was telling the truth.
6. It is ________ (excite) to see someone choose honesty over winning.
【课后练习 3】四步口语框架写作(覆盖四步骨架综合运用)
情境:你在校队的朋友在比赛中被裁判误判得分,他犹豫要不要告诉裁判真相。请用“观点→理由→让步→决定”四步结构,写出你的建议(60—80 词)。
【我的表达】
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
评分要点(写作后逐条对照):
· 是否亮出明确观点(In my opinion… / I believe…)(1 分)
· 理由是否具体(落到“对谁造成什么影响”)(1 分)
· 是否有让步(Of course… / On the other hand…)(1 分)
· 是否拉回并落到决定(However… + I would rather…)(1 分)
· 语法与拼写正确,用词恰当(1 分)
10、 本讲收束
学完这一讲,你能带走四样东西,课后逐条自查:
1. 四步口语骨架:观点→理由→让步→决定(每一步的常见误判已纠偏,三级评分检查单可自查);
2. 判断取舍类词汇 6 个:worthwhile / worth / worthy、reject、reveal、escape、elect、replace(用法 + 考点 + 判断边界 + 高考聚焦);
3. 过去分词作定语(= 被动定语从句)和作表语(= 状态)的辨别方法(核心判断:看名词 / 主语是“发出动作”还是“接受动作”;压缩规则:去掉关系代词,变谓语为分词);
4. 课后 3 个练习已覆盖以上全部考点,可自主检测。
两讲连起来看:第 1 讲学会“听出别人的倾向”,第 2 讲学会“说出自己的判断”,这正是听说课“输入→输出”的完整闭环,也是道德与美德主题里最实用的两把能力。
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