Unit1 Grammar and usage (课件) 英语译林版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语课件聚焦过去完成时，通过阅读Pulitzer生平文章并按时间线排列事件进行课堂导入，建立“过去的过去”时间概念，为后续语法规则总结、用法讲解及高考真题应用搭建连贯的学习支架。 其亮点在于以Pulitzer、邹韬奋等真实人物案例融合文化意识，通过“找参照点-判先后-核三点”解题策略培养思维品质，Practice环节的改错、填空及人物生平描述任务提升语言能力。既帮助学生系统掌握语法，又助力教师高效开展教学。

Unit 1 The mass media 高中英语译林版选择必修第二册 Grammar and Usage The Past Perfect Tense Contents 1. Warm-up 2. Presentation 3. Explanation 4. Practice 5. Homework 1.7.2013 Here's what we'll cover today. First, we'll start with a warm-up to activate your prior knowledge. Then, we'll move on to the presentation, where we'll discover the past perfect tense through a story. After that, I'll explain the rules and usage in detail. We'll have plenty of practice exercises to solidify your understanding, and finally, I'll assign some homework to help you practice what you've learned. ‹#› 01 Warm-up 1.7.2013 Let's begin with a quick warm-up. This section will help us review what we know about past actions and get us ready to learn something new. Pay close attention to the questions and the timeline, as they will lead us directly into our topic for today. ‹#› On April 10, 1847, In 1878, In 1911, In the 1860s, In 1883, Read the passage on P6 and arrange the events according to the timeline B.Joseph Pulitzer was born C.he moved to America and became an American citizen D.he founded the newspaper the St Louis Post-Dispatch. A.Pulitzer bought the New York World. E.Pulitzer died A B C D E 1.7.2013 Take a look at this scenario. Imagine a boy who watched TV at 3 p.m. But before that, at 2 p.m., he had finished his homework. So, when we talk about the action of watching TV, the action of finishing homework was already completed. This "past of the past" is exactly what the past perfect tense describes. Today, we will learn how to express this idea grammatically. ‹#› 02 Presentation 1.7.2013 Let's begin with a quick warm-up. This section will help us review what we know about past actions and get us ready to learn something new. Pay close attention to the questions and the timeline, as they will lead us directly into our topic for today. ‹#› Read the passage to find the sentences that use the past perfect tense and fill in the box below. Work out the rules: We often use the past perfect tense to talk about something that happened •(1) __________ (before/after) a past time. • The verb form of the past perfect tense is “(2) ______ (have/had) done”. before had 1.7.2013 Take a look at this scenario. Imagine a boy who watched TV at 3 p.m. But before that, at 2 p.m., he had finished his homework. So, when we talk about the action of watching TV, the action of finishing homework was already completed. This "past of the past" is exactly what the past perfect tense describes. Today, we will learn how to express this idea grammatically. ‹#› 03 Explanation 1.7.2013 Let's begin with a quick warm-up. This section will help us review what we know about past actions and get us ready to learn something new. Pay close attention to the questions and the timeline, as they will lead us directly into our topic for today. ‹#› 一、核心定义 “过去完成时”指的是 “过去的过去”，即以过去某一动作或时间为参照锚点，指该参照点之前已完成或持续的动作，更早动作用过去完成时，过去参照点用一般过去时。 我们晚七点到达电影院，电影已经放映了！ We arrived at the cinema at 7 PM, and the movie had shown. 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 二、基本结构 基础公式：主语 + had + 动词过去分词 (done) 肯定句：He had finished homework. 否定句：He had not (hadn’t) finished homework. 一般疑问句：Had he finished homework? 特殊疑问句：What had he done? 重点：所有人称一律用 had，无三单变化！ 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 三、四大核心用法 。 用法 1：动作在过去参照点之前已经完成 标志场景：when /by the time /before + 一般过去时 例句 1： When I rushed to the cafeteria, my deskmate all the fried chicken. 我冲到食堂的时候，同桌已经把炸鸡吃光了。 例句 2： By the time the bell rang, we the whole classroom. 铃响之前，我们就打扫完整间教室。 had eaten had cleaned 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 三、四大核心用法. 用法 2：动作从更早过去开始，持续到过去某一时间（常搭配 for/since） 例句： By last winter, we in this community for 8 years. 到去年冬天为止，我们已经在这个小区住了 8 年。 had lived 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 用法 3：宾语从句间接引语（主句为一般过去时） 主句动词：said /told/thought /realized--- 例句： She told me she the amusement park. 她跟我说，她从来没有去过游乐园。 had never visited 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 用法 4：虚拟语气 & 未实现的打算 had hoped / had planned / had intended--- 含义：本来打算、本希望（最后落空，带遗憾） 例句： I , but it rained heavily all weekend. 我本来计划去露营，结果整周大雨泡汤。 had planned to go camping 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 固定特殊句型: Hardly had + 主语 + done … when … 一…… 就…… 我刚到家，暴风雨就来了。 Hardly had I got home when the thunderstorm came. No sooner had + 主语 + done … than … 他刚坐下，试卷就发下来了。 No sooner had he sat down than the exam paper was handed out. It was the first/second time that + had done 那是我第一次看露天演唱会。 It was the first time that I had watched an outdoor concert. 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 四、常见标志词（看到优先考虑过去完成时） by + 过去时间: by the end of last term 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 五、高频易错点。 易错 1：混淆【一般过去时】VS【过去完成时】 一般过去时 (did)：只描述过去发生，单纯叙事，无先后对比 过去完成时 (had done)：必须存在另一个过去参照动作，体现 “先发生” 例句： 上学前我就看过这部电影。 I had seen the movie before I went to school. 补充小规则： 若 before/after 清晰交代先后，动作紧密衔接，口语可都用一般过去时；高考书面表达、语法填空优先严格区分时态。 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 易错 2：混淆【现在完成时】VS【过去完成时】 现在完成时 (have/has done)：参照点是现在 过去完成时 (had done)：参照点是过去 (1) 我写完了家庭作业 I have finished my homework. (2) 妈妈回来前，我写完了家庭作业。 I had finished my homework before mum came back. 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 易错 3：短暂性动词不能与 for/since 时间段连用 他离开了两周时间 错误翻译： He had left for two weeks. 正确翻译： He had been away for two weeks. 常见转换：leave→be away；buy→have；die→be dead；join→be in 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 易错 4：不要凭空使用过去完成时 过去完成时不能孤立存在！句子没有任何过去时间 / 过去动作作参照， 绝对不用 had done。 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 六、解题万能策略。 步骤 1：寻找【过去参照锚点】 找出句子中的一般过去时动词、过去时间（yesterday/last…） 步骤 2：判断动作先后 目标动作发生在参照动作之前 → 过去完成时 had done 目标动作和参照动作同步 / 之后 → 不用过去完成时 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 六、解题万能策略（语法填空 / 单选题通用三步走） 步骤 3：核查三点 ① 语态：主动还是被动？被动 → had been done ② 动词：短暂动词是否需要转换成延续形式 ③ 固定句型倒装、虚拟特殊结构 口诀速记： 先找过去参照点，动作更早 had done； 若无先后别乱用，短暂动词要变换。 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 七、高考真题精讲（全国卷、天津、新高考真题） (1) I ________ (hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn’t manage it. 解析：couldn’t manage 为过去参照；“原本希望送礼物” 发生在没能 做到之前，had hoped 表示本打算（落空）。 (2) (北京卷) Experiments of this kind (conduct) in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War. 解析：the Second World War 二战（过去时间）；实验开展在二战 之前，过去的过去；实验和 conduct 被动关系 → had been conducted。 had hoped had been conducted 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 六、高考真题精讲（全国卷、天津、新高考真题） (3) (新高考模拟语法填空) By the time we ________ (reach) the top of the mountain, the sun ________ (rise). 解析：reach 是过去参照；日出发生在到达山顶之前。 (4) (语法填空真题) The Neanderthals (live) alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of years, before dying out about 40,000 years ago. 解析：灭绝 (dying out 4 万年前) 是过去参照；生存发生在灭绝之前， 持续动作。 reached had risen had been living 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 七、高考真题精讲（全国卷、天津、新高考真题） (5) (江西卷) We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody (break) into the office during the night. 解析：arrived 过去参照；闯入办公室发生在早晨抵达之前。 had broken 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 04 Practice 1.7.2013 Let's begin with a quick warm-up. This section will help us review what we know about past actions and get us ready to learn something new. Pay close attention to the questions and the timeline, as they will lead us directly into our topic for today. ‹#› B1 Circle the mistakes and correct them in the blanks below. 1 Pulitzer knew that he had learned very little English, so he had started to work hard at the language. Pulitzer knew that he had learned very little English, so he started to work hard at the language. 2 Pulitzer was very hard-working. Quite often, when he arrived home at midnight, he was working for over 10 hours. Pulitzer was very hard-working. Quite often, when he arrived home at midnight, he had worked for over 10 hours. 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› B1 Circle the mistakes and correct them in the blanks below. 3 For the time he was 25, Pulitzer had become a journalist and publisher. 4 Many of the best reporters have worked for his paper before its failure in 1931. Many of the best reporters had worked for his paper before its failure in 1931. By the time he was 25, Pulitzer had become a journalist and publisher. 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› B2 Below is a passage about the Pulitzer Prizes. Complete it with the correct forms of the verbs in the box below. win build intend award allow The Pulitzer Prizes are a set of awards honoring excellence in journalism and the arts. The prizes were established largely due to the efforts of Joseph Pulitzer, who (1) _________________ his reputation as a newspaper publisher. He left money in his 1904 will to fund the establishment of the prizes, stating that he wanted four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one for education, and five traveling scholarships. Since the first prizes (2) _________________ in 1917, there have been many winners and some people have won more than once. Past winners include such famous names as Eugene O’Neill. When O’Neill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957, it was the fourth time he (3) _________________ it. had build were awarded had won 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› There have been a number of changes to the Pulitzer Prizes over time. Some of these resulted from advances in technology. For example, online content from newspaper websites (4) _________________ in all of the journalism categories since 2006. The Pulitzer Prizes have also expanded to include such categories as photography and music. Nevertheless, journalism is still what the Pulitzer Prizes are best known for. Today, winning the Pulitzer Prizes is considered by many to be the highest achievement possible in journalism—just as Pulitzer (5) _________________. has been allowed had intended 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› B3 Zou Taofen was a famous Chinese journalist and publisher. Read the timeline below and describe his life story using the past perfect tense. Use the example below to help you. 1985 Born in Fujian 1921 Graduates from university 1922 Becomes an editor 1926 Becomes the chief editor of Life Weekly 1931 Starts campaigning against the Japanese invasion 1935 1944 Starts a new journal called Life of the Masses Dies in Shanghai 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› Possible version: Zou Taofen was a famous Chinese journalist and publisher. He was born in Fujian in 1895. By 1921, he had graduated from university. By 1922, he had become an editor. By 1926, he had become the chief editor of Life Weekly. By 1931, he had started a new journal called Life of the Masses. By 1935, he had started campaigning against the Japanese invasion. He died in Shanghai in 1944. 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› 05 Homework 1.7.2013 Let's begin with a quick warm-up. This section will help us review what we know about past actions and get us ready to learn something new. Pay close attention to the questions and the timeline, as they will lead us directly into our topic for today. ‹#› (1) Complete the remaining exercises in Sections B1 (error correction) and B2 (fill-in-the-blanks), and compile a list of temporal markers for the Past Perfect tense. (2) Choose a historical figure whom you admire and use at least three sentences in the Past Perfect tense to describe key events in their life. 1.7.2013 Now let's formalize the structure. For affirmative sentences, it's simple: subject plus 'had' plus the past participle of the verb. For example, 'I had finished'. To make it negative, we simply add 'not' after 'had', forming 'had not' or the contraction 'hadn't'. For example, 'I hadn't finished'. This structure is consistent for all subjects. ‹#› Thank you for your listening $