Unit 3 Food and Culture 过去完成时及其被动语态（单元核心语法精练）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

**基本信息** 以“过去的过去”时间轴为核心，构建“概念-结构-用法-被动-综合”五级递进体系，融合语言能力与思维品质培养。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |考点概览|含时间轴/8种用法|时间轴分析法/用法场景归类|概念（时间轴）→结构（had done三态）→用法（by+过去时等8类）| |考点夯基|单句填空25题+完成句子10题|被动结构“had been done”三态应用|主动语态→被动语态（结构转换+语境判断）| |综合攻坚|语法填空1篇+阅读2篇|语篇中时态逻辑链分析|单句应用→语篇综合（语法填空/阅读语境理解）|

Unit 3 Food and Culture 核心语法精练（过去完成时和过去完成时的被动语态） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 3 一、单句语法填空 4 二、完成句子 9 三、选词填空 10 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 15 过去完成时 一、核心概念： 过去完成时的核心精髓就是四个字：“过去的过去”。 它表示一个动作或状态在过去某一特定时间点或另一个过去动作之前已经发生或完成。 为了更好地理解，我们可以看下面这个时间轴： [ 动作A完成 ] [ 过去时间点/动作B ] [ 现在 ] 过去 ----------------|-------------------------------|-----------------> 时间 (过去完成时) (一般过去时) 动作A：使用过去完成时（had done），它发生得更早。 动作B：使用一般过去时（did），它是那个“过去的”参照点。 基本结构 肯定句： 主语 + had + 过去分词 (V-ed/p.p.) I had finished my homework by 8 pm last night. She had lived in London before she moved to New York. 否定句： 主语 + had not (hadn't) + 过去分词 He hadn't seen the movie before we watched it together. They hadn't prepared for the exam, so they failed. 疑问句： Had + 主语 + 过去分词? Had you eaten dinner when I called? Had the meeting started when you arrived? 二、基本用法 1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。 2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 4．在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 5．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 6．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。 When I woke up，it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didn't go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 7．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。 They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。 8．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than ...，it was the first (second，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。 过去完成时的被动语态 过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“had＋been＋过去分词”构成。 1．过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式 (1)肯定结构：主语＋ had been done ＋其他成分。 (2)否定结构：主语＋ had not been done ＋其他成分。 (3)疑问句结构：had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？ 疑问词＋ had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？ 2．过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况 (1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。 By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished. 当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。 The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came. 老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。 How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended? 地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？ (2)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。 As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet. 任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。 He did what he had been told to. 他做了别人叫他做的事。 另：当从句由after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。 When he arrived，he called her. 他到达时，给她打了电话。 They locked the door before they left. 在离开前，他们把门锁上了。 (3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。 They said the production costs had been reduced. 他们说生产成本已经降低了。 The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in. 那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。 The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake. 媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。 一、单句语法填空 1．She looked at me as if she (respond) to my question long before I even asked it. 【答案】had responded 【详解】句意：她看着我，仿佛早在我开口提问之前，她就已经回答了我的问题。分析句子可知，该句为as if 引导方式状语从句，此处为虚拟语气。主句动词looked为一般过去时；从句动作respond发生在“看着我”之前，即过去的过去，从句用had + 过去分词。 2．The monitor declared that he (skip) the opening ceremony before the ceremony officially began. 【答案】had skipped 【详解】句意：班长声称，他在仪式正式开始前缺席了开幕式。主句谓语declared为一般过去时；“缺席开幕式”发生在谓语之前，属于过去的过去，用过去完成时。 3．She (plan) to go hiking, but the heavy rain ruined her trip. 【答案】had planned 【详解】句意：她本计划去远足，但大雨毁了她的行程。此处表示“原本打算做（而未做）”，用过去完成时had planned表虚拟。 4．He (learn) English for eight years before he went to England for further study. 【答案】had learned 【详解】句意：在他前往英国深造之前，他已经学习了八年英语。主句动作went为一般过去时，学习英语的动作发生在去英国之前，属于过去的过去，需使用过去完成时，learn的过去分词为learned，所以谓语动词为had learned。 5．It was the fourth time she   (participate) in the culture heritage protection volunteer program with her parents. 【答案】has participated 【详解】句意：这是她第四次和父母一起参加文化遗产保护志愿者活动了。在固定句型“It was the + 序数词 + time + 从句”中，主句用一般过去时，从句要用过去完成时，所以用had participated。 6．By the end of last month, she (finish) editing 20 articles for the column. 【答案】had finished 【详解】句意：到上个月月底，她已经为这个专栏编辑完成了 20 篇文章。空格处是句子的谓语动词，根据时间状语By the end of last month可知，此处应该用过去完成时，所以填had finished。 7．She said she (be) a volunteer for youth education for three years. 【答案】had been 【详解】句意：她说她已经做了三年的青年教育志愿者了。根据主句谓语said可知，宾语从句需用相应的过去时态；再根据时间状语for three years可知，此处表示在said之前已经持续了三年的状态，应用过去完成时。 8．She smiled as if nothing (happen), though she was very sad inside. 【答案】had happened 【详解】句意：她微笑着，仿佛什么都没发生过，尽管她内心非常难过。as if引导方式状语从句，当从句表示与过去事实相反的假设时，要用过去完成时。这里表示实际上发生了让她难过的事，但她表现得好像没发生，与过去事实相反，所以填had happened。 9．They (reach) Edinburgh when/ be-fore they were ordered to returned to London. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】had reached 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：在他们被命令返回伦敦时 / 之前，他们已到达爱丁堡。reach这个动作发生在were ordered之前，were ordered是一般过去时，“过去的过去”要用过去完成时，故填had reached。 10．By the early 1980s, before Xi’an undertook a sweeping restoration campaign, much of the structure (fall) into a state of disrepair. 【答案】had fallen 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：到20世纪80年代初，在西安进行大规模修复工程之前，城墙的大部分已经年久失修。根据时间状语By the early 1980s可知，空处描述的是在过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作，应用过去完成时。故填had fallen。 11．By the time the project was completed, the team (overcome) countless difficulties. 【答案】had overcome 【详解】考查时态。句意：到项目完成之时，这个团队已经克服了无数的困难。根据上文By the time the project was completed可知表示过去某个时间以前就完成的动作，用过去完成时。故填had overcome。 12．She realized she (leave) her passport at home only when she reached the airport. 【答案】had left 【详解】考查时态。句意：她到了机场才意识到把护照忘在家里了。leave(遗留，遗忘) 是从句中谓语动词，与主语she之间是主动关系，“(leave) her passport at home”发生在主句谓语“realized”之前，是“过去的过去”，应该用过去完成时态。故填had left。 13．It was the fourth time O’Neill (won) the Pulitzer Prize in Drama. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】had won 【详解】考查时态。句意：这是奥尼尔第四次获得普利策戏剧奖。it was+序数词+(that)+句子，that引导的从句用过去完成时，故填had won。 14．The scientist found that the plant (adapt) to the dry climate for thousands of years. 【答案】had adapted 【详解】考查动词。句意：这位科学家发现，这种植物已经适应干旱气候数千年了。主句谓语动词“found”是一般过去时，宾语从句的动作“适应”发生在主句动作“发现”之前，即“过去的过去”，因此从句需用过去完成时“had done”，adapt的过去分词为adapted。故填had adapted。 15．The research team (collect) 500 samples by the end of last month. 【答案】had collected 【详解】考查时态。句意：到上月底，研究小组已经收集了500个样本。由by the end of last month可知，时态用过去完成时表示过去的过去完成的动作，故填had collected。 16．Every effort (make), but the doctors still wasn’t able to save the boy’s life. 【答案】had been made 【详解】句意：医生们已尽了全力，但还是没能挽救男孩的生命。主语与谓语构成被动关系，且“努力”发生在“未能抢救”之前，即过去的过去，用过去完成时的被动语态。 17．The scheme which (hatch) months before the final exam was leaked to the teacher. 【答案】had been hatched 【详解】句意：在期末考试前数月筹划的这个方案被泄露给了老师。which引导定语从句修饰scheme，从句中主语scheme与动词hatch“筹划”为被动关系，且动作发生在主句谓语was leaked之前，表示“过去的过去”，因此用过去完成时的被动语态。 18．She was surprised to find that her bike (move) away already. 【答案】had been moved 【详解】句意：她惊讶地发现她的自行车已经被移走了。 was surprised表明主句时态为一般过去时，her bike...already这个动作发生在was surprised之前，即“过去的过去”，要用过去完成时。her bike与move之间是被动关系，即自行车被移走，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态，结构为“had + been + 过去分词”。 19．Experiments of this kind (conduct) in both the U.S. and Europe long before the Second World War. 【答案】had been conducted 【详解】句意：这种实验早在第二次世界大战之前，就已经在美国和欧洲进行了。主语Experiments与谓语构成被动关系，结合before the Second World War可知为过去的过去，用过去完成时的被动语态。 20．By the time the guests arrived, all the decorations (put) up. 【答案】had been put 【详解】句意：当客人到达时，所有的装饰都已经被挂好了。根据“By the time the guests arrived”可知，“挂装饰”发生在arrived之前，即“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时；主语all the decorations与动词put之间为被动关系，即“装饰被挂起”，应用被动语态；过去完成时的被动语态基本形式：主语+had+been+过去分词，put的过去分词为put。 21．By the time the firemen arrived, the building (burn) to the ground. 【答案】had been burned/had been burnt 【详解】句意：消防员赶到时，大楼已被烧成废墟。by the time引导的时间状语从句为一般过去时，主句应用过去完成时，主语building和burn是被动关系，故应用过去完成时的被动语态had been done，burn的过去分词是burned/burnt。 22．All the assignments (submit) online by last week, enabling students to receive timely feedback from the teachers. 【答案】had been submitted 【详解】考查时态和语态。句意：到上周为止，所有作业都已在线提交，这使得学生们能及时收到老师的反馈。by last week（到上周为止）是过去完成时的标志，强调动作在过去某个时间之前已经完成；assignments（作业）与submit（提交）之间是被动关系，即作业被提交，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态，结构为“had been +过去分词”。故填had been submitted。 23．By the end of last term, the rules about time management (make) by our class. 【答案】had been made 【详解】考查时态语态。句意：到上学期末，我们班已经制定了时间管理规则。根据时间状语“By the end of last term”可知，句子时态应用过去完成时，表示在过去某一时间点之前已经完成的动作，且主语the rules和动词make“制定”之间是被动关系，用过去完成时的被动语态，谓语用had been made。故填had been made。 24．I was disappointed to find that all the tickets (sell) out when I got to the cinema. 【答案】had been sold 【详解】考查动词时态语态。句意：当我到达电影院时，我失望地发现所有的票都卖光了。sell out“卖光”，本空为that引导宾语从句的谓语，“票被卖光”发生在“我到达电影院”之前，为“过去的过去”，从句时态应用过去完成时，主语tickets和sell out为被动关系，需用过去完成时的被动语态，即had been sold。故填had been sold。 25．When the reporter arrived at the old theater to do an interview, he was told that the main decorative paintings on the walls (restore) by the craftsmen the week before. 【答案】had been restored 【详解】考查动词时态语态。句意：当记者到达那座老剧院进行采访时，他被告知墙上的主要装饰画已于一周前被工匠们修复好了。分析句子可知，主语the main decorative paintings与restore为被动关系；根据时间状语the week before可知，“修复画作”发生在“记者到达”这一过去动作之前，属于“过去的过去”，需用过去完成时的被动语态，restore的过去分词为restored。故填had been restored。 26．This genetic influence (observe) in between 34 per cent for frequency of garden visits and 44 per cent for public nature space visits, they said. 【答案】was observed/had been observed 【详解】考查时态语态。句意：他们表示，这种遗传影响体现在34%的花园访问频率和44%的公共自然空间访问频率中。observe（观测）是谓语动词，与主语This genetic influence是被动关系，根据语境，动作发生在过去，可用一般过去时的被动语态was observed，也可理解为动作发生在“他们表示”之前，即“过去的过去”，用过去完成时的被动语态had been observed。故填was observed/had been observed。 27．When I got to the teahouse yesterday, I just found the activity (cancel) as nobody was there. 【答案】had been canceled 【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：当我昨天到达茶馆时，我才发现活动被取消了，因为那里没有人。分析句子可知，空处为宾语从句的谓语动词，“activity”与“cancel”是被动关系，用被动语态；“活动被取消”发生在“我到达茶馆（got to）”之前，属于 “过去的过去”，需用过去完成时。故填had been canceled。 28．By the end of November, 2022, videos recording or introducing this activity (play) 1.14 billion times, and related posts had attracted 11.58 million views on social media platforms, reported CCTV. 【答案】had been played 【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意：据中央电视台报道，截至2022年11月底，记录或介绍该活动的视频播放量已达11.4亿次，相关帖子在社交媒体平台上的播放量已达1158万次。根据句中时间状语“By the end of November, 2022”（到 2022 年 11 月底），结合后半句“related posts had attracted...”使用了过去完成时，可知前半句也需用过去完成时。主语“videos”与谓语动词“play”之间是被动关系，因此应使用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been played。 29．Experiments of this kind (conduct) in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War. 【答案】had been conducted 【详解】考查时态和被动语态。句意：早在第二次世界大战之前，这种实验就在美国和欧洲进行了。experiments与conduct之间为被动关系，且conduct这一动作发生在第二次世界大战之前，即“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时，因此空格处是过去完成时的被动语态had been done，故填had been conducted。 30．Because this experiment (attempt) before, we were able to use some of the work those researchers did to help us with our experiment. 【答案】had been attempted 【详解】考查过去完成时的被动语态。句意：因为这个实验以前有人做过，我们能够利用那些研究人员所做的一些工作来帮助我们进行实验。根据句中的before以及主句“we were able to use”可知，attempt这一动作发生在“were able to use”之前，即过去的过去，应用过去完成时；且experiment与attempt之间存在被动关系，所以此处应用过去完成时的被动语态，其结构为“had been + 过去分词”。故填had been attempted。 二、完成句子 31．他盯着结果，心如石沉水，意识到所有努力都白费了。 He stared at the result, his heart sinking like a stone in water, ________________. 【答案】 realizing that all his efforts were in vain/and realized that all his efforts had been wasted 【详解】主句已经有谓语动词stared，若不加并列连词，设空处需用非谓语作伴随状语；主句主语He和“意识到”realize是主动关系，因此用realize的现在分词形式realizing，后接宾语从句说明意识到的内容，“努力白费”最常用的译法是one’s efforts be in vain，从句成分和意义都完整，用that引导，呼应主语he，one’s用his，句子陈述过去的事实，用一般过去时，从句主语是复数，be动词用were。如果补充并列连词and，realize应变为过去式realized，和stared构成并列谓语，“努力白费”可用one’s efforts be wasted；结合主句的一般过去时语境，“努力白费”发生在“意识到”之前，也可以用过去完成时had been wasted，从句同样用that引导。 32．我本打算去上海旅游，但老师叫我留下。 I ________ ________ to travel to Shanghai, but the teacher told me to stay. 【答案】 had intended 【详解】考查过去完成时。根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“本打算”应用had intended，为过去完成时，该时态用于强调动作发生在told（一般过去时）之前，且计划未实现；intend to do sth. ，为固定搭配，意为“打算做某事”。故填had intended。 33．Never before had he _________________ in his life. 在他一生中以前从未赚这么多钱。 【答案】earned so much money 【详解】考查固定短语。“赚钱”用固定短语earn money。“这么多”用短语so much。had后接动词的过去分词形式，构成过去完成时。故填earned so much money。 34．Halfway through the chapter I realized I hadn’t ________ anything ________. 这一章我读到一半才意识到我根本没有看懂。 【答案】 taken in 【详解】考查固定短语。根据句意，此处表示“看懂”，为固定短语take in，hadn’t后接动词过去分词形式，take的过去分词为taken。故填①taken；②in。 35．When we arrived at the cinema, the film ________ already ________. 当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。 【答案】 had begun 【详解】考查动词时态。对比中英文可知，空处表示“开始”，可用动词begin，结合“When we arrived at the cinema”可知，时态应用过去完成时，表示过去的过去发生的动作。故填①had；②begun。 36．星期一早上，我被告知我被选中为我们大学的三个交换生之一。 This Monday morning I was informed ________________ as one of the three exchange students in our college. 【答案】I had been chosen 【详解】考查时态和语态。informed后为宾语从句，从句中：表示“我”用I，作主语；表示“选中”用choose，和主语I为被动关系，且“被选中”发生在“被告知”之前，即过去的过去，所以此处用过去完成时的被动语态，谓语用had been chosen。从句不缺少成分或含义，用that引导，也可以省略that。故填I had been chosen。 37．在1960年，这是建造的最长的桥。 In 1960, this was the longest bridge that ________________ before. 【答案】had been built 【详解】考查时态和语态。根据语境，“建造桥”这一动作发生在1960年之前，即“过去的过去”，要用过去完成时。且“bridge”与“build”之间是被动关系，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态，结构为“had been + 过去分词”。故填had been built。 38．警察发现房子被人闯入了，许多珠宝也被偷了。 The policeman found that the house _____________ and a quantity of jewellery had been stolen. 【答案】had been broken into 【详解】考查动词短语和时态语态。中英文句子对比可知，空处应填“被人闯入了”，应用动词短语break into，表示“闯入”，根据The policeman found可知，“闯入”的动作发生在“发现”之前，即“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时，且break into与主语the house之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。故填had been broken into。 39．一切怀疑早已完全消除。 Any doubts had long been ________________. 【答案】swept away 【详解】考查动词短语。根据具有，此处表示“完全消除”可用动词短语“sweep away”，而根据前面的提示“had long been”可知是过去完成时的被动语态，sweep应该用过去分词形式swept。故填swept away。 40．Before we carried out the plan, various ideas ______________________ by my classmates. 在我们实施这项计划之前, 同学们提出了不同的想法。 【答案】had been put forward 【详解】考查动词短语和时态语态。空处是句子的谓语动词，中英文对比可知，空处应填“提出”，可用动词短语put forward，结合前文“Before we carried out the plan”可知，“实施计划”发生在过去，提出想法发生在“实施计划”之前，即过去的过去，应用过去完成时，主语ideas与put forward是被动关系，应用过去完成时的被动语态，故填had been put forward。 题型一 语法填空 （25-26高二下·内蒙古包头·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A Food & Porcelain event in central London brought together two of China’s 1 (fine) traditions — Jingdezhen porcelain and Chinese cuisine — creating a feast for both the eyes and the tongue. Held at a Chinese restaurant near Trafalgar Square, the luncheon (午宴)began not with hot dishes 2 diners taking pictures of the beautiful lotus-and-peony patterns on pale green plates from Jingdezhen, China’s “porcelain capital”. “I designed every dish 3 (specific) for each porcelain,” said chef Tong Chee Hwee, 4 has spent 24 years cooking Chinese food in Britain. “The colors must harmonize, and so must the tastes. It’s a dialogue between sight and palate (味觉),” he said, 5 (point) at a plate of tuna tartare. He explained how the pink of the fish 6 (match) the plate’s delicate green tone, while a Cantonese-inspired sauce added contrast. The porcelain 7 (use) during thne event, known as “Longzhuge,” or Dragon Pearl Pavilion, drew 8 (inspire) from the imperial kilns (官窑)of Jingdezhen. The floral patterns, known as baoxianghua, mix the purity of lotus flowers with the dignity of peonies. “To enjoy the Chinese cuisine presented on a Jingdezhen porcelain — this is something I never imagined I would experience in London,” said Alexander Randall, among the people attending the event. 9 impressed him most was the perfect combination of food and porcelain, which turned a simple meal 10 a cultural journey. 【答案】 1．finest 2．but 3．specifically 4．who 5．pointing 6．matched 7．used 8．inspiration 9．What 10．into 【导语】本文主要介绍伦敦举办的美食与瓷器主题活动，展现景德镇瓷器与中式美食融合的独特文化魅力。 1．考查形容词最高级。句意：伦敦市中心举办的一场美食与瓷器主题活动，汇集了中国最优质的两大传统——景德镇瓷器与中式美食，打造了一场赏心悦目、唇齿留香的盛宴。此处为常用搭配“two of +名词所有格 + 形容词最高级 + 名词复数”表示“最……中的两个”，此处需用fine的最高级形式finest。 2．考查连词。句意：这场午宴在特拉法加广场附近的一家中餐馆举办，开场并非热菜上桌，而是食客们纷纷拍摄来自中国“瓷都”景德镇的淡青餐盘上清雅的莲荷牡丹纹样。固定搭配not...but...表示“不是……而是……”。 3．考查副词。句意：“我为每一款瓷器专门设计了对应的菜品，”在英国从事中餐烹饪工作24年的厨师张志伟（音译）如是说。此处修饰动词designed，需用副词形式，specific的副词为specifically，意为“专门地、特意地”。 4．考查定语从句。句意同上。本句为非限制性定语从句，先行词是chef Tong Chee Hwee（指人），从句缺少主语，需用关系代词who引导。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：“色彩必须相融，味道也同样如此。这是一场视觉与味觉之间的对话，”他一边指着一盘金枪鱼塔塔，一边说道。本句已有谓语动词said，此处为非谓语动词作伴随状语，主语he与point之间为主动关系，需用现在分词形式pointing。 6．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：他解释了鱼肉的粉色如何与餐盘淡雅的青色相契合，同时一道粤式风味酱汁又增添了色彩反差。此处为宾语从句谓语，主句时态为一般过去时，从句需对应使用一般过去时，match的过去式为matched。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：本次活动使用的名为“龙珠阁”的瓷器，灵感源自景德镇官窑。本句已有谓语动词drew，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语，porcelain与use之间为被动关系，需用过去分词used。 8．考查名词。句意：本次活动使用的名为“龙珠阁”的瓷器，灵感源自景德镇官窑。固定搭配draw inspiration from表示“从……中汲取灵感”，此处需用inspire的名词形式inspiration。 9．考查主语从句。句意：最让他印象深刻的是美食与瓷器的完美融合，将一顿普通的用餐变成了一场文化之旅。本句为主语从句，从句缺少主语，指代事物，需用连接代词what，句首首字母大写。 10．考查介词。句意：最让他印象深刻的是美食与瓷器的完美融合，将一顿普通的用餐变成了一场文化之旅。固定搭配turn...into...表示“将……转变为……”。 题型二 阅读理解 （25-26高二下·河南郑州·期末）A lunch break is an important and often necessary part of our work or school days. And now we’re spoilt (惯坏的) with a lot of places to buy our lunch from, all offering attractive dishes and sandwiches to eat on the go. But our appetite for buying food for our lunchtime is not just costing us money, there might be a cost in terms of damaging our planet too. Just grabbing a sandwich, potato chips and maybe a cake and coffee can produce at least four items of waste. Paper boxes, cups, wrappers and plastic knives and forks are all part of our disposable (一次性的) feast in addition to the food waste we create. Some experts say throwing away food, which produces methane (甲烷) as it becomes gradually destroyed, is a bigger cause of climate change than plastic waste. But regardless of what causes the most damage, the solution, according to an environmental campaign group called Hubbub, is to eat packed lunches. Tessa Tricks from the group says, “People are saying that they are buying food to take out because life has got busier.” And she says people think they are being more efficient; but she argues that it’s usually healthier and cheaper to make your own lunch. It means you can eat the things you really want and make the quantity that you actually need. Of course, preparing your lunch is another thing to fit into your morning hurry of getting ready for work, so if you haven’t got time and you are going to buy lunch, an alternative that Hubbub suggests is to take your own containers to a shop and ask them to put your food in it. The idea of using reusable coffee cups for hot drinks and refillable water bottles has already proved successful, so this could be another step in the right direction. 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Buying lunch costs a lot of money. B．Eating fast food is harmful to health. C．Buying lunch leads to environmental damage. D．Making lunch saves our money and the planet. 2．What does Hubbub suggest doing in paragraph 3? A．Eating whatever you want. B．Making lunch by yourself. C．Stopping eating packed lunches. D．Trying to be more efficient in work. 3．What does the underlined word “this” in the last paragraph refer to? A．Buying lunch. B．Using reusable coffee cups. C．Taking your own containers. D．Using refillable water bottles. 4．What does the author call on us to do? A．Make full use of lunchtime. B．Eat properly to keep healthy. C．Do what you can to reduce pollution. D．Rethink our lunch habits to help our planet. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】文章主要介绍了外购午餐会产生大量废弃物、破坏环境，并推荐自带便当或自备容器打包食物的环保午餐方式。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“But our appetite for buying food for our lunchtime is not just costing us money, there might be a cost in terms of damaging our planet too. (但是我们外购午餐的喜好不仅仅花费我们的金钱，还可能带来损害地球的代价。)”可知，第二段主要讲述外购午餐会造成环境破坏。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But regardless of what causes the most damage, the solution, according to an environmental campaign group called Hubbub, is to eat packed lunches. (但无论哪一类污染的破坏力最强，一个名为Hubbub的环保组织提出，解决办法就是自带便当。)”可知，Hubbub建议自己制作午餐。 3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Of course, preparing your lunch is another thing to fit into your morning hurry of getting ready for work, so if you haven’t got time and you are going to buy lunch, an alternative that Hubbub suggests is to take your own containers to a shop and ask them to put your food in it. The idea of using reusable coffee cups for hot drinks and refillable water bottles has already proved successful, so this could be another step in the right direction. (当然，在早上匆忙准备上班的间隙再准备午餐，又是一件麻烦事。所以如果你没时间、打算外购午餐，Hubbub推荐的替代方案是自带容器到商店，让店员把食物装进你的容器里。使用可重复利用咖啡杯盛装热饮、可循环补水水杯的做法已被证实可行，因此这会是朝着正确方向迈出的又一步。)”可知，代词this指代前文提到的“take your own containers”这一做法。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段“But regardless of what causes the most damage, the solution, according to an environmental campaign group called Hubbub, is to eat packed lunches. (但无论哪一类污染的破坏力最强，一个名为Hubbub的环保组织提出，解决办法就是自带便当。)”以及最后一段“Of course, preparing your lunch is another thing to fit into your morning hurry of getting ready for work, so if you haven’t got time and you are going to buy lunch, an alternative that Hubbub suggests is to take your own containers to a shop and ask them to put your food in it. (当然，在早上匆忙准备上班的间隙再准备午餐，又是一件麻烦事。所以如果你没时间、打算外购午餐，Hubbub推荐的替代方案是自带容器到商店，让店员把食物装进你的容器里。)”可知，作者倡导改变午餐习惯、减轻对地球的伤害，呼吁我们重新思考午餐习惯，保护地球。 （25-26高二下·贵州·期末）Driven by concerns over environmental sustainability, animal welfare, and personal health, many people are exploring alternatives to traditional farm-raised meat. Alternative meat (alt-meat) products, including lab-grown meat and plant-based substitutes, are made using innovative food technologies. While both offer environmental and ethical benefits, each faces distinct challenges related to health, cost, and scalability that must be addressed. Farm-raised meat comes from livestock such as cows, pigs, and chickens. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization reports that livestock farming accounts for 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. It also requires enormous amounts of land and water, contributing to deforestation, habitat loss, and water shortages. As global meat demand continues to rise, these environmental problems are expected to worsen significantly. Lab-grown meat is produced directly from animal cells, eliminating the need to raise and slaughter livestock. Studies show it could reduce emissions by up to 96%, land use by 99%, and water use by 96% compared to conventional meat. It can also be modified to have lower fat content or enriched with nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids. However, its long-term health effects remain unknown, requiring strict regulatory oversight from agencies like the FDA and EFSA．Additionally, while simple products like ground meat are already commercially viable (e.g., Israel’s first clean-meat restaurant opened in 2020), producing complex cuts like steak remains expensive and difficult to scale. Plant-based products like Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods closely mimic real meat. Production of a Beyond Burger generates 90% fewer emissions and uses 46% less energy than beef, and it contains no cholesterol, 40% less saturated fat, and similar protein levels. However, these products are highly processed. For example, an Impossible Burger contains 370mg of sodium versus 82mg in a beef burger, which may offset health benefits. They also lack key nutrients such as calcium, zinc, and vitamin B12. Moreover, extensive processing and additives can increase resource demand by up to 26%, reducing their environmental advantages. Both types of alt-meat are more expensive than traditional meat — plant-based products cost roughly twice as much as beef per pound, largely due to high R&D costs. Despite this, their popularity is rising. A 2021 study in Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems found that alt-meat offers new opportunities for farmers (e.g., supplying ingredients or genetic material) but also threatens the income of ranchers and feed-crop growers. Most producers believe alt-meat will complement, not replace, conventional meat, ultimately providing more market choices and supporting agricultural diversification rather than causing wholesale disruption. 1．According to the passage, what is one major challenge facing lab-grown meat? A．It cannot be modified to improve nutritional content. B．Its long-term health effects have not been fully established. C．It produces more greenhouse gas emissions than farm-raised meat. D．It has not yet been approved for commercial sale anywhere. 2．What does the author suggest about plant-based meat substitutes? A．They are generally healthier than whole plant foods. B．Their high sodium content may cancel out some health benefits. C．They contain more saturated fat than beef burgers. D．They are less processed than lab-grown meat. 3．What do most food producers believe about the future of alt-meat, according to the 2021 study? A．It will completely replace traditional farm-raised meat. B．It will only benefit large factory farms. C．It will serve as a supplement rather than a replacement. D．It will reduce the total demand for protein. 4．Which of the following is a common disadvantage shared by both lab-grown meat and plant-based substitutes? A．Both require the slaughter of animals. B．Both are described as costly to produce or scale up. C．Both contain high levels of saturated fat. D．Both have been proven to cause long-term health problems. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文围绕替代肉展开全面介绍，对比传统养殖肉类、细胞培育肉（实验室人造肉）、植物基人造肉三者，分析替代肉兴起的背景、两类替代肉各自的优势、现存短板以及行业发展前景。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“However, its long-term health effects remain unknown, requiring strict regulatory oversight from agencies like the FDA and EFSA.(然而，其长期健康影响尚不明确，因此需要美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）和欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）等机构进行严格监管。)”可知，实验室培育肉面临的一个主要挑战是其长期健康影响尚未完全确定。 2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“For example, an Impossible Burger contains 370mg of sodium versus 82mg in a beef burger, which may offset health benefits.(例如，Impossible汉堡中的钠含量为370毫克，而牛肉汉堡仅为82毫克，这可能抵消了其健康益处。)”可知，植物基肉类替代品的高钠含量可能抵消部分健康益处。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Most producers believe alt-meat will complement, not replace, conventional meat, ultimately providing more market choices and supporting agricultural diversification rather than causing wholesale disruption.(大多数生产者认为，替代肉类将补充而非取代传统肉类，最终能提供更多市场选择，促进农业多样化，而不是造成大规模的颠覆。)”可知，大多数食品生产商认为替代肉将作为补充而非替代品。 4．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Additionally, while simple products like ground meat are already commercially viable (e.g., Israel’s first clean-meat restaurant opened in 2020), producing complex cuts like steak remains expensive and difficult to scale.(此外，尽管碎肉这类简单产品已经具备商业可行性，例如以色列2020年就开设了第一家清洁肉餐厅，但生产牛排这类复杂的肉类产品成本仍然很高，且难以规模化)”以及第五段“Both types of alt-meat are more expensive than traditional meat — plant-based products cost roughly twice as much as beef per pound, largely due to high R&D costs.(两类替代肉都比传统肉类更贵，植物基产品每磅的成本大约是牛肉的两倍，这主要是因为高昂的研发成本)”可知，两类替代肉的共同缺点是生产或规模化的成本都很高。 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 3 Food and Culture 核心语法精练（过去完成时和过去完成时的被动语态） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 3 一、单句语法填空 4 二、完成句子 9 三、选词填空 10 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 11 题型一 语法填空（模考真题） 11 题型二 阅读理解（模考真题） 15 过去完成时 一、核心概念： 过去完成时的核心精髓就是四个字：“过去的过去”。 它表示一个动作或状态在过去某一特定时间点或另一个过去动作之前已经发生或完成。 为了更好地理解，我们可以看下面这个时间轴： [ 动作A完成 ] [ 过去时间点/动作B ] [ 现在 ] 过去 ----------------|-------------------------------|-----------------> 时间 (过去完成时) (一般过去时) 动作A：使用过去完成时（had done），它发生得更早。 动作B：使用一般过去时（did），它是那个“过去的”参照点。 基本结构 肯定句： 主语 + had + 过去分词 (V-ed/p.p.) I had finished my homework by 8 pm last night. She had lived in London before she moved to New York. 否定句： 主语 + had not (hadn't) + 过去分词 He hadn't seen the movie before we watched it together. They hadn't prepared for the exam, so they failed. 疑问句： Had + 主语 + 过去分词? Had you eaten dinner when I called? Had the meeting started when you arrived? 二、基本用法 1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。 2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 4．在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 5．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 6．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。 When I woke up，it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didn't go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 7．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。 They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。 8．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than ...，it was the first (second，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。 过去完成时的被动语态 过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“had＋been＋过去分词”构成。 1．过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式 (1)肯定结构：主语＋ had been done ＋其他成分。 (2)否定结构：主语＋ had not been done ＋其他成分。 (3)疑问句结构：had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？ 疑问词＋ had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分？ 2．过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况 (1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。 By the time he got to the school，the first class had been finished. 当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。 The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came. 老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。 How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended? 地震结束时有多少建筑物被毁？ (2)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。 As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet. 任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。 He did what he had been told to. 他做了别人叫他做的事。 另：当从句由after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。 When he arrived，he called her. 他到达时，给她打了电话。 They locked the door before they left. 在离开前，他们把门锁上了。 (3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。 They said the production costs had been reduced. 他们说生产成本已经降低了。 The girl was reminded that her homework had not been handed in. 那个女孩被提醒她的家庭作业还没有交。 The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake. 媒体报道有1 000多人在地震中丧生。 一、单句语法填空 1．She looked at me as if she (respond) to my question long before I even asked it. 2．The monitor declared that he (skip) the opening ceremony before the ceremony officially began. 3．She (plan) to go hiking, but the heavy rain ruined her trip. 4．He (learn) English for eight years before he went to England for further study. 5．It was the fourth time she   (participate) in the culture heritage protection volunteer program with her parents. 6．By the end of last month, she (finish) editing 20 articles for the column. 7．She said she (be) a volunteer for youth education for three years. 8．She smiled as if nothing (happen), though she was very sad inside. 9．They (reach) Edinburgh when/ be-fore they were ordered to returned to London. 10．By the early 1980s, before Xi’an undertook a sweeping restoration campaign, much of the structure (fall) into a state of disrepair. 11．By the time the project was completed, the team (overcome) countless difficulties. 12．She realized she (leave) her passport at home only when she reached the airport. 13．It was the fourth time O’Neill (won) the Pulitzer Prize in Drama. 14．The scientist found that the plant (adapt) to the dry climate for thousands of years. 15．The research team (collect) 500 samples by the end of last month. 16．Every effort (make), but the doctors still wasn’t able to save the boy’s life. 17．The scheme which (hatch) months before the final exam was leaked to the teacher. 18．She was surprised to find that her bike (move) away already. 19．Experiments of this kind (conduct) in both the U.S. and Europe long before the Second World War. 20．By the time the guests arrived, all the decorations (put) up. 21．By the time the firemen arrived, the building (burn) to the ground. 22．All the assignments (submit) online by last week, enabling students to receive timely feedback from the teachers. 23．By the end of last term, the rules about time management (make) by our class. 24．I was disappointed to find that all the tickets (sell) out when I got to the cinema. 25．When the reporter arrived at the old theater to do an interview, he was told that the main decorative paintings on the walls (restore) by the craftsmen the week before. 26．This genetic influence (observe) in between 34 per cent for frequency of garden visits and 44 per cent for public nature space visits, they said. 27．When I got to the teahouse yesterday, I just found the activity (cancel) as nobody was there. 28．By the end of November, 2022, videos recording or introducing this activity (play) 1.14 billion times, and related posts had attracted 11.58 million views on social media platforms, reported CCTV. 29．Experiments of this kind (conduct) in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War. 30．Because this experiment (attempt) before, we were able to use some of the work those researchers did to help us with our experiment. 二、完成句子 31．他盯着结果，心如石沉水，意识到所有努力都白费了。 He stared at the result, his heart sinking like a stone in water, ________________. 32．我本打算去上海旅游，但老师叫我留下。 I ________ ________ to travel to Shanghai, but the teacher told me to stay. 33．Never before had he _________________ in his life. 在他一生中以前从未赚这么多钱。 34．Halfway through the chapter I realized I hadn’t ________ anything ________. 这一章我读到一半才意识到我根本没有看懂。 35．When we arrived at the cinema, the film ________ already ________. 当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。 36．星期一早上，我被告知我被选中为我们大学的三个交换生之一。 This Monday morning I was informed ________________ as one of the three exchange students in our college. 37．在1960年，这是建造的最长的桥。 In 1960, this was the longest bridge that ________________ before. 38．警察发现房子被人闯入了，许多珠宝也被偷了。 The policeman found that the house _____________ and a quantity of jewellery had been stolen. 39．一切怀疑早已完全消除。 Any doubts had long been ________________. 40．Before we carried out the plan, various ideas ______________________ by my classmates. 在我们实施这项计划之前, 同学们提出了不同的想法。 题型一 语法填空 （25-26高二下·内蒙古包头·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A Food & Porcelain event in central London brought together two of China’s 1 (fine) traditions — Jingdezhen porcelain and Chinese cuisine — creating a feast for both the eyes and the tongue. Held at a Chinese restaurant near Trafalgar Square, the luncheon (午宴)began not with hot dishes 2 diners taking pictures of the beautiful lotus-and-peony patterns on pale green plates from Jingdezhen, China’s “porcelain capital”. “I designed every dish 3 (specific) for each porcelain,” said chef Tong Chee Hwee, 4 has spent 24 years cooking Chinese food in Britain. “The colors must harmonize, and so must the tastes. It’s a dialogue between sight and palate (味觉),” he said, 5 (point) at a plate of tuna tartare. He explained how the pink of the fish 6 (match) the plate’s delicate green tone, while a Cantonese-inspired sauce added contrast. The porcelain 7 (use) during thne event, known as “Longzhuge,” or Dragon Pearl Pavilion, drew 8 (inspire) from the imperial kilns (官窑)of Jingdezhen. The floral patterns, known as baoxianghua, mix the purity of lotus flowers with the dignity of peonies. “To enjoy the Chinese cuisine presented on a Jingdezhen porcelain — this is something I never imagined I would experience in London,” said Alexander Randall, among the people attending the event. 9 impressed him most was the perfect combination of food and porcelain, which turned a simple meal 10 a cultural journey. 题型二 阅读理解 （25-26高二下·河南郑州·期末）A lunch break is an important and often necessary part of our work or school days. And now we’re spoilt (惯坏的) with a lot of places to buy our lunch from, all offering attractive dishes and sandwiches to eat on the go. But our appetite for buying food for our lunchtime is not just costing us money, there might be a cost in terms of damaging our planet too. Just grabbing a sandwich, potato chips and maybe a cake and coffee can produce at least four items of waste. Paper boxes, cups, wrappers and plastic knives and forks are all part of our disposable (一次性的) feast in addition to the food waste we create. Some experts say throwing away food, which produces methane (甲烷) as it becomes gradually destroyed, is a bigger cause of climate change than plastic waste. But regardless of what causes the most damage, the solution, according to an environmental campaign group called Hubbub, is to eat packed lunches. Tessa Tricks from the group says, “People are saying that they are buying food to take out because life has got busier.” And she says people think they are being more efficient; but she argues that it’s usually healthier and cheaper to make your own lunch. It means you can eat the things you really want and make the quantity that you actually need. Of course, preparing your lunch is another thing to fit into your morning hurry of getting ready for work, so if you haven’t got time and you are going to buy lunch, an alternative that Hubbub suggests is to take your own containers to a shop and ask them to put your food in it. The idea of using reusable coffee cups for hot drinks and refillable water bottles has already proved successful, so this could be another step in the right direction. 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Buying lunch costs a lot of money. B．Eating fast food is harmful to health. C．Buying lunch leads to environmental damage. D．Making lunch saves our money and the planet. 2．What does Hubbub suggest doing in paragraph 3? A．Eating whatever you want. B．Making lunch by yourself. C．Stopping eating packed lunches. D．Trying to be more efficient in work. 3．What does the underlined word “this” in the last paragraph refer to? A．Buying lunch. B．Using reusable coffee cups. C．Taking your own containers. D．Using refillable water bottles. 4．What does the author call on us to do? A．Make full use of lunchtime. B．Eat properly to keep healthy. C．Do what you can to reduce pollution. D．Rethink our lunch habits to help our planet. （25-26高二下·贵州·期末）Driven by concerns over environmental sustainability, animal welfare, and personal health, many people are exploring alternatives to traditional farm-raised meat. Alternative meat (alt-meat) products, including lab-grown meat and plant-based substitutes, are made using innovative food technologies. While both offer environmental and ethical benefits, each faces distinct challenges related to health, cost, and scalability that must be addressed. Farm-raised meat comes from livestock such as cows, pigs, and chickens. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization reports that livestock farming accounts for 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. It also requires enormous amounts of land and water, contributing to deforestation, habitat loss, and water shortages. As global meat demand continues to rise, these environmental problems are expected to worsen significantly. Lab-grown meat is produced directly from animal cells, eliminating the need to raise and slaughter livestock. Studies show it could reduce emissions by up to 96%, land use by 99%, and water use by 96% compared to conventional meat. It can also be modified to have lower fat content or enriched with nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids. However, its long-term health effects remain unknown, requiring strict regulatory oversight from agencies like the FDA and EFSA．Additionally, while simple products like ground meat are already commercially viable (e.g., Israel’s first clean-meat restaurant opened in 2020), producing complex cuts like steak remains expensive and difficult to scale. Plant-based products like Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods closely mimic real meat. Production of a Beyond Burger generates 90% fewer emissions and uses 46% less energy than beef, and it contains no cholesterol, 40% less saturated fat, and similar protein levels. However, these products are highly processed. For example, an Impossible Burger contains 370mg of sodium versus 82mg in a beef burger, which may offset health benefits. They also lack key nutrients such as calcium, zinc, and vitamin B12. Moreover, extensive processing and additives can increase resource demand by up to 26%, reducing their environmental advantages. Both types of alt-meat are more expensive than traditional meat — plant-based products cost roughly twice as much as beef per pound, largely due to high R&D costs. Despite this, their popularity is rising. A 2021 study in Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems found that alt-meat offers new opportunities for farmers (e.g., supplying ingredients or genetic material) but also threatens the income of ranchers and feed-crop growers. Most producers believe alt-meat will complement, not replace, conventional meat, ultimately providing more market choices and supporting agricultural diversification rather than causing wholesale disruption. 1．According to the passage, what is one major challenge facing lab-grown meat? A．It cannot be modified to improve nutritional content. B．Its long-term health effects have not been fully established. C．It produces more greenhouse gas emissions than farm-raised meat. D．It has not yet been approved for commercial sale anywhere. 2．What does the author suggest about plant-based meat substitutes? A．They are generally healthier than whole plant foods. B．Their high sodium content may cancel out some health benefits. C．They contain more saturated fat than beef burgers. D．They are less processed than lab-grown meat. 3．What do most food producers believe about the future of alt-meat, according to the 2021 study? A．It will completely replace traditional farm-raised meat. B．It will only benefit large factory farms. C．It will serve as a supplement rather than a replacement. D．It will reduce the total demand for protein. 4．Which of the following is a common disadvantage shared by both lab-grown meat and plant-based substitutes? A．Both require the slaughter of animals. B．Both are described as costly to produce or scale up. C．Both contain high levels of saturated fat. D．Both have been proven to cause long-term health problems. 1 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $