Unit 1 Section Ⅴ Extended reading（配套教参Word）-【步步高】2025-2026学年高二英语选修第一册学习笔记（译林版·新教材）

本讲义围绕“地球内部结构研究”这一核心主题，构建“速读整体理解-细读深度获取-读后语言运用”的学习支架。先通过选择题和表格填写梳理文章大意与篇章结构，再结合细节题深化对地球地幔、研究意义等内容的理解，最后通过语法填空、句子结构分析、重点词块默写及写作仿写，实现从输入到输出的语言能力转化。 该资料以“主题探究”为主线，突出语言能力与思维品质的培养。如速读环节通过表格对比地球不同深度的现象，训练信息定位与逻辑梳理能力；细读部分结合科学事实设计问题，引导学生分析研究挑战与意义，提升批判性思维。课后词块默写和写作仿写（如用“the next time”引导时间状语从句）帮助学生巩固语言知识，课中分层任务设计则便于教师实施差异化教学，有效提升教学效率与学生学习效果。

Section Ⅴ　Extended reading Step 1　速读——整体理解文意 Ⅰ.明文章大意 What is the main idea of the passage? A．The study of the inside of the Earth. B．The benefits of studying the Earth. C．The Earth’s internal structure. D．The challenges of studying the inside of the Earth. 答案　A Ⅱ.悉篇章结构 1．Read the article on P11 and fill in the blanks. Para.1：Introduction to the (1)topic of studying the inside of the Earth. Para.2：The (2)challenges of studying the inside of the Earth. Para.3：The other (3)benefits of studying the inside of the Earth. Para.4：The (4)importance/significance of studying the inside of the Earth. 2．Read the comic strip on P12 and fill in the tables. Depth What (1)4 metres No more earthworms 122 metres (2)The deepest known tree roots of the wild fig tree of South Africa 2,400 metres (3)The deepest underground laboratory Depth Where Pressure 30,000 metres At the boundary between the Earth’s crust and the mantle below 131 elephants 150,000 metres At the place (4)where diamonds were formed 750,000 metres (5)In the lower mantle 3,280 elephants 2.9 million metres Close to the Earth’s core about(6)17,000 elephants 6 million metres (7)At the centre of the Earth over (8)47,000 elephants Step 2　细读——深度获取细节 1．What can we know about the mantle? A．It is in the deepest of the Earth. B．It covers a solid centre. C．The core is surrounded by the mantle. D．Scientists will drill into the mantle very soon. 答案　C 2．How many benefits of studying the inside of the Earth are mentioned in the passage? A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four. 答案　C 3．Why are elephants mentioned in “Journey to the centre of the Earth”？ A．There are many elephants living on the Earth. B．The more the elephants are，the higher the temperature is. C．The number of the elephants indicates the pressure inside the Earth. D．The deeper we arrive into the Earth，the more elephants we may see. 答案　C Step 3　读后——课文语法填空 The structure of the Earth is made up 1.of the crust，mantle and core.Scientists learn the Earth’s internal structure mainly by 2.analysing(analyse) earthquake waves.They are now trying to drill very deep holes to discover more information.However，this is 3.challenging(challenge) due to the Earth’s intense pressure and heat，as well as the 4.difficulty(difficult) in choosing the right place to drill. Studying the inside of the Earth 5.has(have) various advantages.It not only enables us to gain a 6.better(good) understanding of the geology of the Earth,7.but opens up many possibilities for life above ground.For example，by looking deep down beneath the Earth，scientists may learn how to store hydrogen 8.safely(safe)．They may also gain new insights into the origin of life,9.which might help answer questions whether life could be found on Mars. Such a study as above would lead to exciting and enlightening 10.discoveries(discovery)，and benefit the mankind. Ⅰ.补句子　析结构 1．Unfortunately(unfortunate)，we cannot crack the Earth open like an egg，so much of what scientists know about the Earth’s internal structure is based on analysing(analyse) earthquake waves.(P11，Para.1) 结构分析：此句话为并列复合句。前后两个分句为因果关系；其中so后面的分句中what引导宾语从句。 汉语翻译：不幸的是，我们不能像打破鸡蛋一样把地球敲开，因此科学家对地球内部结构的了解大多是基于对地震波的分析。 2．However，within a few years，scientists are hoping to drill(drill) into the mantle，which will help us better understand the geology of the Earth.(P11，Para.2) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。which引导非限制性定语从句。 汉语翻译：然而，在几年内，科学家们希望钻进地幔，这将有助于我们更好地了解地球的地质。 3．It has been discovered that under certain extreme conditions of pressure and temperature，water forms ice cages that trap hydrogen inside.(P11，Para.3) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。第一个that引导主语从句；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词ice cages。 汉语翻译：人们已经发现，在某些极端的压力和温度条件下，水会形成储存氢的冰笼。 4．However，the microorganisms in a gold mine of South Africa survive where the sun never shines，relying(rely) on energy from certain rocks.(P11，Para.3) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。where引导地点状语从句。 汉语翻译：然而，南非一座金矿中的微生物依靠着某些岩石提供的能量，在没有阳光的地方生存。 5．Surely，a study of the inside of our planet would lead to exciting and enlightening discoveries(discover)，and benefit all who walk upon it.(P11，Para.4) 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。who引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词all。 汉语翻译：毫无疑问，对我们星球内部的研究会带来激动人心和有启发性的发现，会惠及所有行走在其上的人们。 Ⅱ.研典句　学用法 The next time you take a walk，think about the importance of what lies beneath your feet.(P11，Para.4) 下次你散步的时候，想想你脚下之物的重要性。 结构分析：此句话为主从复合句。The next time 作连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“下次……时”；what引导宾语从句。 常见的用作连词引导时间状语从句的名词词组有： •含time的名词词组：each/every time，the first/last time，(the) next time，any time等。 •“the＋瞬间名词”表示“一……就……”： the minute，the instant，the moment等。 (1)(应用文写作之感谢信)每次我遇到困难，你都会及时出现并给予我帮助。语言无法表达我的感激之情。 Every/Each time I got into trouble，you would turn up in time and give me a hand.Words failed to express my gratitude. (2)(2020·浙江7月，读后续写)我一看到熊咬铁丝网，我就屏住呼吸，一动也不敢动。 The moment/minute/instant I saw the bear biting the wire fence，I held my breath，not daring to move an inch. (3)(2022·浙江1月，应用文写作)第一次在“中国——爱尔兰文化节”见到你，我就知道我们会成为好朋友。 The first time I met you at China-Ireland Cultural Festival，I knew we would be good mates. 课文重点词块默写 1．走在人行道上walk on the pavement 2．把地球敲开crack the Earth open 3．地球的内部结构the Earth’s internal structure 4．以……为基础be based on 5．地球的组成 the Earth’s make-up 6．钻很深的洞 drill very deep holes 7．巨大的压力和热量 the intense pressure and heat 8．堵上深洞 close up a deep hole 9．氢的存储问题 the storage problem of hydrogen 10．为……铺平道路 pave the way for 11．使(问题等)容易理解 cast light on 12．带来激动人心和有启发性的发现 lead to exciting and enlightening discoveries 13．一层薄薄的岩石 a thin layer of rock 14．地球最深处的部分 the innermost part of the Earth 15．凿进地面 dig into the ground 16．地壳和地幔的分界处 the boundary between the Earth’s crust and the mantle 17．稳稳地站在我们的头上 balance on our head 18．不必担心 not to worry 单句写作(课文佳句仿写) 1．据报道，几乎每个成年人都拥有自己的智能手机。(it be＋v.-ed＋that...) It is reported that almost every adult has his/her own smartphone. 2．在公共场所玩智能手机的人越来越多。(who引导定语从句) The number of people who are playing smartphones in public is increasing. 3．我认为人们花太长时间在智能手机上是不明智的，这有害于我们的健康。(which引导定语从句) I think it unwise for people to spend too much time on their smartphones，which is harmful/does harm to our health. 4．下次你在公共场所时，提醒人们少玩手机。(the next time引导时间状语从句) The next time you’re in public，remind people to play smartphones less. 组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。 It is reported that almost every adult has his/her own smartphone.Therefore，the number of people who are playing smartphones in public is increasing.Though smartphones can bring people much convenience，I think it unwise for people to spend too much time on their smartphones，which is harmful/does harm to our health.The next time you’re in public，remind people to play smartphones less. 训练4　Extended reading [分值：35分] Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A The fossil(化石) discovery in Victoria now shows that monk seals were widespread in Australasia in the past. “Monk seals are one of the rarest and most endangered marine mammals(海洋哺乳动物) alive today，but this wasn’t always the case，” according to lead study author Dr James Rule from Monash University.“Our paper shows that the very endangered monk seals once called Australia home about five million years ago (specifically in Victoria)，” he said. The discovery was made by studying two fossils again from Melbourne Museum’s collections，the identity of which had been a mystery for 40 years.“When we studied them，they turned out to be the oldest evidence of monk seals，” Dr Rule said.“These fossils，along with the extinct New Zealand species that was discovered last year，double the known diversity of the monk seals，” he said. According to Dr Rule，monk seals disappeared in Australasia three million years ago，and they only lived in the tropics(热带地区) and the Mediterranean after temperatures fell during the Ice Ages.This left monk seals on the edge of disappearance after being overhunted by humans，with about 2,000 members left. The discovery of New Zealand species and Australian monk seals led the researchers to restudy the origin of the group.“Our research shows that monk seals began in Australia，” Dr Rule said.“This is different from every theory previously put forward by scientists.” Previous research has theorized climate change led to the disappearance of many ancient seals in the Southern Hemisphere.This would have included New Zealand’s and Australian monk seals.“This suggests the world’s last two species of monk seal are also at risk from climate change，” Dr Rule said.If sea level continues to rise，the beaches monk seals rely on for resting and raising young ones may disappear. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。僧海豹是现存的最稀少、最濒危的海洋哺乳生物之一，它们曾广泛存在于澳大拉西亚地区，但由于气候变化的影响，僧海豹的生存一直受到威胁。 1．What does the new discovery show about monk seals? A．Their living habits. B．Their growth process. C．Their early appearance. D．Their ways of getting food. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第一段可知，新的研究发现表明僧海豹以前在澳大拉西亚广泛分布，说明了僧海豹早期就出现了。故选C。 2．What do we know about the two fossils from Melbourne Museum? A．Researcher found it hard to keep them in good condition. B．Researchers managed to identify them before many years. C．They were once thought to be fossils of birds. D．They were first discovered last year. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句可知，这两块化石的身份40年来一直是个谜，说明之前研究人员们一直想确定这两块化石的身份。故选B。 3．What does the underlined word “This” in paragraph 4 probably refer to? A．Fighting water pollution. B．Suffering from a lack of food. C．Having limited living places. D．Facing increasing natural enemies. 答案　C 解析　代词指代题。根据文章第四段内容可知，指示代词This指代前面的“they only lived in the tropics(热带地区) and the Mediterranean after temperatures fell during the Ice Ages”，即非常有限的生存空间。故选C。 4．What does the author want to tell us in the last paragraph? A．Climate change always threatens monk seals’ survival. B．Scientists can now measure the rate of global warming. C．Human activity in Australia should be strictly limited. D．People need to help raise young monk seals. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容可知，气候变化导致了许多古海豹的消失，如果海平面继续上升，僧海豹赖以生存的海滩也会消失，进而威胁到僧海豹，由此可推知，气候变化一直威胁着僧海豹的生存。故选A。 B Cichlids(慈鲷) and stingrays(黄貂鱼) can perform simple plus and subtraction(减法) in the number range of one to five.This has been shown in a recent study by the university of Bonn，which has now been published in the journal Scientific Reports. This fact has been known for sometime that cichlids and stingrays can precisely detect small quantities without counting.However，the new research led by Dr.Vera Schluessel from the University of Bonn has shown that both species can even calculate.“We trained the animals to perform simple additions and subtractions，” Schluessel explains.“In doing so，they had to increase or decrease a premier value by one.”Blue means “add one”，and yellow means “subtract one”． But how do you ask a cichlid for the result of “2＋1” or “5－1”？ The researchers used a method other research groups had already successfully used to test the mathematical abilities of bees: They showed the fish a collection of geometric shapes—for example，four squares.If these objects were colored blue，this meant “add one”．Yellow，on the other hand，meant “subtract one”．After showing the original stimulus (e.g.four squares)，the animals were shown two new pictures—one with five and one with three squares.If they swam to the correct picture(i.e.to the five squares in the “blue” arithmetic task)，they were rewarded with food.If they gave the wrong answer，they went away empty-handed.Overtime，they learned to associate the blue color with an increase of one in the amount shown at the beginning，and the yellow number with a decrease. But can the fish apply this knowledge to new tasks? Have they actually mastered the mathematical rule behind the colors? “To check this，we will designedly leave out some calculations during future training，” Schluessel explains. 5．What is known about the two species before the new research? A．They can count small quantities easily. B．They can associate colors with numbers. C．They can do simple calculations by training. D．They can identify small quantities accurately. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“This fact has been known for sometime that cichlids and stingrays can precisely detect small quantities without counting.”可知，人们早就知道慈鲷和黄貂鱼不需要数就能精确地识别较小的数量，故选D。 6．Why is the bee-method applied? A．To illustrate fish’s ability. B．To ensure the research’s reliability. C．To compare fish and bees. D．To promote the research’s application. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“The researchers used a method other research groups had already successfully used to test the mathematical abilities of bees”可知，研究人员借鉴测试蜜蜂的方法是为了确保研究的可靠性，故选B。 7．How is the experiment carried out? A．By collecting and calculating. B．By comparing and analysing. C．By observing and concluding. D．By predicting and checking. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“They showed the fish...After showing the original stimulus (e.g.four squares)，the animals were shown...If they gave the wrong answer...Overtime，they learned to associate the blue color with an increase of one in the amount shown at the beginning，and the yellow number with a decrease.”可知，实验是通过观察和总结而展开的，故选C。 8．What does the last paragraph imply? A．The fish are competent in mathematical calculation. B．The procedure of the experiment needs improvement. C．More trials are still needed to confirm the new findings. D．Calculation methods are comprehended by both species. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段“But can the fish apply this knowledge to new tasks? Have they actually mastered the mathematical rule behind the colors? ‘To check this，we will designedly leave out some calculations during future training，’ Schluessel explains.”可知，鱼是否能将这个知识应用到新的任务中及是否真的掌握了颜色背后的数字法则还需要在将来被验证，故还需要更多的实验来证实新发现，故选C。 Ⅱ.完形填空(共15题；每小题1分，共15分) KATHY XU，a high school teacher，had always wanted to see a shark in the wild.The 1 finally came in 2011，when she went on a snorkelling(浮潜) trip to the Ningaloo Reef.Instead of being 2 of the whale shark，she was inspired by its 3 and grace. Xu later learned about the shark trade in the village of Tanjung Luar.Curious，Xu 4 the village.She spoke with several fishermen.Shark fishing is 5 and involves hard physical work，but it’s one of few ways to 6 their families. Once the fishermen heard Xu liked snorkelling，they urged her to visit the coral reefs(珊瑚礁) nearby.The reefs were 7 ，alive with life and colour.Xu was confident that snorkelling boat trip was the 8 —a way the fishermen could make a living without risking catching sharks. In late 2012，Xu 9 her full-time teaching job to focus on building The Dorsal Effect，an ecotourism business she hoped would 10 the declining shark population. In late 2013，The Dorsal Effect 11 its first boat trip.Snorkellers paid $120 for a one-day trip to 12 places the local fishermen know about but could not be found on a Google search.It 13 a much more reliable income for the fishermen. Now，Xu is proud of the small 14 happening in the village，from the fishermen who now have a new way to earn an income to the school children who learn about sharks on 15 .“I love the beautiful sharks and decided to change the negative opinion people have of them，” Xu says. 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文，主要讲述一名新加坡的高中教师徐婷婷喜欢鲨鱼，她在2012年辞去了全职教师的工作，通过成立生态旅游企业解决渔民的生计问题，从而保护鲨鱼的数量。 1．A.idea B．opportunity C．experience D．hope 答案　B 解析　根据前文“KATHY XU，a high school teacher，had always wanted to see a shark in the wild.”可知，她一直想看野外的鲨鱼，所以此处应是机会来了。故选B。 2．A.fond B．ashamed C．scared D．careful 答案　C 解析　根据后文“the whale shark”并结合选项和常识可知，常人遇到鲸鲨是感到害怕的。故选C。 3．A.beauty B．flexibility C．responsibility D．variety 答案　A 解析　根据后文“and grace”可知，空处和grace并列，根据选项，应是“beauty”符合语境。故选A。 4．A.hid in B．fled to C．ran in D．headed to 答案　D 解析　run in磨合。根据前文Curious和后文“She spoke with several fishermen.”可知，她和几个渔民交谈过，所以是她出于好奇前往村子。故选D。 5．A.risky B．funny C．fancy D．worthy 答案　A 解析　根据后文“a way the fishermen could make a living without risking catching sharks”可知，捕鲨是有风险的。故选A。 6．A.protect B．amuse C．support D．serve 答案　C 解析　根据后文“a way the fishermen could make a living without risking catching sharks”可知，渔民捕鲨是为了生计，所以是support their families，意为“养家”，符合语境。故选C。 7．A.disappointing B．confusing C．amazing D．boring 答案　C 解析　根据后文“alive with life and colour”可知，珊瑚礁充满了生机和色彩，所以是令人大为惊奇的。故选C。 8．A.guidance B．result C．problem D．solution 答案　D 解析　根据后文“a way the fishermen could make a living without risking catching sharks”可知，此处指的是一种办法。故选D。 9．A.quit B．enjoyed C．continued D．found 答案　A 解析　根据后文“to focus on building The Dorsal Effect，an ecotourism business”可知，她专注于建立生态旅游企业，所以是辞去了全职教师的工作。故选A。 10．A.control B．ensure C．keep D．save 答案　D 解析　根据前文内容可知，徐婷婷认为，如果能开发浮潜船之旅的话，渔民就不用去捕鲨，从而挽救不断减少的鲨鱼数量。故选D。 11．A.realized B．launched C．delayed D．evaluated 答案　B 解析　根据后文“Snorkellers paid $120 for a one-day trip”可知，潜水者支付120美元，进行为期一天的旅行，所以此处应是推出了第一次乘船旅行。故选B。 12．A.defend B．empty C．design D．explore 答案　D 解析　根据后文“places the local fishermen know about but could not be found on a Google search”可知，此处指的是探索当地渔民知道但在谷歌搜索中找不到的地方。故选D。 13．A.provides B．prepares C．lowers D．limits 答案　A 解析　根据后文“much more reliable income for the fishermen”并结合选项和前文内容可知，此处应是“为那些渔民提供了更可靠的收入”。故选A。 14．A.events B．disasters C．joys D．changes 答案　D 解析　根据后文“from the fishermen who now have a new way to earn an income to the school children who learn about sharks on ”可知，渔民现在有了新的收入来源，学生们可以在旅游中了解了鲨鱼，所以指的是发生的改变。故选D。 15．A.business B．tour C．campus D．duty 答案　B 解析　根据前文“Xu her full-time teaching job to focus on building The Dorsal Effect，an ecotourism business”可知，徐婷婷建立了生态旅游企业，所以此处指的是学生在旅游中了解了鲨鱼。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $