Unit 1 Period 2 Using language(1)—Grammar（配套教参Word）-【步步高】2025-2026学年高二英语选择性必修第一册学习笔记（外研版·新教材）

本讲义聚焦高中英语非限制性定语从句核心语法点，通过《泰坦尼克号》短文感知导入，系统对比限制性与非限制性定语从句的意义、结构、功能等差异，梳理关系代词（who, whom等）和关系副词（when, where）的用法，解析as与which引导从句的区别，搭建从已知到未知的学习支架。 该资料以真实语篇为载体提升语言能力，通过表格对比和即时训练培养思维品质，分层作业设计助力学习能力发展。课中实例分析直观易懂，帮助学生理解语法规则，课后综合练习涵盖句型转换、语篇阅读等，有效巩固知识并查漏补缺，提升语法运用与语篇理解能力。

Period 2　Using language(1)—Grammar 阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并回答其后的题目 The popular film，Titanic，is about a beautiful and sad love story，①whose hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose was a young beautiful woman，②who went to America with her mother.Jack，③who won a ship ticket by playing cards，was a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic ④where they had a happy time.Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg，and Jack lost his life for saving Rose.Everyone will be moved by the selfless way ⑤in which most people can’t behave in real life.Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.⑥As is known to all，love is the strongest strength.And that’s the reason ⑦why Rose could live on and tell us the moving story. 以上语段中的黑体部分均为定语从句，其中句①，②，③和⑥是非限制性定语从句，其标志是主句和从句之间用逗号隔开。as引导的非限制性定语从句一般放于句首，通常译为“正如”。 非限制性定语从句 与限制性定语从句相比较，非限制性定语从句是指与主句关系不十分密切，只对先行词起补充说明作用的定语从句。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：关系代词who，whom，whose，which，as；关系副词when，where；关系代词that和关系副词why不引导非限制性定语从句。 现从以下三个方面讲解非限制性定语从句的用法： 一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 意义 起限定作用，指特定的人或物，从句不可省略，否则原句句意不完整。 仅作补充或说明，若去掉从句，主句意思完整。 结构要求 紧跟先行词，从句与先行词之间不加逗号。 用逗号与先行词或主句隔开。 功能 修饰先行词。 修饰先行词或整个主句。 引导词 可用that，why引导；关系代词作宾语时可省略。 不用that或why引导；要用for which代替why。 省略情况 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。 所有关系词均不可省略。 译法 翻译成先行词的定语，“……的”。 通常翻译成主句的并列句。 We visited the school where we studied two years ago. 我们参观了我们两年前就读的那所学校。(限制性定语从句，起限定作用) The house，which we bought last year，lies in the centre of the city. 那套房子位于市中心，是我们去年买的。(非限制性定语从句，不表明有多少套房子) The house which/that we bought last year lies in the centre of the city. 我们去年买的那套房子位于市中心。(限制性定语从句，暗含“可能有若干套房子”之意) [即时训练1]　根据汉语提示，补全句子 ①这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。 This is the computer (which/that) he bought for his son yesterday. ②我听到了一个可怕的声音，这使我非常害怕。 I heard a terrible noise，which brought my heart into my mouth. ③愿意在室外玩耍的孩子都被带到操场上去了。 The children who/that wanted to play outdoors were taken to the playground. ④我在街上碰上了我的一个老朋友，我已经好多年没见他了。 I ran into/across an old friend of mine in the street，whom I hadn’t met for years. ⑤他们去了伦敦，在那儿待了六个月的时间。 They went to London，where they lived for six months. 二、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 关系词 指代的先行词 充当的句子成分 关系代词 who 人 主语 whom 人 宾语 whose 人/物 定语 which 物/整个主句 主语/宾语/表语 as 整个主句或主句中的某个名词 主语/宾语/表语 关系副词 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 通常是地点名词 地点状语 This is our headmaster，who I think has something crucial to tell you.(who在从句中作主语) 这是我们的校长，我认为他有非常重要的事情要告诉你。 Peter，whom you met in Beijing，is now back in his motherland.(whom在从句中作宾语) 彼得现在回他的祖国了，你在北京见过他。 He lived in a small town，which was surrounded with mountains.(which在从句中作主语) 他住在一个小镇上，小镇被群山环绕。 Mr White，whose son went to Tsinghua University last year，retired yesterday.(whose在从句中作定语) 怀特先生昨天退休了，他儿子去年上了清华大学。 Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland，where he was buried in 1977.(where在从句中作地点状语) 卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。 He fled his hometown in 1992，when he was only 12 years old.(when在从句中作时间状语) 他于1992年逃离家乡，当时他只有12岁。 I borrowed the book Sherlock Homes from the library last week，which my classmates recommended to me.(which在从句中作宾语) 上周我从图书馆借了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》这本书，该书是我的同班同学向我推荐的。 [点津] (1)整个主句作先行词时，非限制性定语从句的谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。 Tom studies hard and is ready to help others，which enables him to be popular with those around him. 汤姆学习努力且乐于助人，这使他很受周围人的欢迎。 (2)与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句中的whose指物时，相当于“the＋名词＋of which”；when，where 相当于“介词＋which”。 The house，whose window(＝the window of which) is open，is mine. 窗户开着的那个房子是我的。 I still remember the day，when(＝on which) I became a college student. 我仍然记得成为一名大学生的那一天。 On April 1st they flew to Beijing，where(＝in/at which) they stayed several days. 他们于四月一号乘飞机去北京，在那里住了几天。 (3)在非限制性定语从句中，of whom，of which 前面可以加some/many/both/all等，表示部分或全部的人或物。 Many people，some of whom are not overweight，are going on a diet. 许多人在节食，其中一些人并不超重。 I have bought two pens，both of which write well. 我买了两只钢笔，都好写。 [即时训练2]　单句语法填空 ①Our foreign teacher，who is a Canadian，teaches us in a very interesting way. ②Tom，whose father is one of my old friends，came to see me from London yesterday. ③Molai built at the top of each small tree a bamboo platform，where he placed earthen pots with small holes to collect rainwater. ④Our graduation ceremony will be held in July，in which we will say goodbye to our teachers. ⑤Next month，an important volleyball game will be held in our campus，which will be not only meaningful but also exciting. ⑥Secondly，I can speak English correctly and fluently，which I think would be an advantage to communicate with the visitors. 三、as，which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别 as which 指代 引导的从句通常指代整个主句的内容 引导的从句既可指代整个主句的内容，也可指代主句的一部分 位置 可位于主句之前，之中或之后 引导的从句不能置于主句之前 意义 正如，正像 这，那 功能 连接上下文，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等 引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句 As we all know，the Earth moves around the Sun. 众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。 The singer，as was expected，achieved great success.正如所期盼的那样，这位歌手取得了巨大成功。 He was late for the meeting，which made the chairman very angry.(which指代整个主句的内容) 他开会迟到了，董事长为此非常生气。 [点津]　as引导非限制性定语从句时常用于以下结构： as is said above如上所述 as is known to all众所周知 as has been said before如之前所说 as is often the case情况常常如此 as you can see正如你看到的那样 as is already mentioned above正如上边已经提到的那样 [即时训练3]　单句语法填空 ①The weather turned out to be very cold，which was more than we could expect. ②The size of the audience，as we had expected，was over 2,000. ③The boy failed to pass his exam，which made his mother boil with anger. ④His speech，which he had written on little bits of paper，seemed endless. ⑤As is often the case，solving one problem can cause or uncover another. Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．There are many badges on the table，most of which are new. 2．The girl with curly hair lost her badge，which annoyed her much. 3．Opposite is a concert hall，where you can hear some lovely music. 4．As is known to all，it takes more than good looks to succeed as an actor. 5．The grinning clown that/who/whom he met in the circus was his employer. 6．The composer，whose works were best loved，once worked in this amusement park. 7．The clown doctor，who wears a curly wig，is popular with the little patients in the hospital. 8．Many lessons are now available online，from which students can choose for free. Ⅱ.完成下列读后续写片段，尽可能多地使用本单元语法 从前，在一个被茂密森林环绕的小村庄里，住着一位勇敢的年轻人，他总梦想着成为英雄。有一天，当他在危机四伏的森林里漫步时，听到了一阵微弱的呼救声。他循声而去，发现一个小女孩的腿被一棵倒下的树压住了。他毫不犹豫地用尽全身力气抬起那棵沉重的树，救出了小女孩。幸运的是，小女孩只受了轻伤，这让所有人都松了一口气。从那天起，他被誉为村里的英雄，他为此感到无比自豪。 Once，in a small village surrounded by dense forests，lived a brave young man,1.who always dreamed of becoming a hero. One day，as he was wandering in the woods,2.where there were hidden dangers，he heard a faint cry for help. Following the sound，he discovered a little girl,3.whose leg was trapped under a fallen tree. Without hesitation，he used all his strength to lift the heavy tree and rescued the little girl. Fortunately，the little girl had only suffered minor injuries,4.which brought a great relief to everyone. From that day on，he was known as the hero of the village,5.of which he felt greatly proud. 作业2　Using language(1) [分值：83.5分] Ⅰ.句型转换(用定语从句改写)(共6小题；每小题2分，满分12分) 1．The novelist got hurt in the accident and it made his wife so worried. →The novelist got hurt in the accident，which made his wife so worried. 2．I have a friend and his father fled to the mountains when he was young. →I have a friend，whose father fled to the mountains when he was young. 3．It has been announced that we shall have our final exam next month. →As has been announced，we shall have our final exam next month. 4．We walked down the village street and people were having a market day there. →We walked down the village street，where people were having a market day. 5．The little boys were cleaning the windows and most of them were dirty. →The little boys were cleaning the windows，most of which were dirty. 6．My close friend is my deskmate. She always comes to my aid without hesitation. →My close friend is my deskmate who/that always comes to my aid without hesitation. Ⅱ.完成句子(共8小题；每小题3分，满分24分) 1．说实话，我不喜欢你跟我讲话的方式。 To be frank，I don’t like the way (that/in which) you talk with me. 2．他们有三个孩子，所有孩子都很热爱音乐。 They have got three children，all of whom have a strong passion for music. 3．昨晚雨下得很大，这使我不能去参加晚会。 It was raining heavily last night，which prevented me from going to the party. 4．正如谚语所说：“失败是成功之母。” Just as the saying goes，“Failure is the mother of success.” 5．我给你打电话是想咨询一些学术上的问题。 The reason why/for which I am phoning you is to consult some academic questions. 6．我们别无选择只能把远足延期到下周，那时我们就不会这么忙了。 We have no choice but to put off the outing until next week，when we won’t be so busy. 7．这门课程为我们提供了许多实践技能，从中我们可以受益匪浅。 The course provides us with a wealth of practical skills，from which we can benefit a lot. 8．她住在一个小村庄里，在那里每个人都彼此认识。 She lived in a small village，where everyone knew each other. Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分) A (2025·福建莆田五校联盟高二上期中) Research has shown that people tend to get more happiness from spending their money on experiences，such as travel and entertainment，than on things，such as clothes and electronic goods.But are people happier during the purchased(购买的) experience itself? Or does the happiness come more from expecting or remembering the experience? A new study，published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology，offers an answer.Our experiential purchases bring us greater pleasure in terms of expectation and remembrance than do our material purchases，but they also bring us greater in-the-moment enjoyment，the study found. For the study，the researchers recruited(招募) 2,635 adults who agreed to receive texts at any time during the day.The texts began with a happiness question，which asked the participants(参与者) to rate how they felt “right now” on a scale from very bad to very good.Half of them were then asked if they had made a material purchase within the past hour，such as clothing or electronic goods.The others were asked if they had made an experiential purchase within the past hour，such as eating in a restaurant or attending a concert. The researchers found that the purchasers of the experiences express higher levels of happiness than the purchasers of the material goods，no matter how much the purchases cost. To address possible differences in types of purchasers，the researchers conducted a second study in which they researched more than 5,000 adults.“We still observed the same result，” said Amit Kumar，the study’s lead author. The researchers said a possible explanation is the endurance(持久) of experiences in people’s memories，while the observed value of material goods weakens over time. “If you want to be happier，it might be wise to shift(转变) some of your spending away from material goods and a bit more toward experiences，” Kumar said.“That would likely lead to greater happiness.” 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现：与购买物品相比，把钱花在生活体验上能让人更快乐。 1．Why does the author put forward two questions in paragraph 1? A．To introduce a new study. B．To make a fact clear. C．To compare different research. D．To doubt the opinion presented. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“A new study，published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology，offers an answer.”可知，作者在第一段中提出两个问题是为了引出一项新研究。故选A。 2．Why did the researchers text the participants? A．To ask them about their spending plans. B．To monitor their purchasing behavior and emotions. C．To understand their needs and spending habits. D．To find out the change in their purchasing choices. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The texts began with a happiness question...‘right now’ on a scale from very bad to very good.Half of them were then asked if they had made a material purchase...The others were asked if they had made an experiential purchase within the past hour...”可知，研究人员给参与者发消息询问他们当下的感受以及此前一个小时的购买行为，可推知这是为了监控他们的购买行为和情绪。故选B。 3．What do the underlined words “the same result” in paragraph 5 refer to? A．The desire to purchase things weakens over time. B．People are more willing to spend money on things. C．Experiential purchases bring more happiness than material ones. D．People will get more pleasure from spending money than making it. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段可知，研究者发现购买体验的参与者比购买物品者更快乐，结合第五段中的“To address possible differences in types of purchasers，the researchers conducted a second study in which they researched more than 5,000 adults.”可知，为排除参与者的个体差异的影响，研究者进行了更大规模的研究，仍然观察到相同的结果，可推知“相同的结果”是指“与购买物品相比，把钱花在生活体验上能让人更快乐”。故选C。 4．What did Kumar think people should do in the last paragraph? A．Spend more on experiences. B．Make future spending decisions. C．Be happy with what they have bought. D．Consider its value when buying a product. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“If you want to be happier，it might be wise to shift(转变) some of your spending away from material goods and a bit more toward experiences”可知，Kumar认为人们应该在体验上多花点钱。故选A。 B(此篇精读) A recent study published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society suggests that Leonardo da Vinci was more experimental with his well-known “Mona Lisa” than previously thought and was likely the creator of a technique seen in works used a century later. A team of scientists in France and Britain has detected a rare mineral compound(矿物化合物)，plumbonacrite，within the piece.Plumbonacrite forms when lead oxides(铅氧化物) combine with oil.Mixing these two substances is the technique that later artists like Rembrandt used to help the paint dry，according to the study. Detecting the rare compound in the “Mona Lisa” suggested that Leonardo could have been the original user of this approach，said Gilles Wallez，an author of the study.“Everything that comes from Leonardo is very interesting，because he had lots of ideas，and he was an experimenter，attempting to improve the knowledge of his time，” Wallez said.“Each time you discovered something in his processes，you discovered that he was clearly ahead of his time.” The “Mona Lisa”，like many other paintings from the 16th century，was created on a piece of wood that required a thick base layer.The researchers believed that Leonardo had made his mixture of lead oxide powder with linseed oil to produce the thick coat of paint needed for the first layer，while unknowingly creating the rare compound. Nowadays，researchers aren’t allowed to take samples from the masterpiece，which resides at the Louvre in Paris and is protected behind glass.Using a microsample that had been taken from an area of the artwork just behind the frame，however，scientists were able to analyze the paint by using a high-tech machine.“These samples have a very high cultural value，” Wallez said.“You can’t afford to take big samples on a painting.” 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，一项研究表明，达·芬奇在创作著名的《蒙娜丽莎》时，比人们之前认为的更具实验性，而且很可能是一个世纪后的作品中使用的一种技巧的创造者。 5．Why is Rembrandt mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To show his unique talent for painting. B．To explain how he used the technique correctly. C．To stress what made him different from other painters. D．To show the technique was useful for drying the paint. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Mixing these two substances is the technique that later artists like Rembrandt used to help the paint dry，according to the study.”可知，作者提及Rembrandt是为了表明这种技巧，即把铅氧化物与油混合在一起使用，能让颜料变干。故选D。 6．What did Wallez think of Leonardo da Vinci? A．Independent. B．Strict. C．Pioneering. D．Friendly. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“‘Everything that comes from Leonardo is very interesting，because he had lots of ideas，and he was an experimenter，attempting to improve the knowledge of his time，’Wallez said.‘Each time you discovered something in his processes，you discovered that he was clearly ahead of his time.’”可推断，Wallez认为达·芬奇对于他所在的时代具有开拓性、先驱性。故选C。 7．How did researchers think Leonardo da Vinci created the rare compound? A．By accident. B．With other painters’ help. C．By reading many books. D．Through various attempts. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“The researchers believed that Leonardo had made his mixture of lead oxide powder with linseed oil to produce the thick coat of paint needed for the first layer，while unknowingly creating the rare compound.”可知，研究人员认为达·芬奇是偶然地创造了这种罕见的化合物。故选A。 8．What can be learned about the “Mona Lisa” from the last paragraph? A．It didn’t contain plumbonacrite. B．Analyzing its paint is invaluable but costly. C．It was created in the 17th century. D．Taking its samples is an easy task now. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“...scientists were able to analyze the paint by using a high-tech machine.‘These samples have a very high cultural value，’Wallez said.‘You can’t afford to take big samples on a painting.’”可推断，分析《蒙娜丽莎》这幅画的颜料是有价值的，但代价很高。故选B。 [词汇积累] 1．detect v．发现；侦察出；检测出 2．dry(转)adj.→v.(使)变干 3．reside(派)＝re＋side v．位于；居住在 [句式分析] 1．A recent study published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society suggests that Leonardo da Vinci was more experimental with his well-known “Mona Lisa” than previously thought and was likely the creator of a technique seen in works used a century later. 分析：此句为复合句。that引导宾语从句；published in...，seen in works，used a century later为过去分词短语作后置定语。 翻译：最近发表在《美国化学学会杂志》上的一项研究表明，列奥纳多·达·芬奇在创作著名的《蒙娜丽莎》时，比人们之前认为的更具实验性，而且很可能是一个世纪后作品中使用的一种技巧的创造者。 2．The researchers believed that Leonardo had made his mixture of lead oxide powder with linseed oil to produce the thick coat of paint needed for the first layer，while unknowingly creating the rare compound. 分析：此句为复合句。that引导宾语从句；to produce...for the first layer为不定式短语作目的状语，其中，needed for the first layer为过去分词短语作后置定语；while意为“然而”，creating...为现在分词短语作结果状语。 翻译：研究人员认为，列奥纳多将氧化铅粉和亚麻籽油混合在一起来制作第一层所需的厚涂层颜料，而他却在不知不觉中创造了这种罕见的化合物。 Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分) Is your glass half-empty or half-full? How you answer this age-old question about positive thinking may reflect your outlook on life，your attitude toward yourself，and whether you’re optimistic or pessimistic. 1 Instead，it means that you approach unpleasantness in a more positive and productive way.You think the best is going to happen，not the worst. You can learn to turn negative thinking into positive thinking. 2 After all，you’re creating a new habit.Here are some ways to think and behave in a more positive and optimistic way. Identify areas to change.If you want to become more optimistic and engage in more positive thinking，first identify areas of your life that you usually consider as negative.You can start by focusing on one area to approach in a more positive way.Think of a positive thought to manage your stress instead of a negative one. 3 Occasionally during the day stop and evaluate what you’re thinking.If you find that your thoughts are mainly negative，try to find a way to put a positive spin on them. Be open to humor.Give yourself permission to smile or laugh，especially during difficult times.Seek humor in everyday happenings. 4 Surround yourself with positive people.Make sure those in your life are positive，supportive people you can depend on to give helpful advice and feedback.Negative people may increase your stress level and make you doubt your ability to manage stress in healthy ways. Practice positive self-talk.Start by following one simple rule： 5 Be gentle and encouraging with yourself.If a negative thought enters your mind，stop and think about what is good about you. A．Check yourself. B．Positive thinking often starts with self-talk. C．When you can laugh at life，you feel less stressed. D．The process is simple，but it does take time and practice. E．Don’t say anything to yourself that you wouldn’t say to anyone else. F．Positive thinking doesn’t mean that you ignore life’s less pleasant situations. G．If you have a negative outlook，don’t expect to become an optimist overnight. 1．答案　F 解析　上文引出了“积极思考”这个话题。下文出现Instead表示转折，意在说明你反而会更积极地去处理不愉快的事，根据逻辑关系可知，上下文合在一起想表达的是积极思考不意味着忽略生活中不愉快的情况，而是更积极地处理，F选项符合题意。故选F。 2．答案　D 解析　上文“You can learn to turn negative thinking into positive thinking.”提出你可以学习转变思维方式，下文“After all，you’re creating a new habit.”说明改变不是那么容易的，可能需要付出某些代价，选项D表达了过程很简单，但是需要花费时间和练习，既承接了上文又引出下文。故选D。 3．答案　A 解析　下文建议偶尔停下来评估一下自己的思维并进行必要的调整，即进行自我检查。所以本段的主旨句可以概括为“自我检查”。故选A。 4．答案　C 解析　根据上文“Be open to humor.Give yourself permission to smile or laugh，especially during difficult times.Seek humor in everyday happenings.”可知，本段一直在强调要幽默、要微笑或者大笑，C选项承接了上文，也点明了笑的好处，即让你感到更少的压力。故选C。 5．答案　E 解析　根据上文“Practice positive self-talk.Start by following one simple rule ”可知，本空是一个关于自我对话的规则，下文“Be gentle and encouraging with yourself.”强调对自己温和一些，所以E选项“不要对你自己说任何你不会对别人说的话”符合题意，故选E。 Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) “Look on the bright side” is one of those 1. (suggest) that people always consider inspiring but less helpful.However，new research shows that finding something of interest in a terrible situation makes 2. easy for people to stop complaining.Besides，looking at a challenge with humor is a good method,3. may even be helpful in preventing anxious people 4. feeling sad. In a study published much 5. (early)，researchers gave the participants some photos that showed negative situations.Then they would describe these photos according to 6.__________________ request of researchers.Those using humorous words to describe the photos 7. (find) to have fewer negative emotions and more possibilities to go through a hard time in their life than those who described the photos 8. (direct)． So there appear to be no disadvantages to looking at difficult things in your life with humor and lightness.The conclusion from the study is that for those at higher risk of anxiety，humor can develop an ability 9. (control) negative emotions.What’s more,10._____________(make) others around you smile can be an extra benefit of humor.Therefore，when you feel stressed and couldn’t concentrate your mind on what you are doing，find something that can make you laugh first. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在消极的境况中看到积极的一面有助于减轻焦虑，也有利于培养控制负面情绪的能力。 1．答案　suggestions 解析　考查名词。分析句子可知，空处被those修饰，作介词of的宾语，因此应用名词形式表示“建议”，且此处表示“那些建议”，应用复数形式。故填suggestions。 2．答案　it 解析　考查固定句型。根据空前的“makes”和空后的“easy for people to stop complaining”可推知，此处是固定句型“make it＋形容词＋for sb to do sth”，空处应用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语“to stop complaining”。故填it。 3．答案　which 解析　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词a good method指物，空处在从句中作主语，因此应用关系代词which引导。故填which。 4．答案　from 解析　考查介词。根据空前的“preventing anxious people”和空后的“feeling sad”可知，此处为固定短语prevent sb from doing sth，意为“防止某人做某事”。故填from。 5．答案　earlier 解析　考查副词比较级。空前的“much”常用于修饰比较级，且此处表示相对于当前更早的时间，因此空处应用early的比较级形式。故填earlier。 6．答案　the 解析　考查冠词。结合语境可知，此处特指来自研究者的特定要求，因此应用定冠词。故填the。 7．答案　were found 解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，空处作主句的谓语，此处在叙述过去发生的事情，时态应用一般过去时，find“发现”和主语Those之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是复数概念，be动词应用were。故填were found。 8．答案　directly 解析　考查副词。分析句子可知，空处修饰动词described，应用direct的副词形式directly，表示“直接地，坦率地”。故填directly。 9．答案　to control 解析　考查非谓语动词。抽象名词ability后通常跟不定式作后置定语，表示“……的能力”。故填to control。 10．答案　making 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，空处和空后的others around you smile搭配，作句子的主语，是非谓语动词，且此处介绍的是一个已知的经验，因此应用make的动名词形式。故填making。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $