UNIT 5 Section Ⅳ Lesson 3 Understanding（配套教参Word）-【步步高】2025-2026学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（北师大版·新教材）

本讲义聚焦“人类获取知识与实现理解的方法”这一核心知识点，构建“速读整体理解文意（主旨与结构）—细读深度获取细节（问题链分析）—读后语言应用巩固（语法填空与句子结构解析）”的学习支架，系统梳理从感知文本到深度理解再到语言实践的学习脉络。 该资料以“问题驱动+案例分析”为特色，通过培根思维步骤、伽利略与亚里士多德的对比等案例，培养学生分析与批判的思维品质，结合词汇（如assumption、owe）和语法（it作形式主语）的系统讲解提升语言能力，多样化训练题（主题语篇阅读、七选五等）助力学习能力发展。课中辅助教师引导学生逐步深入文本，课后帮助学生通过分层练习巩固知识、查漏补缺。

Section Ⅳ　Lesson 3　Understanding Step 1　速读——整体理解文意 Ⅰ.明文章大意 What’s the main idea of the passage? A．An introduction to some great educators in the world. B．An analysis of the causes of knowledge and understanding. C．An analysis of the method of how to solve the world’s problems. D．An introduction to how human acquire knowledge and achieve understanding. 答案　D Ⅱ.悉篇章结构 Step 2　细读——深度获取细节 1．What’s the very first step of Francis Bacon’s type of thinking? A．Raising questions. B．Observing the world around us. C．Testing for a right answer. D．Thinking over the possible answers. 答案　A 2．Who solve problems by thinking and analyzing according to the passage? A．People nowadays. B．Great philosophers. C．People in the 17th century. D．Modern scientists and thinkers. 答案　D 3．What is the correct order to acquire knowledge and understanding according to the article? A．Observe→study→consider→find the right answers. B．Question→find the right answers→observe→test. C．Question→observe and study→consider and test→find the right answers. D．Acquire the knowledge→understand→find the right answers→consider and test. 答案　C 4．What does the writer want to show through mentioning Aristotle and Galilei in the third paragraph? A．Aristotle was wrong. B．Galileo Galilei was wrong. C．Everyone can be wrong at times. D．It’s unbelievable for great men to be wrong. 答案　C 5．What does Galilei’s saying “All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered；the point is to discover them.” imply? A．All truths are easy to discover. B．It’s most important to discover truths. C．It’s more important to understand truths than to discover them. D．If we want to discover truths，we should first understand them. 答案　B Step 3　读后——课文语法填空 1．It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding.To start with，we need questions.Then,2.to find(find) answers，we observe the world around us and study the facts.After that，we consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones.Modern scientists and thinkers 3.are solving(solve) the world’s problems with this type of analysis. Our understanding of the world around us is 4.constantly(constant) growing and changing.In other words，we learn more every day.We need to thank the great men of the past for their 5.wisdom(wise)．They understood that we don’t know everything and probably never will，for that would mean 6.a world with questions.We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world 7.to people like Bacon and Galilei,8.who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of 9.conventional(convention) thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today’s civilisation 10.is built(build) upon. 1．Although today we are more used to typing(type) a few key words into a search engine and waiting(wait) for the Internet to give us an answer，modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world’s problems with this type of analysis—luckily for us.(P36 Para.1) 结构分析：此句是主从复合句。Although引导让步状语从句。 汉语翻译：尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎中敲几个关键词，等待互联网为我们提供答案，但当代科学家、思想家仍采用这种分析方式来解决问题——我们应该为此感到庆幸。 2．However，in the 17th century when Francis Bacon(1561－1626) suggested that this type of thinking was(be) the way to gain knowledge，he was going against the views of the day.(P36 Para.2) 结构分析：此句是主从复合句。句中when引导时间状语从句；that引导宾语从句；to gain knowledge为不定式短语作后置定语。 汉语翻译：17世纪时，弗朗西斯·培根(1561－1626)提出用这种思考方式获取知识时，他的观点却与当时的观念背道而驰。 3．Although Bacon held an important rank in King James’ royal court of England，his true interest was not the day-to-day，slow and inefficient working style of the government，but the worthy search for knowledge.(P36 Para.2) 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。句中Although引导让步状语从句；主句中含有“not...but...”结构，意为“不是……而是……”。 汉语翻译：尽管培根在英国国王詹姆斯的宫廷中位高权重，但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、拖拉、低效的工作作风，而是那些值得探索的知识。 4．At that time，people believed more in the church than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei(1564－1642)，who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence.(P36 Para.2) 结构分析：此句是一个由and连接的并列复合句。第二个分句中，主语是people，谓语是were often punished；介词短语like Galileo Galilei作people的后置定语，who引导的是非限制性定语从句，that引导的是同位语从句；with no one coming to their defence是with复合结构在句中作状语。 汉语翻译：那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564－1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。 5．At first，people approved of his studies and urged him to continue(continue)，but later when he proved Aristotle wrong，they grew angry and put him in prison.(P37 Para.3) 结构分析：此句为并列复合句。句中but连接两个并列分句；第二个分句中，when引导时间状语从句。 汉语翻译：起初人们认可他的研究成果，催促他继续研究，但是当他证实亚里士多德有错时，他们生气了，并把他送进监狱。 6．People make the assumption(assume) that if someone important and respected says that something is right，then it must be so.(P37 Para.3) 结构分析：此句是主从复合句。第一个that引导的是同位语从句，该从句中又有if引导的条件状语从句和that引导的宾语从句。 汉语翻译：人们认为，如果一个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么这件事一定是对的。 7．We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei，who were brave enough to step(step) out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today’s civilisation (civilise) is built upon.(P37 Para.5) 结构分析：此句是主从复合句。who引导非限制性定语从句，该从句中又含有that引导的限制性定语从句。 汉语翻译：我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于培根和伽利略这样的人，正是他们勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影，才帮我们找到了构建当今文明的知识王国。 abandon vt.放弃；抛弃(abandoned adj.被遗弃的；被抛弃的；废弃的；放纵的) ·abandon doing sth 放弃做某事 abandon oneself to沉溺于……，纵情于……(to为介词) ·be abandoned to沉湎于…… (1)We accidentally found an abandoned(abandon) shared bike at the bus stop，which might be left by someone. (2)According to my judgement，it was lack of money that made them abandon carrying(carry) out the research. [写作佳句] (3)现在，很多人放纵自己熬夜，这对他们的健康十分有害。 Nowadays，many people abandon themselves to/are abandoned to staying up late，which does great harm to their health. assumption n．假定，假设(assume vt.假定；认为) ·on the assumption that...假定…… ·assume sb/sth to be＋ adj./n.假定/认为某人/某事(为)…… It is generally assumed that...人们普遍认为…… ·assuming (that)．..假设…… (1)I don’t think there’s enough information to make an assumption(assume)，and it is apparent that we just don’t know what happened to her. (2)It is generally assumed that being exposed to a foreign language as much as you can is the best way to learn it well. [写作佳句] (3)假如我被选为学生会主席，我将组织更多丰富多彩的课外活动以丰富我们的学校生活。 On the assumption that/Assuming that I am chosen to be chairman of the Student Council，I will organize more colorful after-class activities to enrich our school life. owe vt.有……是由于；把……归功于；欠(债、人情等) ·owe sb sth/owe sth to sb 欠某人某物 owe sth to sb/sth 把某事归功于/归因于某人或某事 owe it to sb that...把……归功于/归因于某人 ·owing to因为，由于 (1)I owe an apology to you for not going to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon. (2)I owe it to you that I have made a breakthrough in the scientific research in our lab. [写作佳句] (3)(2022·新课标Ⅰ，读后续写)大卫在终点线气喘吁吁地说道：“正是因为您的鼓励，我才能够克服内心的恐慌，在越野赛中挑战自我。” David was out of breath at the finishing line，saying，“It is owing to your encouragement that I can overcome my internal panic to challenge myself in the cross-country run.” beneficial adj.有益的；有利的；有用的(benefit n．好处；利益；优势 v．有益于；有助于；受益) ·be beneficial to对……有益 ·be of benefit to对……有益 for one’s benefit(＝for the benefit of sb)为了某人的利益 ·benefit from/by从……中受益 (1)In conclusion，a number of students can benefit from/by this new learning strategy. (2)As a matter of fact，it is for the benefit of your company that we give the priority to you. [写作佳句] (3)(2023·全国乙，书面表达)在祖母的指导下，我成功地为家人做了饭，这件事有利于我的成长。 Under the guidance of my grandmother，I succeeded in cooking for my family，which was beneficial to/of benefit to my growth. put forward 提出；将钟表拨快；将……提前；推荐 put off推迟，延迟 put on穿上；增加(若干)体重 put up提升；搭建；张贴；留……住宿 put up with忍耐，忍受 (1)用put短语的正确形式填空 ①Posters were put up around our school，calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener Earth. ②The famous philosopher called this afternoon to put off the lecture until next week because of the bad weather. ③Many of us have heard suggestions like these put forward by parents or others close to us. ④I admired the husband’s patience for putting up with her continuous talk. ⑤It is too cold outside.Remember to put on more clothes to keep warm. [写作佳句] (2)(读后续写之学校生活)随着教师节的到来，他提出一个好主意，他们要为史密斯老师准备一场晚会。 With Teachers’ Day coming，he put forward a great idea that they would prepare a party for their teacher，Mr Smith. it 作形式主语 It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding.(P36 Para.1) 今天，如何获取知识、认识世界，人人皆知。 It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384－322 BCE)．(P37 Para.3) 人们愿意相信伟大哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384－前322)提出的那些陈旧的观点，这一点并不奇怪。 结构分析：两句均为主从复合句，其中It是形式主语，真正的主语是how引导的主语从句和that引导的主语从句。第二句中as引导原因状语从句。 ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————it作形式主语的常用句式： ·It be＋an honour＋for sb to do sth/It be one’s honour＋to do sth ·It＋be/seems＋adj./n.＋for/of sb＋不定式 ·It be＋过去分词(said，thought，believed，supposed，reported...)＋that从句 ·It be＋形容词(strange，important，vital，obvious，possible...)＋that从句 ·It be＋名词短语(a pity，a shame，a fact，a good idea，no wonder...)＋that从句 ·It＋不及物动词(occur，happen，seem...)＋that从句 ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— (1)他们似乎用石器切割动物并去除它们的皮肤。 It seemed/appeared that they used the stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin. (2)众所周知，在短时间内靠背诵扩大词汇量似乎很难。 As we all know, it seems difficult to expand the vocabulary by reciting in a short time. (3)令我们兴奋的是，我们突然想到我们可以通过卖爆米花帮助Bernard。 To our excitement，it hit/occurred to us that we can help Bernard by selling popcorn. (4)据说他在我市组织的激烈的演讲比赛中获得一等奖，这完全出乎我们的意料。 It is said that he has been awarded first prize in the fierce speech contest organized by our city，which is completely beyond our expectations. 训练4　Lesson 3 [分值：62.5分] Ⅰ.单句写作(课文佳句仿写)(满分15分) 1．人们普遍认为，有众多的因素促使学生获得知识。(assume，现在分词短语作后置定语) It is generally assumed that there are many factors contributing to students’ gaining knowledge. 2．首先，学生对学习有兴趣并成为自主学习者是必要的。(it作形式主语) Firstly，it is necessary that students (should) have interests in learning and become autonomous learners. 3．我们赞同学生尽可能多地让自己接触到各种各样的学习技能和策略，这对他们的学习是非常有益的。(approve，非限制性定语从句) We approve of students’ exposing themselves to a range of learning skills and strategies as much as possible，which is very beneficial to their study. 4．此外，强烈建议家长们尽力为孩子们创造良好的学习环境。(it作形式主语) In addition，it is urged that parents (should) try their best to create good learning surroundings for the children. 5．总之，为了获得知识，所有的努力都是值得付出的。(worthy) In conclusion，in order to gain knowledge，all the efforts are worthy of being made. 组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。 参考范文 It is generally assumed that there are many factors contributing to students’ gaining knowledge.Firstly，it is necessary that students (should) have interests in learning and become autonomous learners.Besides，we approve of students’ exposing themselves to a range of learning skills and strategies as much as possible，which is very beneficial to their study.In addition，it is urged that parents (should) try their best to create good learning surroundings for the children.In conclusion，in order to gain knowledge，all the efforts are worthy of being made. Ⅱ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分) A (2024·江苏连云港高二上期末) We’ve all experienced it：You have important information you need to remember，and you’ll do anything it takes to keep it at the forefront of your brain.In this situation，rote memorization(死记硬背) may be your best—or even your only—option. Rote memorization is when we repeat a piece of information until we remember it.One great example of it is the alphabet(字母表)．When we are little，we don’t necessarily understand that our language is composed of the letters A to Z．But we memorize them in a specific order because we are taught to，and then we know the alphabet. There are situations in which rote memorization can be helpful.“Rote memorization can be a useful learning tool in some situations，but its effectiveness depends on the type of information being learned and how it is applied，”says Dr.Aldrich Chan，neuropsychologist.He tells us that rote memorization helps us quickly recall basic facts and information such as vocabulary words or math formulas(公式)．This can be particularly helpful in situations where immediate access to information is required，such as during exams or for job roles. The act of memorizing through repetition also has its downsides.Chan notes that “rote memorization often does not promote a deep understanding of the material.Learners may be able to memorize facts or information without truly understanding their meaning or significance.” On the other hand，he explains that “meaningful learning focuses on understanding the fundamental concepts and principles(原理)，encouraging critical thinking，and promoting the integration(整合) of knowledge into broader contexts.Meaningful learning promotes long-term memory and the ability to apply knowledge flexibly.” However，both rote memorization and meaningful learning have their place.The most important thing to remember is that they are different，and rote memorization cannot stand in as an alternative to actual learning.Memorizing something doesn’t mean you understand it，and it doesn’t mean that you can do anything with it. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了死记硬背的特点、优缺点以及其与有意义的学习的关系。 1．How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A．By creating a scene. B．By giving a definition. C．By presenting a quote. D．By making a comparison. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段的“We’ve all experienced it：You have important information you need to remember，and you’ll do anything it takes to keep it at the forefront of your brain.(我们都有过这样的经历：你有重要的信息需要记住，你会做任何事情来让它保持在你脑海中)”可知，作者通过创设情景的方式引入文章主题，故选A。 2．Why does the author mention the alphabet in paragraph 2? A．To instruct us how to learn the alphabet. B．To explain how rote memorization works. C．To stress why learning in order is essential. D．To introduce the disadvantages of repetition. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段“Rote memorization is when we repeat a piece of information until we remember it...and then we know the alphabet.(死记硬背就是我们重复信息直至将它记住。一个很好的例子是字母表。我们小的时候不一定明白我们的语言是由字母A到Z组成的。但是我们按照特定的顺序记住它们，因为我们被教导要那样做，然后我们知道了字母表)”可知，作者在第二段中提到字母表是为了解释死记硬背的工作原理，故选B。 3．What can we learn about rote memorization from Dr.Aldrich Chan? A．It focuses on the concepts and principles. B．It keeps knowledge in your brain for long. C．It helps promote a meaningful understanding. D．It is a useful learning tool for test preparation. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段的“He tells us that rote memorization helps us...such as during exams or for job roles.(他告诉我们，死记硬背可以帮助我们快速回忆基本事实和信息，例如词汇或数学公式。这在需要立即获得信息的情况下特别有用，例如在考试期间或工作中)”可知，Dr.Aldrich Chan的话告诉我们死记硬背是备考或工作的有用学习工具，故选D。 4．What is the author’s attitude towards rote memorization? A．Critical. B．Unclear. C．Objective. D．Favorable. 答案　C 解析　观点态度题。根据第三段内容和第四段首句可知，作者既讲了死记硬背在某些情况下是有帮助的，也指出了死记硬背是有缺点的，因此，作者对于死记硬背的态度是客观的，故选C。 B (2024·河南焦作高二上期末) A new study from the Netherlands has found that an important factor in a child’s ultimate level of education，even more important than their own family’s economic situation，is whether they grow up with rich neighbors nearby. Researcher Agata Troost and her colleagues at Delft University of Technology used a national database to track the address of every Dutch baby born in 1995，a total of 140,338 people，from birth to age 23.Using geolocating software，they drew up a socioeconomic profile(概况) for each child’s immediate neighborhood，figuring the percentage of neighbors who were rich，middle class or disadvantaged. After controlling a number of other factors，including parents’ earnings and levels of education，the researchers found that a child’s own experience of wealth or poverty mattered less to their ultimate level of schooling than exposure to well-off neighbors.The data suggest that growing up in a rich area，with well-maintained parks，libraries and soccer fields，as well as interactions with educated neighbors，could boost a poor child’s ability to see beyond their immediate horizons(眼界)． “Rich families create neighborhoods and activities that create opportunities，” said Ms Troost，and these advantages are shared with other children who happen to live nearby.The finding echoes an earlier study by Mr Chetty and his colleagues，which showed that having even one inspiring teacher in middle school can improve a student’s career prospects.Whether in the classroom or on the street，it seems that social interactions outside the family can start a young person’s motivation and ambition. At the same time，the study also stressed the importance of the home environment.When parents are well educated，children are likely to be，too.And that’s the moral of the story：Neighborhoods can have different effects on different children，depending on how educated their parents are，whether they are male or female，and how much casual contact they have with people who are different from their own families.“Location，location，location” may be an old saying for buying a house，but we’re learning that it also holds true for children’s development. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究发现，对一个孩子最终的教育水平而言，其成长过程中的邻居的富裕程度是一个重要影响因素，其影响甚至超过了孩子自己家庭的经济状况。 5．What aspect of the research is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Its purpose. B．Its principle. C．Its method. D．Its result. 答案　C 解析　段落大意题。由第二段可知，研究人员利用一个国家数据库追踪了1995年出生的每一个荷兰婴儿从出生到23岁的住址，总共有140 338人。利用地理定位软件，他们为每个孩子的近邻绘制了一份社会经济概况，计算出富人、中产阶级或弱势群体的邻居所占比例。因此，第二段主要是关于研究使用的方法。故选C。 6．What does the underlined word “echoes” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Goes against. B．Agrees with. C．Works for. D．Relates to. 答案　B 解析　词义猜测题。由第四段中画线词上文可知，Troost女士说过，富裕家庭创立的社区和活动能够创造机会，而这些优势是可以被住在附近的孩子分享到的；下文提到Chetty和同事们早些时候的一项研究表明，如果在中学有一位鼓舞人心的老师，这也能改善学生的职业前景以及此段最后一句可知，画线词所在句意在表明Troost女士的研究结果在社交互动对孩子的激励作用方面与Chetty 及其同事之前的一项研究一致，故画线词意思为“与……一致，与……相呼应”。故选B。 7．Where is the text probably taken from? A．An advertisement. B．A novel. C．A magazine. D．A guidebook. 答案　C 解析　文章出处题。通读全文，尤其是第一段可知，本文主要介绍了一个研究及其发现。 因此文章可能选自杂志。故选C。 8．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Benefits of Educated Parents B．The Power of a Good Neighborhood C．The Decisive Factor in a Child’s Growth D．The Location Your New House Should Have 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段可知，本文主要讲述对一个孩子最终的教育水平而言，其成长过程中的邻居的富裕程度是一个重要影响因素，其影响甚至超过了孩子自己家庭的经济状况。故选项B“好邻居的力量”符合题意。故选B。 Ⅲ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分) (2024·山东临沂高二上期末) When visiting a park，it is common to observe older individuals listening to audio(有声的) books instead of reading traditional books.Audio books have become quite popular these days. 1 Is listening to an audio book just as beneficial as reading a book? 2 Reading needs us to focus all our attention on the words in a book.We also need to find time and a specific place to sit down and read.However，audio books provide flexibility and allow individuals to engage in other activities while listening.And it gives your eyes a break，too. But the big question is，do we get knowledge from audio books as effectively as we do from paper books？ 3 Volunteers in group one were asked to listen to an audio book while volunteers in group two read a book of the same content.Surprisingly，both groups recalled the same amount of information，whether they listened to it or read it. Another study published in the Journal of Neuroscience further supported the result above.In the study，researchers scanned(扫描) people’s brains when they listened to and read books. 4 Some people still believe that they learn better from reading paper books.One reason might be that when we listen to audio books，we are often multitasking.If you’re trying to learn while doing two things，you’re not going to learn as well. 5 It is important to avoid it while listening to audio books to ensure best learning outcomes. A．How do people obtain audio books? B．You can listen to audio books anytime. C．Multitasking can interrupt effective learning. D．Researchers conduct an experiment to figure it out. E．Why are more and more people choosing audio books? F．One of the main advantages of audio books is convenience. G．It reveals that both activities excite almost the same parts of the brain. 语篇解读　本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了有声读物的优点，以及就我们从有声读物中获取知识是否像从纸质书中一样有效进行的实验及实验结果。 1．答案　E 解析　上文“Audio books have become quite popular these days.”指出有声读物如今很流行，下文“Is listening to an audio book just as beneficial as reading a book？”提出疑问——听有声读物是否与读书一样有益，以及下一段讲了有声读物的优点，由此推知，空处提问为什么有声读物变得流行，E项“为什么越来越多的人选择有声读物？”符合题意，故选E。 2．答案　F 解析　下文“However，audio books provide flexibility and allow individuals to engage in other activities while listening.And it gives your eyes a break，too.(然而，有声读物提供了灵活性，允许个人在聆听的同时从事其他活动。它还可以让你的眼睛得到休息)”指出有声读物很方便，F项“有声读物的主要优点之一是方便”能概括本段内容，故选F。 3．答案　D 解析　上文“But the big question is，do we get knowledge from audio books as effectively as we do from paper books？”提出问题——我们从有声读物中获取知识是否像从纸质书中获取知识一样有效？下文“Volunteers in group one...while volunteers in group two...Surprisingly，both groups...”介绍了一项实验的内容和结果，由此可知，空处引起下文，指出为了回答上文的问题，进行了一项实验，D项“研究人员进行了一项实验来找出答案”符合题意，故选D。 4．答案　G 解析　上文“Another study published in the Journal of Neuroscience further supported the result above.In the study，researchers scanned(扫描) people’s brains when they listened to and read books.”指出在一项研究中，研究人员扫描了人们听书和读书时的大脑，空处承接上文，应该介绍研究结果，G项“它表明，这两种活动都会刺激几乎大脑的相同部分”符合语境，故选G。 5．答案　C 解析　根据上文“If you’re trying to learn while doing two things，you’re not going to learn as well.(如果你想在做两件事的同时学习，你是学不到东西的)”可知，进行多任务会影响学习效果，C项“多任务处理会中断有效的学习”符合语境，故选C。 Ⅳ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) (2024·浙江宁波高二上期末) For centuries globalization was largely shaped by sea.While Western maritime nations rapidly developed through colonial expansion，inland nations were trapped in a cycle of poverty.Over the past decade，a great initiative 1.____________________(begin) to break this cycle.That is the Belt and Road Initiative 2.____________________(establish) in 2013. These intercontinental railways have greatly reduced trade costs by providing 3._____________________swift and cost-effective choice to sea or air freight(货运)．According to the World Bank，the Belt and Road Initiative could reduce trade costs by as much as 1.8 percent 4.____________________(international)．There are now 86 freight train lines in China that are linked to more than 200 cities in 25 European countries and more than 100 cities in Asia,5.____________________(cover) almost the entire landmass of Eurasia. This network has brought together the economies of East Asia and Europe with the vast inland countries，resulting 6._____________________a sharp economic increase，the growth of 7.____________________(thrive) cities，and the appearance of a new center of global economic growth. The Initiative has attracted the 8.____________________(participate) of more than three quarters of countries globally and also generated nearly a trillion dollars in investment so far.9._____________________is obvious that China’s role in helping these less well-off countries is something their Western colonial masters never did.Contrary to 10._____________________Western critics say，the help comes with no strings attached.For China，everything these countries gain from its help is a gain for the world. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是中国的“一带一路”倡议。 1．答案　has begun 解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：在过去十年中，一项伟大的倡议已开始打破这一循环。分析句子可知，此空为谓语动词，a great initiative为单数，与begin为主动关系，且由时间状语Over the past decade可知，时态用现在完成时。故填has begun。 2．答案　established 解析　考查非谓语动词。句意：这就是于2013年提出的“一带一路”倡议。分析句子可知，此空应填非谓语动词，the Belt and Road Initiative与establish为被动关系，应填过去分词作后置定语。故填established。 3．答案　a 解析　考查冠词。句意：这些洲际铁路为海运或空运提供了一个快速且具有成本效益的选择，大大降低了贸易成本。根据句意可知，这里表示“一个快速且具有成本效益的选择”，用不定冠词表泛指概念，且swift的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。 4．答案　internationally 解析　考查副词。句意：根据世界银行的数据，“一带一路”倡议可以在国际上降低高达1.8%的贸易成本。分析句子可知，此空应填副词作状语，修饰reduce。故填internationally。 5．答案　covering 解析　考查非谓语动词。句意：中国目前有86条货运列车线路，这些线路连接欧洲25个国家的200多个城市和亚洲的100多个城市，几乎覆盖了欧亚大陆的整片陆地。分析句子可知，此空应填非谓语动词；86 freight train lines与cover为主动关系，用现在分词作状语。故填covering。 6．答案　in 解析　考查介词。句意：这一网络将东亚和欧洲的经济与广大内陆国家聚集在一起，促成了经济的急剧增长，城市的繁荣发展，以及全球经济增长新中心的出现。分析句子可知，这里考查result in“造成，导致”，为固定搭配。故填in。 7．答案　thriving 解析　考查形容词。句意同上。分析句子可知，此空应填形容词作定语，修饰后面名词cities，thriving表“繁荣的”，符合句意。故填thriving。 8．答案　participation 解析　考查名词。句意：该倡议迄今为止吸引了全球四分之三以上国家的参与，还产生了近一万亿美元的投资。分析句子可知，此空应填名词作宾语，participation表“参与”，为不可数名词，符合句意。故填participation。 9．答案　It 解析　考查代词。分析句子可知，此空应填it作形式主语，真正的主语为that China’s role in helping these less well-off countries is something their Western colonial masters never did，且句首单词的首字母应大写。故填It。 10．答案　what 解析　考查宾语从句。句意：与西方批评人士所说的相反，这种帮助是没有附加条件的。分析句子可知，此空引导宾语从句，且从句中缺宾语，结合句意可知，应填连接代词what，表“……的话”。故填what。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $