内容正文:
译林英语八上Unit1语法讲解及习题:
形容词比较级与最高级、-ful/-less后缀构词法
第一部分 核心语法一:形容词比较级与最高级
一、语法概述
形容词原级、比较级、最高级主要用于描述人或事物的性质、特征,并实现无比较、两者比较、三者及以上比较的语义区分。原级描述事物本身特征,比较级用于两个人/事物的对比,最高级用于三者及以上人/事物的范围对比,适配单选、词形填空、句型转换、短文填空等全题型考点。
二、三级形态讲解(原级/比较级/最高级)
1. 形容词原级
核心用法:单纯描述事物固有特征,无对比含义;可用于同级对比句型。
基础句型:主语 + be动词 + 形容词原级
同级对比句型(高频)
① 肯定同级:A + be + as + 原级 + as + B (A和B一样……)
例句:This bag is as light as that one.(这个包和那个一样轻)
② 否定同级:A + be + not as/so + 原级 + as + B (A不如B……)
例句:This movie is not so exciting as the former one.(这部电影不如上一部精彩)
2. 形容词比较级
核心用法:仅限两者人或事物对比,译为“更……”,标志性关键词:than。
基础句型:A + be + 比较级 + than + B (A比B更……)
例句:Winter is colder than autumn.(冬天比秋天更冷)
拓展必考句型
① 渐变句型:比较级 + and + 比较级 (越来越……)
例句:The days are getting longer and longer in summer.(夏天白天变得越来越长)
② 递进句型:The + 比较级,the + 比较级 (越……,就越……)
例句:The more you practice, the better you will be.(你练习得越多,就会变得越好)
③ 最高级转比较级:比较级 + than + any other + 单数名词(比同类其他任何一个都……,表最高级含义)
例句:He is taller than any other student in his class.(他是班里最高的学生)
修饰词考点:比较级前可加 much、a little、even、still 加强程度,不可用very、so修饰。
例句:She is much happier than before.(她比以前开心多了)
3. 形容词最高级
核心用法:用于三者及以上人/事物对比,译为“最……”,句中必须带范围限定词。
基础句型:主语 + be + the + 最高级 + 范围(in+地点/集体、of+数量/同类)
例句:This is the cleanest park in our city.(这是我们市里最干净的公园)
范围区分口诀:in接整体环境(class/school/city),of接具体同类对象(of all girls/of the three pens)
三、变形规则(规则+不规则)
1. 规则变形
(1)单音节/部分双音节词
① 一般情况:直接加-er(比较级)、-est(最高级),例:tall→taller→tallest、clean→cleaner→cleanest
② 不发音e结尾:直接加-r、-st,例:nice→nicer→nicest、wide→wider→widest
③ 辅音+y结尾:变y为i,再加-er/-est;元音+y结尾直接变形,例:busy→busier→busiest、gray→grayer→grayest
④ 重读闭音节(辅+元+辅):双写末尾辅音再加-er/-est,例:hot→hotter→hottest、thin→thinner→thinnest
(2)多音节/长双音节词:词前加more(比较级)、most(最高级),单词本身不变形
例:beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful、important→more important→most important
2. 不规则变形(必背无规律,考试高频)
good/well(好)→better→best;bad/ill(坏的、生病的)→worse→worst
many/much(多)→more→most;little(少)→less→least
far(远)→farther/further→farthest/furthest(farther表距离,further表程度)
第二部分 核心语法二:形容词后缀 -ful / -less 构词法
一、语法概述
-ful和-less是一组互为反义词的名词变形容词后缀,为本单元Word Power核心考点。二者均附着在名词后构成形容词,-ful表正向积极含义,-less表反向否定含义,变形后的形容词可正常参与比较级、最高级变形(多音节变形规则)。
二、后缀精讲
1. 后缀 -ful(正向后缀)
含义:充满……的、具有……性质的、有益的
变形规则:名词直接加-ful,构成褒义形容词
高频词+例句
care(小心)→careful(细心的);Be careful with your homework.(认真完成你的作业)
help(帮助)→helpful(乐于助人的);She is helpful to her classmates.(她乐于助人)
use(用处)→useful(有用的);This book is useful for English learning.(这本书对学英语有用)
hope(希望)→hopeful(充满希望的);He is hopeful about his exam.(他对考试充满信心)
wonder(奇迹)→wonderful(极好的);We had a wonderful trip.(我们度过了美好的旅行)
2. 后缀 -less(反向后缀)
含义:无……的、缺乏……的、无用的
变形规则:名词直接加-less,构成对应-ful单词的反义词
高频词+例句
care(小心)→careless(粗心的);Careless mistakes are not allowed.(禁止粗心失误)
help(帮助)→helpless(无助的);The little kid felt helpless alone.(小孩独自待着很无助)
use(用处)→useless(无用的);The broken pen is useless.(这支坏钢笔没用了)
hope(希望)→hopeless(绝望的);Don’t be hopeless in difficulties.(困境中不要绝望)
三、拓展考点与易错点
1. 变形后词性统一为形容词,可修饰名词、作表语;
2. 双后缀单词均为多音节形容词,比较级加more,最高级加most;
例句:more careful(更细心的)、the most helpful(最乐于助人的)
3. 部分名词仅教材要求掌握-ful形式,无常规-less变形,无需额外记忆。
第三部分 综合专项练习题
题型一:单项选择
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案
1. This story is ______ than the one I read yesterday.
A. interesting B. more interesting C. most interesting D. the most interesting
2. My mother is ______ person in my family.
A. busy B. busier C. the busiest D. busiest
3. We should be ______ to others and never be ______ in study.
A. helpful; careless B. helpless; careful C. useful; useless D. hopeful; helpful
4. The ______ you practice English, the ______ your grades will be.
A. hard; good B. harder; better C. hardest; best D. harder; good
5. This new bag is not ______ heavy ______ the old one.
A. as; so B. so; as C. more; than D. less; than
6. It becomes ______ when autumn comes every year.
A. cool and cool B. cooler and cooler C. more cool D. coolest
7. He is ______ than any other student in his grade.
A. more outgoing B. outgoing C. most outgoing D. the most outgoing
8. This tool is ______. You can throw it away.
A. useful B. useless C. careful D. hopeful
9. Among all the subjects, English is ______ for me.
A. easier B. easy C. the easiest D. easiest
10. The weather today is ______ than yesterday.
A. bad B. worse C. worst D. badder
题型二:词形适当形式填空
用括号内单词的正确形式填空,可变形为原级、比较级、最高级、-ful/-less形式
11. Please be ______ (care) when you walk on the icy road.
12. This is the ______ (wonder) gift I have ever received.
13. His ______ (care) writing makes his teacher angry often.
14. The river is ______ (clean) than it was ten years ago.
15. She is one of the ______ (help) volunteers in the community.
16. This math problem is ______ (hard) than that one.
17. It’s ______ (hope) to give up halfway. Never stop trying.
18. Autumn is the ______ (pleasant) season of the four seasons.
题型三:句型转换
按要求改写句子,每空一词
19. Tom is tall. Mike is taller.(合并句子)
Mike is ______ ______ Tom.
20. This book is the most popular in the bookstore.(改为比较级同义句)
This book is ______ popular than ______ ______ book in the bookstore.
21. My pen is not as long as yours.(改为同义句)
Your pen is ______ ______ mine.
22. The more you smile, the happier you will be.(翻译并理解,同义改写)
______ you smile, ______ you will be.
23. She is careful. Her sister is more careful.(合并句子)
Her sister is ______ ______ than her.
24. This is a helpful dictionary.(改为感叹句)
______ ______ ______ dictionary it is!
25. He is the best singer in our school.(改为比较级)
He sings ______ than ______ other student in our school.
题型四:综合短文填空
阅读短文,用括号内单词的正确形式填空,综合运用两大语法点
I have two good friends. Linda is (26) ______ (cheer) than Lucy. She is also (27) ______ (tall) and (28) ______ (slim) than most girls in our class. She is very (29) ______ (help) and always gives us (30) ______ (use) advice. Lucy is a little shy, but she is the (31) ______ (care) student in our class. She never makes (32) ______ (care) mistakes. I think they are the (33) ______ (good) friends in my life.
第四部分 参考答案
题型一:单项选择
1. B 解析:than为比较级标志,interesting是多音节形容词,比较级加more。
2. C 解析:in my family为三者以上范围,用最高级,最高级前必须加the。
3. A 解析:固定语境,待人乐于助人(helpful),学习杜绝粗心(careless)。
4. B 解析:固定句型“The+比较级,the+比较级”,hard比较级harder,good比较级better。
5. B 解析:not so/as…as 为同级否定句型,意为“不如……”。
6. B 解析:比较级叠加句型,colder and colder 表示“越来越凉爽”。
7. A 解析:than any other表最高级含义,前面用比较级,outgoing多音节加more。
8. B 解析:根据“可以扔掉”可知工具无用,useless表“无用的”。
9. C解析:Among all the subjects表三者以上范围,用定冠词+最高级。
10. B 解析:than提示比较级,bad为不规则变形,比较级为worse,无badder形式。
题型二:词形填空
11. careful 解析:be动词后接形容词作表语,be careful 固定搭配“小心的”。
12. most wonderful 解析:I have ever received表最高级范围,多音节词加most。
13. careless 解析:根据后文“让老师生气”可知是粗心的书写,用否定后缀careless。
14. cleaner 解析:than提示比较级,clean单音节词直接加er。
15. most helpful 解析:one of+the+最高级+复数名词,helpful最高级为most helpful。
16. harder 解析:than提示两者难度对比,hard比较级直接加er。
17. hopeless 解析:根据后半句“不要放弃”,可知半途而废是无望的,用hopeless。
18. most pleasant 解析:四季为三者以上范围,pleasant多音节,最高级加most。
题型三:句型转换
19. taller than 解析:两者身高对比,用比较级+than基础结构。
20. more; any other 解析:最高级转比较级,固定结构:比较级+than+any other+单数名词。
21. longer than 解析:not as long as 同义替换为“更短的”,反向转换即对方的笔更长。
22. The more; the happier 解析:固定递进比较句型,直接套用结构改写。
23. more careful 解析:careful为多音节形容词,比较级加more。
24. What a helpful 解析:感叹句结构:What+a/an+形容词+单数名词!
25. better; any 解析:最高级转换为比较级,修饰动词sing用well的比较级better。
题型四:短文填空
26. more cheerful 解析:than提示比较级,cheerful多音节词加more。
27. taller 解析:than引导比较,tall直接加er。
28. slimmer 解析:than引导比较,slim重读闭音节,双写m加er。
29. helpful 解析:be动词后接形容词,表乐于助人的,用-ful正向后缀。
30. useful 解析:修饰名词advice,有用的建议,用useful。
31. most careful 解析:in our class表范围,用最高级most careful。
32. careless 解析:修饰名词mistakes,粗心的错误,用否定后缀。
33. best 解析:in my life表大范围,good不规则最高级best。
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